Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order: RT as populist pariah
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca ; London
Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press
2024
|
| Schriftenreihe: | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Abstract: | "This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT within a global media ecology shaped by populist trends increasingly penetrating the liberal order" |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Umfang: | viii, 327 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781501777639 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a22000008c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV049910511 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20250117 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 241016s2024 xxu |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781501777639 |c hbk |9 978-1-5017-7763-9 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1441778079 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)KXP1890170968 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c XD-US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-739 | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 070.4/30947 |2 23 | |
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Hutchings, Stephen C. |d 1957- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)123756561 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order |b RT as populist pariah |c Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ithaca ; London |b Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |c 2024 | |
| 300 | |a viii, 327 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT within a global media ecology shaped by populist trends increasingly penetrating the liberal order" | |
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Russia Today |0 (DE-588)1073627993 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Fehlinformation |0 (DE-588)4113529-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Propaganda |0 (DE-588)4076374-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Informationspolitik |0 (DE-588)4123427-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Desinformation |0 (DE-588)4252093-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 2 | |a RT (Television network) / Influence | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Television broadcasting of news / Russia (Federation) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Television broadcasting of news / Western countries | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Television and politics / Russia (Federation) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Television in propaganda / Russia (Federation) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Disinformation / Political aspects / Russia (Federation) | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Russia Today |0 (DE-588)1073627993 |D b |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Desinformation |0 (DE-588)4252093-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Propaganda |0 (DE-588)4076374-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Fehlinformation |0 (DE-588)4113529-5 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Informationspolitik |0 (DE-588)4123427-3 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tolz, Vera |d 1959- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)112171143X |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1233898469 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Crilley, Rhys |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120037519X |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gillespie, Marie |d 1953- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)13758346X |4 aut | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, epub |z 9781501777646 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, pdf |z 9781501777653 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20250117 | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 070.9 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 471 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 471 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035249285 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1823668141101678592 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration Introduction vii ix 1 1. Media Communication Strategies in Putin’s Russia 27 2. What Is RT? 50 3. Curation, Insinuation, and Delegation on RT International News Broadcasts 75 4. RT’s European Union 2019 Election Coverage 100 5. Mediatization and the Salisbury Poisonings 120 6. Mapping RT’s Global Online Audiences 139 7. Talking to RT Audiences 164 8. Disinformation, Identity Discourses, and War 189 9. War on the Liberal (B)order 212 Conclusion Appendix: Analysis of RT Twitter Activity Notes References Index 236 257 267 273 315
References Aalberg, Toril, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Strömbäck, and Claes Holger Vreese, eds. 2017. Populist Political Communication in Europe. New York: Routledge. Aalberg, Torii, Stylianos Papathanassopoulos, Stuart Soroka, James Curran, Kaori Hayashi, Shanto Iyengar, Paul K. Jones, et al. 2013. “International TV News, For eign Affairs Interest and Public Knowledge.” Journalism Studies 14 (3): 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.765636. ABC News. 2022. “Russia’s ‘Most-Complex’ Disinformation Push since Ukraine Inva sion Taken Down, Facebook Owner Say.” ABC News. September 27. https://www .abc.net.au/news/2022-09-28/largest-and-most-complex-russian-disinformation -network-disabled/101480408.Ackerman, Elliot. 2022. “Ukrainians Don’t Blame Just Putin for the War. They Blame Russians.” Time Magazine, March 25. https:// time.com/6160347/ukrainians-blame-russians-for-war/. Adams, Tim. 2023. “Bernie Sanders: Oligarchs Run Russia. But Guess What? They Run the US as Well.” Guardian, February 19, sec. US News. https://www.theguardian .com/us-news/2023/feb/19/bernie-sanders-oligarchs-ok-angry-about-capitalism -interview. Age. 2005. "Russia’s ‘CNN’ Wants to Tell It Like It Is.” August 16. https://www.theage .com.au/world/russias-cnn-wants-to-tell-it-like-it-is-20050816-ge0p8t.html. Agregator pravdy. 2022. “Truth Aggregator.” Telegram, May 3. https://t.me/truth _aggregator/. Ahmed, Sara. 2004. “Affective Economies.” Social Text 22 (2): 117-39. Akopov, Petr. 2021. “Lukashenko pokazal svoim protivnikam na Zapade, chto u nego dlinnye ruki.” RIA Novosti. May 23.
https://ria.ru/20210523/lukashenko-17335 70963.html. Akopov, Petr. 2022a. "Nasputlenie Rossii i novogo mira.” RIA Novosti. February 26. https://web.archive.Org/web/20220226051154/https://ria.ru/20220226/rossiya -1775162336.html. Akopov, Petr. 2022b. “The New World Order.” The Frontier Post (blog). https://thefron tierpost.com/the-new-world-order/?fbclid=IwAR3hzme0WXYro-jnJYhlcvXyId ML16mOEhmvLr8EMqs3TNoihu08x84Qxc. Albats, Evgenia. 2022. “Polnyi Albats—Raspad imperii.” YouTube video, September 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9-avSUJNRk. Alexander, Lawrence. 2015a. “Do Russian Media Get a Boost from Bots on Twitter?” Global Investigative Journalism Network (blog), December 3. https://gijn.org /2015/12/03/do-russian-media-get-a-boost-from-bots-on-twitter/. Alexander, Lawrence. 2015b. “Social Network Analysis Reveals Full Scale of Kremlin’s Twitter Bot Campaign.” Global Voices (blog), April 2. https://globalvoices.org /2015/04/02/analyzing-kremlin-twitter-bots/. Alksnis, Irina. 2022. “Rossiya prishla na Ukrainu za svoim.” RIA Novosti. February 24. https://ria.ru/20220224/rossiya-1774860971.html. Alpert, Lukas. 2014. Kremlin Speak: Inside Putin’s Propaganda Factory. New York: Tatra Press. 273
274 REFERENCES Alwaday, Hussein. 2022. “Critical Discourse Analysis of COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory Videos: A Study of Popular Videos in Arabic Media.” Master’s thesis, Malmö Uni versity. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-53397 . Alyukov, Maxim. 2021. “News Reception and Authoritarian Control in a Hybrid Media System: Russian TV Viewers and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict.” Politics, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/02633957211041440. Alyukov, Maxim. 2022. “Making Sense of the News in an Authoritarian Regime: Rus sian Television Viewers’ Reception of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict.” Europe-Asia Studies 74 (3): 337-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.2016633 . Alyukov, Maxim, Mariia Kunilovskaya, and Andrei Semenov. 2022a. Propaganda Set backs and Appropriation ofAnti-war Language: ‘Special Military Operation’ in Rus sian Mass Media and Social Networks (February-July 2022). Berlin: Russian Election Monitor. https://www.russian-election-monitor.org/Second-Front.html. Alyukov, Maxim, Mariia Kunilovskaya, and Andrei Semenov. 2022b. "Putin Fans or Kremlin Bots? War and Mobilisation across Russian Social Media Platforms.” Re: Russia (blog), November 7. https://re-russia.net/en/expertise/031/. Amnesty International. 2022. "Prisoners of War in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine Must Be Protected.” March 7. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/russia -ukraine-prisoners-of-war-must-be-protected-from-public-curiosity-under-ge neva-convention/. Arutunyan, Anna. 2022. “In Russia, It Is Much Easier to Believe Fiction.” Globe and Mail, March 31.
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-in-russia-the-crack down-in-independent-media-shows-there-is-a-new/. Ash, Timothy Garton. 2022. “Orban’s Victory in Hungary Adds to the Darkness En gulfing Europe.” Guardian, April 4, sec. Opinion, https://www.theguardian.com /commentisfree/2022/apr/04/orbans-victory-in-hungary-adds-to-the-darkness -overshadowing-europe. Atton, Chris, and Emma Wickenden. 2005. “Sourcing Routines and Representation in Alternative Journalism: A Case Study Approach.” Journalism Studies 6 (3): 347-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500132008. Audinet, Maxime. 2017. "RT, Russia’s Voice to the World: Propaganda or Alternative World view?” Le Monde Diplomatique, April 1. https://mondediplo.com/2017/04/08RT. Audinet, Maxime. 2021. Russia Today (RT): Un Média d’Influence Au Service de l’État Russe. Bry-Sur-Marne, Paris: Institut national de l’audiovisuel. Audinet, Maxime. 2023. “Cat and Mouse: The Mutations of Russia’s International State Media, RT and Sputnik.” Russia Post, March 24. https://russiapost.info/society /rt_sputnik. Audinet, Maxime, and Emmanuel Dreyfus, 2023. A Foreign Policy by Proxies: The Two Sides ofRussia’s Presence in Mali. Report no. 37. Paris: Institut de Recherche Stra tégique De L’École Militaire. Audinet, Maxime, and Kevin Limonier. 2022. “Le dispositif d’influence informationnelle de la Russie en Afrique subsaharienne francophone: Un écosystème flexible et composite.” Questions de communication, no. 41 (June): 129-48. https://doi .org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.29005. Aust, Martin, Ricarda Vulpius, and Alexei Miller.
2010. Imperium Inter Pares: Rol Transferov V Istorii Rossiiskoi Imperii. Moscow: NLO. Badanin, Roman. 2022. “O tom как kholodilnik pobedil televizor, gazety i internet.” Republic.ru. January 21. https://republic.ru/posts/102909?fbclid=IwAR0IpfTytIex -8zJVWG41LEchrc00ceMEJmd_UlHlKhRBZQVfRCWB8XRjlE. Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Problems ofDostoevsky’s Poetics. Translated by Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
REFERENCES 275 Balzer, Harley. 2003. “Managed Pluralism: Vladimir Putin’s Emerging Regime.” PostSoviet Affairs 19 (2): 189-227. BARB (British Audience Research Board). 2019. “Weekly TV Set Viewing Summary (Jan 2010-Jan 2020): December 23rd-29th.” BARB, https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing -data/weekly-viewing-summary/. Barber, Lionel, Henry Foy, and Alex Barker. 2019. “Vladimir Putin Says Liberalism ‘Has Become Obsolete.’” Financial Times, June 28. Barberâ, Pablo. 2015. “Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data.” Political Analysis 23 (1): 76-91. https://doi.org /10.1093/pan/mpu011. Barojan, Donara. 2018. “#PutinAtWar: Social Media Surge on Skripal.” Medium.com. @DFRLab (blog), April 6. https://medium.com/dfrlab/putinatwar-social-media -surge-on-skripal-b5132db6f439. Bartlett, Jamie. 2018. “Why Is Populism Booming? Today’s Tech Is Partly to Blame.” Guardian, November 29. Baum, Matthew. 2002. “Sex, Lies, and War: How Soft News Brings Foreign Policy to the Inattentive Public.” American Political Science Review 96 (1): 91-109. Baumgartner, Maik, Roman Hofner, and Ann-Katrin Muller. 2021. “The Disinformation Station: Germany Fears Influence of Russian Propaganda Channel.” Der Spiegel, March 3. Bayoumi, Moustafa. 2022. “They Are ‘Civilised’ and ‘Look like Us’: The Racist Coverage of Ukraine.” Guardian, March 2, sec. Opinion, https://www.theguardian.com/com mentisfree/2022/mar/02/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine. BBC. N.d. “Section 4: Impartiality—Introduction.” BBC Editorial Guidelines. N.d.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/impartiality/bbc.com /editorialguidelines/guidelines/impartiality/. BBC. 2007. “Gorbachev Listens While Being Held Captive.” BBC World Service. Janu ary 24. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/history/story/2007/01/070124_gorbachev.shtml. BBC. 2016. “Timeline: Iraq War.” BBC News, July 5, sec. Middle East, https://www.bbc .com/news/magazine-36702957. BBC. 2018. “Russian Spy: Highly Likely Moscow behind Attack, Says Theresa May.” BBC News. March 12. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43377856. BBC. 2022. “Ros Atkins on . Putin’s False Nazi Claims about Ukraine.” BBC News, March 26. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-60853404. BBC Trust. 2006. Broadcasting: An Agreement between Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport and the British Broadcasting Corporation. Cm 6872. London: Department for Culture, Media and Sport, https://downloads.bbc.co.uk /bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/about/how_we_govern/agreement.pdf. Bechmann, Anja, and Ben O’Loughlin. 2020. Democracy and Disinformation: A Turn in the Debate: KVAB Thinkers’ Report. Brussels: Flemish Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences. Becker, Jonathan. 2004. “Lessons from Russia: A Neo-authoritarian Media System.” Eu ropean Journal of Communication 19 (2): 139-63. Becker, Jonathan. 2014. “Russia and the New Authoritarians.” Demokratizatsiya 22 (2): 191-206. Beckers, Kathleen, and Raymond A. Harder. 2016. “‘Twitter Just Exploded’: Social Me dia as Alternative Vox Pop.” Digital Journalism 4 (7): 910-20. https://doi.Org/10.l 080/21670811.2016.1161493. Beggs,
Connell. 2021. “Soft Power, Hard Times: Russian Influence in Post-Soviet Space during Military Conflict.” PhD thesis, University of Manchester.
276 REFERENCES Belokrysova, Aida, Maxim Alyukov, Alia Denisenko, Svetlana Erpyleva, Anatolii Kropivnitskii, Irina Kozlova, Nadezhda Korytnikova, et al. 2022. “Dalekaia blizkaia voina: Kak rossiiane vosprinimaiut voennye deistviia v Ukraine: Fevral'-Iiun' 2022.” Public Sociology Laboratory, http://publicsociology.tilda.ws/war_report. Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts. 2018. Network Propaganda: Manipula tion, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bennett, Catherine. 2022. “It’s Possible Evgeny Lebedev’s Only Crime Is Absurdity. Per haps His Editors Could Let Us Know.” Observer, March 19, sec. Opinion, https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/19/evgeny-lebedev-lord -boris-johnson. Bennett, W. Lance, and Steven Livingston. 2018. “The Disinformation Order: Disrup tive Communication and the Decline of Democratic Institutions.” European Jour nal of Communication 33 (2): 122-39. Bennett, W. Lance, and Steven Livingston. 2021. “Conclusion: Defending Democracy in the Disinformation Age.” In The Disinformation Age: Politics, Technology, and Dis ruptive Communication in the United States, edited by W. Lance Bennett and Ste ven Livingston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bennett, W. Lance, and Barbara Pfetsch. 2018. “Rethinking Political Communica tion in a Time of Disrupted Public Spheres.” Journal of Communication 68 (2): 243-53. Berkowitz, Dan. 2009. “Reporters and Their Sources.” In The Handbook of Journalism Studies, edited by Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch, 102-15. New York:
Routledge. Berlin, Isiah. 2013. The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy’s View of History. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bernstein, Joseph. 2021. “Bad News: Selling the Story of Disinformation.” Harper’s, September, https://harpers.org/archive/2021/09/bad-news-selling-the-story-of -disinformation/. Berry, Mike, Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Inaki Garcia-Blanco, Lucy Bennett, and Joe Cable. 2021. “British Public Service Broadcasting, the EU and Brexit.” Journalism Stud ies 22 (15): 2082-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1981154 . Bershidskii, Iurii. 2020. "‘Pereosmylsenie Rossii’: V Britanii obnaruzhili proekt, kotoryi za sehet nalogoplatel’shchikov zashchishchaet rossiiskie feiki.” The Insider. April 15. https://theins.ru/antifake/213862 . Birge, Lucy. 2022. “Sputnik and the ‘Information War’: Projecting Russia onto the New Global Media Ecology.” PhD thesis, University of Manchester. Birge, Lucy, and Precious N. Chatterje-Doody. 2021. “Russian Public Diplomacy: Ques tioning Certainties in Uncertain Times.” In Public Diplomacy and the Politics of Uncertainty, edited by Pawel Surowiec and Ilan Manor, 171-95. Palgrave Macmil lan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Cham: Springer International. Birnbaum, Michael, and Craig Timberg. 2019. "EU: Russia Interfered in Our Elections Too.” Washington Post, June 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology /2019/06/14/eu-russians-interfered-our-elections-too/. Birrell, Ian. 2018. “RT’s Propaganda Deserves Mockery but Not a Ban.” Times (London), April 20, sec. Comment,
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rt-s-propaganda -deserves-mockery-but-not-a-ban-pnh85vr3b. Bittman, Ladislav. 1985. The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider’s View. Toledo: Discover Books. Blankenship, Mary, and Aloysius Uche Ordu. 2022. “Russia’s Narratives about Its Inva sion of Ukraine Are Lingering in Africa.” Brookings: Africa in Focus (blog), June 27.
REFERENCES 277 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2022/06/27/russias-narratives -about-its-invasion-of-ukraine-are-lingering-in-africa/. Block, Elena. 2013. “A Culturalist Approach to the Concept of the Mediatization of Poli tics: The Age of‘Media Hegemony.’” Communication Theory 23 (3): 259-78. Block, Elena, and Ralph Negrine. 2017. “The Populist Communication Style: Toward a Critical Framework.” International Journal of Communication 11 (0): 178-97. Blum, Matt. 2011. “20 Years Ago Today: The First Website Is Published.” Wired. August 6. https://www.wired.com/2011/08/world-wide-web-20-years/. Blumenthal, Max. 2017. “McCarthyism Inc: Introducing the Counter-Terror ‘Experts’ Hyping Russian Threats and Undermining Our Civil Liberties.” Grayzone. November 10. http://thegrayzone.com/2017/ll/10/mccarthyism-counter-terror -experts-russian-threats-civil-liberties/. Boborykin, Andrey. 2022. “So, How’s RT and Sputnik Doing?” Substack newsletter. Me diaborscht! (blog), May 17. https://andrey.substack.eom/p/so-hows-rt-and-sput nik-doing. Bodrunova, Svetlana, Anna Smoliarova, and Ivan Blekanov. 2017. “Mediatization of Twit ter? Traditional and Online Media in Ad Hoc Discussions on Inter-ethnic Con flicts.” American Communication Journal 19 (2): 16-30. Boffey, Daniel. 2019. “Magazine Aimed at MEPs ‘Filled with Pro-Russia Content.’” Guardian, October 9. Bohmer, Kristina. 2022. “Never Forget Who the Real Enemy Is. What Pro-Russian Pro paganda Looks Like in Central and South America.” Dennik. May 11. https:// dennikn.sk/2842542/nikdy-nezabudnite-kto-je-skutocny-nepriatel-
ako-vyzera -proruska-propaganda-v-strednej-a-juznej-amerike/. Borah, Porismita. 2011. “Conceptual Issues in Framing Theory: A Systematic Examina tion of a Decade’s Literature.” Journal of Communication 61 (2): 246-63. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01539.x. Borenstein, Eliot. 2019. Plots against Russia: Conspiracy and Fantasy after Socialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Boswell, Christina, and Katherine Smith. 2017. “Rethinking Policy ‘Impact’: Four Mod els of Research-Policy Relations.” Palgrave Communications 3 (1): 1-10. https://doi .org/10.1057/s41599-017-0042-z. Boykoff, Maxwell T. 2013. “Public Enemy No. 1? Understanding Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate Change.” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (6): 796-817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213476846. Boyle, Sian. 2020. “Russian Media Blames BRITAIN for the Coronavirus Outbreak: Pro paganda Accuses UK of‘Smearing Something in Wuhan’ and Links the Virus to Salisbury Novichok Attack.” Daily Mail, March 17. Bradshaw, Samantha, and Philip Howard. 2019. The Global Disinformation Order. Ox ford: Oxford Internet Institute. Brandt, Jessica, Valerie Wirtschafter, and Adya Danaditya. 2022. “Popular Podcasters Spread Russian Disinformation about Ukraine Biolabs.” Brookings (blog), March 23. https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/popular-podcasters-spread -russian-disinformation-about-ukraine-biolabs/. Brennan, David. 2022. “‘De-Putinize Russia’: Petro Poroshenko Urges West to Take Its Chance.” Newsweek, April 20. https://www.newsweek.com/de-putinize-russia -petro-poroshenko-ukraine-
president-urges-west-take-chance-1699275. Brommesson, Douglas, and Ann-Marie Ekengren. 2017. “Mediatization of Foreign Pol icy Decision-Making.” In The Mediatization of Foreign Policy, Political DecisionMaking, and Humanitarian Intervention, edited by Douglas Brommesson and Ann-Marie Ekengren, 1-12. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
278 REFERENCES Brubaker, Rogers. 2017. “Why Populism.” Theory and Society 46:357-85. Brugman, Britte, Christian Burgers, and Gerard Steen. 2017. “Recategorizing Political Frames: A Systematic Review of Metaphorical Framing in Experiments on Politi cal Communication.” Annals of the International Communication Association 41:1-17. Buchanan, Ian. 2010. A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bujic, Bojan. 2022. “Why Now Is No Time for Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture.” Guardian, March 13, sec. Music, https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/mar/13/why -now-is-no-time-for-tchaikovskys-1812-overture. Bullough, Oliver. 2013. “Inside Russia Today: Counterweight to the Mainstream Media, or Putin’s Mouthpiece?” New Statesman, May 10. Bulut, Ergin, and Erdem Yörük. 2017. “Mediatized Populisms/Digital Populism: Trolls and Political Polarization of Twitter in Turkey.” International Journal of Commu nication 11:4093-117. Burrett, Tina. 2011. Television and Presidential Power in Putin’s Russia. Abington: Routledge. Burtin, Shura. 2022. “Voiti vo mrak i nashchupat v nem lyudei.” Meduza. 2022. https:// meduza.io/feature/2022/04/24/voyti-vo-mrak-i-naschupat-v-nem-lyudey. Bush, George W. 2003. “Bush Speech in Full.” BBC News. March 20. http://news.bbc.co .uk/l/hi/world/americas/2866715.stm. Cadwalladr, Carole. 2017. “The Great British Brexit Robbery: How Our Democracy Was Hijacked.” Guardian, May 7, sec. Technology, https://www.theguardian.com /technology/2017/may/07/the-great-british-brexit-robbery-hijacked-democracy. Camargo, Chico Q., and Felix Μ. Simon. 2022. “Mis-
and Disinformation Studies Are Too Big to Fail: Six Suggestions for the Field’s Future.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 3 (5): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-106. Caprolu, Maurantonio, Alireza Sadighian, and Roberto Di Pietro. 2022. “Characteriz ing the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian Conflict through the Lenses of Aspect-Based Sen timent Analysis: Dataset, Methodology, and Preliminary Findings.” arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.04903. Carlson, Tucker. 2022. “Tucker Carlson: The Questions about the Biolabs in Ukraine That Everyone Should Be Asking.” Fox News. March 10. https://www.foxnews.com /opinion/tucker-carlson-questions-biolabs-ukraine-everyone-asking. Carrell, Severin. 2022. “BBC’s Sarah Smith Relieved to Escape Scottish ‘Bile and Hatred.’” Guardian, February 17, sec. UK News, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news /2022/feb/17/bbcs-sarah-smith-relieved-to-escape-scottish-bile-and-hatred. Carter, Erin Baggott, and Brett L. Carter. 2018. “Autocratic Propaganda in Comparative Perspective.” Erin Baggott Carter (blog), November 28. https://web.archive.org /web/20210422212742/http://www.erinbcarter.org/documents/SummaryPaper .pdf. Carter, Erin Baggott, and Brett L. Carter. 2021a. “Propaganda and Protest in Autocra cies.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 65 (5): 919-49. Carter, Erin Bagott, and Brett L. Carter. 2021b. “Questioning More: RT, Outward-Facing Propaganda and the Post-West World Order.” Security Studies 30 (1): 49-78. CGTN. 2018. “China Media Group Signs Cooperation Agreement with Russian News Agency.” CGTN.com. September 12.
https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774e7851 544d7a457a6333566d54/share_p.html. Cha, Meeyoung, Hamed Haddadi, Fabricio Benevenuto, and Krishna Gummadi. 2010. “Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy.” Proceedings ofthe International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 4 (1): 10-17. https:// doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v4il.14033.
