The crusade of 1456: texts and documentation in translation
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Toronto ; Buffalo ; London
University of Toronto Press
[2022]
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| Abstract: | "In July 1456, a massive Turkish army settled in before Belgrade, an ancient city at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. The army's leader was the 21-year-old Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, "the Conqueror," who had captured Constantinople only three years before. He now sought to take one of the most strategically important fortifications in all of southeastern Europe. Three weeks later, Mehmed's army was in full retreat, driven from Belgrade by a seasoned Hungarian warlord and his army, along with a ragtag force of ill-equipped crusaders. In The Crusade of 1456, James D. Mixson gathers together the key primary sources for understanding both the events that led to the siege of the city of Belgrade, and how those events lived on in European narrative and memory. Collectively, these sources--nearly all of them translated here for the first time--challenge readers with their variety: papal decrees, letters, liturgies, and chronicles from Latin, Byzantine, and Ottoman perspectives. They also confront readers with the difficulties of interpretation: the production and resonance of crusade propaganda, the complex nature of "eyewitness" sources, and the long-term process that transforms narrative and text into cultural memory. The book also includes an accessible introduction, timelines, and maps. Illuminating the many complexities of late medieval military, diplomatic, and cultural history, The Crusade of 1456 provides access to one of the most interesting yet neglected stories in the history of the crusades."-- |
| Umfang: | xv, 306 Seiten Faksimiles, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781487523930 9781487505769 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The crusade of 1456 |b texts and documentation in translation |c James D. Mixson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toronto ; Buffalo ; London |b University of Toronto Press |c [2022] | |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "In July 1456, a massive Turkish army settled in before Belgrade, an ancient city at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. The army's leader was the 21-year-old Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, "the Conqueror," who had captured Constantinople only three years before. He now sought to take one of the most strategically important fortifications in all of southeastern Europe. Three weeks later, Mehmed's army was in full retreat, driven from Belgrade by a seasoned Hungarian warlord and his army, along with a ragtag force of ill-equipped crusaders. In The Crusade of 1456, James D. Mixson gathers together the key primary sources for understanding both the events that led to the siege of the city of Belgrade, and how those events lived on in European narrative and memory. Collectively, these sources--nearly all of them translated here for the first time--challenge readers with their variety: papal decrees, letters, liturgies, and chronicles from Latin, Byzantine, and Ottoman perspectives. They also confront readers with the difficulties of interpretation: the production and resonance of crusade propaganda, the complex nature of "eyewitness" sources, and the long-term process that transforms narrative and text into cultural memory. The book also includes an accessible introduction, timelines, and maps. Illuminating the many complexities of late medieval military, diplomatic, and cultural history, The Crusade of 1456 provides access to one of the most interesting yet neglected stories in the history of the crusades."-- | |
| 546 | |a In English ; translated from the Latin, Italian, and German | ||
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| 653 | 2 | |a Belgrade (Serbia) / History / Siege, 1456 / Sources | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Maps xi Acknowledgments xiii A Note on Names and Places xvii Introduction Historical Frames: Political and Military Developments 2 Sources in Scholarly Context: The Middle Ages, the Crusades, and the Problem of “Lateness” 14 Framing the Sources: Selection, Structure, and Significance 21 Conclusion: Belgrade as a Fifteenth-Century Event 28 Part One: Preparations for Crusade, 1453-1456 1. Pope Nicholas V, Etsi Ecclesia Christi 39 2. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Constantinopolitana Clades 46 3. Correspondence of 1455-1456 51 3.1. The City of Ragusa to John Hunyadi 51 3.2. John of Capistrano to Pope Callixtus III 53 3.3. John of Capistrano to Pope Callixtus III 57 3.4. Juan Carvajal to John of Capistrano 58 3.5. John of Capistrano to Juan Carvajal 60
viii Contents 3.6. Juan Carvajal to John of Capistrano 62 3.7. Juan Carvajal to John of Capistrano 64 3.8. Juan Carvajal to John of Capistrano 65 3.9. John Hunyadi to Francis Oddi, Bishop of Assisi 65 3.10. John of Capistrano to Francis Oddi, Bishop of Assisi 4. Liturgy for Taking the Cross 68 5. A Pope’s Call to Prayer 71 5.1. Callixtus III, Cum his superionbus 72 5.2. Bulla Turcorum / “Türkenbulle” 80 6. Pope Callixtus III, Omnipotentis dei misericordia 82 Part Two: The Earliest Accounts 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. John of Capistrano to Pope Callixtus III 87 John of Capistrano to Pope Callixtus III 88 John Hunyadi to Denis Szécsi, Archbishop of Esztergom 91 John Hunyadi to Ladislaus Garai, Palatine of Hungary 91 John Hunyadi to King Ladislaus V 93 John of Tagliacozzo to a Fellow Franciscan 95 John of Capistrano to Pope Callixtus III 104 Part Three: News and Propaganda 14. Ambassador of the Bishop of Šibenik to Pope Callixtus III 109 15. Cardinal Juan Carvajal to Francesco Sforza 112 16. Letters ofJohn Goldener 113 16.1. John Goldener to Franz Schlick 114 16.2. John Goldener to Matthew Schlick 116 17. Ladislaus V to Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan 118 18. The City of Nuremberg to the City of Weissenburg 121 19. Pope Callixtus III to Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan 122 20. Letters of Bernard of Kraiburg 125 20.1. Bernard of Kraiburg to Sigismund, Archbishop of Salzburg 126 20.2. Bernard of Kraiburg to Henry Ruger of Pegnitz 128 21. Pope Callixtus III, Letter to Juan Soler 130 22. Anonymous (PseudoJohn of Capistrano), to All Christians 133 23. Anonymous, Letter to Henry of
Eckenfelt 137 66
Contents 24. Liturgical Commemorations of Belgrade 142 24.1. Pope Callixtus III, Inter divinae dispensationis 24.2. John Burchard, Liber notarum 144 142 Part Four: John of Tagliacozzo’s Story of the Victory of Belgrade 25. John of Tagliacozzo, The Story of the Victory of Belgrade 147 Part Five: Memoir and Chronicle 26. Thomas Ebendorfer, Chronicle ofAustria 217 27. Laonikos Chalkokondyles, The Histories 222 28. Michael Kritopoulos (Kritoboulos), History of Mehmed the Conqueror 228 29. Jacopo Promontorio, Recollecta 232 30. Âşıkpaşazade, Memories and Chronicles of the House of Osman 235 31. John Thurocz, Chronicle of the Hungarians 237 32. Tursun Beg, History of the Conqueror 249 33. The Oxford Anonymous Chronicle 256 34. Konstantin Mihailovič, Memoirs 259 Cast of Characters 269 General Timeline 275 Timeline of the Crusade of 1456 279 Maps 281 Index 285 ix
