Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe: between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in human rights
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| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032863161&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032863161&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | x, 254 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781032035000 9781032035055 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of contributors Introduction: Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe: between the Helsinki Accords and the fall of the Berlin wall vii 1 JAKOB TYSZKIEWICZ 1 US Policy toward political opposition in Poland (1975-1981) 7 JAKUB TYSZKIEWICZ 2 Human rights in British policy on Poland (1975-1979) 22 JACEK TEBINKA 3 Basket III provisions in the policies of France and the Federal Republic of Germany toward the Polish People’s Republic (1975-1980): Acomparative approach 39 WANDA JARZĄBEK 4 Human rights in the policy of Sweden toward Poland 1975-1981 53 PAWEŁ JAWORSKI 5 Between human rights and national opposition: Polish opposition 1976-1989 66 ŁUKASZ KAMIŃSKI 6 Exit, voice, duplicity: Human rights in Romanian understanding (1975-1989) 80 CRISTINA PETRESCU 7 The Catholic Church, human rights and the democratic opposition in communist Poland: The caseof Father Ludwik Wisniewski BOŻENA SZAYNOK 97
vi Contents 8 The role of human rights in the situation of the Slovak church and persecution of Christians in Slovakia in 1975-1989 111 RÓBERT LETZ 9 John Paul II on human rights in Poland 122 MONIKA JABŁOŃSKA 10 Political opposition, human rights, and political changes in Czechoslovakia in 1989 137 PETER JAŠEK 11 Resistance, dissent, and opposition movements: Antecedents of the Hungarian regime change 152 RÉKA KISS 12 Revisiting the revolution of 1989: The end of the communist rule in Romania 172 DRAGOŞ PETRESCU 13 The United States and Hungary, 1956-1990 187 LÁSZLÓ BORHI 14 The Polish American Congress, Polish diaspora, and human rights movement in Poland 202 JOANNA WOJDON 15 The ideas of human rights andtheir impact during and after Soviet rule 220 AARON RHODES Index 235
Index Aczél, Györgyi 59 Adamec, Ladislav 145 Afghanistan 59 Albania 22 Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) 163 Alexeyeva, Ludmilla 222-23, 230 “Alternative Cultural Forum” 230 America see United Sates American Relief for Poland 203; Warsaw’s Office closed by communist 203 Andreescu, Gabriel 180; psychiatric insti tution 228 Andropov, Yuri 192, 228 Aneks, magazine 26, 29 Apostol, Gheorghe 78 Aristotle 222 Ash, Timothy Garton 166n8, 172 Assistance to Political Prisoners 209 Åström, Sverker 57 Atlantic Charter 202 Austria 108n26, 112, 143, 169 authoritarian regimes 221, 231-32 Asia 222 Assistance Committee for the Support of Human Rights in Poland 208 Association Solidarité France-Pologne 46 Baffi, Egon 41 Baltic coast protest see Poland, December 1970 protests Baltic States, incorporation into Soviet Union 203; emigrants 56 Banská Bystrica 113, 117 Balaton 143 Barańczak, Stanisław 206 Bârlădeanu, Alexandra 178 Bartoszewski, Władysław 101-102, 108ո26; Righteous Among Nations 108n26 Basket III 1, 3, 22, 24-25, 30, 33, 39-40, 43, 47, 82, 157, 162, 205; British opi nion on Soviet Union 30; discussion in France and FRG 47; Polish position toward 42; role of 157 Bauer, Sándor 156 BBC (British Broadcast Cotporation) 23; Polish-language broadcast 23, 39 BdV (Bund der Vertriebenen, Federation of Expellees) 39 Behavioral 177 Békés, Csaba 162-163 Belgrade, CSCE follow-up meeting 8-9, 25-30, 39,41, 44, 104, 225, 227; British position 26, 29; Declaration 29; EEC and NATO countries 29; German posi tion 39, 41; political prisoners 227; preparatory meeting 25, 35n29, 35n33; independent