REFERENCES 279 Chadwick, Andrew. 2013. The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2009. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. New ed. Princeton Studies in Culture/Power/History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400828654 . Chakrabortty, Aditya. 2022. “Western Values? They Enthroned the Monster Who Is Shelling Ukrainians Today.” Guardian, March 17, sec. Opinion. https://www .theguardian.com/cominentisfree/2022/mar/17/western-values-enthroned -monster-ukrainians-putin. Channel 1. 2021a. Novosti (12:00). ltv.ru. May 25. https://www.ltv.ru/news/issue/2021 -05-25/12:00. Channel 1.2021b. Vremya. ltv.ru. May 24. https://www.ltv.ni/news/issue/2021-05-24/21:00. Channel 1. 2022. Anatomy of a Fake: How Western Media Concocted the Material about an Airstrike on a Maternity Clinic in Mariupol, ltv.ru. April 2. https://www.ltv.ru /news/2022-04-02/425440-anatomiya_feyka_kak_zapadnye_smi_smasterili _material_o_mnimom_aviaudare_po_mariupolskomu_roddomu. Chappell, Bill, and Odette Yousef. 2022. “How the False Russian Biolab Story Came to Circulate among the U.S. Far Right.” NPR. March 25. https://www.npr.org /2022/03/25/1087910880/biological-weapons-far-right-russia-ukraine Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. 2018. “How RT (Russia Today) Navigates ‘Us’ and ‘Them.’” E-International Relations (blog), October 3. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/10/03 /how-rt-russia-today-navigates-us-and-them/. Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. 2022. “Putin Is Clearly Worried—Russia’s Media Is Be
coming as Censored as China’s.” Express, March 4, sec. Express Comment, https:// www.express.co.uk/comment/expresscomment/1575630/putin-media-censorship -law-china-analysis/amp. Chatterje-Doody, Precious N., and Rhys Crilley. 2018. “How Badly Did Russia’s Interview with the Skripal Suspects Backfire?” Washington Post Monkey Cage (blog), Sep tember 15. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/09/15 /how-badly-did-russias-interview-with-the-skripal-poisoning-suspects-backfire/. Chatterje-Doody, Precious N., and Rhys Crilley. 2019a. “Making Sense of Emotions and Affective Investments in War: RT and the Syrian Conflict on YouTube.” Media and Communication 7 (3): 167-78. Chatterje-Doody, Precious N., and Rhys Crilley. 2019b. “Populism and Contemporary Global Media: Populist Communication Logics and the Co-construction of Trans national Identities.” In Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter- and Transna tional Dimensions, edited by Frank A. Stengel, David B. MacDonald, and Dirk Nabers, 73-99. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Chatterje-Doody, Precious N„ and Marie Gillespie. 2020. "The Cultural Politics of Com memoration: Media and Remembrance of the Russian Revolutions of 1917.” Eu ropean Journal of Cultural Studies 23 (3): 305-14. Cheong, Darren. 2022. “Commentary: Why Might Pro-Russia Disinformation about Ukraine War Resonate in Singapore?” Channel News Asia. April 11. https://www .channelnewsasia.com/commentary/singapore-disinformation-russia-ukraine -war-twitter-2618691. Chernobrov, Dmitry. 2022. “Strategic Humour: Public Diplomacy and Comic Framing of
Foreign Policy Issues.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24 (2): 277-96. Chernobrov, Dmitry, and Emma L. Briant. 2022. “Competing Propagandas: How the United States and Russia Represent Mutual Propaganda Activities.” Politics 42 (3): 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720966171.
280 REFERENCES Chesnakov, Alekseii. 2020. “Surkov: Mne interesno deistvovat protiv realnosti.” Aktualnye kommentarii, February 26. https://actualcomment.ru/surkov-mne-interesno -deystvovat-protiv-realnosti-2002260855.html. Chua, Peter. 2017. “Cultural Racism.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia ofSocial The ory, edited by Brian S. Turner, 1-3. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, https:// doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0079. Cohen, Josh. 2016. “The Historian Whitewashing Ukraine’s Past.” Foreign Policy (blog), May 2. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/02/the-historian-whitewashing-ukraines -past-volodymyr-viatrovych/. Cohen, Nick. 2014. “Russia Today: Why Western Cynics Lap Up Putin’s TV Poison.” Ob server, November 8, sec. Opinion, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree /2014/nov/08/russia-today-western-cynics-lap-up-putins-tv-poison. Cohen, Nick. 2022. “Is Russia Today Finished?” Spectator, March 4. https://www.spectator .co.uk/article/is-russia-today-finished/. Cohn, John. 2022. “How Objectivity Got a Bad Rap and Where Do We Go from Here? Media News.” Journalism.co.uk. June TT. https://www.journalism.co.uk/news /how-objectivity-got-a-bad-rap-and-where-do-we-go-from-here-/s2/a940860/. Conrad, Peter. 1999. “Uses of Expertise: Sources, Quotes, and Voice in the Reporting of Genetics in the News.” Public Understanding of Science 8 (4): 285-302. Couldry, Nick. 2008. “Digital Storytelling, Media Research and Democracy: Concep tual Choices and Alternative Futures.” In Digital Storytelling, Mediatized Stories: Self-Representations in New Media, edited by Knut Lundby, 41-60.
New York: Peter Lang. Couldry, Nick. 2014. “When Mediatization Hits the Ground.” In Mediatized Worlds: Cul ture and Society in a Media Age, edited by Andreas Hepp and Fredrich Krotz, 54-71. New York: SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781 137300355. Couldry, Nick, and Andreas Hepp. 2017. The Mediated Construction of Reality. Cam bridge: Polity Press. Council of the EU. 2022. “EU Imposes Sanctions on State-Owned Outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik’s Broadcasting in the EU.” European Council. March 2. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes -sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rt-russia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting -in-the-eu/. Crilley, Rhys, and Precious N. Chatterje-Doody. 2020. “Emotions and War on YouTube: Affective Investments in RT’s Visual Narratives of the Conflict in Syria.” Cam bridge Review of International Affairs 33 (5): 713-73. Crilley, Rhys, and Precious N. Chatterje-Doody. 2021. “From Russia with Lois: Humour, RT, and the Legitimation of Russian Foreign Policy.” Global Society 35 (2): 26988. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2020.1839387 . Crilley, Rhys, Marie Gillespie, Vitaly Kazakov, and Alistair Willis. 2022. ‘“Russia Isn’t a Country of Putins!’: How RT Bridged the Credibility Gap in Russian Public Diplo macy during the 2018 FIFA World Cup.” British Journal of Politics and Interna tional Relations'll (1): 136-52. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1177/13691481211013713 . Crilley, Rhys, Marie Gillespie, Bertie Vidgen, and Alistair Willis. 2022. “Understanding RT’s Audiences: Exposure Not Endorsement for
Twitter Followers of Russian State-Sponsored Media.” International Journal of Press/Politics 27 (1): 220-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220980692. Crilley, Rhys, Marie Gillespie, and Alistair Willis. 2020. “Tweeting the Russian Revolu tion: RT’s #1917LIVE and Social Media Re-enactments as Public Diplomacy.” Eu ropean Journal of Cultural Studies 23 (3): 354-73.
REFERENCES 281 Cushion, Stephen. 2022. “Are Public Service Media Distinctive from the Market? Inter preting the Political Information Environments of BBC and Commercial News in the United Kingdom.” European Journal of Communication 37 (1): 3-20. https:// doi.org/doi.org/10.1177/0267323121101214. Daily Mail.com. 2022. “Video: Russia’s Defence Spox Claims US Funding Biological Weapons in Ukraine.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/ukraine/video-2634711 /Video-Russias-Defence-Spox-claims-funding-biological-weapons-Ukraine .html. Dajani, Deena, Marie Gillespie, and Rhys Crilley. 2021. “Differentiated Visibilities: RT Arabic’s Narration of Russia’s Role in the Syrian War.” Media, War and Conflict 14 (4): 437-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219889075. Dassonville, Aude. 2022. “Russian State Channel RT Eyes New Audience in Africa.” Le Monde, March 29. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2022/03/29 /russian-state-channel-rt-eyes-a-new-audience-in-africa_5979274_19.html. David-Fox, Michael. 2014. Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921-1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davies, William. 2018a. Nervous States: How Feeling Took over the World. New York: Jon athan Cape. Davies, William. 2018b. “Why We Stopped Trusting Elites.” Guardian, November 29. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/29/why-we-stopped-trusting -elites-the-new-populism. Davies, William. 2020. This Is Not Normal: The Collapse ofLiberal Britain. London: Verso. Davis, Clayton A., Varol Onur, Emilio Farrara, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo
Menczek. 2016. “BotOrNot: A System to Evaluate Social Bots.” Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf /10.1145/2872518.2889302. Davis, Mark. 2021. “The Online Anti-public Sphere.” European Journal of Cultural Stud ies 24 (1): 143-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420902799. Dawson, Andrew, and Martin Innes. 2019. “How Russia’s Internet Research Agency Built Its Disinformation Campaign.” Political Quarterly 90 (2): 245-56. Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. 1994. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. DeCamp, Dave. 2022. “Victoria Nuland Declares US Is Protecting ‘Biological Research Facilities’ in Ukraine.” Grayzone. March 9. https://thegrayzone.com/2022/03/09 /victoria-nuland-us-biological-research-facilities-ukraine/. Dejevsky, Mary. 2018. “These Are the Unanswered Questions That Still Remain after Yulia Skripal’s Shock Reappearance.” Independent, May 24. https://www.independent .co.uk/voices/yulia-skripal-poisoning-russia-novochok-salisbury-question-remain -a8367471.html. Delaney, Sam. 2018. ‘“We Were Astounded by the Freedom’: My Time as a Host on Russia’s RT TV.” Guardian, August 18, sec. Television Industry. https://www.theguardian .com/media/2018/aug/18/we-were-astounded-by-the-freedom-my-time-as-a-host -on-russias-rt-tv. De Luca, Marino. 2022. “Who and What Is Their ‘People’? How British Political Leaders Appealed to the People during the 2019 Election.” British Politics 17 (4): 430-51. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-020-00153-5. Dencik, Lina. 2013. “What Global
Citizens and Whose Global Moral Order? Defining the Global at BBC World News.” Global Media and Communication 9 (2): 119-34. Denisova, Ludmila. 2022. “‘De-Ukrainization’: What Russian Should Do about Ukraine.” Odessa Journal, April 5. https://odessa-journal.com/de-ukrainization-what -russian-should-do-about-ukraine/.
282 REFERENCES De Smaele, Hedwig. 2004. “Limited Access to Information as a Means of Censorship in Post-Communist Russia.” Javnost— the Public 11 (2): 65-81. https://doi.org/10.10 80/13183222.2004.11008854. Digital Forensic Research Lab. 2019. “Operation ‘Secondary Infektion’: A Suspected Russian Intelligence Operation Targeting Europe and the United States.” Atlan tic Council, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/0peration-Secondary-Infektion_English.pdf. Dimitrova, Daniela V., and Jesper Strömbäck. 2009. “Look Who’s Talking: Use of Sources in Newspaper Coverage in Sweden and the United States.” Journalism Practice 3 (1): 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802560773. Doroshenko, Larissa, and Josephine Lukito. 2021. “Trollfare: Russia’s Disinformation Campaign during Military Conflict in Ukraine.” International Journal of Com munication 15:4662-89. Doublethink Lab. 2022. “Observatory Update: Mandarin-Language Information Opera tions Regarding Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine—the First 100 Days.” Doublethink Lab (blog), August 17. https://medium.com/doublethinklab/observatory-update -mandarin-language-information-operations-regarding-russias-invasion-of-97b 023ed59e2. Dougherty, Jill. 2014. “Everyone Lies: The Ukraine Conflict and Russia’s Media Trans formation.” Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, No. 88, Dis cussion Paper Series. July 2014. https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads /2014/07/d88-dougherty.pdf. Dovi, Vivienne. 2022. “The Treatment Africans Are Facing in Ukraine Is Despicable, but Why Are We Surprised?”
Euronews, April 1. https://www.euronews.com/2022 /04/01/the-treatment-africans-are-facing-in-ukraine-is-despicable-but-why-are -we-surprised, sec. News. Draitser, Eric. 2014. “Sanctioning Russia into Multi-polar World?” RT.com. April 2. https://www.rt.com/op-ed/sanctioning-russia-825/. Drobnitskii, Dmitrii. 2019. “Krizis budet prodolzhatsya.” RT na Russkom. May 27. https:// russian.rt.com/opinion/635561-drobnickii-premer-velikobritaniya. Dwoskin, Elizabeth, Jeremy B. Merrill, and Gerrit De Vynck. 2022. “Social Platforms’ Bans Muffle Russian State Media Propaganda.” Washington Post, March 16. https://www .washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/16/facebook-youtube-russian-bans/ . Echols, William. 2022. “‘We Didn’t Attack Ukraine.’ The Alternate Reality of Russia’s War.” POLYGRAPH.Info. March 11. https://www.polygraph.info/a/fact-check -russian-media-ukraine-war/6743313.html. Economist. 2022. “How Russia Is Trying to Win Over the Global South: Its Propaganda Is Deceptive, Multilingual and Well-Funded. But Does It Work?” September 22. https://www.economist.com/international/2022/09/22/how-russia-is-trying-to -win-over-the-global-south. Ehrlich, Aaron, and Calvin Garner. 2021. “Is Pro-Kremlin Disinformation Effective? Evidence from Ukraine.” International Journal ofPress/Politics 50:1-24. Ekho Moskvy. 2022. “V Rossii nachali sbor podpisei protiv voiny s Ukrainoi.” January 30. https://web.archive.Org/web/20220130210052/https:/echo.msk.ru/news/2972754 -echo.html. Elliott, Robert. 2019. “How Russia Spreads Disinformation via RT Is More Nuanced than We Realise.” Guardian, July 26,
sec. Opinion, https://www.theguardian.com/com mentisfree/2019/jul/26/russia-disinformation-rt-nuanced-online-ofcom-fine. Elswah, Mona, and Philip Howard. 2020. “‘Anything That Causes Chaos’: The Organi zational Behavior of Russia Today (RT).” Journal of Communication 7 (5): 623-45.
REFERENCES 283 Entman, Robert, Jörg Matthes, and Lynn Pellicano. 2008. “Nature, Sources, and Effects of News Framing.” In The Handbook ofJournalism Studies, edited by Karin WhailJorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch, 175-90. London: Routledge. Erlich, Aaron, and Calvin Garner. 2023. “Is Pro-Kremlin Disinformation Effective? Evi dence from Ukraine.” International Journal of Press/Politics 28 (1): 5-28. https:// doi.org/10.1177/19401612211045221. Erlich, Aaron, Calvin Garner, Gordon Pennycook, and David G. Rand. 2022. “Does An alytic Thinking Insulate against Pro-Kremlin Disinformation? Evidence from Ukraine.” Political Psychology 0 (0): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.llll/pops.12819. Eroukhmanoff, Clara. 2018. “Securitisation Theory: An Introduction.” E-International Relations (blog), January 14. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/01/14/securitisation -theory-an-introduction/. Esser, Frank, and Jesper Strömbäck. 2014. Mediatization of Politics: Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Euronews. 2022. “EU Officials Defend Move to Ban RT and Sputnik amid Censorship Claims.” March 8. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/03/08/eu-officials -defend-move-to-ban-rt-and-sputnik-amid-censorship-claims. Fan, Ying. 2008. “Soft Power: Power of Attraction or Confusion?” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 4 (2): 147-58. https://doi.Org/10.1057/pb.2008.4. Fedor, Julie, and Rolf Fredheim. 2017. ‘“We Need More Clips about Putin, and Lots of Them’: Russia’s State-Commissioned Online Visual Culture.” Nationalities Papers 45 (2): 161-81. Fielding, James, David
Averre, Will Stewart, and Ed Wight. 2022. “British Fighter Seen Handcuffed after Being Captured by Russian Troops.” Daily Mail Online, April 14, sec. News. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10719023/British-fighter -seen-handcuffs-head-injuries-captured-Russians-Mariupol.html. Figenschou, Tine Ustad. 2010. “A Voice for the Voiceless? A Quantitative Content Anal ysis of Al-Jazeera English’s Flagship News.” Global Media and Communication 6 (1): 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766510362023. Figenschou, Tine Ustad, and Karoline Ihlebaek. 2019. “Challenging Journalistic Author ity: Media Criticism in Far-Right Alternative Media.” Journalism Studies 20 (9): 1221-37. Financial Times. 2018. “Vladimir Putin Brands Sergei Skripal a ‘Scumbag’ Traitor.” https://www.ft.com/content/91310bl8-c709-lle8-ba8f-ee390057b8c9. Fisher, Aleksandr. 2020. “Demonizing the Enemy: The Influence of Russian State -Sponsored Media on American Audiences.” Post-Soviet Affairs 36 (4): 281-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2020.1730121. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 2005. Tear off the Masks! Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691122458/tear-off-the -masks. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 2022. “Sheila Fitzpatrick in ‘Responses to the War in Ukraine.’” Lon don Review of Books, March 11. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v44/n06/on -ukraine/day-5-day-9-day-16. Flaherty, Emma, and Laura Roselle. 2018. “Contentious Narratives and Europe: Conspir acy Theories and Strategic Narratives Surrounding RT’s Brexit News Coverage.” Journal ofInternational Affairs SIPA
(blog), September 17. https://jia.sipa.columbia .edu/contentious-narratives-and-europe-conspiracy-theories-and-strategic -narratives-surrounding-rts. Flood, Chris, Stephen Hutchings, Galina Miazhevich, and Henri Nickels. 2012. Islam, Security and Television News. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
284 REFERENCES Foa, Roberto, Margot Mollat, Xavier Romero-Vidal, Han Isha, David Evans, and Andrew Klassen. 2022. “A World Divided: Russia, China and the West.” Cambridge: Bennett Institute for Public Policy, https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk /publications/a-world-divided/. Folweil, Alec. 2018. “UK’s Response to Skripal Poisoning Was ‘Proportionate,’ ac cording to UK Opinion Formers.” YouGov (blog), June 14. https://yougov.co.uk /topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/06/14/uks-response-skripal-poisoning -was-proportionate-a. Freedman, Des. 2018. “Populism and Media Policy Failure.” European Journal of Com munication 33 (6): 604-18. Freedman, Lawrence. 2022. Command: The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine. London: Penguin. Freedom House. 2021. “Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report.” https:// freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2021. Freelon, Deen, and Chris Wells. 2020. “Disinformation as Political Communication.” Po litical Communication 37 (2): 145-56. Fridman, Ofer. 2018. Russian ‘Hybrid Warfare’: Resurgence and Politization. Oxford: Ox ford University Press. Fridman, Ofer. 2020. ‘“Information War’ as the Russian Conceptualisation of Strategic Communications.” RUSl Journal 165 (1): 44-53. https://doi.Org/doi.org/10.1080/0 3071847.2020.1740494. Friedland, Jonathan. 2022. “Putin Still Has Friends in the West—And They’re Gaining Ground.” Guardian, April 8. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022 /apr/08/vladimir-putin-viktor-orban-eu-marine-le-pen. Frischlich, Lena, Johanna Klapproth, and Felix Brinkschulte. 2020.
"Between Mainstream and Alternative—Co-orientation in Right-Wing Populist Alternative News Media.” In Disinformation in Open Online Media, edited by Christian Grimme, Mike Pre uss, Frank W. Takes, and Annie Waldherr, 150-67. Lecture Notes in Computer Sci ence. Cham: Springer International, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_12. Frye, Timothy. 2020. “Inside Job: The Challenge of Foreign Online Influence in U.S. Elec tions.” War on the Rocks (blog), October 6. https://warontherocks.com/2020/10 /inside-job-the-challenge-of-foreign-online-influence-in-u-s-elections/. Gabbatt, Adam. 2021. “The Fall of Fox? How Rising Rightwing Media Outlets Could Top ple the Conservative Giant.” Guardian, January 2. Gabuev, Aleksandr. 2012. “Net nikakoi ob’ektivnosti.” Kommersant, April 7, sec. Obshchestvo. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1911336. Gabuev, Alexandr, and Leonid Kovachich. 2021. “Comrades in Tweets? The Contours and Limits of China-Russia Cooperation on Digital Propaganda.” Moscow Times, June 3. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/06/03/comrades-in-tweets-the-contours -and-limits-of-china-russia-cooperation-on-digital-propaganda-a74099. Gabuev, Aleksandr, and Pavel Tarasenko. 2012. “Piarova pobeda.” Kommersant Vlast’, April 9. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1907006. Galeotti, Mark. 2015. “The West Is Too Paranoid about Russia’s Information War.” Guard ian, July 7. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/07/russia-propaganda -europe-america. Galeotti, Mark. 2017. “Controlling Chaos: How Russia Manages Its Political War in Eu rope.” European Council on Foreign Relations,
https://ecfr.eu/publication/con trolling_chaos_how_russia_manages_its_political_war_in_europe/. Galeotti, Mark. 2018. “I’m Sorry for Creating the ‘Gerasimov Doctrine.” Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/05/im-sorry-for-creating-the-gerasimov -doctrine/.
REFERENCES 285 Galeotti, Mark. 2019. Russian Political War: Moving beyond the Hybrid. London: Routledge. Garmazhapova, Aleksandra. 2013. “Gde zhivut trolli. I kto ikh kormit.” Novaya Gazeta, September 7, sec. Politika, https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2013/09/07/56253 -gde-zhivut-trolli-i-kto-ih-kormit/. Gatov, Vasily. 2018. “Kratkii kurs istorii Fake News." New Times, December 24. https:// newtimes.ru/articles/detail/175021/. Gaufman, Elizaveta. 2015. “Memory, Media, and Securitization: Russian Media Fram ing of the Ukrainian Crisis.” Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 1 (1): 141-75. Gehlbach, Scott. 2010. “Reflections on Putin and the Media.” Post-Soviet Affairs 26 (1): 77-87. Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2018. “Social Media and Populism: An Elective Affinity?” Media, Cul ture and Society 40 (5): 745-53. Gibson, Megan. 2021. “The Meaning of Vladimir Putin’s Attack on Liberalism.” New Statesman, November 2. https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics /geopolitics/2021/ll/the-meaning-of-vladimir-putins-attack-on-liberalism. Giles, Keir. 2020. “Defence against Disinformation Is a Team Sport.” Reframing Russia (blog), May 18. https://reframingrussia.wordpress.com/2020/05/18/defence-against -disinformation-is-a-team-sport-guest-blog/. Gillespie, Marie. 2005. Media Audiences. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Gillespie, Marie. 2007. “Security, Media and Multicultural Citizenship: A Collaborative Ethnography.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 10 (3): 275-93. Gold, Hadas. 2019. “How a Russian-Owned Media Outlet Landed the First Video of Ju lian Assange’s
Arrest.” CNN Business. April 11. https://edition.cnn.eom/2019/04/l 1 /media/ruptly-rt-julian-assange/index.html. Gorham, Michael. 2020. “‘Beyond a World with One Master’: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Putin’s ‘Sovereign Internet.’” In Transnational Russian Studies, edited by Andy Byford, Connor Doak, and Stephen Hutchings, 266-82. Liverpool: Liverpool Uni versity Press. Gould-Davies, Nigel. 2003. “The Logic of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy.” Diplomatic His tory 27 (2): 193-214. Grabe, Maria Elizabeth, Shuhua Zhou, and Brooke Barnett. 1999. “Sourcing and Report ing in News Magazine Programs: 60 Minutes versus Hard Copy.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (2): 293-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769 909907600208. Graphika. 2021. Posing as Patriots. Information Operations. https://public-assets .graphika.com/reports/graphika_report_posing_as_patriots.pdf. Greene, Samuel, and Graeme Robertson. 2019. Putin vs the People: The Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Greenwald, Glenn. 2021. “As Anger toward Belarus Mounts, Recall the 2013 Forced Land ing of Bolivia’s Plane to Find Snowden.” Substack newsletter. Glenn Greenwald (blog), May 24. https://greenwald.substack.eom/p/as-anger-toward-belarus-mounts -recall. Greve, Joan E. 2020. “‘Steady Drumbeat of Misinformation’: FBI Chief Warns of Russian Interference in US Elections.” Guardian, September 17, sec. US News. https://www .theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/misinformation-us-elections-2020-russia. Groys, Boris. 1992. “Russia and the West.” Studies in Soviet Thought 3 (May):
185-98. Grozev, Chirsto. 2022. “Rossiia ‘slila’ milliardy dollarov dlia gosperevorota v Ukraine, a ее ‘kinuli.’” ZN.ua. March 27. https://zn.ua/POLITICS/rossija-slila-milliardy -dollarov-dlja-hosperevorota-v-ukraine-a-ee-kinuli-hrozev.html.