Index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Abraham (biblical figure), 206 Acacius (patriarch of Constantinople), 45 Achior (biblical figures), 75 Acre, fall of (1291), 16 Ad summum pontificates apicem (papal decree, 1455), 76nl8 Adrianople. See Edirne Adriatic Sea, 109 akinji, 5, 266nl5 Albania, 9, 64 Albert II of Hapsburg, 10 Albrecht Achilles, Margrave of Brandenburg, 22, 50nl3 Aleppo, 6 Alexander VI (pope), 144n2 Alexander the Great, 240 Alexander of Ragusa, 159, 177,191 Alexandria, See of, 49 Alfonso V the Magnanimous (king of Aragon, Sicily, and Naples), 269-70 post-Belgrade crusading plans of, 129 preparations for crusade and, 53, 55, 59, 62, 64 Soler, Juan, papal ambassador to Alfonso, letter of Callixtus III to (late Aug., 1456, Rome), 122-5 Ali Mihaloglu (Turkish leader), 223 Amalek (biblical figure) and Amalekites, 74, 202, 206 Ambrose of Aquila, 99,104,159, 177, 202 Ambrose of Milan, 79,181n40,191 Ammonites, 75 Anatolia, 4, 5 Anatolian cavalry/guard/army, 6, 13,14, 25, 257-8 Andronicus III (Byzantine emperor), 3 Ankara, 6 Anthony of Padua, 165n26,169, 198n64 Antioch, See of, 49 Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Seleucid ruler), 75
286 Index arquebuses, 98, 102, 106, 156, 164, 166,173, 192,195,199, 203, 204, 207, 208 Aşıkpaşazade, Memories and Chronicles of the House of Osman (c. 1484), 235-7 Assumption, feast of (Aug. 5), 111 astronomy/astrology anonymous to Henry of Echenfelt on pestilential alignments (Nov.-Dec. 1456), 141 Halley’s Comet, appearance of (1456), 134,137, 138-9, 237 John Thurocz on celestial alignments for specific dates, 240, 248 Atiya, Aziz, 17 Augustine of Hippo, feast of (Aug. 28), 126, 128, 130 Augustinian Hermits, 173n34 azaps, 6, 25, 226, 233 Bacchides, 75 Baden, 116, 127, 129 Baghdad, 6 Balduff, Lord Michael, 115,117 Balkans historiography of, 19-20 See also specific states Baloup, Daniel, 18 baptisms. See conversions Barak (biblical figure), 206 Basel, Council of (1431-49), 47, 217 Bayezid I (sultan), 4-6, 7, 9, 270 Bayezid II (sultan), 249, 256 Belgrade, town and fortress of citadel, 25, 87, 96, 98,100, 121, 127,138,180,181,184,185, 211,232 damage done to city in siege, 128 drawbridge, 184, 185, 186, 265nll fortification and development of, 7-8 John of Tagliacozzo’s description of, 184-6 Kritoboulos’s description of, 229 Lower Town, 8, 162n21, 164n23, 283 map of city and fortress of (c. 1450), 283 names for, 7, 96n2 Nebojsa or “Do Not Fear” tower, 184 as new Jerusalem, 8 siege of (1440), 9-10 siege of (1456) {see Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade) as Singidunum (Roman camp), 7,8 Upper Town, 8, 25, 122n2, 164n23, 182n43, 283 Benediktbeuern, abbey of, Bavaria, 68 Bernard of Kraiburg (later bishop of Chiemsee), letters of, 125-30 to Henry Rüger of Pegnitz (Aug. 26, 1456,
Vienna), 126, 128-30 to Sigismund I of Volkersdorf, archbishop of Salzburg (Aug. 25, 1456, Vienna), 125-30 Bernardino of Siena, 23, 101, 148, 154, 169, 193, 227-8 Beszterce (modern Bistrița), 12 beylerbeys, defined, 5 biblical citations Acts 14:21, 40n5 2 Chronicles 20:15-17, 74nl0 20:21-2, 74nll 32:20-1, 74n9 1 Corinthians 15:58, 73n2 2 Corinthians 6:2, 106n6 Ecclesiasticus 7:36, 50nl5
Index Exodus 17, 206ո81 Ezekiel 37:1, 155ո12 Genesis 14, 70ո4, 206ո80 Isaiah 9:6, 43ո12 40:31, 70ո5 53:9, 82ո2 59:1, 76ո15 James 1:3-4, 78ո24 Joel 2:13, 76ո16 John 10:11, 82ոՅ 14:6, 70ո5 16:33, 40ո2 Joshua 6:1-27, 90ո1 10:11, 206ո82 Judges 4:14-15, 206ո83 6:12-14, 190ո53 6:16, 190ո54 7, 105ո2 7:7, 206ո84 Judith 5:24-5, 75ո14 9:16, 75ո12 2 Kings 18-19, 41ո7 Lamentations 1:12, 82ո1 3:12, 199ո68 Luke 12:7, 162ո20 12:32,162ո20 22:32, 42ո9 22:54-7, 102ո14 1 Maccabees 3-4, 206 3:17-22, 196ո62 3:19, 192ո56 9, 75ո13 2 Maccabees 8, 59ո1 Mark 4:30-2, 125ոՅ 11:23, 125ոՅ Matthew 3:2, 79ո25 16:18, 42ո8 16:24, 43ո12, 70ո4 25:34, 136ո7 28:20, 40ո1 Numbers 17, 69ոՅ 1 Peter 4:8, 198 Philippians 1:18,132ո4 2:9, 91ոՅ 2:10, 190ո52 Proverbs 10:7, 187ո51 Psalms 22:11, 153ո8 27:91, 181ո40 32 (33):16, 70ո5 32 (33):18-19, 70ո6 36 (37):32, 187ո51 54 (55):5,200ո70 60:4, 70ոՅ 67 (68),90ո2 90 (91):7, 201ո72 111 (112):7, 187ո51 117 (118):24, 204ո76 120 (121):1,244ո8 123:8, 69ո1 126 (127):1,40ոՅ 135 (136):17, 220ո5 138 (139):14, 202ո24 146 (147) :5, 206ո79 Revelation, 41 Romans 10:17, 78ո23 13:11, 67ո1 1 Samuel 7:8, 74ո7 7:10, 74ո8, 206ո85 15:22, 50ո14 Sirach 10:2, 171ո30 Tobit 5 ff., 70ո6 Bisaha, Nancy, 18 Blachernae Palace, Constantinople, 13,14 287
288 Index Black Sea, 11, 20, 48n8 Blasius (Franciscan), 203 Boğazkesen (Rumeli Hisar), 12-13, 249 Bohemond I of Antioch, 28 Bohor, 257 bombards in fall of Constantinople (1453), 13, 239 in siege of Belgrade (1456), 88, 97-8,157,177 Botja, Alfonso de. See Callixtus III Bosnia/Bosnians, 3, 6, 89, 90, 98, 157,162,170, 208n89, 210, 223, 265 Bosporus, 12,13, 48 Bratislava (formerly Pressburg), 120n4,126-7, 128 Buda, 11, 23, 62, 64, 65, 109,110, 112,114nl, 117, 129,140n3, 151-2,158,161,177, 212, 224, 238, 239, 240 Bulgarians, Ottoman Turks versus, 3, 4 Bull, Marcus, 27 Bulla Turcorum or Türkenbulle (Callixtus III, 1456), 80, 81,129 Burchard, John, Liber Notarum (Aug. 9,1500), 144-5 Bursa, 2, 5 Byzantine empire fall of Constantinople to Mehmed II (1453), 12-14,18, 39, 41, 47-50, 72, 228, 238-9, 249, 260 historical framework, 3-6, 9 post-Belgrade plans to re-take Constantinople, 126,129 siege of Constantinople by Bayezid (1394), 4 siege of Constantinople by Murad II (1422), 9 Turkish cannon forged from spoils of, 236 Callixtus III (pope; formerly Alfonso de Botja), 270 Ad summum pontificates apicem (1455), 76nl8 biases and ulterior motives of, 27 Bulla Turcorum or Türkenbulle (1456), 80, 81,129 calls to crusade by, 22, 23, 53, 76, 82-6 Cum his superioribus (papal bull, 1456), 23, 72-80,129, 144 election of, 22, 54 general calls to prayer issued by, 71-80,122-4,142 Halley’s Comet, supposed excommunication of, 134nl Inter divinae dispensationis (Aug. 6, 1457), 142-3 liturgical commemorations instigated by, 27, 129, 142-3,145 in liturgy for taking the Cross, 71-2 in memoirs and
chronicles, 224, 257 Omnipotentis dei misericordia (1457/1455-60), 82-6 peace brokered between Frederick III and Ladislaus V by, 131 on prayer, role and importance of, in final battle of Belgrade, 122-4 Callixtus III (pope; formerly Alfonso de Borja), correspondence letters from John of Capistrano (June 21, 1455, Győr), 53-7 John of Capistrano (Sept. 17, 1455, Csanád), 57-8 John of Capistrano (July 22, 1456, Belgrade), 87-8 John of Capistrano (July 23,1456, Slankamen), 88-91,207-8 John of Capistrano (Aug. 17, 1456, Slankamen), 104—7, 210