civil society voices 226; Soviet Bloc position, Polish 26; Soviet 26, 28, 227; US attitude 226; Western position 26, 29, 39, 41, 45, 226 Bence, György 230 Вейо, Ján Salesian 114 Bergquist, Lars 55 Berlin Wall 142-143 Beme, CSCE review conference 205 Bible: Book of Genesis 123; John 123; Letter to Romans 126 Bibó, István 158; Bibó Festschrift 158 Bibó István Vocational College 163 Bihari, Mihály 162 Bíró, Zoltán 163 Bisztyga, Jan 31-33 Big Three 202 Bipolar world system (East-West), 3, 6, 28, 162, 189; conflict 189; detente 7, 22, 24, 29-30, 44, 57-8, 82, 138, 192, 195; economic issues 147; exchange 80;
236 Index leaders 80; Polish crisis, impact on 45; post-1989 relaxation 29, 33, 47; spheres of influence 81 Blachnicki, Franciszek, priest 99; Light-Life movement (Ruch Światło i Życie) 99 Blaker, Peter 25, 32; visit to Poland 33 Blumsztajn, Seweryn 209 Bobiński, Krzysztof 29, 31-2 Bobrowicz, Zdzisław 209 Bogatko Yulia 221 Bohemia 117, 141 Bologna, university 141 Bonn see FRG Borhi, László 5, 153, 187 Borovce 117 Borowska, Maria 58 Borovský, Branislav, imprisonment 116 Boston 204, 211 Botoşani 181 Brasov, workers strike 87 Braşov, county 181 Bratislava 5, 116-117, 141, 144; Bra tislava/out loud 141; Candle demonstra tion 140, 147n7; Comenius University; Faculty of Arts 143-44; Hviezdoslav Square 118, 140; Peace Square 143; Presidential Palace 143; seminary in 118; Small Scene (Malá scéna) 144; State Court 111; students’ “living chain” 143; Trnávka 117. See also Slovakia Bratislava Five; arresting of 117, 143 Brázda J., Franciscan 116 Brezhnev, Leonid 18n48, 139, 185; doctrine 82, 176-77 British government see Great Britain Brotherhood of Dispersed Solidarity Members 211 Brown, Caroli 12, 172 Brown, J.F. Bručan, Silviu 178 Brussels Brzeziński, Zbigniew 9, 11-12, 17nl6, 17n22, 18n44, 193-194, 200n33, 206 Bucharest 23, 81, 87,172, 174, 177-78, 180, 182; Palace Square 180 See also Romania Budaj, Ján 141, 144 Budapest 3, 189, 197, 230; “Chain Bridge Battle” 162; Heroes Square demonstra tion 164; Kossuth Square 197; U.S. Embassy in 192 Buffalo 204 Bujak, Zbigniew 61 Bukovsky, Vladimir 228 Bulgaria 173, 176, 221; communist regime 176 Bush, George W. 142, 153, 197; adminis
tration 196-98; Gorbachev, attitude to 19; Eastern Europe, position toward changes in 197; visit to Budapest and Warsaw 196-98 Butkay, Ján; trial of 117 Buzalka, Michal, bishop 111 Bydgoszcz 76nl7 California 196 Callaghan, James 22, 24, 31-2 Canada 1, 22 Carter, Jimmi 1, 25, 192-94, 206; admin istration 8, 10, 12, 15, 57, 194; and Polish dissidents 10, 15, 16nl5, 26; and Romania 192; and Solidarity 12-13; dissidence, interest in 10-11; human rights policy 1, 8-9, 13, 16; Hungary, policy toward 193; Poland: deterring Soviet intervention in 12; policy toward 3; Polish accusations of 12; Presidential Directive PD 218; Presidential Directive on Human Rights/NSC 30 8; statements 9; visit to Warsaw 8 Casaroli, Agostino, archbishop 113 Catholic Church 103, 209; and human rights 4; archives 4; as space of freedom 102; clandestine 139-140; laity 13; relations with communists 98; Second Ecumenical Council 128; Catholic Church in Poland 98, 130; aca demic ministries 98-101; access to mass media 13; activity 28, 98; and Polish opposition 99; and Solidarity 69, 131; Committee for the Academic Ministry (Komisja ds. Duszpasterstwa Akade mickiego) 99; churches 98; Christian Culture Weeks 99, 108ո9; Dominican order 4, 100-101; ecclesiastical property 18; Episcopate 11, 40, 99; “Oases of Freedom” 100; opposition activity 98; pilgrimage movement 99, 102, 107n7; Polish Episcopal Conference {Konfer encja Episkopatu Polski) 99; priests 100; Primate’s Social Council 72; religious groups 99; religious observance 98; repressions toward 98-9; role of 11, 56, 98, 129; tax arrears 98; U.S. Embassy