286 REFERENCES Guardian. 2022a. ‘“I Mean Ukraine’: George W Bush Says Iraq Invasion Unjustified in Speech Gaffe—Video.” May 19, sec. US News, https://www.theguardian.com/us -news/video/2022/may/19/george-w-bush-says-invasion-of-iraq-unjustified-in -verbal-faux-pas-video. Guardian. 2022b. “Soprano Anna Netrebko Withdraws from Met Performances Rather than Renounce Putin.” March 3, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com /world/2022/mar/03/soprano-anna-netrebko-withdraws-from-met-perfor mances-rather-than-renounce-putin. Guckert, Élie. 2022. “Manufacturing Dissent: RT France’s Challenge in a Brand New Media Landscape.” In RT in Europe and Beyond: The Wannabe Elite of the Anti elites, edited by Anton Shekhovtsov, 42-54. Vienna: Centre for Democratic Integrity. Guess, Andrew, Brendan Nyhan, Benjamin Lyons, and Jason Reifler. 2018. “Avoiding the Echo Chamber about Echo Chambers: Why Selective Exposure to Like-Minded Political News Is Less Prevalent than You Think.” Miami: Knight Foundation. https://kf-site-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media_elements/files/000/000 /133/original/Topos_K”_White-Paper_Nyhan_Vl.pdf. Guriev, Sergei, and Daniel Treisman. 2022. Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Hall, Natalie-Anne. 2020. “RT Takes Libertarian Anti-lockdown Stance.” Reframing Rus sia (blog). May 19. https://www.mis-translating-deceit.com/legacy-blogs/rt-takes -libertarian-anti-lockdown-stance. Hall, Natalie-Anne. 2022a. “RT’s Appeal to British Audiences on Facebook: Outsider in an Untrustworthy Media
Environment.” Participations: Journal ofAudience and Reception Studies 19 (1): 26-45. Hall, Natalie-Anne. 2022b. “RT UK’s Facebook Audiences’ Interpretation of Russia’s Stra tegic Narrative of the Syrian Conflict.” Digital War 3 (1): 67-77. https://doi •org/10.1057/s42984-022-00058-l. Halliday, Josh. 2014. “BBC World Service Fears Losing Information War as Russia To day Ramps up Pressure.” Guardian, December 21. https://www.theguardian.com /media/2014/dec/21/bbc-world-service-information-war-russia-today. Hallin, Daniel, and Paolo Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models ofMe dia and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hanley, Monika, and Allen Munoriyarwa. 2021. “Fake News: Tracing the Genesis of a New Term and Old Practices.” In Digital Roots: HistoricizingMedia and Commu nications Concepts of the Digital Age, edited by Gabriele Balbi, Nelson Ribeiro, Valérie Schafer, and Christian Schwarzenegger. Vol. 4, Studies in Digital History and Hermeneutics. Amsterdam: De Gruyter. Harding, Luke. 2018. ‘“Deny, Distract and Blame’: How Russia Fights Propaganda War.” Guardian, May 3,2018, sec. UK News, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018 /may/03/russia-propaganda-war-skripal-poisoning-embassy-london. Harding, Luke. 2020. Shadow State: Murder, Mayhem and Russia’s Remaking of the West. London: Guardian Faber. Harding, Luke, Julian Borger, and Dan Sabbagh. 2021. “Kremlin Papers Appear to Show Putin’s Plot to Put Trump in White House.” Guardian, July 15, sec. World News. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/15/kremlin-papers-appear -to-show-putins-
plot-to-put-trump-in-white-house. Harding, Sue-Ann. 2012. “‘How Do I Apply Narrative Theory?’: Socio-narrative Theory in Translation Studies.” Target: International Journal of Translation Studies 24 (2): 286-309. https://doi.Org/10.1075/target.24.2.04har.
REFERENCES 287 Harjuniemi, Timo. 2022. “Post-Truth, Fake News and the Liberal ‘Regime of Truth’— the Double Movement between Lippmann and Hayek.” European Journal of Com munication 37 (3): 269-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211046784. Harris, John. 2021. ‘“Insufficient and Very Defensive’: How Nick Clegg Became the Fall Guy for Facebook’s Failures.” Guardian, October 14, sec. Politics. https://www .theguardian.com/politics/2021/oct/14/insufficient-very-defensive-how-nick -clegg-became-fall-guy-facebook-failures. Harris, John. 2022. “The Tories’ Bellicose Posturing on Ukraine Is Dangerous—and Un fair to Us.” Guardian, March 20, sec. Opinion, https://www.theguardian.com /commentisfree/2022/mar/20/tories-bellicose-posturing-ukraine-dangerous -putin. Helmus, Todd C., Elizabeth Bodine-Baron, Andrew Radin, Madeline Magnuson, Joshua Mendelsohn, William Marcellino, Andriy Bega, and Zev Winkelman. 2018. “Rus sian Social Media Influence: Understanding Russian Propaganda in Eastern Eu rope.” RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2237.html. Henley, Jon. 2021. “Is Russia’s Covid Vaccine Anything More than a Political Weapon?” Guardian, April 30, sec. Society, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021 /apr/30/is-russias-covid-vaccine-anything-more-than-a-political-weapon-sput nik-v. Hepp, Andreas, and Nick Couldry. 2010. “Introduction: Media Events in Globalized Me dia Cultures.” In Media Events in a Global Age, edited by Nick Couldry, Andreas Hepp, and Friedrich Krotz, 1-20. Routledge: Abingdon. Herb, Jeremy. 2020. “Russian Meddling Efforts Intensifying as US
Election Nears: CNN Politics.” CNN. September 12. https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/12/politics/russian -meddling-2020-us-election/index.html. Herman, Mark. 1999. “Entropy-Based Warfare: Modeling the Revolution in Military Af fairs.” Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn-Winter, 85-90. Hernandez, Miriam, and Dani Madrid-Morales. 2020. “Diversifying Voice, Democra tizing the News? A Content Analysis of Citizen News Sources in Spanish-Language International Broadcasting.” Journalism Studies 21 (8): 1076-92. https://doi.org /10.1080/1461670Х.2020.1734857. Higgins, Eliot. 2022. "Russia’s Bucha ‘Facts’ versus the Evidence.” Bellingcat (blog), April 4. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/04/04/russias-bucha-facts-versus -the-evidence/. Hjavard, Stig. 2008. “The Mediatization of Society: A Theory of the Media as Agents of Social and Cultural Change.” Nordicom Review 29 (2): 105-34. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2016. Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: New Press. Hodge, Nathan. 2022. “Restoration of Empire Is the Endgame for Russia’s Vladimir Pu tin.” CNN. June 11. https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/10/europe/russia-putin-empire -restoration-endgame-intl-cmd/index.html. Hook, Derek. 2007. “Discourse, Knowledge, Materiality, History: Foucault and Discourse Analysis.” In Foucault, Psychology and the Analytics of Power, edited by Derek Hook, 100-137. Critical Theory and Practice in Psychology and the Human Sci ences. London: Palgrave Macmillan, https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592322_4 . Hosaka, Sanshiro. 2019. “Welcome to Surkov’s Theater: Russian Political Technology in the Donbas War.”
Nationalities Papers 47 (5): 750-73. Hoskins, Andrew, and Ben O’Loughlin. 2010. War and Media: The Emergence ofDiffused War. Cambridge: Polity Press. Hoskins, Andrew, and Ben O’Loughlin. 2015. “Arrested War: The Third Phase of Me diatization.” Information, Communication and Society 18 (11): 1320-38.
288 REFERENCES Hoskins, Andrew, and Pavel Shchelin. 2018. “Information War in Russian Media Ecol ogy: The Case of the Panama Papers.” Continuum 32 (2): 250-66. Howard, Philip. 2018. The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018. Oxford: Internet Research Institute. Howard, Philip N., Bharath Ganesh, Dimitra Liotsiou, John Kelly, and Camille Fran çois. 2018. “The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018.” Oxford: Internet Research Institute. Howell, Lis, and Jane B. Singer. 2017. “Pushy or a Princess?” Journalism Practice 11 (9): 1062-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1232173 . Hoyng, Rolien. 2020. "Platforms for Populism? The Affective Issue Crowd and Its Dis connections.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 23 (6): 984-1001. Huang, Haifeng. 2018. “The Pathology of Hard Propaganda.” Journal of Politics, July. https://doi.org/10.1086/696863. Hui, Yuk. 2019. Recursivity and Contingency. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. Hurst, Sarah. 2020. “UK Academics Get Hefty Grant to ‘Reframe Russia.’” Byline Times, April 14. https://bylinetimes.com/2020/04/14/uk-academics-get-hefty-grant-to -reframe-russia/. Hutchings, Stephen. 2019. “RT and the Digital Revolution: Reframing Russia for a Me diatized World.” In Transnational Russian Studies, edited by Andy Byford, Con nor Doak, and Stephen Hutchings, 283-300. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Hutchings, Stephen. 2020a. “Cultural Diplomacy, Linguistic Diversity and the Soften ing of Power: Towards a Progressive Patriotism.” Cross-Language
Dynamics (blog), February 11. http://projects.alc.manchester.ac.uk/cross-language-dynamics /cultural-diplomacy-linguistic-diversity-and-the-softening-of-power-towards-a -progressive-patriotism/. Hutchings, Stephen. 2020b. “Revolution from the Margins: Commemorating 1917 and RT’s Scandalising of the Established Order.” European Journal of Cultural Stud ies 23 (3): 315-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549419871342. Hutchings, Stephen. 2022. Projecting Russia in a Mediatized World: Recursive Nation hood. Abingdon: Routledge. Hutchings, Stephen, Marie Gillespie, Ilya Yablokov, Ilia Lvov, and Alexander Voss. 2015. “Staging the Sochi Winter Olympics 2014 on Russia Today and BBC World News: From Soft Power to Geopolitical Crisis.” Participations: Journal ofAudience Re ception Studies 12 (1): 630-58. Hutchings, Stephen, and Galina Miazhevich. 2009. “The Polonium Trail to Islam: Lit vinenko, Liminality, and Television’s (Cold) War on Terror.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2 (2): 219-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010665. Hutchings, Stephen, and Natalia Rulyova. 2008. “Commemorating the Past/Performing the Present: Television Coverage of the Second World War Victory Celebrations and the (De)Construction of Russian Nationhood.” In The Post-Soviet Russian Me dia: Conflicting Signals, edited by Birgit Beumers, Stephen Hutchings, and Nata lia Rulyova, 153-72. London: Routledge. Hutchings, Stephen, and Vera Tolz. 2018. Nation, Ethnicity and Race on Russian Televi sion: Mediating Post-Soviet Difference. Abingdon: Routledge. Hutchings, Stephen, and Vera Tolz. 2020. “COVID-19
Disinformation: Two Short Re ports on the Russian Dimension, Reframing Russia.” Reframing Russia (blog). 2020. https://reframingrussia.wordpress.com/2020/04/06/covid-19-disinformation -two-short-reports-on-the-russian-dimension/. Hutchings, Stephen, and Vera Tolz. 2021. “(Mis)Translating Deceit: Disinformation’s Hid den Translingual Journey.” IMLR Blog, October 6. https://modernlanguagesresearch
REFERENCES 289 .blogs.sas.ac.uk/2021/10/06/mistranslating-deceit-disinformations-hidden-trans lingual-journey/. Hwang, Tim. 2020. “Deconstructing the Disinformation War.” MediaWell, Social Sci ence Research Council (blog), June 1. https://mediawell.ssrc.org/expert-reflections /deconstructing-the-disinformation-war/. Ikenberry, John. 2018. “The End of Liberal International Order?” International Affairs 94 (1): 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix241 . Ikenberry, John, and Daniel Deudney. 1999. “The Nature and Sources of Liberal Inter national Order.” Review of International Studies 25 (2): 179-96. Infowars. 2022. “Germany Involved in ‘Military Biological Activities’ in Ukraine— Russia.” April 16. https://www.infowars.com/posts/germany-involved-in-military -biological-activities-in-ukraine-russia. Innes, Martin, Daniel Grinnell, Helen Innes, Darrren Harmston, and Colin Roberts. 2020. “Normalisation et domestication de la désinformation numérique: Les opérations informationnelles d’interférence et d’influence de l’extrême droite et de l’Etat russe en Europe ainsi que leurs consequences.” Hérodote: Revue de Géog raphie et de Géopolitique 177/178 (2/3): 101-23. Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. 2020. Russia. НС 632. London: House of Commons, https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/20200721 _HC632_CCS001_CCS1019402408-001_ISC_Russia_Report_Web_Accessible.pdf. Interfax. 2022. “Mariupol Maternity Hospital Was Radical Azov Battalion’s Base— Lavrov.” March 10. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/76224/. Ioffe, Julia. 2010. “What Is Russia
Today? The Kremlin’s Propaganda Outlet Has an Iden tity Crisis.” Colombia Journalism Review (blog), October, https://archives.cjr.org /feature/what_is_russia_today.php. losifidis, Petros, and Nicholas Nicoli. 2021. Digital Democracy, Social Media and Disin formation. London: Routledge. Ipsos Connect. 2018. RT’s Audiences in Middle East and North Africa. Internal 17-Country Survey Report for France 24 Shared with Research Team. Hong Kong: Ipsos. lusupov, Amir. 2022. “V LNR rossiiskie voennye nashli amerikanskii pasport naemnika.” ltv.ru. April 15. https://www.ltv.ru/news/2022-04-15/426518-v_lnr_rossiyskie _voennye_nashli_amerikanskiy_pasport_naemnika. Jackson, Jasper. 2015. “RT Sanctioned by Ofcom over Series of Misleading and Biased Articles.” Guardian, September 21, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com /media/2015/sep/21/rt-sanctioned-over-series-of-misleading-articles-by-media -watchdog. Jacobs, Sherelle. 2022. “The Woke Wars Have Sapped the West of Its Ability to Fight True Evil.” Telegraph, March 21, sec. Comment, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics /2022/03/21/woke-wars-have-sapped-west-ability-fight-true-evil/. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2018. Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President: What We Don’t, Cant, and Do Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jankowicz, Nina. 2020. How to Lose the Information War: Russia, Fake News, and the Future of Conflict. London: I. B. Tauris. Jenkins, Henry. 2004. “The Cultural Logic of Media Convergence.” International Jour nal of Cultural Studies 7 (1): 33-43. Jenks, Christopher. 2022. “Mock News: On the
Discourse of Mocking in U.S. Televised Political Discussions.” Discourse and Communication 16 (1): 58-75. https://doi .org/10.1177/17504813211043719. Johnson, Boris. 2018. “Britain Needs Its Allies to Stand with Us against Russia.” Wash ington Post, March 15. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/boris-john son-we-must-stand-against-russia.
290 REFERENCES Johnson, Jamie Μ. 2017. “Beyond a Politics of Recrimination: Scandal, Ethics and the Rehabilitation of Violence.” European Journal of International Relations 23 (3): 703-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066116669569. Johnson, Jamie Μ., Victoria Μ. Basham, and Owen D. Thomas. 2022. “Ordering Disor der: The Making of World Politics.” Review of International Studies 48 (4): 60725. https.7/doi.org/10.1017/S0260210522000183. Johnston, Chris, and John Plunkett. 2014. “Russia Today Launches UK Version in New Soft Power Onslaught.” Guardian, November 2, sec. Media. https://www.theguardian .com/media/2014/nov/02/russia-today-launch-uk-version-investigations-ofcom. Kachkaeva, Anna, and Floriana Fossato. 2016. “Mediamashina zrelogo avtoritarizma: Korporativnaya konsolidatsiya i tekhnologii politicheskoi mobilizatsii” [The Media-Machine of Mature Authoritarianism], In Politicheskoe razvitie Rossii, 2014-16. Instituty ipraktiki avtoritarnoi konsolidatsii [Russia’s Political Develop ment, 2014-16. Institutions and Practices of Authoritarian Consolidation], ed ited by Kirill Rogov, 196-213. Moscow: Fond Liberalnaya Initsiativa. Kalinina, Ekaterina, and Manuel Menke. 2016. “Negotiating the Past in Hyperconnected Memory Cultures: Post-Soviet Nostalgia and National Identity in Russian Online Communities.” International Journal ofMedia and Cultural Politics 12 (1): 59-74. https://doi.Org/10.1386/macp.12.l.59_l. Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2022. “How We Got Putin So Wrong: Taking Putin at His Word.” IAI TV (blog), March 1. https://iai.tv/articles/how-we-got-putin-so-wrong-auid -2063.
Kandelaki, Tina. 2022. “Biovooruzhennaya koloniya.” RT Russian (blog), March 22. https://russian.rt.com/opinion/979397-kandelaki-ukraina-ssha-biolaboratoriya. Karaganov, Sergey. 2022. “Russia’s New Foreign Policy.” RT International. February 23. https://www.rt.com/russia/550271-putin-doctrine-foreign-policy/. Katz, Elihu, and Tamar Liebes. 2007. ‘“No More Peace!’: How Disaster, Terror and War Have Upstaged Media Events.” International Journal of Communication 1 (1): 157-66. Kazantseva, Karina. 2021. “Surkov rasskazal, как 'vernut" Ukrainu.” Gazeta.ru, June 11, sec. Politics, https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/news/2021/06/ll/n_16091756.shtml. Keiger, John. 2022. “Did the End of the Cold War Make Conflict in Ukraine Inevitable?” Spectator, March 11. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/ukraine-and-the-de layed-reaction-of-the-new-world-order/. Keiger, John. 2023. “Europe’s Centre of Gravity Is Shifting towards Poland.” Spectator, February 14. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/europes-centre-of-gravity-is -shifting-towards-poland/. Keller, Framziska, David Schoch, Sebastian Stier, and JungHwan Yang. 2020. “Political Astroturfing on Twitter: How to Coordinate a Disinformation Campaign.” Politi cal Communication 37 (2): 256-80. Kerr, Pauline. 2013. Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practices. New York: Oxford University Press. Kessler, Glenn. 2021. “Fact Check: How the Wuhan Lab-Leak Theory for Pandemic Ori gin Suddenly Became Credible.” Seattle Times, May 25. https://www.seattletimes .com/nation-world/fact-check-how-the-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-for-pandemic -origin-
suddenly-became-credible/. Kholmogorov, Egor. 2022. “The Intertwined Roots of History Explain Why Russia Can’t Let Go of Ukraine.” RT International. 2022. https://www.rt.com/russia/556073 -russians-never-let-go-ukraine/. Killeen, Molly. 2022. “EU Rolls out New Sanctions Banning RT and Sputnik.” Euractiv. com. March 2. https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/eu-rolls-out-new -sanctions-banning-rt-and-sputnik/.
REFERENCES 291 Kirchgaessner, Stephanie, Manisha Ganguly, David Pegg, Carole Cadwalladr, and Jason Burke. 2023. “Revealed: The Hacking and Disinformation Team Meddling in Elec tions.” Guardian, February 15, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com /world/2023/feb/15/revealed-disinformation-team-jorge-claim-meddling -elections-tal-hanan. Kirchik, James. 2014. “RT Anchor’s Riff Not as ‘Rogue’ As it Seems.” Tablet, March 5. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/rt-anchors-riff-not -as-rogue-as-it-seems. Kiriya, Ilya. 2021. “From ‘Troll Factories’ to ‘Littering the Information Space’: Control Strategies over the Russian Internet.” Media and Communication 9 (4): 16-26. Kiselev. 2014. “Russia and the West Are Trading Places on Freedom of Speech.” Guard ian, April 10, sec. Opinion, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014 /apr/10/russia-west-trading-places-freedom-of-speech-sanction-eu-dmitry -kiselev-putin. Kleemans, Mariska, Gabi Schaap, and Liesbeth Hermans. 2017. “Citizen Sources in the News: Above and beyond the Vox Pop?” Journalism 18 (4): 464-81. https://doi .org/10.1177/1464884915620206. Klimov, Anna. 2022. “Rogozin: Biooruzhie s Ukrainy natseleno na genotsid russkikh.” URA.ru. March 21. https://ura.news/news/1052539912. Klinkhammer, Friedhelm, and Volker Bräutigam. 2019. “Dr. Gniffkes macht um acht— Maßeinheit für Gepfefferte Kritik: Der Rezo.” RT DE. May 31. https://de.rt.com /opinion/friedhelm-klinkhammer-und-volker-brautigam/88741-dr-gniffkes -macht-um-acht/. Kneuer, Marianne. 2017. “Legitimation beyond Ideology: Authoritarian Regimes and the
Construction of Missions.” Zeitschriftfür Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 11 (2): 181-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl2286-017-0335-z . Knobel, Bob. 2005. “Russian News, English Accent.” CBS News, December 11. https:// www.cbsnews.com/news/russian-news-english-accent-ll-12-2005/. Koenig, Melissa, Adam Manno, Gina Martinez, and Mansur Shaheen. 2022. “So Why Did so Many American Mainstream Media Outlets IGNORE a Reputable Uni versity’s Study That Lockdowns Didn’t Work? New York Times, Washington Post, ABC, NBC and CBS All Failed to Run the Story Because They ‘Have Their Own Narrative Written.’” Daily Mail Online, February 3, sec. News. https://www .dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10474269/Mainstream-news-outlets-IGNORE -Johns-Hopkins-study-COVID-lockdowns-reduced-deaths-0-2.html. Kolmer, Christian. 2012. “International Television News: Germany Compared.” In For eign Correspondence, edited by John Hamilton and Regina G. Lawrence. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Kolsto Pâl, and Helge Blakkisrud, eds. 2016. The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism, 2000-2015. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Korovin, Valerii. 2022. “Konets Odnopolyarnoi Globalizatsii.” RT Russian. 2022. https:// russian.rt.com/opinion/983978-korovin-lavrov-rossiya-kitai-otnosheniya. Kortunov, Andrey. 2022. “Ukraine Conflict Is the Last Act of a Long Soviet Collapse.” RT.com. April 11. https://www.rt.com/russia/553663-moscow-post-soviet-space/. Kovalev, Alexey. 2021. “The Political Economics of News Making in Russian Media: Ownership, Clickbait and Censorship.” Journalism 22 (12):
2906-18. https://doi .org/10.1177/1464884920941964. Kovalik, Daniel. 2022. “World Largest Imperial Power Sponsors Calls for Russia to ‘De colonize’ and Its Lack of Self-Awareness Is Palpable.” RT.com. July 2022. https:// ■www.rt.com/russia/557903-us-calls-rus-decolonize/.
292 REFERENCES Krämer, Benjamin. 2014. “Media Populism: A Conceptual Clarification and Some The ses on Its Effects.” Communication Theory 24 (1): 42-60. Krastev, Ivan. 2013. In Mistrust We Trust: Can Democracy Survive When We Don’t Trust Our Leaders? New York: TED Books. Kremlin. 2022. “Meeting on Socioeconomic Support for Regions.” President of Russia. March 16. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67996. Kulyk, Volodymyr. 2018. “Shedding Russianness, Recasting Ukrainianness: The Post Euromaidan Dynamics of Ethnonational Identifications in Ukraine.” Post-Soviet Affairs 34 (2-3): 119-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1451232 . Kuo, Rachel, and Alice Marwick. 2021. “Critical Disinformation Studies; History, Power, and Politics.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 2 (4): 1-12. Kuzio, Taras. 2022. Russian Nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War. London: Routledge. Kuzmanovic, Djordje. 2019. “Concours de castors pour une élection pour rire, par Djordje Kuzmanovic.” RT En Français. May 28. https://francais.rt.com/opinions/62529 -concours-castors-pour-election-pour-rire. Kuznetsova, Elizaveta. 2021. “Kontrpropaganda Today: The Roots of RT s Defensive Prac tices and Countering Ethic.” Journalism, August, 14648849211033442. https:// doi.org/10.1177/14648849211033442. Laclau, Ernesto. 2005. On Populist Reason. London: Verso. Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe. 2001. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso. Lake, Eli. 2014. “Putin’s Latest Dirty Trick: Leaking Private Phone Calls.” Daily Beast, March 26, sec.
Politics, https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/26/why -is-russia-leaking-all-these-private-phone-calls. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Landay, Jonathan, and Daphne Psaledakis. 2020. “U.S. Blacklists Ukrainian Accused of Meddling in 2020 Election.” Reuters, September 10, sec. Emerging Markets. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-interference-sanctions-idUSKB N2612PX. Länderer, Nino. 2013. “Rethinking the Logics: A Conceptual Framework for the Mediatization of Politics.” Communication Theory 23 (3): 239-58. https://doi.org/10.llll /comt.12013. Laruelle, Marlene. 2015. “The ‘Russian World’: Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination.” Center on Global Interests, https://www.ponarseurasia.org/the -russian-world-russia-s-soft-power-and-geopolitical-imagination/. Laruelle, Marlene, and Kevin Limonier. 2021. “Beyond ‘Hybrid Warfare’: A Digital Explo ration of Russia’s Entrepreneurs of Influence.” Post-Soviet Affairs 37 (4): 318-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1936409. Laswell, Harold. [1927] 1938. Propaganda Technique in the World War. New York: Peter Smith. Latyshev, Aleksei, and Alena Medvedeva. 2022. “‘Provokatsiia ot nachala i do kontsa’: Zachem na Ukraine khotiat obvinit' Rossiiu v ‘genotside.’” RT na Russkom. April 7. https://russian.rt.com/ussr/article/986858-ukraina-genocid-zakonoproekt. Lee, Shola. 2022. “Ukraine Calls for Permanent Ban on the Letter ‘Z’ Symbol.” UNILAD. March 29. https://www.unilad.com/news/ukraine-calls-for-permanent-ban-on -the-letter-z-
symbol-20220329. Les Crises. 2019. “Interdit d’interdire: Le Vote Obligatoire, Le Vote Blanc et l’abstention En Débat.” Les-Crises.Fr. May 22. https://www.les-crises.fr/interdit-dinterdire -le-vote-obligatoire-le-vote-blanc-et-labstention-en-debat/.