Index Šibenik, ambassador of bishop of (July 26,1456, Buda), 109-12 letters to Francesco Sforza (Aug. 23, 1456, Rome), 122-5 Juan Soler (late Aug., 1456, Rome), 130-3 cannons. See firearms Capistrano, fejohn of Capistrano Cappel, Hartung von, 50nl3 Capranica, Domenico, bishop of Fermo, 54 Carthusians, 78n21, 137 Carvajal, Cardinal Juan, 23, 271 in eyewitness accounts, 91, 97, 105, 106 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story (1460), 151,161, 177, 212 letter from John of Capistrano (Feb. 19,1456, Pest), 60-2 letters to John of Capistrano (Jan. 16, 1456, Vienna), 58-60 John of Capistrano (May 14, 1456, Buda), 62-4 John of Capistrano (May 25, 1456, Buda), 64-5 John of Capistrano (June 5, 1456, Buda), 65 Francesco Sforza (July 29,1456, Ilok), 112-13 in news and propaganda, 111, 131 Castiglione, Cardinal Giovanni, bishop of Pavia, 129 Catholic Church. See Church Celano, Lionello Accrocciamuro and Covella da, Count and Countess of Celano, 103-4 Černomen, З Chair of Peter, feast of (February 22),216n99 Chalkokondyles, Laonikos (Nikolaos), The Histories (c. 1464), 28, 222-8 Chiemsee, Bavaria, 125 Christianity. See Church Chronicle ofAustria (Ebendorfer, c. 1463), 28, 217-22 Chronicle of the Hungarians (Thurocz, c. 1488), 28, 237-49 chronicles. See memoirs and chronicles Church Callixtus III on importance of Catholic resistance to Turks, 132-3 Christian unity/discord, 172, 266 fall of Constantinople and, 47-9 financing of crusade by, 43-5 heretics and heresy, 61,103, 133, 150,172, 228 incarnational theology of, 82 indulgences offered by, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39, 43, 77, 79, 80, 82-4, 142,144
reconciliation attempt between Orthodox and Roman Catholics, 11 relics, 8, 23, 72,118,150,184, 239 schismatics, 55n5, 103,133,151, 160,164,172, 214 Church Councils. See Councils Cicero De officiis, 5Inn 19-20 Pro lege Manilia, 50nnl6-18 class. See social class classicizing language, use of, 18, 28, 218nl, 219n4, 228, 247 condottieri, 7 Constance, Council of (1414-18), 6 Constantine I the Great (Roman emperor), 8 Constantine XI (Byzantine emperor), 13, 62, 270 Constantine the Philosopher, 8 Constantinople. See Byzantine empire; specific buildings and locations 289
290 Index Constantinopolitana elades (Piccolomini, 1454), 22, 46-51 contra paganos (against the pagans) Mass for, 78 traditional crusader prayer, 76-7,176 conversions baptism/decapitation offered to captive Turks, 166-7 of daughter of schismatic, 160 of Konstantin Mihailovič, 269 of “noble boy of Bosnia,” 208, 209 Corpus iuris civilis, 106ո5 Council of Basel (1431-49), 47, 217 Council of Constance (1414-18), 6 Croesus (Lydian ruler), 247 Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade, 1-29 attack on city (July 22), 26, 87-94, 100-3,114-15, 116-17, 1345,181-8, 225-8, 230-1, 237, 244-6, 253, 267 biographies of persons involved in, 269-74 bombardment of walls, 25, 88, 92, 94, 97-100,161-2,175-8, 218, 224-5, 229-30, 241, 243, 267 Christian discord/unity and, 172, 266 clerics and religious, involvement and role of, 98-9,103,159, 173,183,195, 198 combat events, 25-6 contradictions, biases, and ulterior motives in accounts of, 26, 27,127,128-9 dead and wounded in, 102-3, 105, 111, 115,116,122,135,146, 175, 203-5, 208-11, 213-14, 234, 252 devotions of crusaders, 118, 162, 170-2,176,180 disbanding and departure of crusaders, 212-13 encirclement of city by Ottomans, 24-5, 97, 117n3,142-3,1569, 223-4, 229, 240-1, 251, 266 feigned retreat, 25-6, 93, 94,1012,113,117,134-5,192-5, 227, 253-5, 267-8 as fifteenth-century event, 28-9 financing of, 43-5 fires set along walls and moat, 186 Halley’s Comet, appearance of, 134,137,138-9 historical framework, 2-14, 275-8 historical interpretation of, 14-17, 26-7 illness and famine during and after, 98,99,110,129, 227,259 key events of, 24-6 later crusades,
historical interest in, 17-21, 28, 33n40 map of, 284 mining of walls, 101,175,182 moat, filling of, 14, 89, 94,101, 167, 182, 230, 243 nobles, lack of involvement of, 118,213-16, 220, 241 numbers of crusaders and Turks involved in, 102,106, 111, 112, 117, 118,127,134, 156, 195, 213 post-battle behavior of crusaders, 127, 129 post-Belgrade plans and hopes for additional crusades, 106, 120, 122, 124-5,126,129,130, 136-7 punishment of crusaders’ sins during, 171-2 pursuit of Turks after battle, restraint of, 211-12 relief army, arrival of, 25, 99, 114, 161, 242-3 sources for, selection of, 21-8
index spoils from, 132,135,166, 204-5, 220, 235 timeline, 279-80 women at, 29,102,110,158, 180-1,183,185,187-8 working people as crusaders in, 118,127,128,141,173, 195-6, 220, 243 See also eyewitness accounts; firearms; memoirs and chronicles; naval battle on Danube; news and propaganda; preparations for crusade; Story of the Victory of Belgrade Crusade of Varna (1443-4), 11-12, 20 Csanád, 57 Cum his superioribus (papal bull of Callixtus III, 1456), 23, 7280,129,144 Dacians, 230 Damascus, 6 Damian, Iulian, 18 Dandalo, Enrico, 28 Danube River/frontier early Ottoman expansion and Western fortification along, 4-11 location of Belgrade on, 152, 250 Morava River, junction with, 66 Sava Riverjunction with, 189 See also naval battle on Danube Dardanelles, 3, 48n9, 228 Dardanelles gun, 97n6 David (biblical king), 60, 202 De placet letters, 85 Deborah (biblical figure), 206 devşirme, 3 dhimmi system, 3 diets or conferences prior to crusade, 22, 46-7, 49-50, 61, 95,149 distances, weights, and measures, 57, 97, 99,115,117,126,129, 157, 163, 233, 241 Dmitar Tomašič (Haydarı), 262-3 dogs corpses eaten by, 158, 211, 221, 250 as insulting term for Turks generally, 177,197, 208 Mehmed II (sultan) as “dog” or “great dog,” 132,174,175, 177-8, 208, 260 Muhammad referred to as, 72, 218 Dominicans (Order of Preachers), 63-4 Don River, 48n5 Dormition of Mary, Belgrade, 8 Doukas (chronicler), 13 Dragon, Hungarian order of, 6-7 Dubočica (Kislina), 261 Dubrovnik. See Ragusa Ebendorfer, Thomas, Chronicle of Austria (c. 1463), 28, 217-22 Edirne (formerly Adrianople), 3, 5, 13, 223, 232, 250, 257,
260lnnl-3, 262 eggs, heated, torture using, 263 Elizabeth (sister ofJohn Hunyadi / wife of Michael Szilágy), 180 Elizabeth of Luxembourg, 10,127n5 Etsi ecclesia Christi (formal call of Nicholas V to crusade, 1453), 21, 39-46, 76nl8 Eugenius IV (pope), 11, 47 eunuchs, 263 Europe, geopolitical concept of, 48 Euxine Sea, 48 excommunications in relation to crusade, 44-5, 131, 134nl, 161 291