contacts with 13 Catholic social doctrine 100, 108 Catholic University in Lublin 126
Index Central Connecticut State University 215n4 Central and Eastern Europe see Eastern Europe CDU (Christian Democratic Union) 41 Ceauşescu Nicolae 82^4, 87-8, 90-91, 164, 172-73, 175, 179-80, 190; antiCaucescu uprising 180, 182; “balcony speech” 175; Ceausescu couple circle of power 179; “Ceauşescuism”86; criticism of 87-8; external policy of 83; person ality cult 87; regime 80, 82, 84, 87-8, 90, 173-76, 179-82; utopian plans 90; violators of human rights 82 Ceauşescu period 174 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 227-28; assessments 9-10, 13; Directo rate of Intelligence 9; Polish opposition, opinions of 10-11; reports 227; U.S. human rights policy 227; opinion of 10 Chalidze, Valery 222-23, 229 Charter 77 (Charta 77) 2, 10, 25, 84, 99, 138-41, 146n3-4, 147n6, 158, 222, 224; and State Security 138-39; campaign against 138; declaration 114; doc umentation of human rights violation 84-5; Hungarian intellectuals’ support 158; Marxist orientation of 114; meet ings with Polish opposition 10; persecu tion of 138-39, 158; political reform 224; popularity in West 138; presenting human rights abuses 138-39; right to emigrate 85; Slovak Charter 77, 141, signatories, persecution of 138, 158 Cheysson, Claude, visit to Warsaw 45-6; meeting with Walesa 45-6 Chicago 204, 211, 216n70; PAC action in 206; Polish Consulate in 206 Chile, human rights 25; people 13 Chirac, Jacques 46 Chirot, Daniel 172 Chişinevschi, Iosif 179 Chojecki, Mirosław 27, 31 Christian humanism 128 Christianity 102, 124—25; concept of work 124 Christians 100, 102; persecution of 4 Chronicle of Human Events 223
Citizen’s Foundation 210 citizen rights 1, 65 Civic Forum (Občanské Forum) 144 civil rights see human rights civil society 90, 101, 154, 156, 159, 163, 221-22, 225-32 Civil Freedom Movement 143 237 Clubs for the Self Governing Republic “Freedom-Justice-Independence” (Kluby Samorządnej Rzeczpospolitej “WolnośćRówność-Niepodległość”) 71 Clubs in the Service of Independence (Kluby Służby Niepodległości) 71 Cluj 180 CoCom 195 Cold War 42, 81, 142, 154, 177, 195, 203, 212nl, 221-22, 225; camps 81; parties 154; post-Cold War 231 Columbia University 168n27 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe 226 Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted (Výborná obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných) 139 Committees for the Defense of Those Imprisoned for Their Convictions (Komitety Obrony Więzionych za Przekonania) 70 Committees for Education, Culture and Science ֊ OKNO 209 Committee for the Protection of the Rights of the Hungarian Minority in Czecho slovakia 141 Committee for National Self-Determination (Komitet Porozumienia na rzecz Samostanowienia Narodu), combatant circles 68 Committee for Social Self-Defense (KSS KOR) 7; dissolution of 14; Information Bulletin 209. See also Workers’ Defence Committee Committee of Assistance to the Polish Workers {Społeczny Komitet Pomocy Poistím Robotnikom) 208 Committee of National Remembrance, Hungary 5 Communism 41, 47 122-24, 130, 226; collapse of regimes 4, 106, 152, 221, 228; interpretations 47, 152-53; con testation 173; ineffectiveness of 61; nation specific factors 176; nonpartisan civil society 228 oppressive nature of 202;