REFERENCES 293 Levada. 2019. “Natsional'naia identichnost' i gordost'.” Levada (blog), January 17. https://www.levada.ru/2019/01/17/natsionalnaya-identichnost-i-gordost/. Levada. 2021. “Rossiisko-Ukrainskie otnosheniia.” Levada (blog), December 17. https:// www.levada.ru/2021/12/17/rossijsko-ukrainskie-otnosheniya-10/ . Levada. 2022a. “The Attitude of Russians to Countries: November 2022.” Levada (blog), December 16. https://www.levada.ru/en/2022/12/16/the-attitude-of-russians-to -countries-november-2022/. Levada. 2022b. “Internet, Social Networks and VPN.” Levada (blog), April 22. https:// www.levada.ru/en/2022/04/22/internet-social-networks-and-vpn/ . Levada. 2022c. “The Main Sources of Information of Russians.” Levada (blog), Novem ber 10. https://www.levada.ru/en/2022/ll/10/the-main-sources-of-information-of -russians/. Levada. 2022d. “Protests.” Levada (blog), April 12. https://www.levada.ru/en/2022/04/12 /protests-7/. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1987. Introduction to the Work ofMarcel Mauss. Translated by Fe licity Baker. London: Routledge. Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. How Democracies Die: What History Reveals About our Future. New York: Viking Press. Lévy, Pierre. 2019a. “In der EU wird Gewählt, Egal wer und warum.” RT DE. May 21. https://de.rt.com/opinion/pierre-levy/88314-in-eu-wird-gewahlt-egal/. Lévy, Pierre. 2019b. “28 Élections ‘européennes’: L’abstention reste massive, et la ‘vague Verte’ très relative.” RT En Français. May 27. https://francais.rt.com/opinions/62514 -28-elections-europeennes-abstention-reste-massive-vague-verte-tres-relative. Lewis,
Justin, and Stephen Cushion. 2019. “Think Tanks, Television News and Impartiality.”/owrna/ismStudies20(4):480-99.https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017 .1389295. Lewis, Martin W., and Karen Wigen. 1997. The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Meta geography. Oakland: University of California Press. Lipman, Maria, Anna Kachkaeva, and Michael Poyker. 2018. “Media in Russia: Between Modernization and Monopoly.” In The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin’s Russia, edited by Daniel Treisman, 159-90. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Littow, Hugo. 2019. “Le positionnement éditorial et médiatique de RT en France.” MA thesis, University of Brussels. Litvinenko, Anna. 2021. “Re-defining Borders Online: Russia’s Strategic Narrative on In ternet Sovereignty.” Media and Communication 9 (4): 5-15. https://doi.org/10.17645 /mac.v9i4.4292. Litvinenko, Anna, and Florian Toepfl. 2019. “The ‘Gardening’ of an Authoritarian Pub lic at Large: How Russia’s Ruling Elites Transformed the Country’s Media Land scape after the 2011/12 Protests ‘For Fair Elections.’” Publizistik 64 (2): 225-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/sll616-019-00486-2 . Livingstone, Sonia. 2019. “Audiences in an Age of Datafication: Critical Questions for Media Research.” Television and New Media 20 (2): 170-83. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1527476418811118. LoGiurato, Brett. 2014. “RT Is Very Upset with John Kerry for Blasting Them as Putin’s ‘Propaganda Bullhorn.’” Business Insider, April 25. https://www.businessinsider ,com/john-kerry-rt-propaganda-bullhorn-russia-today-2014-4?r=US IR=T. Lucas,
Edward, and Peter Pomerantsev. 2016. “Winning the Information War Techniques and Counter-Strategies to Russian Propaganda in Central and Eastern Europe.” London: Legatum Institute, https://li.com/reports/winning-the-information -war/.
294 REFERENCES Luginbühl, Martin. 2007. “Conversational Violence in Political TV Debates: Forms and Functions.” Journal of Pragmatics, Argumentation in Dialogic Media Genres— Talk Shows and Interviews 39 (8): 1371-87. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.pragma .2007.04.003. Lukyanov, Fyodor. 2022. “The End of an Era.” RT.com. March 1. https://www.rt.com /russia/550873-ukraine-action-end-era/. Ly, Mimi Nguyen. 2022. “US Is Protecting ‘Biological Research Facilities’ in Ukraine from Russia: Official.” Epochtimes.com. March 9. https://www.theepochtimes.com /us-is-protecting-biological-research-facilities-in-ukraine-from-russia-official _4325948.html. Ma, Cindy. 2023. “Thinking for Themselves: Examining the Reactionary Right’s Boot straps Epistemology.” Paper presented at the Center for Information, Technology, and Public Life, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, January 1-8. Mack, Eric. 2022. “Russian Space Chief: US Plans ‘Genocide.’” Newsmax. March 22. https://www.newsmax.com/newsfront/genocide-space-nasa-iss/2022/03/22 /id/1062372/. Maisuria, Alpesh, and Mike Cole. 2017. “The Neoliberalization of Higher Education in England: An Alternative Is Possible.” Policy Futures in Education 15 (5): 602-19. Malia, Martin. 2000. Russia under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Malic, Nebojca. 2020. “No Covid-19 Fake News on RT, EU Accusations are ‘Problematic’— UK Watchdog.” RT.com. April 7. https://www.rt.com/news/485230-eu-russian -disinformation-debunked/. Malik, Nesrine. 2022. “The Floundering of GB News and Talk
TV Reveals a Dark Truth about the Mainstream Media.” Guardian, October 16, sec. Opinion. https://www .theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/oct/16/gb-news-talk-tv-mainstream -media-channels. Mannteufel, Ingo. 2019. “Russian Propaganda: ‘A Multitude of Lies and Absurd News.’” Dw.com. May 16. https://www.dw.com/en/russian-propaganda-a-multitude-of -lies-and-absurd-news/a-48748904. Martel, Frances. 2022. “Russia Claims U.S.-Linked Ukrainian Labs Housed ‘Bat Coro navirus.’” Breitbart News Network. March 11. https://www.breitbart.com/asia /2022/03/11/russia-stokes-chinas-conspiracy-theories-claims-u-s-linked-ukrainian -labs-housed-bat-coronavirus/. Massanari, Adrienne L., and Philip N. Howard. 2011. “Information Technologies and Omnivorous News Diets over Three U.S. Presidential Elections.” Journal ofInfor mation Technology and Politics 8 (2): 177-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.20 11.541702. Mate, Aaron. 2020. “The Russiagate Racket Targets Bernie Sanders’ Surge.” Grayzone. February 25. http://thegrayzone.com/2020/02/24/the-russiagate-racket-targets -the-bernie-sanders-surge/. Matthews, Miriam, Katya Migacheva, and Ryan Andrew Brown. 2021. “Superspreaders of Malign and Subversive Information on COVID-19 Russian and Chinese Efforts Targeting the United States.” Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Mazzoleni, Gianpietro. 2014. “Mediatization and Political Populism.” In Mediatization of Politics: Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies, edited by Frank Esser and Jesper Strömbäck, 42-56. London: Palgrave Macmillan, https:// doi.org/10.1057/9781137275844_3. Mazzoleni,
Gianpietro, and Winfred Schulz. 1999. “‘Mediatization’ of Politics: A Chal lenge for Democracy?” Political Communication 16 (3): 247-61. https://doi .org/10.1080/105846099198613.
REFERENCES 295 McCombie, Stephen, Allon J. Uhlmann, and Sarah Morrison. 2020. “The US 2016 Presi dential Election and Russia’s Troll Farms.” Intelligence and National Security 35 (1): 95-114. McDowell-Naylor, Declan, Richard Thomas, and Stephen Cushion. 2021. “Alternative Online Political Media: Challenging or Exacerbating Populism and Mis/Disinformation?” In The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism, edited by Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord, 169-77. London: Routledge. McIntosh, Scott E. 2015. “Kyiv, International Institutions, and the Russian People: Three Aspects of Russia's Current Information Campaign in Ukraine.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 28 (2): 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2015.1030263. Medinsky, Vladimir. 2015. “Pobedila istoricheskaya Rossiya.” RIA Novosti. Novem ber 20. https://ria.ru/20151120/1324962428.html. Medinsky, Vladimir. 2021. “Istoriya, ‘kakoi nam Bog ее dal.’” RIA Novosti. 2021. https:// ria.ru/20211107/medinskiy-1757940804.html. Meduza. 2021. “What It All Meant: Experts Explain the Significance, or Lack Thereof, of Last Week’s Putin-Biden Summit.” June 20. https://meduza.io/en/feature /2021/06/20/what-it-all-meant. Meduza. 2022. “S federalnykh kanalov Rossii nachali uvolnyatsya zhurnalisty. Sredi nikh—Liliia Gil’deeva, Vadim Glusker, Zhanna Agalakova.” Meduza. March 15. https://meduza.io/news/2022/03/15/s-federalnyh-telekanalov-rossii-nachali -uvolnyatsya-zhurnalisty-sredi-nih-liliya-gildeeva-vadim-glusker-zhanna -agalakova. Medvedev, Dmitrii. 2022. Ό feikakh i nastoyashchei istorii.” Glas naroda, 2022.
https:// glasnarod.ru/news/dmitrij-medvedev-o-fejkah-i-nastoyashhej-istorii/. Mejias, Ulises A., and Nikolai E Vokuev. 2017. “Disinformation and the Media: The Case of Russia and Ukraine.” Media, Culture and Society 39 (7): 1027-42. https://doi .org/10.1177/0163443716686672. Miazhevich, Galina. 2018. “Nation Branding in the Post-broadcast Era: The Case of RT.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 21 (5): 575-93. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1367549417751228. Miazhevich, Galina. 2021. “An Innocent Provocation or Homoerotic Challenge? Medi ations of the ‘Satisfaction’ Video Parody in the Russian Mediascape.” Information, Communication and Society 24 (8): 1123-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X .2020.1764607. Michlin-Shapir, Vera. 2021. Fluid Russia: Between the Global and the National in the PostSoviet Era. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Mickiewicz, Ellen. 2014. No Illusions: The Voices ofRussia’s Future Leaders. 2nd ed, with a new introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mickiewicz, Ellen. 2017. No Illusions: The Voices of Russia’s Future Leaders. 1st ed. Ox ford: Oxford University Press. Mikhaylov, Evgeny. 2022. “US-Funded Bio Labs in Ukraine Conducted Research into Bat Coronavirus, Russian MoD Says.” Sputnik International. March 10. https:// sputniknews.com/20220310/us-funded-bio-labs-in-ukraine-conducted-research -into-bat-coronavirus-russian-mod-says-1093736082.html. Miladi, Noureddine, and Noha Mellor, eds. 2021. Routledge Handbook of Arab Media. London: Routledge. Miller, Carl, and Gavin Wilde. 2022. “Focusing on ‘Disinformation’ Creates More Prob lems
than It Solves.” World Politics Review (blog), November 18. https://www .worldpoliticsreview.com/misinformation-vs-disinformation-define/. Miller, Greg, and Catherine Belton. 2022. “Russia’s Spies Misread Ukraine and Misled Kremlin as War Loomed.” Washington Post, August 19.
296 REFERENCES MoD Russia. 2022. “Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry Spokesperson Major General Igor Konashenkov (March 6,2022,06:00 p.m.).” Telegram. https://t.me/mod_russia _en/40. Moffitt, Benjamin. 2017. “Transnational Populism? Representative Claims, Media and the Difficulty of Constructing a Transnational ‘People.’” Javnost—the Public 24 (4): 409-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330086. Monbiot, George. 2021. “It’s Shocking to See so Many Leftwingers Lured to the Far Right by Conspiracy Theories.” Guardian, September 22, sec. Opinion, https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/22/leftwingers-far-right -conspiracy-theories-anti-vaxxers-power. Moody, Oliver. 2022. “Wearing Pro-war ‘Z’ Could Mean Jail in Germany.” Times (Lon don), https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wearing-pro-war-z-could-mean-jail -in-germany-3k2w92vtl. Moore, Rowan. 2022. “Jiggery-Wokery: The Real Obstacle to a United Front on Ukraine.” Guardian, March 26. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/26 /jiggery-wokery-real-obstacle-to-a-united-front-on-ukraine. Morales, Pablo Sebastian. 2022. “Counter-Hegemonic Collaborations or Alliances of the Underdogs? The Case of TeleSUR with Al-Mayadeen, RT and CGTN.” Global Me dia and Communication 18 (3): 365-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427665221125549. Morson, Gary Saul. 2022. “The Cancellation of Russian Culture.” First Things, March 14. https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2022/03/the-cancellation-of -russian-culture. Motyl, Alexander J. 2021. “Russia’s Coming Deputinization.” Facts and Arts (blog), May 16.
https://www.factsandarts.com/current-affairs/russias-coming-deputinization. Mouffe, Chantal. 2013. Agonistics: Thinking the World Politically. London: Verso. Mudde, Cas, and Cristöbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduc tion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mueller, Robert S. 2019. Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. https://digital commons.unl.edu/usjusticematls/47. Muvija, Μ., and William James. 2022. “UK Says Russian Channel RT Is Tool of Kremlin Disinformation.” Reuters. February 23, sec. Media and Telecom. https://www .reuters.com/business/media-telecom/uks-truss-says-media-watchdog-looking -russias-rt-tv-channel-2022-02-23/. Myers, Steven Lee, and Sheera Frenkel. 2022. “How Russian Propaganda Is Reaching beyond English Speakers.” New York Times, August 9, sec. Business. https://www .nytimes.com/2022/08/09/business/russia-propaganda-spanish-social-media .html. Nagorski, Tom, and Ksenia Kirillova. 2022. ‘“Parallel Universe’: How Russians Are Seeing the War in Ukraine.” Grid News. April 7. https://www.grid.news/story/global /2022/04/07/parallel-universe-how-russians-are-seeing-the-war-in-ukraine/. Narochnitskaya, Natalia. 2008. "Istoricheskaia Rossiya i SSSR.” Novaya i noveishaya istoriya 41 (1): 120-47. NCRI (Network Contagion Research Institute). 2022. New World Order Conspiracy The ories and Anti-NATO Rhetoric Surging on Twitter amid Russian Invasion of Ukraine. NCRI Insights© Report. March, https://networkcontagion.us/wp-content /uploads/NCRI-
Insights-SitRep-March-2022.pdf. Neumann, Iver. 2016. Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and Interna tional Relations. London: Routledge. Newman, Nic, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2019. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the
REFERENCES 297 Study of Journalism, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files /2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_0.pdf. Nguyen, Sarah, Rachel Kuo, Madhavi Reddi, Lan Li, and Rachel E. Moran. 2022. “Study ing Mis- and Disinformation in Asian Diasporic Communities: The Need for Critical Transnational Research beyond Anglocentrism.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 3 (2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-95. Nijeboyer, Arjen. 2018. “Why the EU Must Close EUvsDisinfo.” EU Observer (blog). https://euobserver.com/opinion/141458. Noort, Carolijn van, and Precious N. Chatterje-Doody. 2021. “Visualizing China’s Belt and Road Initiative on RT (Russia Today): From Infrastructural Project to Human Development.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 0 (0): 1-29. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2021.2005650. Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Au thoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nour, Ahmed. 2022. “Analysis: Behaviour of Russia’s Arabic Media during the Ukraine War.” BBC Monitoring. July 9. https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c203j4hs. Novaya gazeta. 2021. “Otkuda prishla rekomendatsia perenapravit nas v Minsk?” May 25. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/05/25/otkuda-prishla-rekomendatsiia-per enapravit-nas-v-minsk/. NTV. 2022. Segodnya. Glavnoe: 9 Sentiabria. NTV.ru. September 9. https://www.ntv.ru /video/2138962/. Nye, Joseph S. 1990. “Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, no. 80: 153-71. https://doi.Org/10.2 307/1148580. Nye, Joseph S. 2009. “Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power.”
Foreign Affairs 88 (4): 160-63. Oates, Sarah. 2006. Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia. London: Routledge. Oates, Sarah. 2013. Revolution Stalled: The Political Limits of the Internet in the PostSoviet Sphere. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oates, Sarah. 2016. “Russian Media in the Digital Age: Propaganda Rewired.” Russian Politics 1 (4): 398-417. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00104004 . Oates, Sarah. 2017. “Kompromat Goes Global? Assessing a Russian Media Tool in the United States.” Slavic Review 76 (1): 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.158. Oates, Sarah. 2021. “Rewired Propaganda: Propaganda, Misinformation, and Populism in the Digital Age.” In The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Popu lism, edited by Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord, 71-79. Abingdon: Routledge. O’Connor, Cailin, and James O. Weatherall. 2019. The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ODNI (Office of the Director of National Intelligence). 2017. “Background to ‘Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections’: The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution.” Washington, DC: Senate Select Committee on Intelli gence; Office of the Director of National Intelligence. https://www.intelligence .senate.gov/publications/assessing-russian-activities-and-intentions-recent-us -elections. Ofcom. 2014a. “Broadcast Bulletin.” 251. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf _file/0016/50263/obb251.pdf. Ofcom. 2014b. “Broadcast Bulletin.” 261. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf_file /0020/50069/obb261
.pdf. Ofcom. 2014c. “Broadcast Bulletin.” 266. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf _file/0025/47635/obb266.pdf. Ofcom. 2015. “Broadcast Bulletin.” 288. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf _file/0017/50507/issue_288.pdf.
298 REFERENCES Ofcom. 2018. “Update on the RT Service—New Broadcasting Investigations and Ap proach to Fit and Proper.” https://www.ofcom.org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf_file/0012 /113043/rtinvestigations. pdf. Ofcom. 2019. “Review of BBC News and Current Affairs: Terms of Reference.” https:// www.ofcom.org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf_file/0027/139905/bbc-news-review-terms -of-reference.pdf. Ofcom. 2022. “Notice of a Decision under Section 3(3) of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and Sec tion 3(3) of the Broadcasting Act 1996 in Respect of Licences Tics 000881, Tics 001686 and Dtps 000072 Held by Ano Tv-Novosti.” Ofcom.org.uk. https://www.ofcom .org.uk/_ data/assets/pdf_file/0014/234023/revocation-notice-ano-tv-novosti.pdf. Olaigbe, Olatunji. 2022. “Nigerian Social Media Accounts Targeted in Influence Cam paign Centered on Ukraine Invasion.” The Record (blog), April 6. https://therecord .media/nigerian-social-media-accounts-targeted-in-influence-campaign-centered -on-ukraine-invasion/. Oleinikov, Andrei. 2021. Otkuda est poshla ‘Istoricheskaya Rossiia.” Fond Liberalnaiia Missiia (blog), November 11. https://liberal.ru/authors-projects/otkuda-est-poshla -istoricheskaya-rossiya. O’Loughlin, Ben. 2020. “Media Regime Disruption and the Conditions of Public Reflex ivity.” International Journal of Communication 14 (0): 20. Onuch, Olga. 2022. “European Ukrainians and Their Fight against Russian Invasion.” Nations and Nationalism 29 (1): 53-62. https://doi.org/10.llll/nana.12883 . Orenstein, Mitchel. 2019. The Lands in Between: The New Politics ofRussia’s Hybrid War. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. Orttung, Robert, and Elizabeth Nelson. 2019. “Russia Today’s Strategy and Effectiveness on YouTube.” Post-Soviet Affairs 35 (2): 77-92. Orttung, Robert, Elizabeth Nelson, and Anthony Livshen. 2015. “How Russia Today Is Using YouTube.” Washington Post, March 23, sec. Monkey Cage. https://www .washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/03/23/how-russia-today-is -using-youtube/. Osborn, Andrew. 2005. “Russia’s ‘CNN’ Wants to Tell it Like It Is.” The Age, August 16. https://www.theage.com.au/world/russias-cnn-wants-to-tell-it-like-it-is-20050816 -ge0p8t.html. OVD Info. 2022. “How Russian Authorities Are Suppressing Anti-war Protests.” March 14. https://reports.ovdinfo.Org/no-to-war#l. Painter, James. 2008. “Counter-Hegemonic News: A Case Study of Al Jazeera English and Telesur.” RISJ Challenges. Oxford: University of Oxford; Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://ora.ox.ac.Uk/objects/uuid:f0d3146f-74ff-4db7-9ad2 -c943f0b39356/download_file?file_format=pdf8 safe_filename=Counter-Hege monic%2BNews type_of_work=Book. Parratt, Sonia. 2014. “Public Media and Climate Change: Ethical Standards and Codes in the BBC Treatment of Environmental Information.” Interactions: Studies in Communication and Culture 5 (1): 127-40. Parsons, Robert. 2005. “Russia: New State Channel Goes Global in English.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, September 16, sec. Russia. https://www.rferl.Org/a/1061443 .html. Paul, Christopher, and Miriam Matthews. 2016. “The Russian ‘Fire of Falsehood’ Pro paganda Model.” PE-198-OSD. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, https://www.rand.org
/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE100/PE198/RAND_PE198.pdf. Paul, Kari. 2022. “RT Videos Spreading Ukraine Disinformation on Youtube Despite Ban.” Guardian, February 23. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/feb/22 /rt-ban-youtube-videos-google-disinformation
REFERENCES 299 Peck, Reece. 2014. ‘“You Say Rich, I Say Job Creator’: How Fox News Framed the Great Recession through the Moral Discourse of Producerism.” Media, Culture and So ciety 36 (4): 526-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714527565 . Peck, Reece. 2019. Fox Populism: Branding Conservatism as Working Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Peel, Michael, and Sam Fleming. 2020. “EU Warns of Pro-Kremlin Disinformation Cam paign on Coronavirus.” Financial Times, March 17. https://www.ft.com/content /d65736da-684e-llea-800d-da70cff6e4d3. Pengelly, Martin. 2022. “Kremlin Memos Urged Russian Media to Use Tucker Carlson Clips—Report.” Guardian, March 14, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com /media/2022/mar/14/kremlin-memos-russian-media-tucker-carlson-fox-news -mother-jones. Pettegree, Andrew. 2015. The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know about Itself. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Phillips, Tom, Emmanuel Akinwotu, Justin McCurry, and Martin Chulov. 2022. “‘A Nec essary War’: Reporting on the Ukraine ‘Disagreement’ Outside the West.” Guardian, March 11, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022 /mar/ll/a-necessary-war-reporting-on-the-ukraine-disagreement-outside-the -west. Pickard, Victor. 2020. Democracy without Journalism? Confronting the Misinformation Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pierri, Francesco, Luca Luceri, Nikhil Jindal, and Emilio Ferrara. 2022. “Propaganda and Misinformation on Facebook and Twitter during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.” In Proceedings ofACM Conference. arXiv.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.00419 . Pivovarov, Yuri. 2022. “Russkoe pole spetsoperatsii.” Novaya gazeta, March 21. https:// novayagazeta.ru/articles/2022/03/21/russkoe-pole-spetsoperatsii . Plunkett, John. 2014. “Kremlin-Backed RT to Launch UK TV News Channel.” Guard ian, October 28, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/oct/28 /kremlin-rt-uk-news-channel-russia-today. Polletta, Francesca, and Jessica Callahan. 2017. “Deep Stories, Nostalgia Narratives, and Fake News: Storytelling in the Trump Era.” American Journal of Cultural Sociol ogy 5 (3): 392-408. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41290-017-0037-7. Pomerantsev, Peter. 2013. “Crack in the Kremlin Matrix.” Eurozine, June 14. https://www .eurozine.com/cracks-in-the-kremlin-matrix/. Pomerantsev, Peter. 2015. “Authoritarianism Goes Global (II): The Kremlin’s Informa tion War.” Journal of Democracy 26 (4): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015 .0074. Pomerantsev, Peter. 2019. This Is Not Propaganda: Adventures in the War against Real ity. London: Faber and Faber. Pomerantsev, Peter. 2022. “Ukraine Is Our Past and Our Future.” Time, April 6. https:// time.com/6164810/ukraine-is-our-past-and-our-future/. Pomerantsev, Peter, and Michael Weiss. 2014. “The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money.” Interpreter Magazine, November. http://www.interpretermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/ll/The_Menace_of _Unreality_Final.pdf. Popovych, Nataliya, Oleksiy Makukhin, Liubov Tsybulska, and Ruslan Kavatsiuk. 2018. “Image of Europe on Russian TV.” Kyiv: Estonian
Center of Eastern Partnership; Ukraine Crisis Media Centre, https://uacrisis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02 /TV-3.pdf. Porter, Tom. 2021. “Disinformation Experts Doubt Authenticity of Leaked Documents Describing a Russian Plot to Help Trump in 2016.” Insider, July 16. https://www
300 REFERENCES .businessinsider.com/experts-doubt-leaked-docs-russia-plot-trump-2016-guardian -2021-7?r=US IR=T. Putin, Vladimir. 2012. “Rossiya i natsionalnyi vopros.” Nezavisimaya gazeta, January 23. Putin, Vladimir. 2013. “Stenogramma vystypleniya Vladimira Putin na zasedanii kluba ‘Valdai.’” Rossiskaya gazeta, September 19. https://rg.ru/2013/09/19/stenogramma -site.html. Putin, Vladimir. 2021. Ob istoricheskom edinstve russkikh i ukraintsev.” Prezident Rossii. July 12. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181. Putin, Vladimir. 2022a. Obrashchenie Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii.” Prezident Rossii. February 21. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828 . Putin, Vladimir. 2022b. “Soveshchanie о merakh sotsialno-ekonomicheskoi podderzhki regionov.” Prezident Rossii. March 16. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news /67996. Pynnöniemi, Katri. 2021. Nexus ofPatriotism and Militarism in Russia: A Questfor In ternal Cohesion. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. Quinn, Ben. 2017. “UK Targets Eurovision Viewers to Counter Russia’s ‘Infowars.’” Ob server, October 14, sec. Politics, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017 /oct/14/britain-targets-eurovision-viewers-to-counter-russia-infowars. Radnitz, Scott. 2021. Revealing Schemes: The Politics of Conspiracy in Russia and the PostSoviet Region. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Rainie, Lee, Janna Anderson, and Jonathan Albright. 2017. “The Future of Free Speech, Trolls, Anonymity and Fake News Online.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science and Tech (blog), March 29.