292 Index Exequatur letters, 85ո6 eyewitness accounts, 23-4, 87-107 complex origins of / motives behind, 2, 26, 27 of Hunyadi, 24, 91-5 ofJohn of Capistrano, 24, 87-91, 104-7 ofjohn of Tagliacozzo, 24, 95-104 Konstantin Mihailović’s possible presence at siege of Belgrade, 266nl3 Ezekiel (biblical prophet), 75-6 famine, during and after siege of Belgrade, 99, 110, 129 Farcas (follower ofjohn of Capistrano), 168 Feast of the Pheasant (1454), 21 feigned retreat in Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade, 25-6, 93, 94, 101-2, 113,117, 134-5,192-5, 227, 253-5, 267-8 as tactic, 12 Felix III (pope), 45 Ferrara, court of, 18 Filomarinus (captain of Aragonese fleet), 64 financing of crusade, 43-5 firearms arquebuses (scopettae), 98, 102,106,156,164,166, 173, 192,195,199, 203, 204, 207, 208 Belgrade, description of town and fortress of, 184-6 Dardanelles gun, 97n6 eyewitness accounts of, 88, 92, 94, 97-100, 106 in fall of Constantinople to Mehmed II (1453), 13 handguns, 6, 156, 164, 165, 178, 182, 192, 204 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story (1460), 115n5,156-7,161-2, 164,166,173,178,182, 192-4, 199, 204 key events in Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade and, 25 in memoirs and chronicles, 218-19, 225-6, 229-30,233, 234,235, 236, 241, 245, 258,267 in news and propaganda, 115, 122, 127 Ottoman use of, 5-6 píxides, 106n4, 156nl5 Skopje, cannons cast in, 251, 256, 257 springaids (spingardas), 156, 166, 173,178, 204 fires lighting, in camps, 174 set along walls and moat, during siege, 186 First Crusade (1095), 16 Firuz Bey, 223, 261n3 Florence/Florentines, 7, 11, 46 Francis (Hungarian Franciscan
accompanying John of Capistrano), 159,177 Francis of Assisi, 169 Franciscans, 22, 24, 29, 54n3, 57, 58, 95, 106n5,133,147-8, 165n26,173, 193n58 Frankfurt, diet of (1454), 22, 46-7, 61, 95,149 Frederick I the Victorious (Count Palatine), 112nl Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor), 10, 12, 22-3, 47, 49-50,129,131, 217, 269, 270 Gaddis, John, 14, 15 Gallipoli, Battle of (1354), 48n4 Gallopoli peninsula, 3 Galvan (knight), 264
index Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 77nl9 Garai, Ladislaus, Palatine of Hungary, letters to from city of Ragusa (June 11, 1455), 53 from Hunyadi (July 24,1456, Belgrade), 91-3, 218n2 Gemistos, George, 222 Genoa/Genoese, 13, 14, 232 George (Hungarian Franciscan accompanyingjohn of Capistrano), 159 George, provost of Pozsony, 120 George Brankovič (despot of Serbia), 8,9,12, 54, 57,105, 210, 256-7, 260-6, 270 George of Rascia, 247 German language, 80, 114, 126, 130n9,133 German mile, 129 Gibraltar, 48n6 Gideon (biblical figure), 105,190 Giustiniani, Giovanni, 13, 14 Glassberger, Nicholas, 133 Goffman, Daniel, 19 Golden Horn, 13 Goldener, John, letters by, 113-18 letter-within-a-letter, 113-15 to Franz Schlick (Aug. 2, 1456, Vienna), 114-16 to Matthew Schlick (Aug. 3, 1456, Vienna), 116-18 Gorgias (biblical figure), 59 Greek Church. See Church Gregory I the Great (pope), Epistolae, 76 Gutenberg, Johannes, and Gutenberg type, 29, 80 Győr, assembly at, 53-7 Gyulafehérvár (AlbaJulia), 248 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 14, 21 Hainburg, 113 Halley’s Comet, 1456 appearance of, 134,137,138-9, 237 handguns, 6, 156, 164, 165,178, 182, 192, 204 Hankins, James, 18, 34n47 Harris, Jonathan, 19 Hasan Ağa (lord of the janissaries), 226, 267nl7 Haydarı (Dmitar Tomašič), 262-3 Hellespont, 48 Henry of Eckenfelt, anonymous letter to (Nov.-Dec. 1456), 137-41 Henry of Pappenheim, 50nl3 Herculean Sea, 48 Herczég, Raphael, archbishop of Kalocsa, 161, 221 heretics and heresy, 61, 103, 133, 150,172, 228 hermits, participating in Crusade of 1456, 78n21,173n34 Herodotus, 247nl5 Hezekiah (biblical king), 74
Hinderbach, Hans, 130 Histories, The (Chalkokondyles, c. 1464), 28, 222-8 History of Mehmed the Conqueror (Kritoboulos/Kritopoulos, c. 1467), 28, 228-32 History of the Conqueror (Tursun Beg, c. 1488), 249-55 Hizir, prefect of Amaseia, 223 Hollós, 66, 67 Holofernes (biblical figure), 74, 75 Holy Name ofJesus, populist piety of, 29, 132, 143, 148, 149, 153, 156, 164, 165, 170, 171, 172, 174, 180, 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 205, 211, 214, 215, 234 Homer, 21 Hospitalers, 9 293
294 Index Houseley, Norman, 17-18 Crusading and the Ottoman Threat, 17 Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, 34n43 The Later Crusades, 17 Religious Warfare in Europe, 17 huffnitzbuchssen, 115n5 Hunedoara, 10 Hungarian mile, 241 Hungary/Hungarians Balkan historiography and, 19-20 Belgrade, fortification and development of, 7-9 civil war (1440-2), 10-11 earlier conflicts with Ottomans, 6-12 John of Capistrano, preaching tour of, 23 Nicopolis (now Pleven, Bulgaria), siege of (1396), 4, 6, 7 Order of the Dragon, 6-7 truce of 1451 with Ottomans, 12 See ako Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade Hunyadi, John, 271 background and early career, 10-11 baptism/decapitation of Turks by, 166-7 death of, 107,126, 128, 136,140, 213, 221-2, 227, 237, 246-8, 255, 259 despair of, John of Tagliacozzo on, 178-9,183,185 eyewitness accounts by, 24, 91-5 in eyewitness accounts of others, 87, 88, 91, 96, 98-101 George Brankovič, ransom of, 263-6 John of Capistrano and, 23, 247 key events in Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade and, 25 in memoirs and chronicles, 219, 221, 224, 225, 230, 231, 234, 236, 241-4, 246-8, 250-3, 255, 257-9, 260nl, 263-6 in news and propanganda, 111, 113-16,121,122,127,129, 132,135-6,143 physical description of, 248 preparations for crusade and, 53, 55-6, 59, 62-5, 67 pursuit of Turks after battle, restraint of, 212 as regent of Ladislaus V, 12 in Varna Crusade, 11-12 vision of, 135-6 See also Story of the Victory ofBelgrade Hunyadi, John, correspondence letter from city of Ragusa (June 11, 1455), 51-3 letters to Denis Szécsi and Ladislaus Garai (July 24, 1456, Belgrade), 91-3,
218n2 Ladislaus V (July 24,1456, Belgrade), 93-5, 115, 116 Francis Oddi (June 18, 1456, Hollós), 65-6 Hunyadi, Ladislaus/Laszlo, 140ոՅ, 248, 265 Hus, Jan, and Hussites, 61nl, 133,150 illness during siege of Belgrade, 98, 99, 227, 259 Ilok (Újlak), 112, 249 Imber, Colin, 19 impalements, 261 indulgences, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39, 43, 77, 79, 80, 82-4,142,144 Inter divinae dispensationis (papal decree, Aug. 6, 1457), 142-3 interpreters used by John of Capistrano, 23, 177, 192, 198, 202-3, 222n7 Iorga, Nicolai, 17, 34n43 Irina (Jerina; wife of George Brankovič), 264
Index İshak Pașa, 243, 244ո7, 258 Islam. See Ottoman Turks; Qur’an citations Ismail Ağa (Smagilaga), 267 Ister River, 229, 230 Italian language, 65, 66, 95, 96nl, 97n4,158,184n44, 196nn601, 213n96, 233nl, 234n6 Italian mile, 97, 99,157,163, 233n2 Jahaziel, son of Zechariah, 74 James of the Marches, 24,147, 148 janissaries conscripted from Novo Brdo, 52, 256n2, 259, 262 in Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade, 25, 29 fall of Constantinople (1453) and, 13,14 guns used by, 6 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Stary (1460), 158, 205, 209 in memoirs and chronicles, 223, 225-7, 235, 237n2, 254, 256n2, 258 origins of, 5 in siege of Belgrade (1440), 9 See also Konstantin Mihailovič Jänsuch, Philip, 129 Jehoshaphat (biblical king), 74 Jerina (Irina; wife of George Brankovič), 264 Jerome of Padua, 88, 90-1, 210, 212 Jerusalem post-Belgrade hopes of recovery of, 106 See of, 49 Jews, 172 Jiskra, Jan, 128 Joan of Arc, 36n69, 222 John, brother of Matthew Talovac, 9 John V (Byzantine emperor), 3 John VIII (Byzantine emperor), 11,271 John Hunyadi. See Hunyadi, John John of Caffa, 151n6 John of Capistrano, 271 call to crusade by, 23, 53, 151-2 canonization efforts, 147,148, 169n29,177,198n67, 249 death of, 137, 139-40,147,150, 216, 248-9 on death ofjohn Hunyadi, 221-2 eyewitness accounts of, 24, 87-91, 104-7 in eyewitness accounts of others, 96-103 historiography of, 18 horse given to, 176 in Ilok, 112 interpreters used by, 23,177,192, 198, 222n7, 202203 John Hunyadi and, 23, 247 John of Tagliacozzo and, 95, 157 journey to Belgrade, 152-4 kerchief sent from Michael Szilágyi to, 155 key events in
Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade and, 25, 26 martyrdom associated with, 57nl, 131,150,152,156,159, 190, 199, 201, 202 in memoirs and chronicles, 224, 227-8, 233, 234, 242, 244, 247, 248-9 in news and propanganda, 113, 115,117, 122,127,131, 143 as participant in battle, 87, 88, 89,90, 98-103, 131, 175-8, 189-203, 208 preaching of, 22-3, 29, 53, 61, 150-1,171 preparation for Crusade of 1456 and, 22-3, 149-54 pride attributed to, 208 pursuit of Turks after battle, restraint of, 211-12 295
296 Index John of Capistrano (cont.) Story of the Victory ofBelgrade (John of Tagliacozzo, 1460) as hagiographical text for, 148 success of Christians at Belgrade attributed by John of Tagli acozzo to God and, 214-16 See also Story of the Victory of Belgrade John of Capistrano, correspondence, 53 letters from Carvajal (Jan. 16,1456, Vienna), 58-60 Carvajal (May 14, 1456, Buda), 62-4 Carvajal (May 25,1456, Buda), 64-5 Carvajal (June 5,1456, Buda), 65 letters to Callixtus III (June 21,1455, Győr), 53-7 Callixtus III (Sept. 17,1455, Csanád), 57-8 Callixtus III (July 22, 1456, Belgrade), 87-8 Callixtus III (July 23, 1456, Slankamen), 88-91, 207-8 Callixtus III (Aug. 17,1456, Slankamen), 104-7, 210 Carvajal (Feb. 19,1456, Pest), 60-2 Oddi (July 3, 1456, Belgrade), 66-8 new edition of, 36n66, 54n2 John of Tagliacozzo, 95,147-8 eyewitness account of, 24, 95-104 John of Capistrano and, 95, 157 Kritoboulos compared, 228 letter to fellow Franciscan (July 28,1456), 95-104 presence at final battle of Belgrade, in Story, 190-1, 197, 198, 200, 202 vernacular versus Latin, writing eyewitness account in, 96nl See also Story of the Victory of Belgrade John the Baptist, 79 John the Baptist, feast of (June 24), 66,138 Joshua (biblical figure), 90,173, 206, 209 Jubilee of 1500, 144 Judas Maccabeus (biblical figure), 59, 75, 196 Judith (biblical figure), 74 Justinian, statue of, Constantinople, 236nl Justinianic law, 106 Kafadar, Kamal, 19 Kalocsa, 161, 221 Kanizsai, László, 244 Kantakouzenos, John, 3 Kar, Margrave of Baden, 50nl3 Karaca Bey, 105n3,135, 209n91, 225, 232, 236-7, 252, 256-7,
259, 266Ո15, 267, 271 Karaman, 12 Katarina (daughter of George Brankovič), 9 Khosrow (Persian ruler), 253 Koichis (Trebizond), king of, 223 Konstantin Mihailovič, 272 Memoirs (c. 1490), 28, 259-68 Novo Brdo, conscripted as janissary after Ottoman conquest of, 52, 256n2, 259, 262 possible presence at siege of Belgrade, 266nl3 Korogh,John (ban of Macsó), 95, 160nl9,172-3, 195, 204 Kosovo, battle of (1389), 3,12 Kosovo, battle of (1444), 12 Kosovo Polje, 261n3 Kovin, 153, 154, 158, 160
índex Kratovo, 260ո2 Kritoboulos/Kritopoulos, Michael, History ofMehmed the Conqueror (c. 1467), 28, 228-32 Kruševac, 241, 261n3 Küstendil, 260n2 Ladislaus III Jagiełło (king of Poland and Hungary), 10,11 Ladislaus V the Posthumous (king of Hungary), 10, 272 Bernard of Kraiburg on, 127,128 Callixtus III on peace brokered between Frederick III and, 131 death of, 237 Jan Jiskra and, 127 letters from city of Ragusa (June 11, 1455), 53 Hunyadi (July 24, 1456, Belgrade), 93-5,115,116 letter to Francesco Sforza (Aug. 3, 1456, Vienna), 118-20 in memoirs and chronicles, 23940, 264-5 post-battle military requested by, 120, 122 preparations for Crusade and, 58, 63, 65 Sigismund I of Volkersdorf, archbishop of Salzburg, and, 127 Ulrich of Celje and, 140-1 Ulrich of Nussdorf as counselor to, 115n3 as ward of Frederick III, 12 Laetentur coeli (papal decree, 1439), 11 later crusades, historical interest in, 17-21, 28, 33n40 Lauffen, 128 Lazar Hrebeljanović of Serbia, 3, 4, 7, 223, 229, 260, 264, 265nl2, 272 Lazar, son of George Brankovič, 223, 229, 260, 264, 265nl2 Leo I the Great (pope), 40 letters-within-letters, 113-15, 123,127 Liber Notarum (John Burchard, Aug. 9,1500), 144-5 Liegnitz, Battle of (1241), 48n5 liturgical commemorations of Belgrade bell rung at noon, 77n20,129,145 Callixtus III instigating, 27,129, 142-3,145 Inter divinae dispensationis (Aug. 6, 1457), 142-3 liturgical processions for Jubilee of 1500,144 liturgy for taking the Cross (1456, Germany/Austria), 68-72 liturgy of the hours, 77n20 Lodi, Peace of (1454), 22, 46 Louis IX (king of France), 28,169 Macsó, banate
of, 7-8 Mahmud Pașa, 257, 265nl2 Mamluks, 6 Mantua, court of, 18 Manuel II (Byzantine emperor), 9 maps Belgrade, city and fortress of (c. 1450), 283 Belgrade, siege and relief of (1456), 284 central and southeastern Europe (c. 1450), 282 Mara Brankovič, 9, 12, 272 martyrs and martyrdom crusades and rhetoric of, 63, 99, 101,103, 162,164,185, 211, 262-3 of early popes, 63 John of Capistrano associated with, 57nl, 131, 150,152, 156, 159,190,199, 201, 202 297
298 Index Mary Magdalene, cult of, 148, 157, 201 Mary Magdalene, feast of (July 22), 88, 91, 100, 101, 103, 111, 113, 114, 116, 121, 143, 148, 178, 183, 187, 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 218, 219 Matthias I Corvinas (king of Hungary), 28, 214, 237-8, 248, 265-6 measures, weights, and distances, 57, 97, 99, 115,117,126,129, 157, 163, 233, 241 Mehmed I (sultan), 235-6 Mehmed II (sultan), 272-3 Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade, key events in, 24-6 on death ofJohn Hunyadi, 247 as “dog” or “great dog,” 132, 174, 175,177-8, 208, 260 fall of Constantinople (1453) to, 12-14,18, 39, 41, 47-50, 72 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story (1460), 158, 174, 175,177-8, 208-9 in memoirs and chronicles, 217-19, 222, 223-4, 228-40, 243, 246, 247, 249-63, 266-8 in Nicholas V’s Etsi ecclesia Christi, 39, 41-2 Novo Brdo, conquest of (1455), 22, 52-3, 55, 256, 261-2 Omnipotentis dei misericordia on, 82, 83 peace arranged between George Brankovič and (1455), 57-8 plot to assassinate, 262-3 post-battle accounts of, 104, 105, 110,127-8,129, 208-10, 245-6 pride attributed to, 240, 243 Rhodes, siege of (1480), 27 truce negotiated by (1451), 12 truce offered by (1456), 119 wounding of, in battle for Belgrade, 104,127,132, 208, 245-6 memoirs and chronicles, 24, 27-8, 217-68 Aşıkpaşazade, Memories and Chronicles of the House of Osman (c. 1484), 28, 235-7 Laonikos (Nikolaos) Chalkokondyles, The Histories (c. 1464), 28, 222-8 Thomas Ebendorfer, Chronicle of Austria (c. 1463), 28, 217-22 of Nicholas Glassberger, 133 John of Tagliacozzo (1460) (see Story of the Victory ofBelgrade) Konstantin Mihailovič, Memoirs (c.