regime change 1989 83, 173, 176, 221, 225, 230; rule 173; spheres of influence 81; system 226; Communist Bloc; changes of 1989; 1-2; collapse of 2, 84; countries 81-2, 88, 90; communist rule 82; community 177; dictatorships 2; dissidents 2, 33; fake election results 228; human rights in 25, 90; party leadership 226; propaganda
238 Index 228; regimes ЗО, 80, 83^ł, 90, 224; single-party 2, 198; Thachers policy toward 32; Western credits to 80 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 20th Congress, 175. See also Soviet Union Confederation of Independent Poland (Konfederacja Polski Niepodległej, KPN) 2, 68-70; arrest and releasing of members 13-14; popularity of 70; trial of members 70, 74—5 Conference of Solidarity Support Organizations 211 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 1-2, 53, 55, 73, 205, 231; and East-West tensions 42; confirmation of existing borders 1; French position 42; process of 42, 62n3; confirmation of existing borders 1, signatories 1; Soviet Bloc position 42; Connecticut 211 Constanţa, county 181 Constantinescu, Miron 179 Cornea, Doina 90, 180; Cornea manifesto 90 Cornell University 168n27 Coufal, Přemysl, priest; assassination of 117 Crosland, Anthony 24-5; his views on human rights 24 CSCE conference on cultural cooperation 88 CSU (Christian Social Union) 41 Csoóri, Sándor 160, 163 Csurka István 163 Czechoslovak Republic 116 Czechoslovakia (see also Prague Spring) 2, 10-11, 25, 27, 69, 71, 88, 111, 113, 115, 117-18, 137-50, 158, 172-73, 176, 226, 228, 230; anti-regime groups 141-42; anthem 143; atheism, campaign of 113, 118, 138; Brontosaurus movement 140; censorship 138, 140; Christians 139; Club 231 (K 231) 112, 237; collectivi zation 140; Communist coup in 1948 137; Communist party, leading role 137-138, 140, 142, 144--45, 148n20; Communist regime 112, 114-15, 118, 137, 176; constitution 145; Czech nation 84,137; dissidents 5, 10-11, 139, 145,
221,228; demonstrations in 1989 144; ecclesiastical emigration 112; ecology 140; environment and cultural heritage, protection of 140-41; fall of system 4, 5, 37; federation 112; general strike 144; Federal Ministry of the Interior 115; Federal Parliament 144; Hungarian minority in 160; industrialization 140; international developments 139, living conditions 140; National Assembly, Foreign Affairs Committee 140; “nor malization”, elements of 4, 112, 118, 138-39, 142; occupation of 117, 143֊44; Palach week 142; Penal Code 118; people 117, 140, 143, 156; pil grimages 99; political transformation in 1989 145; prestavba 148n20; propa ganda: 118; atheistic 138; Protestants 140; real socialism 138; “rebuilding” policy 137, 142; religion; oppression of 111; roundtables 145; samizdat 140-42; secret church 115; socialism with a human face 137, 141, 145-46; society 142, 144-45; secret police (State Secur ity) 10, 11, 138, 141-42; Socialist Youth Union 148n20; “ÚTLUM” action 115; Soviet-led invasion by the Warsaw Pact 175; vacant dioceses 112, 140; Velvet Revolution 137, 142; Warsaw Pact invasion of 137, 142-44, 156 Częstochowa, Jasna Góra monastery, 99, 107 Czyrek, Józef 31 Camogurský, Ján 142, 144, 148; arrest of 143; release of 117 Calfa, Marian 145 Dalrymple, Theodore 228 Danube, environmental damage 164 Danube Circle 162 Davidek, Felix M., bishop 114 Demszky, Gábor 159 D’Estaing, Giscard, visit to Warsaw 43 Diplomatic and Commonwealth Writers’ Association 25 Djilas, Milovan 175 doctrine of Incarnation 123, 130 Dubček, Alexander 111, 137, 141, 145, 147nl3 Dubié, Josy 90
Dubovský, Peter 114 Dulles, Avery, cardinal 130, 134n28 Dulles, John 187 Duray, Miklós 139, 160 Dymarski, Lech 210 Dziwisz, Stanislaw, cardinal 127, 131 East-West see bipolar world system East-Central Europe (ЕСЕ) see Eastern Europe