https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/03/29 /the-future-of-free-speech-trolls-anonymity-and-fake-news-online/. Ramsay, Gordon, and Sam Robertshaw. 2018. “Weaponising News: RT, Sputnik and Tar geted Disinformation.” London: The Policy Institute; Centre for the Study of Me dia, Communication and Power; King’s College London, https://www.kcl.ac.uk /policy-institute/assets/weaponising-news.pdf. Rankin, Jennifer. 2020. “Russian Media ‘Spreading Covid-19 Disinformation.’” Guard ian, March 18, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020 /mar/18/russian-media-spreading-covid-19-disinformation. Rawnsley, Gary D. 2015. “To Know Us Is to Love Us: Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting in Contemporary Russia and China.” Politics 35 (3-4): 273-86. https://doi.Org/10.l 111/1467-9256.12104. Reich, Robert. 2022. “Why Do Putin, Trump, Tucker Carlson and the Republican Party Sound so Alike?” Guardian, March 29, sec. Opinion. https://www.theguardian .com/commentisfree/2022/mar/29/putin-trump-tucker-carlson-republican-party. Reich, Zvi, and Thomas Hanitzsch. 2013. “Determinants of Journalists’ Professional Au tonomy: Individual and National Level Factors Matter More than Organiza tional Ones.” Mass Communication and Society 16 (1): 133-56. https://doi.org/10 .1080/15205436.2012.669002. Repnikova, Maria. 2018. Media Politics in China: Improvising Power under Authoritari anism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reuters. 2022. “Ukraine Restricts Russian Books and Music in Latest Step of‘Derussifi cation.’” Guardian, June 19, sec. World News,
https://www.theguardian.com /world/2022/Jun/20/ukraine-restricts-russian-books-and-music-in-latest-step -of-derussification. RFE/RL (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty). 2022. “Sledstvennyi komitet Rossii ne nashel narusheniya zakona v slovakh Krasovskogo ob ubiistve detei.” December 17. https://www.svoboda.Org/a/sledstvennyy-komitet-ne-nashyol-narusheniya-zakona -v-slovah-krasovskogo-ob-ubiystve-detey/32181206.html.
REFERENCES 301 RFE/RL (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty). 2018. “France Issues Warning to RT for Mis representing Facts in Syria Broadcast.” June 29. https://en.radiofarda.eom/a/france -issues-warning-to-rt-for-misrepresenting-facts-in-syria-broadcast-/29326966.html. RFE/RL (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty). 2022. “Media Regulatory Commission Backs Ban of RT’s German-Language Service.” February 2. https://www.rferl.Org/a/russia -rt-germany-ban/31683693.html. RIA Novosti. 2005. “RIA Novosti Launches a TV Channel, Russia Today.” RIA Novosti. June 7. https://sputniknews.com/20050607/40484511.html. Richter, Monika. 2017a. “The Kremlin’s Platform for ‘Useful Idiots’ in the West: An Over view of RT’s Editorial Strategy and Evidence of Impact.” Kremlin Watch. Czech Republic: European Values Think-Tank/Evropské Hodnoty. https://www.european values.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Overview-of-RTs-Editorial-Strategy-and -Evidence-of-Impact-l.pdf. Richter, Monika. 2017b. “What We Know about RT (Russia Today).” Kremlin Watch. Czech Republic: European Values Think-Tank/Evropské Hodnoty. https://www .europeanvalues.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/What-We-Know-about-RT -Russia-Today-3.pdf. Richter, Monika, Jalal Imran, Dana Polatin-Reuben, and Sebastian Huempfer. 2015. “The Strange Success of RT on YouTube.” Free Speech Debate (blog), July 29. https:// freespeechdebate.com/discuss/the-strange-success-of-rt-on-youtube/ . Rid, Thomas. 2020. Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. London: Profile Books. Robinson, Neil. 2019. “‘Russophobia’ in Official
Russian Political Discourse.” De Europe 2 (2): 61-77. https://doi.org/10.13135/2611-853X/3384. RobPulseNews. 2014. “Life of Bryan: How an RT Columnist Tries to Influence the Debate on Russia and Ukraine.” The Interpreter (blog), October 29. https://www .interpretermag.com/life-of-bryan-how-an-rt-columnist-tries-to-influence-the -debate-on-russia-and-ukraine/. Rogov, Kirill, and Maxim Ananyev. 2018. “Public Opinion and Russian Politics.” In The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin’s Russia, edited by Treisman Daniel, 191-216. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press. Ro’i, Yaacov. 2022. The Bleeding Wound: The Soviet War in Afghanistan and the Collapse of the Soviet System. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Roskomsvoboda. 2022. “‘Diskreditatsiya armii’ prochno zatsementirovalas v repressivnom zakonodatelstve.” Roskomsvoboda (blog), May 2022. https.7/roskomsvo boda.org/post/discredit-v-mae-2022-vperedi/. Rossiya 1.2022. “60 Minut: Zashchita Donbassa ot natsistskogo rezhima na Ukraine. Efir ot 24.02.2022 12:40.” February 24. https://smotrim.ru/brand/60851. Roth, Andrew. 2022a. “Russian News Outlet Novaya Gazeta to Close until End of Ukraine War.” Guardian, March 28, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com /world/2022/mar/28/russian-news-outlet-novaya-gazeta-to-close-until-end-of -ukraine-war. Roth, Andrew. 2022b. “Russian TV Presenter Accused of Inciting Genocide in Ukraine.” Guardian, October 24, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com/world /2022/oct/24/russian-tv-presenter-anton-krasovsky-accused-of-inciting-geno cide-in-ukraine.
Roudakova, Natalia. 2017. Losing Pravda: Ethics and the Press in Post-Truth Russia. Cam bridge: Cambridge University Press. Rozenas, Arturas, and Denis Stukal. 2019. “How Autocrats Manipulate Economic News: Evidence from Russia’s State-Controlled Television.” Journal of Politics 81 (3): 982-96.
302 REFERENCES RT. 2013. “Under Construction: BRICS the Stage to Build Multi-polar World.” RT International. March 26. https://www.rt.com/news/order-world-brics-summit -836/. RT. 2018a. “‘Corbyn Takes Money from Kremlin’: Russian Phone Pranksters Appear to Fool Boris Johnson (AUDIO).” RT.com. May 24. https://www.rt.com/uk/427668 -prank-boris-putin-skripal-pashinyan/. RT. 2018b. ‘“The Days of Trusting Our Government Are over'—RT's Afshin Rattansi on BBC Question Time.” RT.com. March 16. https://www.rt.com/uk/421501-rat tansi-salisbury-bbc-question/. RT. 2018c. “Ekskliuzivnoe interviu Margarity Simonyan s 'podozrevaemymi’ po delu Skripalei.” RT Na Russkom. September 13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= _V5oz8tlCDI. RT. 2018d. “‘English Tourists Wanted a Cocktail—We Gave Them One!’: Russian Mix ologist Explains Novichok Drink.” RT.com. May 10. https://www.rt.com/sport /426393-novichook-cocktail-volgograd-england-fans/. RT. 2018e. “Macron Vows to Tighten Media Control Because ‘Fake News Threatens De mocracy.’” RT.com. January 4. https://www.rt.com/news/414945-macron-france -fake-news-law/. RT. 2018f. “Mean Spirits: Bristol Distillery Apologizes over Tasteless Timing of Novichok-Brand Vodka Launch.” RT.com. July 10. https://www.rt.com/uk/432563 -bristol-distillery-novichok-vodka/. RT. 2018g. “Not Your Average Household Cleaner: Russian Town Plans New ‘Novichok.’” RT.com. April 27. https://www.rt.com/russia/425312-russian-town-novichok -patent/. RT. 2018h. “‘Our Lives Turned into a Nightmare!’—UK’s Suspects in Skripal Case (EX CLUSIVE).” RT.com. September 13.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=719fsk wKCwo. RT. 20181. “Petrov and Boshirov Mocked on Twitter, but Salisbury’s Self-Esteem the Big gest Victim.” RT.com. September 13. https://www.rt.com/uk/438393-petrov-bosh irov-skripal-simonyan/. RT. 2019a. “D’oh! Pro-EU Party Change UK Spend over £1000 on Ads Saying It’s Cam paigning to ‘Remain in the UK.’” RT International. May 22. https://www.rt.com /ик/460014-change-facebook-ad-error/. RT. 2019b. “EU Election Results Show People Are ‘Fed up with Fake Democracy.’” RT Inter national. May 27. https://www.rt.com/news/460399-eu-elections-fake-democracy/. RT. 2019c. “EU Elections Over: Exit Polls Show Surge for Right-Wing and Green Parties amid High Turnout.” RT International. May 26. https://www.rt.com/news/460324 -eu-elections-exit-polls/. RT. 2019d. “EU Establishment Cries ‘Russia!’ in Desperate Bid to Defeat Critics.” RT In ternational. May 20. https://www.rt.com/news/459843-europe-populist-russia gate-conspiracy/. RT. 2019e. “Europe Is Love, Europe Is Life: EU Commission Takes Heat for Orwellian’ Tweet Ahead of Elections.” RT International. May 19. https://www.rt.com/news /459739-european-commission-orwell-1984/. RT. 2019f. “French Bloggers Feel Like in Orwellian Novel as Brussels Teaches Them to Promote ‘EU Angles.’” RT International. May 30. https://www.rt.com/news /460638-eu-commission-french-bloggers/. RT. 2019g. “‘Hot Podium Guy for PM’: Twitter Hails Unlikely Successor to Theresa May (VIDEO).” RT International. May 25. https://www.rt.com/uk/460259-podium -guy-theresa-may-pm/.
REFERENCES 303 RT. 2019h. “Labour Leader Corbyn Calls for Immediate General Election as UK PM The resa May Resigns.” RT International. May 24. https://www.rt.com/uk/460161-cor byn-general-election-may-resigns/. RT. 2019i. “Le Pen Calls on Macron to Dissolve National Assembly after EU Election Re sults.” RT International. May 26. https://www.rt.com/news/460325-lepen-ma cron-dissolve-assembly/. RT. 2019j. “Time’s Up: Corbyn Urges May to Call a General Election to ‘Break Brexit Deadlock.’” RT International. May 22. https://www.rt.com/uk/459989-corbyn -general-election-brexit/. RT. 2019k. ‘“You Have to Prove Putin Was Involved’: Met Police Push Back against UK Blame Game in Skripal Saga.” RT.com. August 8. https://www.rt.com/news /466089-skripals-uk-police-evidence/. RT. 2020. “RT—the First TV Network in the World to Hit 10 Billion Views on YouTube.” RT.com. January 29. https://www.rt.com/about-us/press-releases/rt-youtube -10-billion-views/. RT. 2021a. “Biden White House Refuses to Compare Ryanair Situation in Belarus to Grounding Morales’ Plane to Get Snowden under Obama.” RT.com. May 24. https://www.rt.com/usa/524710-psaki-belarus-bolivia-plane/. RT. 2021b. “RT Gearing Up to Launch a New German Channel.” RT.com. June 17. https:// www.rt.com/about-us/press-releases/rt-new-german-channel-launch/. RT. 2022a. “Germany Involved in ‘Military Biological Activities’ in Ukraine—Russia.” RT International. April 16. https://www.rt.com/russia/553975-germany-mili tary-biological-ukraine-zakharova/. RT. 2022b. “How to Access RT.Com—RT Russia and Former Soviet Union.” RT.com. March 4.
https://web.archive.Org/web/20220304200814/https:/www.rt.com/russia /551256-how-access-rt-censorship-bypass/. RT. 2022c. “Protest against ‘Party of War’ in Kremlin.” RT.com. January 31. https://www .rt.com/russia/547855-liberals-slam-war-policy/. RT. 2023. “Kiev’s Ombudsman Calls for More Curbs on Russian Language.” RT Interna tional. February 1. https://swentr.site/russia/570798-ukraine-russian-language -kremen/. RT. N.d. “About RT.” RT.com. https://www.rt.com/about-us/. RT Documentary. 2014a. “Soedinennye Shtaty Evropy.” RTD; SophieCo. June 12. https:// doc.rt.com/filmy/soedinennie-shtati-evropi/. RT Documentary. 2014b. “Veter Peremen.” RTD; SophieCo. June 30. https://doc.rt.com /filmy/veter-peremen/. RT Documentary. 2019. “Vengerskoe soprotivlenie ES.” RTD; SophieCo. March 26. https://doc.rt.com/filmy/vengerskoe-soprotivlenie-es/ . RT France. 2019a. “Bernard-Henri Lévy Propose de Ne Pas Tenir Compte Des Votes Qui Ne Lui Plaisent Pas.” RT En Français. March 23. https://francais.rt.com/france /60343-bernard-henri-levy-propose-ne-pas-tenir-compte-vote-qui-ne-lui-plaisent -pas. RT France. 2019b. “‘C’est Comme Ça, Désolé’: Une journaliste RT France Se Fait Reca ler Au QG de Renaissance (VIDEO).” RT En Français. May 26. https://francais .rt.com/france/62469-journaliste-rt-france-se-fait-recaler-au-qg-renaissance. RT France. 2019c. “Ecologie, Immigration, Défense, Abstention: Tout Ce Qu’il Faut Savoir Sur Les Élections Européennes.” RT En Français. May 23. https://francais .rt.com/france/62336-tout-savoir-sur-les-elections-europeennes-rt-france. RT France. 2019d. “Elections
Européennes: Le Rassemblement National Surpasse La Ma jorité Présidentielle.” RT En Français. May 26. https://francais.rt.com/france
304 REFERENCES /62444-elections-europeennes-rassemblement-national-emporte-devant-parti -majorité. RT France. 2019e. “Elections Européennes: Les pro-UE Donnés En Tête En Irlande.” RT En Français. May 25. https://francais.rt.com/international/62376-elections-eu ropeennes-pro-ue-donnes. RT France. 2019f. “Européennes: Dans Ses Fiefs Des Yvelines, La Percée de l’Union Des Démocrates Musulmans Français.” RT En Français. May 28. https://francais.rt .com/france/62540-europeennes-dans-ses-fiefs-yvelines-percee-union-demo crates-musulmans-francais. RT France. 2019g. “Européennes: Les Listes Opposées à l’immigration Sont-Elles Sur La Même Ligne?” RT En Français. May 13. https://francais.rt.com/france/62024 -europeennes-listes-opposees-immigration-sont-elles-sur-meme-ligne. RT France. 2019h. “Européennes: Taux de Participation En Hausse Par Rapport à 2014.” RT En Français. May 26. https://francais.rt.com/france/62439-europeennes-taux -participation-hausse-par-rapport-2014. RT France. 2019i. ‘“L’impression d’être Dans 1984’: Des Youtubeurs Parlent Du ‘voyage d’étude’ Organisé Par l’UE.” RT En Français. May 22. https://francais.rt.com/france /62289-impression-detre-dans-1984-youtubeurs-parlent-voyage-etude-organise -commission-europeenne. RT France. 2019j. “L’UE, Synonyme de ‘paix’ et ‘liberté’? Ce Tweet de La Commission Qui Ne Convainc Pas Tout Le Monde.” RT En Français. May 20. https://francais.rt .com/france/62240-ue-synonyme-paix-liberte-tweet-commission-europeenne -ne-convainc-pas-tout-le-monde. RT France. 2019k. “Macron Monte Au Créneau et Pointe Une ‘connivence Entre Les Nation
alistes et Des Intérêts Étrangers.’” RT En Français. May 21. https://francais.rt.com /france/62260-macron-monte-creneau-pointe-connivence-entre-nationalistes-et -interets- etrangers. RT France. 2022. “Vladimir Poutine Dénonce Г ‘annulation de La Culture’ Russe En Oc cident.” RT En Français. March 25. https://francais.rt.com/international/97370 -vladimir-poutine-denonce-annulation-culture-russe-en-occident. RT German. 2019a. “CDU-Vorsitzende reagiert auf Rezo-Video: Haben verpasst, die Ju gend zu gewinnen.” RT DE. May 28. https://de.rt.com/kurzclips/video/88644-cdu -vorsitzende-reagiert-auf-rezo/. RT German. 2019b. “Doch nicht so viele Falschmeldungen zur EU-Wahl in sozialen Netz werken.” RT DE. May 22. https://de.rt.com/europa/88400-doch-nicht-so-viele -Falschmeldungen/. RT German. 2019c. “Fake-News TÜV NewsGuard? Propaganda-Talk mit Dr. Kani: 451° Grad.” RT DE; 451°. May 30. https://de.rt.com/programme/451-programme/88727 -fake-news-tuev-newsguard-propaganda/. RT German. 2019d. “Giftgas-Mythen, EU-Wahl, Strache-Sturz: Ein Wochenrückblick auf den medialen Abgrund.” RT DE. May 26. https://de.rt.com/meinung/88556-gift gas-mythen- eu-wahl-strache/. RT German. 2019e. “‘Kurz und Schmerzlos’: Twitter-Reaktionen nach Regierungssturz in Österreich.” RT DE. May 28. https://de.rt.com/europa/88649-kurz-und-schmer zlos-twitter-reaktionen/. RT German. 2019f. “Manipulation bei EU-Wahl durch Russen? Was die Berliner dazu sagen.” RT DE. May 29. https://de.rt.com/inland/88701-manipulation-bei-eu -wahlen-durch-russen-berliner-meinung/. RT German. 2019g. “Nur noch Tage bis zur EU-Wahl—und
keine Spur von Russischer Wahlbeeinflussung (Video).” RT DE. May 22. https://de.rt.com/europa/88375 -nur-noch-tage-bis-zur/.
REFERENCES 305 RT German. 2019h. ‘“Wie bei George Orwell—YouTuber wenig begeistert über Seminar der EU-Kommission (Video).” RT DE. May 27. https://de.rt.com/europa/88633 -wie-bei-george-orwell-youtuber-wenig-begeistert-ueber-seminar-der-eu -kommission/. RT German. 2019t “YouTuber Rezo und seine Abrechnung mit den Volksparteien.” RT DE. May 24. https://de.rt.com/inland/88506-vor-eu-und-bremen-wahl-rezo-youtube/. RT Russian. 2019a. “Tzbiratel vnov zabespokoilsia о svoem budushchem’: Avtor Telegramkanala IA ’Steklomoi’ ob itogakh vyborov v Evroparlament.” RT na Russkom. May 27. https://russian.rt.com/world/article/635616-steklomoi-vybory-evro Parlament. RT Russian. 2019b. “Glava Evroparlamenta zaiavil ob otsutstvii dannykh о vmeshatelstve v vybory.” RT na Russkom. May 28. https://russian.rt.com/world/news/635960 -evropa-parlament-vybory. RT Russian. 2019c. “V MID Rossii otsenili predvaritelnye itogi vyborov v Evroparla ment.” RT na Russkom. May 27. https://russian.rt.com/world/news/635628-mid -rossiya-vybory-evroparlament. RT Russian. 2021. ‘“My—odin narod’: Stat'ia Vladimira Putina ‘Ob istoricheskom edinstve russkikh i ukraintsev.’” RT na Russkom. July 12. https://russian.rt.com/world /article/884684-putin-statya-rossiya-ukraina. RT Russian. 2022a. “‘Prekrasnaia Rossiia bu-bu-bu: Mesiats spetsoperatsii na Ukraine | informatsionnyi front | krakh liberalnogo miroporiadka.” RT na Russkom. March 24. https://russian.rt.com/ussr/article/980720-rossiya-bu-bu-bu-specoper aciya-rossiya-ukraina. RT Russian. 2022b. “SKprivlekvkachestve obviniaemykh eshchë 15 komandirov VSU po delam о
genotside v Donbasse.” RT na Russkom. April 15. https://russian.rt.com /ussr/news/990765-sk-genocid-ukraina. RT Russian. 2022c. “SK vozbudil delo о podstrekatel'stve к genotsidu v otnoshenii méra Dnepra Borisa Filatova.” RT na Russkom. April 13. https://russian.rt.com/ussr /news/989959- delo-v-otnoshenii-mera-dnepra. RT Spanish. 2019a. “Analizamos el discurso del socialista espafiol Josep Borrell, que as pira a dirigir la diplomacia europea.” RT en Espafiol. May 27. https://actualidad.rt .com/video/316057-discurso-borrell-aspira-dirigir-diplomacia-europea. RT Spanish. 2019b. “El candidate de Vox a las Europeas carga contra las ‘feministas feas que dicen a las espafiolas lo que tienen que hacer’ (y las tuiteras responden).” RT en Espaüol. May 23. https://actualidad.rt.com/viral/315693-candidato-vox-europeas -carga-feministas-feas. RT Spanish. 2019c. “Espana de nuevo ante las urnas: incognitas, cifras y curiosidades de los comicios locales.” RT en Espafiol. May 26. https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad /315970-incognitas-cifras-curiosidades-comicios-locales-espana. RT Spanish. 2019d. “5 preguntas bâsicas para entender las elecciones al Parlamente Europeo.” RT en Espafiol. May 23. https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/315646-5 -preguntas-basicas-elecciones-parlamento-europeo. RT Spanish. 2019e. “‘La gente se harte de falsa democracia’: Académicos hablan con RT sobre las elecciones al Europarlamento.” RT en Espafiol. May 28. https://actualidad .rt.com/actualidad/316133-elecciones-parlamento-europeo. RT Spanish. 2019f. “May anuncia su renuncia сото primera ministra del Reino
Unido tras el fracaso del Brexit.” RT en Espafiol. May 24. https://actualidad.rt.com/actua lidad/315761-renuncia-may-despues-fracasara-ultimo-intento-acuerdo-brexit. Russkiy Mir. 2010. “Yazykovoe zakonodatelstvo Ukrainy i zashchita prav russkoyazychnykh grazhdan.” Doklad Kievskogo tsentra politicheskikh issledovanii i konfliktolo
306 REFERENCES gii. Kiev: Russkiy Mir. https://web.archive.Org/web/20140306125441/http://www .russkiymir.ru/export/sites/default/russkiymir/ru/analytics/docs/x-x300310_x.pdf. Rutland, Peter. 2022a. “Five Wrong Ideas About Russia’s War on Ukraine.” NYU Jordan Centre News Stand with Ukraine, April 19. https://jordanrussiacenter.org/news /five-wrong-ideas-about-russias-war-on-ukraine/. Rutland, Peter. 2022b. “Why the West Is Losing the Global Information War over Ukraine and How It Can Be Fixed.” PONARS, October 17. https://www.ponarseurasia.org /why-the-west-is-losing-the-global-information-war-over-ukraine-and-how-it -can-be-fixed/. Rutland, Peter, and Andrei Kazantsev. 2016. “The Limits of Russia’s ‘Soft Power.’” Journal of Political Power 9 (3): 395-413. Sabbagh, Dan, and Luke Harding. 2022. “‘Deeply Personal’: Biden-Zelensky Meeting Cemented Their Bond, Says Top Adviser.” Guardian, December 23. https://www .theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/23/andriy-yermak-ukrainian-president-top -adviser-zelenskiy-meeting-with-biden-cemented-their-bond-white-house-visit. Sabbagh, Dan, Luke Harding, and Andrew Roth. 2020. “Russia Report Reveals UK Government Failed to Investigate Kremlin Interference.” Guardian, July 21, sec. Politics, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/21/russia-report-reveals-uk -government-failed-to-address-kremlin-interference-scottish-referendum-brexit. Sadler, Neil. 2021. Fragmented Narrative: Telling and Interpreting Stories in the Twitter Age. London: Routledge. Sambrook, Richard. 2022. “The BBC’s Global Role: The Importance of the World Service.” IPPR
Progressive Review 29 (1): 22-27. Saunders, Robert A., Rhys Crilley, and Precious N. Chatterje-Doody. 2022. “ICYMI: RT and Youth-Oriented International Broadcasting as (Geo)Political Culture Jam ming.” International Journal ofPress/Politics 27 (3): 696-717. https://doi.org/10.1177 /19401612211072771. Savelev, Aleksandr. 2022. “Denatsifikatsiya Ukrainy nachinaetsya s dekolonizatsii Rossii.” Regnum.ru. March 31. https://regnum.ru/news/3550900.html. Schaer, Cathrin, and Emad Hassan. 2022. “How Russia Is Winning the Mideast Informa tion War.” DW.com, August 26, sec. Politics, Middle East, https://www.dw.com/en /russia-is-winning-the-information-war-in-the-middle-east/a-62900269. Schimpfössl, Elisabeth, and Ilya Yablokov. 2020. “Post-Socialist Self-Censorship: Russia, Hungary and Latvia.” European Journal of Communication 35 (1): 29-45. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897797. Schreiber, Melody. 2022. “‘Bot Holiday’: Covid Disinformation Down as Social Media Pivot to Ukraine.” Guardian, March 4, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com /media/2022/mar/04/bot-holiday-covid-misinformation-ukraine-social-media. Scott, Mark. 2022. “As War in Ukraine Evolves, so Do Disinformation Tactics.” Polit ico, March 10. https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-russia-disinformation -propaganda/. Seddon, Max. 2016. “Lunch with the FT: Kremlin Media Star Margarita Simonyan.” Fi nancial Times, July 29. https://www.ft.com/content/7987e5c2-54b0-lle6-9664 -e0bdcl3c3bef. Sergeitsev, Timofei. 2022. “Chto Rossiya dolzhna sdelat s Ukrainoi.” RIA Novosti. April 3.
https://ria.ru/20220403/ukraina-1781469605.html. Sguazzin, Antony. 2022. “Banned in Europe, Kremlin-Backed RT Channel Turns to Af rica.” Bloomberg UK, July 22, sec. Politics, https://www.bloomberg.com/news /articles/2022-07-22/banned-in-europe-kremlin-backed-rt-channel-turns-to-africa. Shekhovtsov, Anton. 2017. Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Abingdon: Routledge.