1490), 28, 259-68 Michael Kritoboulos/Kritopoulos, History ofMehmed the Conqueror (c. 1467), 28, 228-32 Oxford Anonymous Chronicle (c. 1490), 256-9 John Thurocz, Chronicle of the Hungarians (c. 1488), 28, 237-49 Tursun Beg, History of the Conqueror (c. 1488), 249-55 Memories and Chronicles of the House of Osman (Aşıkpaşazade, c. 1484), 235-7 Merserve, Margaret, 18 Mezid Bey, 11 Michael Angelovič, 265nl2 Middle Ages, concept of, 15-16, 29 Midianites, 190 Milan/Milanese court, 10, 112, 118-19, 122-3. See abo Sforza, Francesco mines of Novo Brdo, taken by Ottomans (1455), 22, 52-3, 55, 256, 261-2 in Scythia, 105
Index mining of walls in fall of Constantinople, 239 in siege of Belgrade, 101, 175, 182 Mistra, 222 Modestus and Vitus, feast of (June 18), 66 Mongols, 48n5 Morava River, 66, 233, 257, 262 Moravia, 23, 61, 94, 119 Moses (biblical figure), 199, 206 Muhammad (prophet), 41, 48, 73, 101, 114, 183, 218 Mulfelder, Lord John, 115 Murad I (emir), 3, 7 Murad II (sultan), 9-10,11,12, 222, 223, 236, 243, 252, 273 musical instruments used in battle, 169-70,174 Mustafa (uncle of Murad II), 9 name ofJesus. See Holy name of Jesus Nativity of the Virgin Mary, feast of (Sept. 8), 132 naval battle on Danube, Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade, 25 eyewitness accounts of, 89, 93, 97, 98, 99-100,105-6 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story (1460), 154-67 in memoirs and chronicles, 223-4, 233, 240, 242, 252, 256 news/propaganda on, 110-11, 119,127,128 preparations for crusade and, 60n3, 64, 67, 73 Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian king), 74 Negroponto, fall of, 18 news and propaganda, 24, 109-45 correspondence anonymous to Henry of Echenfelt (Nov.-Dec. 1456), 137-41 Bernard of Kraiburg to Henry Rüger of Pegnitz (Aug. 26, 1456, Vienna), 126,128-30 Bernard of Kraiburg to Sigismund I of Volkersdorf, archbishop of Salzburg (Aug. 25,1456, Vienna), 125-30 Callixtus III to Francesco Sforza (Aug. 23,1456, Rome), 122-5 Callixtus III to Juan Soler (late Aug., 1456, Rome), 130-3 Carvajal to Francesco Sforza (July 29,1456, Ilok), 109-12 John Goldener, to Franz Schlick (Aug. 2,1456, Vienna), 114-16 John Goldener, to Matthew Schlick (Aug. 3,1456, Vienna), 116-18 Ladislaus V, to Francesco Sforza (Aug. 3,1456, Vienna),
118-20 Nuremberg, city of, to city of Weissenburg (Aug. 13, 1456), 121-2 Šibenik, ambassador of bishop of, to Callixtus III (July 26, 1456, Buda), 109-12 historical efforts to separate fact from, 27 liturgical commemorations Burchard’s Liber Notarum (Aug. 9,1500), 144-5 papal decree Inter divinae dispensationis (Aug. 6, 1457), 142-3 Pseudo-John of Capistrano, to all Christians (Aug.-Oct. 1456), in Glassberger chronicle, 133-7 Nicanor (biblical figure), 59 Nicholas of Cusa, cardinal of Saint Peter in Chains, 61, 126 Nicholas of Ilok, 53,129, 213, 273 299
300 index Nicholas V (pope; formerly Tomasso Parentucelli), 273 death of, 22 Etsi ecclesia Christi (formal call to crusade, 1453), 21, 39-46, 76nl8, 83 George Brankovič negotiating with, 260nl Piccolomini and, 21, 47 Regensburg diet not attended by, 22 Nicopolis (now Pleven, Bulgaria), siege of (1396), 4, 6, 7 Ninevites, 78 Niš, fall of (1386), 3 “noble boy of Bosnia,” 88, 90-1, 208-10 nobler classes, purported lack of involvement of, 118, 213-16, 220, 241 Novo Brdo, Ottoman conquest of (1455), 22, 52-3, 55, 256, 261-2 Nuremberg diet held in Regensburg versus, 49 Glassberger’s chronicle completed in, 133 John of Capistrano in, 149-50 letter to city of Weissenburg from city of (Aug. 13,1456), 121-2 Oddi, Francis, bishop of Assisi death of, 213 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story (1460), 161, 213 letter from John Hunyadi (June 18,1456, Hollós), 65-6 letter from John of Capistrano (July 3,1456, Belgrade), 66-8 preparation for crusades and, 63, 64,65 Omnipotentis dei misericordia (Callixtus ПІ, 1457/1455-60), 82-6 Orhan (emir), 2-3 Orientalism, 16 Orthodox Church. See Church Osman, dream of, 2 Ostrovica, 261n3 Ottoman Turks baptism/decapitation offered to captive Turks, 166-7 Callixtus III on importance of Catholic resistance to, 132-3 Christian scouts in camps of, 210 early regime of, 2-6 historical framing of siege of Belgrade by, 28 historiographical tradition of, 235 historiography of, 18-19 Novo Brdo, conquest of (1455), 22, 52-3, 55, 256, 261-2 post-battle famine amongst, 110 post-Belgrade plans and hopes for additional crusades against, 106, 120, 122,124-5,126, 129, 130,
136-7 Westen portrayals of, 2, 39, 41-2, 50, 72, 82, 83, 103 women accompanying army, 102, 110, 158, 218 See also Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade Paeonians, 229, 230, 231 Parentucelli, Tomasso. See Nicholas V Paul (canon of Székesfehérvár), 192, 198,199, 202, 222n7 Paul of Vezsprem, 222n7 peace / peace negotiations Callixtus III on peace brokered between Frederick III and Ladislaus V, 131 between George Brankovič and Mehmed II (1455), 57-8, 257 Lodi, Peace of (1454), 22, 46 papal order for peace within Christendom, during Crusade, 46
Índex trace negotiated by Mehmed II with Western powers (1451), 12 trace offered by Mehmed II in siege of Belgrade (1456), 119 between Venetians and Ottomans, 130 Pécs, bishop of, 54 Pedro of Coimbra, 6 Pest, 60, 61, 62 Peter (nobleman), 116, 165, 190,198 Petrovaradin, 63, 64, 126, 129, 159-60, 212, 213 Philip, Count Palatine, 112nl Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 273-4 Carvajal asking Callixtus III to write to, 59 Feast of the Pheasant (1454), 21 John of Capistrano writing to, 62 at Regensburg diet, 22 Philistines, 74, 206 Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius, 269 at Basel (1431-49), 47 Bernard of Kraiburg and, 125 Constantinopolitana clades (1454), 22, 46-51 on fall of Constantinople, 21, 47-50 John of Capistrano and, 22-3, 61 Nicholas V and, 21, 47 as Pius II (pope), 18 as secretary of Frederick III, 22-3, 47 Pipo Scolari, Count of Temesvár, 7 Pius II (pope), 18. See also Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius píxides, 106ո4, 156nl5, 164 plague, 29, 227, 259, 263 Plato, 21 Pleven, Bulgaria (formerly Nicopolis), siege of (1396), 4, 6, 7 Poland/Poles, 10,11, 23, 61,100, 150,168,170, 202, 220, 221, 242, 259 Prague, 61, 224 prayers of Anthony of Padua, 165n26 Callixtus III on role and importance of, in final battle of Belgrade, 122-4 contra paganos (against the pagans; traditional crusader prayer), 78,176 general calls to, issued by Callixtus III, 71-80,122-4,142 responses sung by crusaders in battle, 134,135 of Turks at final battle of Belgrade, 101 used by John of Capistrano, in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story, 165,176,181,198 vision ofJohn Hunyadi, Mass prayers in, 135 preparations for
crusade, 21-3, 39-86 Bulla Turcorum or Türkenbulle (1456), 80, 81, 129 Constantinopolitana clades (Piccolomini, 1454), 22, 46-51 correspondence, 51-68 Carvajal to John of Capistrano (Jan. 16, 1456, Vienna), 58-60 Carvajal to John of Capistrano (May 14, 1456, Buda), 62-4 Carvajal to John of Capistrano (May 25,1456, Buda), 64-5 Carvajal to John of Capistrano (June 5,1456, Buda), 65 city of Ragusa to John Hunyadi (June 11,1455), 51-3 Hunyadi to Francis Oddi (June 18,1456, Hollós), 65-6 ЗОЇ