Index East Germany 2, 114, 172-73, 176; communist regime in 176; 1953 uprising 187; refugees in Hungary 143, 152, 169n37; Eastern Europe (East-Central Europe) 1, 3, 9, 25, 32, 58, 62, 87, 131-32, 142, 172-73, 179, 221, 225; affairs 175; anti regime demonstrations 228; as Soviet security zone 152; British policy toward 24, 26, 31 ; Catholic church in 111, cen tral command model 187; censorship 89; communist regimes 174 187; communist takeover 203; communities 203; conflict 188; democratic practices 2; democratic transformation 152; dictatorship in 173, 175-76; displaced persons (DPs) 202; dissidence 2-3, 5, 8-10, 67, 92, 143, 222; dissent 226; economic decline 173; economies 187; ex-communists 221; external conjunctural factor 176; “Finlandization” 191, history 125, human rights: 3, 5, 10, 25; violation of 28, 62n3; ideological decay 173; indepen dence 162, 188, 191; international laws 1; “liberalization” of 195; multi-party system 152, 165; nationalism in 188; people 59; political changes 2; non violence norm 172; post-Soviet states 231; power vacuum 198; West relations with 153, 195; reforms 197; regime change, types of factors 152, 172; societies 1, 24; social system 56; states 139, 225, 231; Soviet domination on 1-3, 9, 25, 32, 62, 111, 152-53, 189, 191, 194-95; Sovietization of 177; Stalinization 187; transnational level 80; US, policy to 8, 188, 191, 193, 197-98. See also Soviet Bloc East European Solidarity Committee 56 EEC (European Economic Community) 25, 29; aid to Poland 42; Belgrade, CSCE follow-up meeting, position 29 Eisenhower Dwight 187; administration
187; “captive people” 187; “liberation” and rollback policy 187-88, 190; pre sidential campaign 187; psychological warfare 187 elite, political culture 177 Ellenpontok (Counterpoints) 88; memorandum 88 Enlightenment 124 Europe 83, 176; borders, change of 202; division of 188-89; peace 57; post-1945 status quo 152-53, 198; power elite 175; 239 stabilization 57, 187; unity 189; Western 202 European Convention on Human Rights 231 European Cultural Foram (ECF) 162; and Counter-Forum 162 European Parliament, condemnation of Romania 84; Political Commision 84 European satellites 175 See also Soviet Bloc European Union 231 Esztergom 167 Faildin, Thorbjörn, incident with Polish emigrants 54; visit to Warsaw 54; Fall of Nations in 1989 5 Fascel, Dante 226 fascist states 25 Federation of Fighting Youth (Federacja Młodzieży Walczącej) 72 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) 3, 39, 41, 87, 195, 197; and human rights in Poland 40; position toward Solidarity 41-M2; Bundestag 41; diplomats 40-41; domestic policy aims 47; Foreign Min istry 40; foreign policy priorities 39; geopolitical realities 47; government 40; Poland: economic aid 41; emigration agreements with 39; policy toward 39, 41; youth exchange 41; Polish opposi tion; policy toward 40; politicians 41, 47; press 41; social organizations aid to Poland 42; supporting free flow of ideas 47; using human rights in policy 3, 39, 46; weeks of Polish culture 41 Fekete, Gyula 163 Fenwick, Millicent 226 Fenrych Przemysław 106 Feranec, Jozef 113 FIDESZ 163-65 Fighting Solidarity (Solidarność Walcząca) 72; solidarism 72 Filipek, Ondrej,
trial of 116 Filipescu, Radu 180 Financial Times 29, 31 Flannery, Martin 25 Flier, Michael 207 flow of ideas and people 39, 41, 43, 47, 188 Fodor, Gábor 163 Foltinová, Mária, trial of 116 Ford, Gerald, administration 8, 16; visit to Warsaw 7 Formánek, Oskar, bishop, detention of 115