REFERENCES 307 Shevchenko, Maksim. 2022. “Ukraintsy, prostite menya.” YouTube video, March 4. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIle_39H0eI. Shultziner, Doron, and Yelena Stukalin. 2021. “Politicizing What’s News: How Partisan Media Bias Occurs in News Production.” Mass Communication and Society 24 (3): 372-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1812083. Siad, Arnaud, Nathan Hodge, and Toyin Owoseje. 2022. “J. K. Rowling Hits Back at Putin after He Likened Russia to Her in Rant against Cancel Culture.” CNN. March 25. https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/25/world/jk-rowling-putin-intl-scli-gbr/index.html. Simons, Greg. 2015. “Russian Media and Censorship: A Means or an End?” Russian Jour nal of Communication 7 (3): 300-312. Simonyan, Margarita. 2013. “Ne sobiraius delat vid, chto ia obektivnaia”: Interviu s Margaritoi Simonyan. Lenta.ru, March 7. https://lenta.ru/articles/2013/03/07/simonyan/ . Simonyan, Margarita. 2018. “RT Challenges Domination of Western Media.” Global Times. October 21. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1123872.shtml.Singer, P. W., and Emerson T. Brooking. 2018. LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Me dia. Boston: Mariner Books. Smirnova, Olga. 2016. “Russian TV: Contesting European Values.” Oxford: Reuters Insti tute for the Study of Journalism, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites /default/files/2017-09/Smirnova%2C Russian TV Contesting European Values.pdf. Smith, Alexander. 2022. ‘“Scum and Traitors’: Under Pressure over Ukraine, Putin Turns His Ire on Russians.” CNBC. March 17. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/17/scum -and-traitors-under-
pressure-over-ukraine-putin-turns-his-ire-on-russians.html. Smith, David, and Jon Swaine. 2017. “Russian Agents Hacked US Voting System Manu facturer before US Election—Report.” Guardian, June 5, sec. US News, https:// www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/05/russia-us-election-hack-voting -system-nsa-report. Smith, Mikey, and Milo Boyd. 2019. “8 of the Top 10 Brexit Party Promoting Twitter Ac counts Appear to be Bots.” Daily Mirror, May 21. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news /politics/8-top-10-brexit-party-16179913. Snegovaya, Maria. 2015. Putin’s Information Warfare in Ukraine: Soviet Origins ofRussia’s Hybrid Warfare. Russia Report. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Russian%20Report%20 l%20Putin’s%20Information%20Warfare%20in%20Ukraine-%20Soviet%200ri gins%20of%20Russias%20Hybrid%20Warfare.pdf. Sokolov, Mikhail. 2022. “Are Russian Academics Illiberal?” OpenDemocracy. March 15. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/russian-academics-boycott-support/ . Soldo, Niccolo. 2021. “The Kinshasa Interviews: Bryan MacDonald—Lord Da Da.” Sub stack newsletter. Fisted by Foucault (blog), January 23. https://niccolo.substack .com/p/the-kinshasa-interviews-bryan-macdonald. Souto-Manning, Michael. 2014. “Critical Narrative Analysis: The Interplay of Critical Discourse and Narrative Analyses.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 27 (2): 159-80. Stadnik, Ilona. 2021. “Control by Infrastructure: Political Ambitions Meet Technical Im plementations in RuNet.” First Monday 26 (5).
https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i5 .11693. Stangler, Colin. 2023. “A Pro-Putin Facebook Network Is Pumping French-Language Propaganda into Africa.” Intercept, August 3. https://theintercept.com/2023/08/03 /russia-disinformation-africa-facebook. Stanley, Alessandra. 1996. “Moscow Journal; the Americans Who Saved Yeltsin (or Did They?).” New York Times, July 9, sec. World, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/09 /world/moscow-journal-the-americans-who-saved-yeltsin-or-did-they.html.
308 REFERENCES Starikov, Nikolai. 2012. “Rossiia—koloniia Zapada.” Poznavatelnoe.tv. November 27. http://poznavatelnoe.tv/starikov_russia_koloniya . Steele, Janet E. 1995. “Experts and the Operational Bias of Television News: The Case of the Persian Gulf War.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (4): 799-812. Stone, Peter. 2022. “US Rightwing Figures in Step with Kremlin over Ukraine Disinforma tion, Experts Say.” Guardian, April 6, sec. US News, https://www.theguardian.com /us-news/2022/apr/06/us-right-wing-republicans-russia-ukraine-disinformation. Strassheim, Jan. 2022. “Neoliberalism and Post-Truth: Expertise and the Market Model.” Theory, Culture and Society 38 (6): 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221119726 . Strömbäck, Jesper. 2008. “Four Phases ofMediatization: An Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics.” International Journal of Press/Politics 13 (3): 228-46. https://doi.org/10 .1177/1940161208319097. Strukov, Vlad. 2016. “Russian ‘Manipulative Smart Power’: Zviagintsev’s Oscar Nomina tion, (Non-)Government Agency and Contradictions of the Globalized World.” New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film 14 (11): 31-49. Strukov, Vlad. 2020. “Meduza: A Russo-centric Digital Media Outlet in a Transnational Setting.” In Transnational Russian Studies, edited by Andy Byford, Connor Doak, and Stephen Hutchings, 301-17. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Stubbs, Ian. 2022. “Russia Must Stop Peddling Disinformation about Its War against Ukraine: UK statement to the OSCE.” UK Delegation to the Organization for Se curity and Co-operation in Europe. March
30. https://www.gov.uk/government /speeches/russia-must-stop-peddling-disinformation-about-its-war-against -ukraine-uk-statement-to-the-osce-30-march-2022. Sue, Mattieu, and Marine Turchi. 2023. “Le ‘JDD,’ nouveau porte-voix du Kremlin.” Mediapart. September 12. https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/020923/le-jdd -nouveau-porte-voix-du-kremlin. Surkov, Vladislav. 2019. “Dolgoe gosudarstvo Putina.” Nezavisimaya gazeta, February 11. https://www.ng.ru/ideas/2019-02-ll/5_7503_surkov.html . Surkov, Vladislav. 2022. “Tumannoe budushchee pokhabnogo mira.” Aktualnye kommentarii, February 15. https://actualcomment.ru/tumannoe-budushchee-pokhabnogo -mira-2202150925.html. Sweney, Mark. 2022. “BitChute to Continue Hosting Kremlin-Backed RT Channel.” Guardian, March 9, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022 /mar/09/bitchute-website-continue-hosting-blocked-rt-channel. Sylvester, Arene. 2022. “Nigerian Students on Facing Racism as They Fled the Ukraine War.” OpenDemocracy. March 31. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/ukraine -war-russia-putin-racism-border-nigerian-students/. Syrovâtka, Jonas. 2019. “In Scrooge’s Boots: Lessons Learned on Disinformation from the 2019 European Elections.” European View 18 (2): 203-9. Szostek, Joanna. 2018a. “News Media Repertoires and Strategic Narrative Reception: A Paradox of Dis/Belief in Authoritarian Russia.” New Media and Society 20 (1): 6887. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816656638. Szostek, Joanna. 2018b. “Nothing Is True? The Credibility of News and Conflicting Nar ratives during ‘Information War’ in Ukraine.” International
Journal of Press/Poli tics 23 (1): 116-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217743258 . Szostek, Joanna. 2020. “What Happens to Public Diplomacy during Information War? Critical Reflections on the Conceptual Framing of International Communication.” International Journal of Communication 14 (May): 2728-48. Tafuro, Eleonora. 2014. “Fatal Attraction? Russia’s Soft Power in Its Neighbourhood.” Policy Brief no. 181. FRIDE. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180660/Fatal%20attraction_%20 Russia%E2%80%99s%20soft%20power%20in%20its%20neighbourhood.pdf.
REFERENCES 309 Taguieff, Pierre-André. 2001. The Force ofPrejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles. Edited by Hassan Melehy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Tambini, Damian. 2017. “Fake News and Public Policy Responses.” Media Policy Brief 20. London: Media Policy Project, London School of Economics and Political Science. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/73015/. Tandoc, Edson C., Zheng Wei Lim, and Richard Ling. 2017. “Defining ‘Fake News.’” Digi tal Journalism 6 (2): 137-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143. Taylor, Astra. 2021. Remake the World: Essays, Reflections, Rebellions. Chicago: Haymar ket Books. Taylor, Samantha. 2020. “The Rise of the Liberal World Order.” War Room, US Army War College. April 29. https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/articles/liberal-world-order/. Teper, Yuri. 2016. Official Russian Identity Discourse in Light of the Annexation of Crimea: National or Imperial?” Post-Soviet Affairs 32 (4): 378-96. https://doi.org/10 .1080/106O586X.2O15.1O76959. Tereshchenko, Mikhail. 2022. “Kreml poiasnil slova Putina о estestvennom samoochishchenii rossiiskogo obshchestva ot predatelei.” TASS. March 17. https://tass.ru /politika/14102253. Thomas, Timothy. 2014. “Russia’s Information Warfare Strategy: Can the Nation Cope in Future Conflicts?” Journal ofSlavic Military Studies 27 (1): 101-30. Thompson, John. 2013. Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age. Cam bridge: Polity. Tickle, Jonny. 2021. “Maria Butina, Once Jailed in US, Visits Navalny’s Prison and Calls It ‘Exemplary,’ but Allies of Russian Opposition Figure Cry Foul.” RT.com.
April 4. https://www.rt.com/russia/519977-butina-prison-visit-navalny/. Tierney, Dominic. 2022. “The Ukraine War and the New Global Liberal Order.” National Interest, October 28. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/ukraine-war-and-new -global-liberal-order-205561. Tillett, Lowell R. 1969. The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Na tionalities. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Timofeev, Ivan. 2022. “Beijing and Moscow Can Lead Resistance against West Dictating to Rest of the World.” RT International, August 6. Tipaldou, Sofia. Forthcoming. Nationalist Contention in Hybrid Regimes: The Dynamics of the Nationalist Opposition in Vladimir Putin’s Russia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Toepfl, Florian. 2016. “Beyond the Four Theories: Toward a Discourse Approach to the Comparative Study of Media and Politics.” International Journal of Communica tion 10:1530-47. Toepfl, Florian, Anna Ryzhova, Daria Kravets, and Arista Beseler. 2023. “Googling in Russian Abroad: How Kremlin-Affiliated Websites Contribute to the Visibility of COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories in Search Results.” International Journal of Com munication 17 (January): 1126-46. Tolz, Vera. 1998. “Conflicting ‘Homeland Myths’ and Nation-State Building in Postcom munist Russia.” Slavic Review 57 (2): 267-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501851. Tolz, Vera. 2002. “Rethinking Russian-Ukrainian Relations: A New Trend in NationBuilding in Post-Communist Russia?” Nations and Nationalism 8 (2): 235-53. https://doi.org/10.llll/1469-8219.00048. Tolz, Vera. 2011. Russia’s Own Orient: The
Politics of Identity and Oriental Studies in the Late Imperial and Soviet Periods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tolz, Vera. 2018. “Colonel Chepiga: Who Really Identified the Skripal Poisoner and Why It Matters.” Conversation, October 3. https://theconversation.com/colonel-chepiga -who-really-identified-the-skripal-poisoner-and-why-it-matters-104275.
310 REFERENCES Tolz, Vera. 2020a. “Short Cuts: Troll Factories.” London Review of Books, December 3. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n23/vera-tolz/short-cuts. Tolz, Vera. 2020b. “Transnational, Multinational or Imperial? The Paradoxes of Russian (Post)Coloniality.” In Transnational Russian Studies, edited by Andy Byford, Con nor Doak, and Stephen Hutchings, 37-49. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Tolz, Vera, and Sue-Ann Harding. 2015. “From ‘Compatriots’ to ‘Aliens’: The Changing Coverage of Migration on Russian Television.” Russian Review 74 (3): 452-77. https://doi.org/10.llll/russ.12025 . Tolz, Vera, and Stephen Hutchings. 2021. “Performing Disinformation: A Muddled His tory and Its Consequences.” Media@LSE (blog), October 8. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk /medialse/2021/10/08/performing-disinformation-a-muddled-history-and-its -consequences/. Tolz, Vera, and Stephen Hutchings. 2023. “Truth with a Z: Disinformation, War in Ukraine, and Russia’s Contradictory Discourse of Imperial Identity.” Post-Soviet Affairs 39 (5): 347-65. Tolz, Vera, Stephen Hutchings, Precious N. Chatterje-Doody, and Rhys Crilley. 2021. “Mediatization and Journalistic Agency: Russian Television Coverage of the Skri pal Poisonings.” Journalism 22 (12): 2971-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884 920941967. Tolz, Vera, and Vitaly Kazakov. 2020. “The US Presidential Election through a Russian Media Lens: From Domestic Legitimacy to Global (Mis)Information." Reframing Russia (blog), November 24. https://www.mis-translating-deceit.com/legacy-blogs /the-us-presidential-election-through-a-russian-media-
lens-from-domestic -legitimacy-to-global-mis-information. Tolz, Vera, and Yuri Teper. 2018. "Broadcasting Agitainment: A New Media Strategy of Putin’s Third Presidency.” Post-Soviet Affairs 34 (4): 213-27. https://doi.org/10.1080 /1060586Х.2018.1459023. Treisman, Daniel. 2018. “Introduction: Rethinking Putin’s Political Order.” In The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putins Russia, edited by Daniel Tre isman, 1-28. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Triandafyllidou, Anna. 1998. “National Identity and the Other.’” Ethnic and Racial Stud ies 21 (4): 593-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798329784. Troianovski, Anton. 2021. “China Censors the Internet. So Why Doesn’t Russia?” New York Times, February 21, sec. World, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/21/world /europe/russia-internet-censorship.html. TRT. 2022. “The Art World Protests Russia.” Youtube video, March 25. https://www .youtube.com/watch?v=V-gA4JjTQ40. Tsukanov, Ilya. 2022. “Dem Party Leaders, Pfizer, Moderna Involved in US Biological Activities in Ukraine: Russian MoD.” Sputnik International. May 11. https:// sputniknews.com/20220511/democratic-partys-leaders-are-ideologists-behind -us-military-biological-activities-in-ukraine-mod-1095433497.html. Tsygankov, Andrei. 2014. Russia and the Westfrom Alexander to Putin: Honor in Interna tional Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tsygankov, Andrei. 2019a. The Dark Double: US Media, Russia, and the Politics of Values. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tsygankov, Andrei. 2019b. Russia and America: The Asymmetric Rivalry. Cambridge: Pol
ity Press. Tumarkin, Nina. 1994. The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia. New York: Basic Books. Tumbler, Howard, and Silvio Waisbord. 2019. The Routledge Companion to Media and Scandal. London: Routledge.
REFERENCES 311 Turner, Matthew. 2016. “To All the Self-Identifying Liberals Cheering about Russia To day’s Bank Accounts Being Frozen, Did You Ever Consider Your Own Bias?” Inde pendent, October 18, sec. Voices, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/russia -today-rt-bank-accounts-frozen-uk-england-putin-liberal-twitter-cheering-occupy -wall-street-prison-strikes-propaganda-bias-a7367261.html. Ungar, Gert Ewen. 2020. “Die Tagesschau—ein Propagandainstrument im kalten Krieg 2.0.” RT Germany. February 2. https://de.rt.com/meinung/97471-tagesschau-propa gandainstrument-im-kalten-krieg/. Urban, Mark. 2018. The Skripal Files: The Life and Near Death of a Russian Spy. London: Macmillan. Ureke, Oswelled. 2020. Cyber War and the Militarization of Communication. Abingdon: Routledge. US Department of State. 2022. The Kremlin’s Efforts to Covertly Spread Disinformation in Latin America. Media Note (Office of the Spokesperson), November 7. https:// www.state.gov/the-kremlins-efforts-to-covertly-spread-disinformation-in-latin -america/. US Department of State Global Engagement Center. 2020. Pillars of Russia’s Propaganda and Disinformation Ecosystem. GEC Special Report. August. https://www.state .gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Pillars-of-Russia%E2%80%99s-Disinformation -and-Propaganda-Ecosystem_08-04-20.pdf. US Department of State Global Engagement Center. 2022a. “Faces of Kremlin Propa ganda: Margarita Simonyan.” Global Engagement Center: Remarks and Releases (blog), August 31. https://www.state.gov/disarming-disinformation/faces-of-krem lin-propaganda-margarita-simonyan/. US
Department of State Global Engagement Center. 2022b. Kremlin-Funded Media: RT and Sputnik’s Role in Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem. GEC Special Report. January, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 /Kremlin-Funded-Media_January_update-19.pdf. Van Herpen, Marcel H. 2016. Putin’s Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian For eign Policy. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. Vartanova, Elena. 2012. The Russian Media Model in the Context ofPost-Soviet Dynamics. Edited by Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Velebit, Vuk. 2022. “The Odd Ones Out: Support in Serbian Media for Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine.” Veridica. March 4. https://www.veridica.ro/en/editorials/the-odd-ones -out-support-in-serbian-media-for-russias-invasion-of-ukraine. Viner, Katharine. 2017. “A Mission for Journalism in a Time of Crisis.” Guardian, Novem ber 16, sec. News, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/16/a-mission-for -journalism-in-a-time-of-crisis. Volkonsky, Aleksandr. 2015. Ukraina. Istoricheskaya pravda i urainofilskaya propaganda. Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole. Volkov, Denis, Stepan Goncharov, Aleksandra Paramonova, and Denis Leven. 2021. “Rossiiskii Media Lanshaft—2021.” Moscow: Levada Tsentr. https://www.levada .ru/2021/08/05/rossijskij-medialandshaft-2021/. Vu, Hong Tien, and Nyan Lynn. 2020. “When the News Takes Sides: Automated Framing Analysis of News Coverage of the Rohingya Crisis by the Elite Press from Three Countries.” Journalism Studies 21 (9): 1284-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616 70X.2020.1745665. Vultee, Fred. 2010.
“Credibility as a Strategic Ritual: The Times, the Interrogator, and the Duty of Naming.” Journal ofMass Media Ethics 25 (1): 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1080 /08900521003621975.
312 REFERENCES Waever, Ole. 2011. “Politics, Security, Theory.” Security Dialogue 42 (4-5): 465-80. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0967010611418718. Wagnsson, Charlotte. 2022. “The Paperboys of Russian Messaging: RT/Sputnik Audi ences as Vehicles for Malign Information Influence.” Information, Communication and Society 0 (0): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2041700 . Wagnsson, Charlotte, Torsten Blad, and Aiden Hoyle. 2023. “‘Keeping an Eye on the Other Side’: RT, Sputnik, and Their Peculiar Appeal in Democratic Societies.” In ternational Journal of Press/Politics 0 (0): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161 2221147492. Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin, Mike Berry, and Inaki Garcia-Blanco. 2016. “Rethinking Balance and Impartiality in Journalism? How the BBC Attempted and Failed to Change the Paradigm.” Journalism 18 (7): 781-880. Walker, Christopher, and Robert Orttung. 2014. “Breaking the News: The Role of StateRun Media.”JournalofDemocracy2S (1): 75-85. Walters, Joanna. 2022. “Russian Foreign Minister Praises Fox News Coverage of War in Ukraine.” Guardian, March 18, sec. World News, https://www.theguardian.com /world/2022/mar/18/sergei-lavrov-praises-fox-news-coverage-ukraine. Wang, Rui. 2023. “Re-mediating Russian Strategic Narratives on the Chinese Video Sharing Platform Bilibili: A Case Study in Non-linear Soft Power Projection.” PhD thesis. University of Manchester. Wang, Weijia. 2020. “Mediatised Politics: A Perspective for Understanding Political Communication in China.” Javnost—the Public 27 (2): 112-25. Wang, Zijian, Scott Hale, David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Przemyslaw
Grabowicz, Timo Hart man, Fabian Flöck, and David Jurgens. 2019. “Demographic Inference and Repre sentative Population Estimates from Multilingual Social Media Data.” In The World Wide Web Conference, 2056-67. New York: Association for Computing Ma chinery, https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313684. Wardle, Claire. 2018. “Information Disorder: The Definitional Toolbox.” First Draft (blog), July 6. https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/infodisorder-definitional-toolbox/ . Wardle, Claire. 2019. “Understanding Information Disorder.” First Draft’s Essential Guide to First Draft, https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10 /Information_Disorder_Digital_AW.pdf?x76701. Wardle, Claire, and Hossein Derakshan. 2017. Information Disorder: Toward an Interdis ciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making. DGI(2017)09. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an -interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c. Warren, Mark, ed. 2008. Democracy and Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CB09780511659959. Waterson, Jim. 2018. “Clickbait and Skripal Jokes: Russia’s RT Thrives Online.” Guardian, May 3, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/may/03/clickbait -and-skripal-jokes-how-russias-rt-is-growing-online. Waterson, Jim. 2019. “RT Fined £200,000 for Breaching Impartiality Rules.” Guardian, July 26, sec. Media, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/jul/26/rt-fined -breaching-impartiality-rules-ofcom. Way, Lucan. 2022. “The Rebirth of the Liberal Order?” Journal of Democracy (blog),
March 21. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/the-rebirth-of-the-liberal-world -order/. Whitmore, Brian. 2017. “The “Russophobia” Weapon.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. May 9, sec. The Power Vertical. https://www.rferl.Org/a/the-russophobia-weapon /28476678.html.