302 Index preparations for crusade (cont.) John of Capistrano to Callixtus III June 21,1455, Győr), 53-7 John of Capistrano to Callixtus III (Sept. 17,1455, Csanád), 57-8 John of Capistrano to Carvajal (Feb. 19, 1456, Pest), 60-2 John of Capistrano to Francis Oddi (July 3,1456, Belgrade), 66-8 Cum his superioribus (papal bull of Callixtus III, 1456), 23, 72-80,129,144 diets or conferences, 22, 46-7, 49-50, 61, 95,149 Etsi ecclesia Christi (Nicholas V’s call to crusade, 1453), 21, 39-46 financing, 43-5 general calls to prayer issued by Callixtus III, 71-80,122-4,142 John of Tagliacozzo’s Story of the Victory of Belgrade (1460) on, 148-54 Omnipotentis dei misericordia (Callixtus III, 1457/145560), 82-6 Peace of Lodi (1454), 22, 46 Pressburg (modern Bratislava), 120n4, 126-7, 128 Promontorio, Gian-Andrea, 232 Promontorio, Jacopo, Recollecta (c. 1475), 28, 66nl,209n91, 232-5 propaganda. See news and propaganda PseudoJohn of Capistrano, to all Christians (Aug.-Oct. 1456), in Glassberger chronicle, 133-7 Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik) letter to John Hunyadi from (June 11,1455), 51-3 Šibenik compared, 109 Ramadan, 110n2 Raphael (archangel), 70 Raškans. See Serbs/Serbia Regensburg diet of (1454), 22, 46, 49 letter ofJohn Goldener to Franz Schlick in (Aug. 2,1456, Vienna), 113-16 Regium placet letters, 85n6 relics, 8, 23, 72, 118,150,184, 239 Rennaissance humanism and later crusades, 18, 29, 47,125-6 Rhodes, Mehmed IPs siege of (1480), 27 Richard I Lionheart (king of England), 28 Robert the Monk, Historia Hierosolymitana, 68 Rokyczana, Jan, 61 Roman Church. See Church Romania, 10,12,17,
20, 23, 57, 66n2 Rome / Roman See, 48, 49,122,125 Rudolf (ambassador of Holy See), 54 Rüger, Henry, of Pegnitz, letter of Bernard of Kraiburg to (Aug. 26,1456, Vienna), 126, 128-30 Rumeli Hisar (Boğazkesen), 12-13, 249 Rumelia, 5, 66, 236, 252 Rumelian cavalry/guard/army, 6, 9, 13, 25, 237, 256-8 Ruthenians, 49 Quattrocento, concept of, 18, 29 Quintilian, Institutů) oratoria, 51ո21 Said, Edward, 16 Saintjames the Apostle, 84 Qur’an citations 2:189, 250 2:205, 252
Index Saint James the Apostle, feast of (July 24), 93, 95 Saint Lawrence, feast of (August 10), 122, 220 Saint Mary Magdalene, church of (near Belgrade), 157, 205 Saint Michael, church of, Belgrade, 135 Saint Paul, 43, 46, 77, 80, 84, 86 Saint Peter, 42, 43, 45, 46, 77, 80, 84, 86,102,197,198 Saint Peter, abbey of, Salzburg, 68 Saint Peter, feast of the Chair of (February 22), 216n99 saints Peter and Paul, feast of (June 29), 71 Saint Peter’s, Rome, 80, 86, 132, 142 Saint Stephen’s church, Vienna, 117 Saladin, 28 Sallust, Bellum Catilinae, 49nl2 Salonika, 257 Samarkand, 6 Samokovo, 262 Samuel (biblical prophet), 74 San Lorenzo in Damaso, Rome, church of, 60n3, 73,144 sanjaks, defined, 5 Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 125 Saracens, 48, 218 Sava River in historical framework, 7, 8 John of Tagliacozzo writing from ship on, 95 location of Belgrade on, 152, 229, 250 in siege of Belgrade (1456), 25, 26, 90, 111, 128, 189-91, 266 schismatics, 55n5,103, 133,151, 160, 164,172, 214 Schlick, Franz, letter from John Goldener to (Aug. 2,1456, Vienna), 114-16 Schlick, Matthew, letter from John Goldener to (Aug. 3,1456, Vienna), 116-18 scopettae. See arquebuses Scythia, 105 Sechar, Paul, 213, 214 Şehabeddin Pasha, 11 Semendria, 257 Sémiin (now Zemun), 25,163,168, 214, 247, 247nl3, 284 Sennacherib (king of Assyria), 41, 42, 74 Serbs/Serbia Balkan historiography and, 19-20 conflicts with Ottomans, 3-9, 12, 110,218, 222-3 important routes into/through, 66nl, 96 Novo Brdo, Ottoman conquest of (1455), 22, 52-3, 55, 256, 261-2 Ottoman campaigns in, 260-3 Roman Christians and, 133, 172 as
Triballi/Triballia, in Kritopoulos’s account, 229, 232 truce with Ottomans, 12, 57 See also specific rulers Setton, Kenneth, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, 17, 34n43 Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, 112 letters from Callixtus III (Aug. 23,1456, Rome), 122-5 Carvajal (July 29, 1456, Ilok), 112-13 Ladislaus V (Aug. 3,1456, Vienna), 118-20 post-battle military aid requested from, 120, 124-5 Šibenik, ambassador of bishop of, letter to Callixtus III (July 26, 1456, Buda), 109-12 303
304 Index siege of Belgrade (1456). See Crusade of 1456 / siege of Belgrade Sigismund (king of Hungary), 4, 6-8,10, 274 Sigismund I of Volkersdorf, archbishop of Salzburg, letter of Bernard of Kraiburg to (Aug. 25, 1456, Vienna), 126-8 Singidunum (now Belgrade), 7, 8 Sisera (biblical figure), 206 Sitnica, 260 Skanderbeg, 64 Skobaljić, Nikola, 261 Skopje, 251, 256, 257 Slankamen, 88, 91, 104, 107, 160, 161, 164, 208, 210 Smederevo, 9, 66nl, 218, 223, 261n3, 263, 265 social class nobler classes, purported lack of involvement of, 118, 213-16, 220, 241 three orders of society, inversion of, 118 working people as crusaders in siege of Belgrade, 118, 127, 128,141,173,195-6, 220, 243 Sofia, 3,105,127, 260n2 Soler, Juan, papal ambassador to Alfonso V of Aragon, letter of Callixtus III to (late Aug., 1456, Rome), 122-5 Solon, 247 Sonnenberger, Ulrich (bishop of Gurk),50nl3 springaids (spingardas), 156, 166, 173, 178, 204 Stefan Lazarevič (despot of Serbia and ban of Macsó), 4, 7-8, 25, 274 Stephen (pope and martyr), feast of (August 2), 116 Stephen Protomartyr feast of invention of relics of (August 3), 118 feast of martyrdom of (December 26), 118n5 Story of the Victory of Belgrade (John of Tagliacozzo, 1460), 24, 147-216 on preparations for crusade, 148-54 on first victory (naval battle), 154-67 on second victory (liberation of fortress), 167-88 on third victory (defeat of Turks in the field), 188-203 on aftermath of battle, 203-16 on crossing of Sava by John of Capistrano, 189-92 on death ofJohn of Capistrano, 216 “face of battle” represented in, 28-9 on feigned retreat, 192-4 on
firearms, 115n5, 156-7,161-2, 164, 166, 173,178,182, 192-4,199 as hagiographical text, 148 letter-form of, 24, 147, 148 miraculous events in, 155-6, 157, 167,199, 200, 201 presence ofJohn of Tagliacozzo at final battle in, 190-1, 197, 198, 200, 202 success in battle attributed to God and John of Capistrano, 214-16 Szécsi, Denis, cardinal archbishop of Esztergom, 56, 66n2 letter from Hunyadi (July 24, 1456, Belgrade), 91-3, 218n2 Szeged, 63, 66, 241 Székesfehérvár, 192
Index Szilágyi, Michael, of Horogszeg, 273 as brother-in-law of Hunyadi, 25 in eyewitness accounts, 93nl, 100 George Brankovič, ransom of, 264-6 in John of Tagliacozzo’s Story of the Victory ofBelgrade (1460), 149, 152, 155,160, 167, 175, 176, 180,185,187,189,195, 201, 202, 204-6, 210 kerchief sent to John of Capistrano by, 155 in memoirs and chronicles, 244, 264, 265nl0, 266nl4 Talovac, Matthew, 9 Tanais, 49 Tartars, 48, 218 Tellus, 247 Teucri, 218 Themistius, 48nl0 Theophano (saint and empress), 8 Thessalonica, capture of (1430), 9 three orders of society, inversion of, 118 Thucydides, 26 Thurocz, John, Chronicle of the Hungarians (c. 1488), 28, 237-49 Timur (Tamerlane; Asian warlord), 6, 274 Tobias (biblical figure), 70 Tomas (Bosnian king), 265 Transfiguration, feast of (August 6), 142-5 Transoxiana (modern Uzbekistan), 6 Transylvania, 1, 10, 11, 23, 60, 93-4,110,151,213, 244nl0, 248nl6 Trebizond (Koichis), king of, 223 Trepanja, 261 Trepča, 256 Trevisan, Ludovico, 60n3, 73,129 Triballi/Triballia (Serbia), 229, 232 Tröster, John, 128 truces. See peace / peace negotiations Türkenbulle or Bulla Turcorum (Callixtus III, 1456), 80, 81, 129 Turks. See Ottoman Turks Tursun Beg, History of the Conqueror (c. 1488), 249-55 UĮjak (Ilok), 112, 249 Ulrich II, Count of Celje, 9, 60, 111, 128,130,137,140-1, 240, 264, 265nll,274 Ulrich of Nussdorf, bishop of Passau, 115,127,129 Urban II (pope), 16, 28 Varna, 11-12, 20 Venice/Venetians, 6,13-14,17, 21, 49, 51-2,63-4,98,109,110,130 vernacular versus Latin, writing in, 96nl Via Egnatia, 5 Vidin, 224, 261n3 Vienna, 12, 23, 58, 60, 111,