240 Index Fort Knox 193 Foundation for Social and Economic Initiatives 210 Foundation in Support of Local Democracy 209 Foundation Supporting the Poor (SZETA) 158 France 39; and geopolitical realities 47; and June 1976 in Poland 43-4; Basket III as instrument of policy 3, 39; con tacts with Solidarity 45; criticism of Polish regime 47; diplomacy 42-3; domestic policy goals 47; family reuni fication 42; flow of people and ideas 43; Poland: aid to 46; cultural and educa tional cooperation 42; exchange of jour nalists 43; loans to 43; Quai d’Orsay opinion on 43; relations with 3, 39, 43-4; youth cooperation 42, 44; Polish crisis, observation of 41-2, 45; Polish emigration 42, 44; Polish press purchase 44; securing French interests 42; society 46; trade unions, support to Solidarity 46; using human rights 46 French Socialist Party 41 Frasyniuk, Władysław 104, 107; detention of 104 Free Trade Unions (Wolne Związki Zawodowe) 18ո49, 31, 207; Founding Committees in Gdańsk and Katowice 68 Free World 1. See also Western democracies freedom 67, 85, 123, 222-26; as sign of God-given humanity 123; as universal individual right; as value 123; in classi cal Greek philosophy 222; corruption of 124; of conscience 67, 69, 127; of expression 45, 86-7, 89, 131, 231; of idea 222; of religion 39, 67, 70, 73, 88, 112-14, 117, 128, 137, 140, 147n8, 225, 231; of scientific research 67; of speech 13, 25, 67, 69, 89, 104, 207; of thought 111 ; personal, restriction on 222; viola tion of 202, 226 Freedom and Peace Movement (Ruch “Wolność i Pokój”), ideological declaration 73 “Freedom for Poland”
211 Fund for Friendship and Cooperation 209-10 Für, Lajos 163 Gabaj, Alojz, imprisonment 116 Gábor, Bethlen 160 Gábor Bethlen Foundation 160 Gábris, Július, bishop 113 Gandhi, Mahatma 106 Gazeta Wyborcza 209 Gdańsk 70, 101, 107, 131; printing house 59; shipyard 97 Gdynia, December 1970 massacre 204 Geneva, Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe 205 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 40; visit to Warsaw 42 Georgescu, Teohari 178 Gerasimov, Gennadi 146nl2 Gerboc, Stefan, priest, trial of 116 German Democratic Republic see East Germany Germany 32, 202; division of 81, 152; Germans 86,87 Gesellschaft fur Menschenrechte (GfM, Society for Human Rights) 41 Gharton, Per 56 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 83, 175, 178-79 Giedroyc Jerzy 208 Gierek, Edward 7, 12, 15, 18n48, 27, 30, 32, 43, 97, 103; “decade” 98, 100; British interest in 30; French diplomats opinion 45; visit to France 45; visit to Moscow 18n48; visit to Stockholm 53; visit to US 7 Ginzburg, Alexander 226 gnostic heresies 114 Gojdič, Pavel, bishop 111 Goma, Paul 84-6,179-81; arrest of 86; protest letter 84-6 “Goma movement” 84, 86-7, 90, 179-180 Gomułka Władysław 15 Gondová, Helena; trial of 116 Gono, Milan 117 Gorbachev, Michail 76n25, 87, 139, 141-42, 148n20, 152-53, 161, 172, 175-76, 179, 182 195-97, 228; policy of 76n25, 172, 182; reforms 175-76, 182 Goronwy-Roberts, Baron 25-27, 29 Gorzów Wielkopolski 106; academic min istry in 100 government-controlled nongovernmental organizations (GONGOS) 232 Gray, John C.R. 30 Greece 54 Great Britain 3, 30, 32; and June 1976 protest in Poland 23; and Polish