REFERENCES 313 Wijermars, Mariëlle. 2021. “Russia’s Law ‘on News Aggregators’: Control the News Feed, Control the News?” Journalism 22 (12): 2938-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488 4921990917. Willems, Michiel. 2022. “Russia Blocks BBC after Fierce Kremlin Criticism and RT Ban across Europe.” CityAM. March 4. https://www.cityam.com/russia-blocks-bbc -after-fierce-kremlin-criticism-and-rt-ban-across-europe/. Williams, Bruce, and Michael Delli Carpini. 2012. After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy and the New Information Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni versity Press. Williams, Kieren. 2022. “Kremlin Says Boris Johnson Is Public Enemy Number One and ‘Most Anti-Russian.’” Mirror, March 25, sec. UK News, https://www.mirror.co.uk /news/uk-news/kremlin-says-boris-johnson-public-26552758. Wintour, Patrick. 2022. "Negative Views of Russia Mainly Limited to Western Liberal Democracies, Poll Shows.” Guardian, May 30, sec. World News. https://www .theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/negative-views-of-russia-mainly-limited -to-western-liberal-democracies-poll-shows. WION. 2022. “Found 30 Biological Labs in Ukraine, Possibly for Bioweapons, Claim Rus sian Forces.” March 8. https://www.wionews.com/world/found-30-biological-labs -in-ukraine-possibly-for-bioweapons-claim-russian-forces-460189. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations: The German Text with a Revised English Translation. Oxford: Blackwell. Wright, Kate, Martin Scott, and Mel Bunce. 2020. “Soft Power, Hard News: How Journal ists at State-Funded Transnational Media Legitimize Their Work.”
International Journal ofPress/Politics 25 (4): 607-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220922832. Xiao, Muyi, Paul Mozur, and Gray Beltran. 2021. “Buying Influence: How China Manipu lates Facebook and Twitter.” New York Times, December 20, sec. Technology. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/20/technology/china-facebook -twitter-influence-manipulation.html. Yablokov, Ilya. 2015. “Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT).” Politics 35 (3-4): 301-15. https://doi.org/10.llll/1467-9256 .12097. Yablokov, Ilya. 2016. “Russian Journalism’s Double White Lines.” Open Democracy (blog), July 22. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/russian-media-s-double-white -lines/. Yablokov, Ilya. 2018. Fortress Russia: Conspiracy Theories in Post-Soviet Russia. Cam bridge: Polity Press. Yablokov, Ilya. 2021. “There’s a Reason Putin Keeps Winning.” New York Times, Septem ber 19, sec. Opinion, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/opinion/putin-russia -election.html. Yablokov, Ilya, and Precious N. Chatterje-Doody. 2022. Russia Today and Conspiracy Theories: People, Power and Politics on RT. London: Routledge. Yablokov, Ilya, and Elisabeth Schimpfössl. 2021. “A Brief History of News Making in Russia.” Journalism 22 (12): 2895-905. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920941951 . Yaffa, Joshua. 2020. Between Two Fires: Truth, Ambition, and Compromise in Putins Rus sia. London: Granta. Yakovenko, Igor. 2022. “Raspad Rossii uzhe neizbezhen.” Ver v sebia. YouTube video. May 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYaOfmjn2zw. Yang, Maya. 2022. “More than 40% in
US Do Not Believe Biden Legitimately Won Election—Poll.” Guardian, January 5, sec. US News, https://www.theguardian.com /us-news/2022/jan/05/america-biden-election-2020-poll-victory.
314 REFERENCES Yesil, Bilge. 2016. Media in New Turkey: The Origins of an Authoritarian Neoliberal State. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Yesil, Bilge. 2021. “Social Media Manipulation in Turkey: Actors, Tactics, Targets.” In The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism, edited by Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord, 386-96. London: Routledge. Younge, Gary. 2022. “The War in Ukraine Has Exposed the West’s Refugee Hypocrisy.” Prospect Magazine, April 7. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/the -war-in-ukraine-has-exposed-the-wests-refugee-hypocrisy. Yurchak, Alexei. 2006. Everything Was Forever until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Gen eration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Zakharova, Gulnara. 2022. “RT France as an ‘Alternative’ Media Outlet for the Extreme Right Communities in France: An Audience Study of YouTube Comments.” For (e) Dialogue 4 (1): 1-29. Zassoursky, Ivan. 2016. Media and Power in Post-Soviet Russia. London: Routledge. Zavadski, Katie. 2017. “Putin’s Propaganda TV Lies about Its Popularity.” Daily Beast, April 14, sec. World, https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/17/putin-s -propaganda-tv-lies-about-ratings. Zinchenko, Oksana. 2022. “Na rossiiskom televidenii pokazali karty Ukrainy s ‘podarennymi’ zemlyami ot rossiyskikh tsarei.” TSN Ukraine. February 23. https://tsn.ua /ru/ukrayina/na-rossiyskom-televidenii-pokazali-kartu-ukrainy-s-podarennymi -zemlyami-ot-russkih-carey-1985116.html. Zittrain, Jonathan. 2017. “‘Netwar’: The Unwelcome Militarization of the Internet Has Arrived.” Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists 73 (5): 300-304. https://doi.Org/10.1080/0 0963402.2017.1362907. 2izek, Slavoj. 2021a. “The Difference between ‘Woke’ and a True Awakening.” RT, June 10. https://www.rt.com/op-ed/526235-zizek-woke-cancel-culture-awakening/. 2izek, Slavoj. 2021b. “The Global Capitalist Order is Approaching a Crisis Again, and the Vanished Radical Order Has to Be Resuscitated.” RT, August 3. https://www.rt .com/op-ed/530988-slavoj-zizek-capitalist-order-crisis/. 2izek, Slavoj. 2022. “War in a World That Stands for Nothing.” Project Syndicate (blog), April 18. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/russia-ukraine-war-high lights-truths-about-global-capitalism-by-slavoj-zizek-2022-04. Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age ofSurveillance Capitalism. London: Profile Books. Zvereva, Vera. 2020. “Trolling as a Digital Literary Practice in the Russian Language In ternet” Russian Literature, Popular Literary Practices in Russia, 118 (November): 107-40. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.ruslit.2020.ll.005.
Index #1917Live project, 184-85, 250 1984 (Orwell), 111 2016 US presidential election, disinformation about, 36 2018 World Cup, Russia hosting of audience perceptions about, 166 in RT International stories, 79, 82, 87 2019 EU elections, RT coverage of Brexit in, 107, 112-13 conceptual framework for, 102-4 curation practices for, 100 digital assault during, 105-6 elective affinities, 102-3 Euroskepticism in, 106 Kremlin directives for, 106-7 mainstreaming of, 112-13 methodology for, 104-5 performative aspect of, 106 populism and, 102, 115-19 reciprocity dynamic in, 117-19 RT France, 104,106-16 RT German, 105, 109-10, 113-16 RT Russian, 105, 111-12, 115 RT Spanish, 105, 107,109-12, 114-15 RTUK, 105-8,111-17 Russian interference in, 106-7,113-15, 119 Russophobia grievances in, 116,118 self-identification as alt-media, 110-13 social media forms and, 102 social media output, 104 sources for, 104-5 subversion of mainstream journalism, 102 transnational populism and, 107-10 Twitter and, 104 Ukraine war and, 113-15 2020 US presidential election, Russian disinformation campaigns during, 36 Photos are indicated by an italicized page number; Tables are indicated by t, Figures are indicated by f affective economies, 187 Afghanistan, 47-48 Africa RT France in, 66 RT International in, 66 Russian involvement in, 47 Russia Today in, 21, 160 Afrique Media, 56 Ahmed, Sara, 187 Albats, Yevgeniya, 270n9 alternative media Russia Today positioned as, 14,24,110-13 US-style, 12 “alternative” voices RT International, 94-96 RT Spanish and, 95 Amnesty International, 220 Amouzou, Lilaafa, 110 ANSWER
coalition, 96 anti-cosmopolitanism, 103-4 Anti-Fake show, 217-18 anti-imperialism, geopolitics of, 226-28 anti-liberalism, 212-13 “Anti-Russia,” Ukraine as, 205-6 anti-woke sentiments, 269n2 audience perceptions about, 177-78 al-Assad, Bashar, 9 Assange, Julian, 55, 91 astroturfing, 45 audience perceptions, for Russia Today 2018 World Cup in Russia, 166 anti-woke sentiments and, 177-78 on balance of stories, 175-76 brand imaging approaches, 165-67 for conspiracy theories, 175-76 as consumers of international news, 178-80 development of, 164-65 digital skeptics, 169-70 discord and, 181-82 about disinformation, 181, 185-88, 190 Distant Observers category, 183 Eurocentrism and, 179-80 function and purpose of, 165 identity grievances and, 168 315
316 INDEX audience perceptions, for Russia Today (continued) for impartiality, 174 in India, 171 about journalistic objectivity, 170 in Latin America, 171 localization factors, 173 media effects paradigm for, 168 media literacy and, 177-78 methodological framework for, 167-69 in Middle East, 171 mistrust of Western mainstream media, 166, 170-74 about propaganda, 181,186 qualitative data on, 165 about relationship with Russian state, 180-81 after Russian invasion of Ukraine, 167 on Russophobia, 176-78 snowballing techniques for, 167 soft power and, 166-67 on subversion of journalistic norms, 183-85 in Sweden, 168-70, 172, 176 through Twitter usage, 167 in UK, 166, 169 audiences, for Russia Today, 59,76 Anglophone content and, 142 bots and, 144-45 English-language social media followers, 143-59, 150f, 152f expansion of, 21 on Facebook, 139-40,143, 148-59, 150f, 152f interactions with media organizations, 142-43 international comparative context for, 157-59 limited engagement for, 144 males as part of, 144-45 methodological approaches to measurement of, 139-40 participatory, 249-53 public perceptions of, 140-43 research on, 140-43 response to Russian invasion of Ukraine, 159-63 "Russia report” on, 140-41 for Salisbury poisonings story, 132-34 shared interests for, 145-46 on social media, 139-40, 143-59, 150f, 152f social network analysis techniques for, 143-44 soft news and, 145-46 targeting of, 142 on Twitter, 139-40, 143-49, 147t viewers’ reactions to Simonyan’s interview, 139 YouTube and,143 authoritarian nationalism, 11 under Erdogan, 39 authoritarian propaganda, 191-92
authoritarian regimes communication practices in, 42 digital, 117 incentives in, 47 public loyalty and support as foundation of, 43 authoritarian states, 3. See also specific states Balkan region, Russia Today in, 66 BBC Breaking News, 145 BBC World Service (WS), 70,145, 214, 227 Beyond 100 Days, 130 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 funding for, 64-65 international reputation of, 179 mission of, 15, 52,63 mistrust of, 173-74 Newsnight, 136 Ofcom and, 13, 59, 76, 100 political biases of, 174 Question Time, 135 RT International compared to, 80 Russia Today compared to, 53 Becker, Brian, 96 Beeley, Vanessa, 95 Bernstein, Joseph, 248-49 Beyond 100 Days, 130 Biden, Joe, 38 Birrell, Ian, 141 Blair, Tony, 225 bootstrap epistemology, 251 Borell, Josef, 107 Boshirov, Ruslan, 132-33 bots, audiences for Russia Today and, 144-45 Boyko, Oksana, 34, 135 Brand, Russel, 180 Breaking the Set, 55 Breitbart News Network, 38,56, 229 Brexit. See also Farage, Nigel in 2019 EU election coverage, 107,112-13 disinformation about, 36 on RT International, 79, 82, 84, 90, 92-93 xenophobic agenda of, 100-101 British Broadcasting Corporation. See BBC World Service
INDEX broadcast journalism. See also specific topics hyperpartisan outlets negative response to, 38 methodological approaches to, 15-16 multiplicity aspects of, 15-16 truth in, 15 Brubaker, Rogers, 83,102 Bush, George W„ 225 Butina, Maria, 57 Byline Times, 245-46, 249, 272nl2 Cameroon, 56 cancel culture, disinformation about, 219-22 capitalism, free-market, 3 Carlson, Tucker, 203, 228, 230 Catherine the Great, 199-200 censorship under dictatorships, 31 in Russia, 48 CGTN network, in China, 55 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 mission statement for, 64 Chakrabortty, Aditya, 224 Channel 1 (Russia), 28, 34, 53 Ofcom and, 135 Salisbury poisonings story on, 127-28, 133-35 China, 31 CGTN network in, 55, 64 disinformation campaign by, 271n5 citizen sources of news, on RT International, 96-99 Clegg, Nick, 245 Clinton, Bill, 44-45 CNN, 42, 70,146, 227 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 international reputation of, 179 mistrust of, 173 coding, of stories, on RT International, 80 Cohen, Nick, 164 Cold War era. See also “New Cold War” imperialism during, 201 othering of Soviet Union during, 7-8,11-13 soft power and, 51-52 colonialism conceptual meanings of, 196 disinformation on, 195-98 conspiracy culture, conspiracy theories and, 93 COVID-19 pandemic and, 9, 237-38 disinformation about, 228-35 echo chambers in, 272nl2 filter bubbles in, 272nl2 RT Arabic and, 242 317 among RT audiences, 175-76 Russia Today and, 229 contingency, 253-55 conversational violence, 96 Corbyn, Jeremy, 107, 178 counter-disinformation strategies, 192, 206-11,241,244 COVID-19 pandemic conspiracy theories about, 9,
237-38 infodemic during, 11 misinformation on, 100 origins of, 9 on RT Spanish, 100 Sputnik V vaccine, 8 Crimea, Russian annexation of, 5, 34, 56-57 disinformation about, 210 CrossTalk, 95 CrowdTangle, 143, 157, 160 cultural diplomacy for Russia, 53 for Soviet Union, 51 cultural racism, 219 curation of stories, by RT International, 80-88 cyberattacks, in Estonia, 45 cyberhacking, by Russia, 5 Dailey, Jacob, 162 Daily Caller, 38 Daily Express, 130, 239 Daily Mail, 1,229,237 Daily Sceptic, 229 Daily Telegraph, 1-2,214 data collection, by RT International, 78-80 Davies, William, 55 Davis, Evan, 130 decolonization conceptual meanings of, 196 disinformation about, 195-98, 209-10 in RT International stories, 179-98 deep mediatization, for Salisbury poisonings, 122 Delaney, Sam, 69,136 democracy, 267nl liberal, 3,10-11,20 media content and, 76 Democracy Now, 180 “de-Ukrainization,” 200-201, 223-25 Deutsche Welle (DW), 63, 117 dictatorships, 267nl direct censorship in, 31 legitimization of, 29 media logic and, 29-32 spin, 29, 31
318 INDEX digital authoritarianism, 117 digital information as disinformation, 37 as misinformation, 37 RT capacity for, 16 digital populism, 19 disinformation about 2016 US presidential election, 36 about 2020 US presidential election, 36 as alternative reality, 216-19 audience perceptions about, 181, 185-88, 190 about big pharma, 247-49 about Brexit, 36 about cancel culture, 219-22 about cancellation of Russian culture, 208-9 by China, 271n5 about collective West, 202-3 about colonialism, 195-98 as conceptual term, 267n4 about conspiracy theories, 228-35 counter-disinformation strategies, 192, 206-11,241,244 about decolonization, 195-98,209-10 definition of, 1 digital transmission of, 37 discursive inversions for, 206 emotional element of, 191 expansions of concept, 1 feedback loops for, 211 about genocide, 208 about geopolitics of anti-imperialism, 226-28 as global issue, 189 historical frameworks for, 191 about liberalism, 219-22 methodological approach to, 192-95 misinformation as distinct from, 1 pro-Kremlin, 190 by Putin, 1, 192-93 quantitative analysis of, 230-35, 230f, 231f research sources for, 192-95 by right-wing US media, 192 Russia and, 5 about Russian annexation of Crimea, 210 Russian etymology for, 12 about Russian imperialism, 198-202 during Russian invasion of Ukraine, 10, 36, 217,222-26 Russia Today and, 73,169 state-sponsored, 190 transnationality of, 31 truth regimes and, 246-48 about Ukraine as historical Russia, 203-5 by US right-wing elements, 7 in war narratives, 203-6 documentaries, RT International and, 85 Dore, Jimmy, 180 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 218
Dozhd channel (Russia), 28, 32-33 as oppositional media, 29 DW. See Deutsche Welle East Asia. See also China authoritarian regimes in, 42 Eastern Europe, Russian threat to, 7 echo chambers, 272nl2 election interference, in democratic nation-states in EU elections, 22 in mainstream media, 9-10 in newspapers, 6 by Russia, 5 in UK, 6 in US, 6 Epoch Times, 229 Erdogan, Recip Tayyip, 39 Ernst, Konstantin, 34 Estonia, Russian cyberattacks in, 45 EU. See European Union EU elections, Russian interference in, 22 Eurasia, authoritarian regimes in, 42 Eurocentrism, 179-80 European Union (EU). See also 2019 EU elections; specific RT networks elitism and, 107 General Data Protection Regulation in, 168 Muslims as oriental Other in, 12 othering of, 108 in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 90, 98 Euroskepticism, in 2019 EU election coverage, 106 Eurovision song contest, 53 exclusionism, nationalist, 104 expert presenters, on RT International, 93-99 Facebook audiences for Russia Today on, 139-40, 143, 148-59,150f, 152f BBC World Service and, 157-59 CGTN network and, 157-59 CNN and, 157-59 Al Jazeera and, 157-59 RT Arabic and, 152-53, 153t, 158-59 RT International and, 154, 156-57,156t
INDEX RT Spanish and, 153-54, 155t, 159 Russia Today on, 56 fake news, Trump weaponization of, 243 Farage, Nigel, 101,178 far left media, in US, Grayzone, 56 fascism, 195 Russian, 207 Federal Agency on Press and Communica tions, in Russia, 54 feedback loops, for disinformation, 211 filter bubbles, 272nl2 “follower fishing,” 268n7 Foreign Policy, 226 Foucault, Michel, 247 Fox News, 38, 119, 229 as partisan media, 42, 44 France. See also RT France “Le Souverainisme” practices in, 106 sovereigntism in, 109 France 24,63,227 free-market capitalism, liberal world order and, 3 Galloway, George, 41,67, 160, 180 Garton Ash, Timothy, 223-24 Gateway Pundit, 38 “Gaza March of Return,” 91 Gazprom, 33 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), in EU, 168 genocide, 195 disinformation about, 208 Geopolitica, 229, 232-33 Georgia, 213 color revolutions in, 36-37 Germany. See also RT German Russian invasion of Ukraine and, 7 globalization digital technology as influence on, 11 nationalism and, 11 of propaganda, 33 Global South. See also Africa; Latin America Al Jazeera coverage of, 85 RT International coverage of, 82-83, 85 Global Times, 229 Grayzone, 56,229 The Great Game, 201 Great Replacement conspiracy, 109 Greene, Marjorie Taylor, 203 Grey, Earl, 180 Guardian, 1, 214,228 international reputation of, 179-80 Russian interference in US elections in, 6 on Russian propaganda, 10 319 hard state propaganda, 268n8 Harper’s Magazine, 248-49 Harris, John, 220 “historical Russia,” 201, 208-9 Hitler, Adolf, 8 Hopkins, Katie, 178 hybrid warfare, 8, 17, 243 limitations of, 22 IBs, in Western world,
Al Jazeera as alterna tive to, 45 #ICYMI series, 92 identity, formation of, Russia Today and, 77 identity grievances, 168 identity politics, Russia Today and, 77-78 ideology, for liberal world order, 3 Idov, Mikhail, 41 illiberal populism, 20 Ilyn, Ivan, 200 immigration issues, in RT International stories, 77 imperialism. See also colonialism during Cold War era, 201 “de-Ukrainization” and, 200-201 disinformation about, 198-202 geopolitics of anti-imperialism, 226-28 NATO and, 199 under Putin, 199-200 Russian, 198-202 Independent, international reputation of, 179 India, Russia Today in, 21, 171 India Today, 55 infodemic, 272nl5 during COVID-19 pandemic, 11, 255 information war, 8, 236, 241-43 during Cold War era, 30 conceptualization of, 30 limitations of, 16-18 mainstream media and, 30 mediatization and, 18 militaristic approaches to, 51 military transmission model, 16 by political leaders, 18 by Russia, 22, 74 Salisbury poisonings and, 121 on social media, 237-39 by states, 18-19 on Twitter, 237-39 information warfare narratives, 73 infotainment packages, for RT International, 93 Infowars, 38, 229-30, 232 Insider, 246, 272nll insinuation strategies, for RT International, 89-93
320 INDEX Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), 162 intercoder reliability testing, for RT Interna tional, 78-79 Interdit d’Interdire, 112 Internet Research Agency (IRA), 41 Inter-State Treaty, 193, 205 IRA. See Internet Research Agency Iran, 31 ISD. See Institute for Strategic Dialogue Is It Propaganda or Not?, 230-32 Islamophobia, 178 Al Jazeera, 64 English-language service for, 45 Facebook engagement and, 157-59 Global South coverage by, 85 international reputation of, 179-80 RT International compared to, 80 Johnson, Boris, 127, 131, 221 Journal de Dimanche, 66 Journal ofDemocracy, 235 Karaganov, Sergei, 193, 197 Katehon, 229 Katkov, Mikhail, 200 Keiser, Max, 148 The Keiser Report, 148,179 Kemp, Ross, 184 Kholmogorov, Egor, 200 King, Larry, 12, 67 Kiriakou, John, 96 Kortunov, Andrey, 201-2 Krasovsky, Anton, 67, 267n3 Kurz, Sebastian, 106 Kuzmanovic, Djordje, 106 Laclau, Ernesto, 103-4 Latin America. See also RT Spanish audience perceptions of Russia Today in, 171 authoritarian regimes in, 42 Russia Today in, 21 Telesur channel, 55 Laughland, John, 108, 116 Lavelle, Peter, 66-67, 95 Lebedev, Evgenii, 221 Le Pen, Marine, 101, 106,118 Lesin, Mikhail, 54 Lévy, Bernard-Henri, 110 Lévy, Pierre, 108-9, 116 liberal democracy, 20, 121-22 as conceptual term, 3 contradictions within, 236 neoliberal models, 10-11 liberalism. See also anti-liberalism disinformation about, 219-22 structural, 3 liberal world order. See also Western democracy co-creation process of, 3-4 definitions of, 3 disinformation about, 212-13, 214-16 free-market capitalism and, 3 ideological foundations of, 3
Putin as opponent of, 2-3, 220-21, 234-35 restoration of, 253-55 rule system in, 2-3 Russian invasion of Ukraine and, 25 Russian invasion of Ukraine as war on, 212-13 scope of, 2-3 structural liberalism and, 3 Western democracy and, 2-3 libertarianism, Russia Today’s embrace of, 10 Litvinenko, Aleksandr, 135 Litvinenko, Walter, 135 Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 28 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 203 MacDonald, Bryant, 41, 71-72, 267 Macron, Emmanuel, 83, 93 RT France and, 59 MailOnline, 130 mainstream media (MSM). See also alternative media; specific sources election interference stories in, 9-10 hegemony of, 14 information war and, 30 mistrust of, 166,170-74 Russia Today as alternative to, 14, 24, 55, 59 Russia Today as distinct from, 54 Trump collusion with Putin in, 9 Malia, Martin, 117 Mali Actu, 56 manipulative smart power, 52 Martin, Abby, 55, 61, 67 Mason, Paul, 221 May, Theresa, 111, 120 mediacentricity, of Salisbury poisonings, 127-28 media effects paradigm, 168 media literacy, for Russia Today audiences, 177-78 media logic dictatorships and, 29-32 Salisbury poisonings and, 126-32 media space, in US asymmetrical structure of, 38 vulnerability of, 6-7
INDEX mediated populism, 19-20 mediatization assemblages and, 244-47 information war and, 18-19 liberal states and, 244-47 neoliberalism and, 50-51 populism, 19-22 RT engagement with, 75 theory of, 122-25 Medinsky, Vladimir, 193 Meduza (news agency), 32-33 Medvedev, Dmitry, 51 Mélenchon, Jean-Luc, 106 MENA. See Middle East and North Africa Region Mercouris, Alexander, 95, 180 Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA). See also RT Arabic audience perceptions about, 171 authoritarian regimes in, 42 in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 89-90,98 RT Today in, 21 Russian involvement in, 47 migration stories for RT International, 87 on RT UK, 108 military transmission model, 16 Mironiuk, Svetlana, 54 Mirror, 130 mirror effect, in Salisbury poisonings story, 128-30 mirroring effect reverse-mirroring strategy, 137 in Salisbury poisonings story, 128-30 misinformation definition of, 1 digital transmission of, 37 disinformation as distinct from, 1 US as “misinformation society,” 17-18 Monbiot, George, 246 Moon of Alabama, 95 Moore, Rowan, 222 Mourinho, José, 12 MSM. See mainstream media multipolar world narrative, for RT, 55, 73 Murray, Craig, 95 Muslims, as oriental Other, 12 “narrative switching,” 268n7 nationalism authoritarian, 11, 39 exclusionism and, 104 globalization and, 11 321 nationalist exclusionism. See exclusionism nation-states, information war and, 18-19 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navalny, Alexei ban from RT, 60 protests over, 32-33, 57 Nazism, 195 “denazification of Ukraine,” 7, 196 negative soft power, 52 neoauthoritarian states, Salisbury
poisonings story in, 136 neoliberalism mediatization and, 50-51 models for, 10-11 Netrebko, Anna, 220 Network Contagion Research Centre, 228 Nevelskoy, Gennady, 200 New Atlas, 180 “New Cold War,” 51 new media, populism and, 18 News Front, 229 news gathering methodology, by RT International, 78-80 Newsmax, 42, 229 Newsnight, 136 Newsweek, 214 New York Times, 145, 268n6 Nikolov, Aleksei, 61 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 114, 221,238 BBC and, 173 CNN and, 173 imperialism and, 199 Russian aggression against, 8 Novaya gazeta, 28-29, 33, 195 Nye, Joseph, 51-52 Obama, Barack, 45, 145-46 Occupy Movement, 61 Ofcom, 13, 59, 76, 100 Channel 1 and, 135 Russia Today broadcast license revoked by, 128, 182,216 Open Democracy, 214, 220 oppositional soft power, 52 Orban, Viktor, 101, 223 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 214 Orwell, George, 111 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Otherness of European Union, 108 of Muslims, 12
322 INDEX Otherness (continued) recursivity and, 253-55 of Russia, 7-8,11-13 Ovsiannikova, Maria, 61 patriotism, Russia Today and, 52 Petrov, Aleksandr, 132-33 Pie, Jonathan, 184 Pivovarov, Yuri, 270n9 Poland, 226 political leaders, information war practiced by, 18 political scandals. See scandals Politico, 215 populism 2019 EU election coverage and, 102, 115-19 digital, 19 illiberal, 20 Laclau on, 104 mediated, 19-20 mediatization of, 19-22 new media practices and, 18 right-wing, 19 scope of, 20 transnational, 103 positivism, positivist paradigms and, reality and, 2 “posttruth,” 11 power. See manipulative smart power; soft power Press TV, 64 Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 56 propaganda anti-Western, 9 audience perceptions about, 181,186 authoritarian, 191-92 definition of, 2 globalization of, 33 hard state, 268n8 monetization of, 33 as public diplomacy, 51 rewired, 2, 269nl about Russian invasion of Ukraine, 6, 7 as soft power, 10 Prospect Magazine, 214 protests Occupy Movement, 61 over Navalny, 32-33, 57 in Russia, 32-33 Yellow Vest movement, 60, 83 Putin, Vladimir. See also election interference; Russian invasion of Ukraine disinformation under, 1, 192-93 imperialism under, 199-200 liberal order opposed by, 2-3,220-21,234-35 public diplomacy for, 51 on purge of “national traitors,” 48 Rossiia Segodnia agency created by, 57 on Salisbury poisonings, 132-34 on soft power, 52-53 Trump and, 9 QAnon conspiracy, 148 “Question More” campaign, for RT, 55, 72-73, 192 Question Time, 135 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), 10,51 Rattansi, Afshin, 135 reality, positivism and, 2 Rebel