112,113, 114,116,117nl, 118,120, 122, 125, 126,127,128,130, 217, 240 Vilk-ili, 256, 257 Visconti, Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan, 112 vision ofJohn Hunyadi, 135-6 Visitation, feast of (July 2), 97,154 Vitéz, John, bishop of Oradea (later cardinal archbishop of Esztergom), 53, 54, 66,129 Vitus and Modestus, feast of (June 18), 66 Vılkoğlu. See George Brankovič vows of crusading or pilgrimage, commutation of, 84 Vrana, 9 305
306 Index Vranja, 261ոՅ Vuk Brankovič. See George Brankovič Wallachia/Wallachians, 4,10, Π, 172 Weber, Benjamin, 18 weights, measures, and distances, 57, 97, 99,115, 117,126,129, 157, 163, 233, 241 Weissenburg, city of, letter from city of Nuremberg to (Aug. 13, 1456), 121-2 “White City,” Belgrade as, 7 Wiener Neustadt, diet of (1455), 22, 46, 61 i Լ women, crusader and Turkish, 29, 102,110,158,180-1,183, 185, 187-8, 218, 238 wordplay, 41n6, 92nl, 184n45 working people as crusaders in siege of Belgrade, 118,127,128, 141, 173,195-6, 220, 243 Žegligiovo, 260 Zemun (formerly Sémiin), 25,163, 168, 214, 247, 247nl3, 284 Zlatitsa pass, 11 Zrnov, 246 Zvečaj, 259 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Mixson, James D. |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | j d m jd jdm |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137973705 |
| author_facet | Mixson, James D. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048451481 |
| classification_rvk | NM 7500 NM 7870 NM 9505 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1347214346 (DE-599)BVBBV048451481 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1453-1456 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1453-1456 |
| format | Book |
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Mixson</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Toronto ; Buffalo ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">University of Toronto Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xv, 306 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Faksimiles, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In July 1456, a massive Turkish army settled in before Belgrade, an ancient city at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. The army's leader was the 21-year-old Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, "the Conqueror," who had captured Constantinople only three years before. He now sought to take one of the most strategically important fortifications in all of southeastern Europe. Three weeks later, Mehmed's army was in full retreat, driven from Belgrade by a seasoned Hungarian warlord and his army, along with a ragtag force of ill-equipped crusaders. In The Crusade of 1456, James D. Mixson gathers together the key primary sources for understanding both the events that led to the siege of the city of Belgrade, and how those events lived on in European narrative and memory. Collectively, these sources--nearly all of them translated here for the first time--challenge readers with their variety: papal decrees, letters, liturgies, and chronicles from Latin, Byzantine, and Ottoman perspectives. They also confront readers with the difficulties of interpretation: the production and resonance of crusade propaganda, the complex nature of "eyewitness" sources, and the long-term process that transforms narrative and text into cultural memory. The book also includes an accessible introduction, timelines, and maps. Illuminating the many complexities of late medieval military, diplomatic, and cultural history, The Crusade of 1456 provides access to one of the most interesting yet neglected stories in the history of the crusades."--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In English ; translated from the Latin, Italian, and German</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1453-1456</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Belagerung von Belgrad</subfield><subfield code="g">1456</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4525463-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Türkenkriege</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4186408-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kreuzzüge</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073802-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Belgrade (Serbia) / History / Siege, 1456 / Sources</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Crusades / 13th-15th centuries / Sources</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Catholic Church / Europe / Clergy / To 1500 / Correspondence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe / Kings and rulers / To 1500 / Correspondence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">1456</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Sources</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4135952-5</subfield><subfield code="a">Quelle</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Belagerung von Belgrad</subfield><subfield code="g">1456</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4525463-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kreuzzüge</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073802-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Türkenkriege</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4186408-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1453-1456</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mixson, James D.</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)137973705</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, epub</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-4875-3263-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, PDF</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-4875-3262-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - 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| id | DE-604.BV048451481 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T19:45:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781487523930 9781487505769 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xv, 306 Seiten Faksimiles, Karten |
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| publishDate | 2022 |
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| spellingShingle | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation Belagerung von Belgrad 1456 (DE-588)4525463-1 gnd Türkenkriege (DE-588)4186408-6 gnd Kreuzzüge (DE-588)4073802-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4525463-1 (DE-588)4186408-6 (DE-588)4073802-4 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation |
| title_auth | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation |
| title_exact_search | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation |
| title_full | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation James D. Mixson |
| title_fullStr | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation James D. Mixson |
| title_full_unstemmed | The crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation James D. Mixson |
| title_short | The crusade of 1456 |
| title_sort | the crusade of 1456 texts and documentation in translation |
| title_sub | texts and documentation in translation |
| topic | Belagerung von Belgrad 1456 (DE-588)4525463-1 gnd Türkenkriege (DE-588)4186408-6 gnd Kreuzzüge (DE-588)4073802-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Belagerung von Belgrad 1456 Türkenkriege Kreuzzüge Quelle |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT mixsonjamesd thecrusadeof1456textsanddocumentationintranslation |