News, 229, 231 recursivity. Otherness and, 253-55 Redacted, 180 relativism, relativist principles and, Russian state narratives and, 2 Republican Party, in US, astroturfing by, 45 Reuters, 146 reverse-mirroring strategy, in Salisbury poisonings story, 137 rewired propaganda, 2,269nl RFE/RL. See Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty RIA Novosti, 28, 47, 54, 194, 199-200. See also TV-Novosti right-wing media, in US Breitbart News Network, 38,56, 229 Daily Caller, 38 disinformation by, 192 Fox News, 38,42,44,119,229 Infowars, 38 Newsmax, 42, 229 oversight of “active measures” in, 43-44 Russian anti-liberalism and, 212-13 Russia Today and, 56 right-wing populism, 19 Ritter, Scott, 180 Roberts, Paul Craig, 180 Rossiia Segodnia agency, in Russia, 57 RT. See Russia Today RT 360, 149 RT America, social media and, 150-51 RT Arabic audience decline for, 161 conspiracy theories and, 242 COVID-19 pandemic stories, 152-53 Facebook users and, 152-53, 153t, 158-59 ratings placement, 163 social media and, 149-53
INDEX RT Documentary, 149 RT France, 269n2 2019 EU election coverage, 104, 106-16 cancel culture and, 221 expansion into African markets, 66 Great Replacement conspiracy and, 109 journalistic balance of, 65 journalistic credibility of, 72 Macron and, 59 othering of EU on, 108 social media and, 150 sovereigntism and, 109 termination of operations for, 60 Trump stories in, 119 website for, 60-61 Yellow Vest movement protests, 60 RT German, 267n3 2019 EU election coverage, 105, 109-10, 113-16 broadcasting license requests by, 100 social media and, 150-51 RT International, 270nl4 2018 World Cup in Russia and, 79,82, 87 in African markets, 66 “alternative” voices on, 94-96 ancillary programming and, 78 audience decline for, 161 BBC World News compared to, 80 Brexit stories, 79, 82, 84, 90, 92-93 cancel culture and, 221 citizen sources of news, 96-99 coding of stories, 80 conspiracy culture and, 93 context-setting as insinuation strategy, 91 as counterhegemonic provider, 88 critical/negative portrayals of Russia, 88 curation of stories, 80-88 data collection by, 78-80 decolonization stories on, 179-98 deprioritization of Ukraine war, 28-29 disaster stories, 82 documentary wing of, 85 EU stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 90, 98 as expert authority, 82, 84 expert presenters on, 93-99 Facebook users on, 154, 156-57, 156t as flagship service, 76-77 “Gaza March of Return,” 91 geographical focus for, 82-85, 82f Global South coverage, 82-83, 85 immigration issues as focus of, 77 informal communicative practices as insinuation strategy, 91-93 infotainment packages, 93 323 insinuation strategies,
89-93 intercoder reliability testing and, 78-79 Islam issues as focus of, 77 Al Jazeera compared to, 80 journalistic balance of, 65 lack of coverage on Russian topics, 84 MENA stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 89-90, 98 methodology of news gathering by, 78-80 migration stories, 87 multiculturalism stories, 82 newsworthiness criteria, 88 nongovernmental organizations in stories, 86 outsider status of, 98 partisan think tanks used by, 94 political correctness stories, 82,87 political reporting by, 79-80 preplanned media events on, 87 promotion of masculinity on, 154, 156-57 repeated frames as insinuation strategy, 89-91 Russian invasion of Ukraine coverage, 99 Russian military coverage on, 87-88 Russophobia stories, 82, 84 Salisbury poisonings and, 79, 82, 84 social commentary on, 82 soft power broadcasting, 80 sourcing of commentators, 94 story prompts on, 86-88 strategic humor used on, 92-93 terrorism as focus of, 77, 79 topics curated by, 80-82, 81t, 84t Trump stories on, 92 UK-EU relations, 90 Ukraine stories, 85 UK stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 98 US stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 91 Western accounts of, 76 whistleblower stories, 86 RT Play, 149 RT Russian 2019 EU election coverage, 105, 111-12,115 cancel culture and, 221 social media and, 150 RT Spanish, 82-83 2019 EU election coverage, 105, 107, 109-12, 114-15 “alternative” voices on, 95 COVID-19 misinformation on, 100 Facebook and, 153-54, 155t, 159 social media users and, 149 soft news on, 153-54 viral videos on, 153-54 RT Sport, 149
324 INDEX RT UK 2019 EU election coverage, 105-8, 111-17 audience perceptions about, 166, 169 journalistic balance of, 65 The Keiser Report, 148 migration stories in, 108 social media and, 150-51 Trump stories in, 119 Rumble, 180 Rumor Mill, 180 Runet, 43 Russia aggression against NATO, 8 alliances with African nations, 47 alliances with Middle East nations, 47 annexation of Crimea, 5, 34, 56-57 anti-fake news legislation in, 61 anti-LGBTQ legislation in, 67 anti-liberalism in, 212-13 anti-Western propaganda machine, 9 censorship in, 48 Channel 1 in, 28, 34, 53 cultural diplomacy for, 53 cyberhacking, 5 disinformation campaigns by, 5 in Donbas region, 207-8 Dozhd channel in, 28-29, 32-33 electoral interference in democratic nations, 5-6 Federal Agency on Press and Communica tions in, 54 information war by, 22, 74 interference in 2019 EU elections, 106-7, 113-15, 119 Internet Research Agency in, 41 Inter-State Treaty, 193, 205 media regime in, 37,40-45 myths about cancellation of Russian culture, 208-9 Navalny protests in, 32-33, 57 othering after Cold War era, 7-8, 11-13 politics before 2022, 32-36 regional protests in, 32-33 Salisbury poisoning narratives, 121, 131-32 soft power in, 17, 51-53, 196 as spin dictatorship, 46,49 Sputnik news agency, 58 state-sponsored poisonings, 5 status in global media ecology (pre-2022), 36-40 talk shows in, 48 television as predominant news source in, 193-94 as threat to Eastern Europe, 7 as threat to liberal order, 6 Trump and, 7 “two-system” politics in, 34 use of media in, 22-23 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 3, 24 2019 EU election
coverage and, 113-15 audience perceptions of, 167 “denazification of Ukraine” as justification of, 7 disinformation campaigns during, 10, 36 disinformation during, 10, 36,217,222-26 Germany and, 7 in Guardian, 6 liberal order and, 25 propaganda about, 7 RT audiences’ response to, 159-63 RT banned after, 46, 169 in RT International coverage, 99 RT International deprioritization of, 28-29 Russian life Impacted by, 27 Simonyan’s endorsement of, 65 as special military operation, 25,46-47, 49, 137,215 “Russia report," 140-41 Russia Today (RT), 233f. See also 2019 EU elections; Simonyan, Margarita; specific national subsidiaries; specific topics advertising campaigns for, 58-59 in Africa, 21, 160 as aggregator of world news services, 14 as alternative to Western mainstream media, 14,24,55, 59, 110-13 audience figures for, 59, 76 audience in UK, 76 in Balkans, 66 banned after Russian invasion of Ukraine, 46, 169 ban on Navalny mentions on, 60 as black sheep of international media sources, 63-66 CGTN as partner with, 55 claims of journalistic impartiality by, 59 collaboration with Russian intelligence services, 24, 72 communications model for, 40 conspiracy theories and, 229 counterhegemony of, 24 deceptive practices of, 13 digital information and, 16 as disinformation actor, 73, 169 as distinct from mainstream media, 54 employees and staffing, 58,61, 68-69, 68t
INDEX engagement with mediatization, 75, 77 epistemology of, 14-15 evolution of, 27 expansion of audience, 21 experimental identity creation through, 77 as explanatory model, 23 Facebook presence for, 56 fact-checking for, 62 Farage on, 101 fear-based management approaches for, 71 global expansion of, 54-55, 58 global positioning by, 76 grassroots activism appropriated by, 40 history of, 54-58 in horizontal network of nonstate actors, 72-73 #ICYMI series, 92 identity politics and, 77-78 in India, 21 information warfare narratives, 73 in Latin America, 21 legal cases against, 100 Le Pen on, 101 libertarianism embraced by, 10 Maidan sniper story, 57 methodological approach to, 4,15-16, 50-51 in Middle East and North Africa Region, 21 mission statement for, 52, 64 as multilingual news provider, 14,22-23 multiplicity for, 15-16 multipolar world narrative for, 55, 73 Ofcom investigation into, 128, 182, 216 operating environment and structure of, 14, 58-63, 62t Orban on, 101 organizational behavior for, 67 pariah status of, 26,102, 117-19,240, 255 as patriotic tool, 52 political context for, 11-13 populist repertoire in, 20 premature demise of, 25 “Question More” campaign, 55,72-73,192 ratings for, 60 rebranding of, 55 revocation of broadcast license, 182, 185-86,216 right-wing US news media and, 56 Russia as “other” and, 7-8,11-13 self-scrutiny by, 23-24 soft power and, 52, 65-66 as tool of Russian state messaging, 14 Trump supporters and, 68 325 Twitter and, 59, 139-40, 143-49, 147t, 167 Western accounts of, 76 YouTube presence for, 59 “Russophobia,” 74 audience perceptions
about, 176-78 in RT International stories, 82, 84 in RT’s 2019 EU election coverage, 116, 118 in Russian media’s Salisbury poisonings coverage, 127, 129 Saker, 180 Salisbury poisonings, mediatization and, 9 audiences for, 132-34 battle of narratives over, 121, 131-32 case selection for, 125-26 on Channel 1, 127-28, 133-35 deep mediatization, 122 digital appropriations in, 132-34 foreign policy role in, 127 information war accounts, 121 journalistic agency and, 134-38 journalistic autonomy over, 124 in liberal democratic media ecosystems, 121-22 May and, 120 mediacentricity of, 127-28 media credibility and, 124 media events and, 122-25, 126t media logic and, 126-32 mediated realities and, 123-24 methodological approach to, 125-26 mirroring effect in, 128-30 as national security threat, 126-27 in neoauthoritarian states, 136 nonstate actors and, 132-34 phases of, 122-25 political actors in, 122 Putin’s response to, 132-34 reverse-mirroring strategy, 137 in RT International stories, 79, 82, 84 Russian intelligence agencies and, 120 Russian narratives of, 121, 131-32 Russophobia and, 127,129 Simonyan’s skepticism of, 135-36 social actors in, 122 in social media, 123,131 in state-affiliated media, 124-25 subversion of tradition journalism rules, 130-32 theory of mediatization, 122-25 on Twitter, 131 Western narratives of, 121, 131-32 Salmond, Alex, 41, 67
326 INDEX Sanders, Bernie, 146, 224 scandals, political, 4-5 Schultz, Ed, 67 Shatner, William, 12 Shevchenko, Maksim, 270n9 Simonyan, Margarita, 12, 28, 57 career trajectory for, 54 editor-in-chief position for, 61 endorsement of Russian invasion of Ukraine, 65 on objectivity of state-affiliated journalists, 42 skepticism of Salisbury poisonings, 135-36 viewers’ reactions to Salisbury poisoning interviews, 139,269n3 Singapore, 40 Skripal, Sergei, poisoning of, 9, 28, 120, 129. See also Salisbury poisonings Skripal, Viktoria, 130 Skripal, Yulia, poisoning of, 120, 127 Sky News, 142 smart power. See manipulative smart power snowballing techniques, 167 social media. See also Facebook; Twitter; YouTube 2019 EU elections and, 102, 104 English language audiences for Russia Today, 139-40, 143-59,150f, 152f information war on, 237-39 RT America and, 150 RT Arabic and, 149-51 RT France and, 150 RT German and, 150-51 RT Spanish and, 149-50 RTUK and, 150-51 Salisbury poisonings on, 123,131 soft news audiences for Russia Today and, 145-46 on RT Spanish, 153-54 soft power audience perceptions about, 166-67 Cold War context for, 51-52 negative, 52 oppositional, 52 propaganda as, 10 Putin on, 52-53 RT International and, 80 in Russia, 17, 51-53, 196 Russia Today and, 52,65-66 Sputnik V vaccine as, 10 of UK, 17 Soleimani, Qassem, 154 Soloviev, Vladimir, 200-201 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 205 “Le Souverainisme” practices, in France, 106 sovereigntism in France, 109 “Le Souverainisme” practices, 106 Soviet Union. See also Cold War era in Afghanistan, 47-48 during Cold War era, 7-8 collapse of,
10-11 cultural diplomacy for, 51 media regime in, 40-45 spin dictatorships, 29, 31 Russia as, 46, 49 Sputnik news agency, 58, 168, 227, 229, 232n, 242 Sputnik V vaccine, 8 as soft power project, 10 Starikov, Nikolai, 197 state-sponsored disinformation, 190. See also Russia; Russian invasion of Ukraine; Russia Today state-sponsored journalism. See also Russia Today objectivity of, 42 state-sponsored poisonings. See also Salisbury poisonings; Skripal, Sergei by Russia, 5, 9 Strache, Heinz-Christian, 106 structural liberalism, 3 Stubbs, Ian, 214 Sun, 130 Surkov, Vladislav, 46, 193 Sweden, Russia Today in, audience perceptions about, 168-70, 172, 176 Syria, 213 al-Assad dictatorship in, 9 Syrian war, 22 tabloid journalism. See also specific topics partisan, 31 in UK, 44,130 Taddeï, Frédéric, 67,112 Tatchell, Peter, 178 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 221 technology. See also new media globalization influenced by, 11 Telegram, 29, 46, 58, 207 Telesur channel, in Latin America, 55 terrorism, in RT International stories, 77, 79 Time Magazine, 214, 219 transnationality of disinformation, 31 populism and, 103 Russia and, 77-78
INDEX transnational populism, in 2019 EU election coverage, 107-10 Tretyakov, Vitaly, 201 TRT, in Turkey, 220 Trump, Donald, 145-46. See also 2016 US presidential election; 2020 U.S. presidential election political ascendancy of, 74 Putin and, 9 in RT France, 119 in RT International stories, 92 inRTUK, 119 Russia and, 7 weaponization of fake news, 243 truth in broadcast journalism, 15 “posttruth,” 11 truth regimes, 246-48 Truthseeker, 55 Tsargrad.tv, 229 Turkey, TRT channel in, 220 TV-Novosti, 54 Twitter #1917Live project, 184-85, 250 2019 EU election coverage on, 104 information war on, 237-39 Russia Today and, 59, 139-40, 143-49, 147t, 167 Salisbury poisonings on, 131 UK See United Kingdom Ukraine. See also Russian invasion of Ukraine as “Anti-Russia,” 205-6 color revolutions in, 36-37 definition in Russian state media, 204 “denazification” of, 7, 196 “de-Ukrainization,” 200-201, 223-25 as “historical Russia,” 203-5 Russian invasion of, 3, 6 United Kingdom (UK). See also BBC World Service; Brexit; Ofcom; RT UK in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 98 Russian interference in democratic elections, 6 Russia Today audience in, 76 Sky News, 142 soft power of, 17 tabloid journalism in, 44, 130 United States (US). See also 2016 US presidential election; 2020 US presidential election; Cold War era; far left media; right-wing media; RT America tyssscha Sieatsbibliotenk München 327 astroturfing in, 45 asymmetrical media structure in, 38 free-market capitalism in, 3 hegemony of, 3 as “misinformation society,” 17-18 Occupy Movement, 61 right-wing disinformation campaign in, 7
in RT International stories, 82-85, 82f, 84t, 91 Russian interference in democratic elections, 6 vulnerability of media space, 6-7 vaccines, Sputnik V, 8 Valdai Club, 51 Verhofstadt, Guy, 116-17 viral videos, on RT Spanish, 153-54 Voice of America (VOA), 63 Wagner Group, 56 Wahl, Liz, 67 warfare. See hybrid warfare; information war; Russian invasion of Ukraine; Syrian war Wark, Kirsty, 136 war narratives, disinformation in, 203-6 weaponization, of conceptual term, 8 the Weekly, 79 West, Kanye, 92 Western democracy. See also European Union; United States liberal order and, 2-3 “moral hypocrisy” of, 52-53 whistleblower stories, on RT International, 86 WHO. See World Health Organization Wight, John, 96 World Health Organization (WHO), 9 on infodemics, 272nl5 Worlds Apart (Boyko), 34 WS. See BBC World Service X. See Twitter Yakovenko, Igor, 270n9 Yellow Vest movement, 60, 83 Yeltsin, Boris, 44-45,193 Younge, Gary, 271n7 YouTube, 29 audiences for Russia Today and, 143 Russia Today on, 59 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 197-98 Zero Hedge, 38, 180 Zizek, Slavoj, 56,184 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Tolz, Vera 1959- Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Crilley, Rhys Gillespie, Marie 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123756561 (DE-588)112171143X (DE-588)1233898469 (DE-588)120037519X (DE-588)13758346X |
| author_facet | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Tolz, Vera 1959- Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Crilley, Rhys Gillespie, Marie 1953- |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- |
| author_variant | s c h sc sch v t vt p n c d pnc pncd r c rc m g mg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049910511 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1441778079 (DE-599)KXP1890170968 |
| dewey-full | 070.4/30947 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 070 - Documentary, educational, news media; journalism |
| dewey-raw | 070.4/30947 |
| dewey-search | 070.4/30947 |
| dewey-sort | 270.4 530947 |
| dewey-tens | 070 - Documentary, educational, news media; journalism |
| discipline | Allgemeines |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a22000008c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049910511</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20250117</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">241016s2024 xxu |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781501777639</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-5017-7763-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1441778079</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)KXP1890170968</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">XD-US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">070.4/30947</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hutchings, Stephen C.</subfield><subfield code="d">1957-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)123756561</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order</subfield><subfield code="b">RT as populist pariah</subfield><subfield code="c">Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Ithaca ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2024</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">viii, 327 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT within a global media ecology shaped by populist trends increasingly penetrating the liberal order"</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russia Today</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1073627993</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Fehlinformation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4113529-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Propaganda</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076374-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Informationspolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123427-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Desinformation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4252093-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">RT (Television network) / Influence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Television broadcasting of news / Russia (Federation)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Television broadcasting of news / Western countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Television and politics / Russia (Federation)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Television in propaganda / Russia (Federation)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Disinformation / Political aspects / Russia (Federation)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991-</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russia Today</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1073627993</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Desinformation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4252093-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Propaganda</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076374-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Fehlinformation</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4113529-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Informationspolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123427-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tolz, Vera</subfield><subfield code="d">1959-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)112171143X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Chatterje-Doody, Precious N.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1233898469</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Crilley, Rhys</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)120037519X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gillespie, Marie</subfield><subfield code="d">1953-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)13758346X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, epub</subfield><subfield code="z">9781501777646</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, pdf</subfield><subfield code="z">9781501777653</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Literaturverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20250117</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">070.9</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">471</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">471</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035249285</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV049910511 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-10T11:04:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501777639 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035249285 |
| oclc_num | 1441778079 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | viii, 327 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20250117 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies |
| spelling | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)123756561 aut Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie Ithaca ; London Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press 2024 viii, 327 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies Includes bibliographical references and index "This book illuminates disinformation's relationship with liberal democracy through a comprehensive analysis of the multilingual, multiplatform outputs of, and audience responses to, Russia's international broadcaster, RT, before and after the invasion of Ukraine. It contextualizes RT within a global media ecology shaped by populist trends increasingly penetrating the liberal order" Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 gnd rswk-swf Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd rswk-swf Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 gnd rswk-swf Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf RT (Television network) / Influence Television broadcasting of news / Russia (Federation) Television broadcasting of news / Western countries Television and politics / Russia (Federation) Television in propaganda / Russia (Federation) Disinformation / Political aspects / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 b Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 s Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 s Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 s Tolz, Vera 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)112171143X aut Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Verfasser (DE-588)1233898469 aut Crilley, Rhys Verfasser (DE-588)120037519X aut Gillespie, Marie 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)13758346X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 9781501777646 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, pdf 9781501777653 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hutchings, Stephen C. 1957- Tolz, Vera 1959- Chatterje-Doody, Precious N. Crilley, Rhys Gillespie, Marie 1953- Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 gnd Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 gnd Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1073627993 (DE-588)4113529-5 (DE-588)4076374-2 (DE-588)4123427-3 (DE-588)4252093-9 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah |
| title_auth | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah |
| title_exact_search | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah |
| title_full | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| title_fullStr | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order RT as populist pariah Stephen Hutchings, Vera Tolz, Precious Chatterje-Doody, Rhys Crilley, Marie Gillespie |
| title_short | Russia, disinformation, and the liberal order |
| title_sort | russia disinformation and the liberal order rt as populist pariah |
| title_sub | RT as populist pariah |
| topic | Russia Today (DE-588)1073627993 gnd Fehlinformation (DE-588)4113529-5 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Informationspolitik (DE-588)4123427-3 gnd Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russia Today Fehlinformation Propaganda Informationspolitik Desinformation Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035249285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hutchingsstephenc russiadisinformationandtheliberalorderrtaspopulistpariah AT tolzvera russiadisinformationandtheliberalorderrtaspopulistpariah AT chatterjedoodypreciousn russiadisinformationandtheliberalorderrtaspopulistpariah AT crilleyrhys russiadisinformationandtheliberalorderrtaspopulistpariah AT gillespiemarie russiadisinformationandtheliberalorderrtaspopulistpariah |