Index dissidents 26; Conservative Party (Tories) 25, 32-3; diplomats 22-6, 28-31, 33; Eastern Europe, policy toward 24-25; economic policy 26; Foreign Office views on Poland 22-3, 25-6, 30, 32-3; human rights policy 22, 24-5, 27, 30-33; humanitarian matters 26, 33; Labour Party 25, 27, 30, 32; Parliament 22, 25, 27, 31-2; Polish officials, meetings with 24-5, 28-9, 31; MI5 30; Polish opposition, observing of 23, 26, 33; Poland; convention with 31; diplomatic interventions in 25; economic cooperation with 33; relations with 23, 29-33; Polish émigré community (“Polish London”) 23, 26 205; Polish espionage 30; press 27, 29; public opi nion 26, 33; restricting freedom of travel 30; Soviet Union; relations with 24—5; violation of human rights 27; visa policy 30 Great Powers 153-54 Grósz, Károly, visit to US 196 Gwiazda, Andrzej 70 Habsburg Otto von 169n37 Haig, Alexander 14; plans of assistance to Poland 14 Hájek, Jin 139 Hajdú, János 160 Hámos, László 168ո27 Hanus, Ladislav, trial of 116 Haraszti, Miklós 158-59 Harriman, Averrell 195 Harford, CT 216n70 Harvard University 206; Harvard Crimson 207 Havel, Václav 123, 139, 141, 144-45, 223, 230; imprisonment 143; Několik vět (Few Phrases) petition 143; president 145 Helsinki 8, 22 see aho Helsinki, CSCE conference; Helsinki Final Act Helsinki Accords (Helsinki Declaration) see Helsinki Final Act Helsinki Committee, in Hungary 230; in Poland 73, 229 Helsinki, CSCE conference 67, 113, 192; process 157 Helsinki Final Act 3-4, 22-28, 30-31, 33, 40-41, 47, 57, 63, 67, 80-83, 87-8, 90-91, 138, 162, 168, 192, 205, 224-27, 229; and 1989
5, 90, 224; borders 1, 82; channel to law and policymakers 226, 241 cultural cooperation 31; cultural identity and exchanges 88; civil society cam paigns 221,23; concluding document 88; détente 224; diplomats 82; dissidents 84, 90, 228; dissent network 90; economic and social system 82; ethnic minorities 88, 186, 231; protection of 157, 164; global security 81, 224; internal affairs 88; international collaboration 81,83; journalists 82; implementation in Poland 7, 9, 31, 43; negotiations 82; participat ing states 82-3, 225, 231; political agreement 224; political system 82; post-Helsinki period 84; post-Helsinki dissidents 80, 81, 84; post-1989 231; preamble of 82; principles 1, 7, 40, 113, 193; principle 7 81-2, 90, 224-25; pro cess 81, 83-4, 157, 221-22, 226-28, 231; observance of civil rights 40, 81-2; origins 225; rights of national minorities 40; renunciation of use of power 1 ; role of 1; signatories 22, 82, 224, 229; Soviet Bloc; attitude to 1, 29, 43; Western atti tude to 27-8 Helsinki Watch 227, 229; Poland 209 Hibbert, Reginald, Sir, visit to Warsaw 29 Hirschman, Albert O. 87 history 6 Hlinka, Anton, priest on exile 113 Hnilica, Pavol, bishop 112 Holland, Agnieszka 209 Hoover Institution Archives 208, 210 Höffijer, Joseph, Cardinal human being 123; dignity of human work 123 human dignity 125-30, 132, 212 Human Dimension 231 Human labour Human rights 2, 5-6, 25, 65, 68, 80-83, 85-8, 91, 104, 125, 220, 222-24, 229-31; activism 176, 222-24, 226, 229-31; abuse of 221; advocacy 221,224,231; after 1989 230; agenda 90; and dissent 5; and global security 81; and DP’s
202; anti-communist movement 230; cultural rights 88; as guarantees of individual freedoms 229; as propaganda weapon 32, 224; as scientific vocation 223; British public interest in 26; bilateral and multilateral relations 83; bureaucratization of 5, 232; campaigns 26, 226, 231; civil society 224, 229; civil and political rights 22425, 229; citizen 80; classical liberalism
242 Index 224; Catholic tradition 125; commit ments 225, 227, 229; community 231; concepts of 221-22; controversies 230; defenders 221, 229; diplomacy 221; dissent 220-21, 228; dissidents 5, 80, 90, 220, 222-24, 226, 228-30, 232; dissidents: activists 224, 229; dissidents: impact on 229; economic and social 22, 230-31; fundamental rights 80; discus sion 1; economic and social rights 192, 224, 225, 229; exploitation of 5; French media attitude to 44; idea 2-3, 232; individual 224-25, 229, 231; in interna tional politics 1; in Poland 206; in Soviet Bloc 206; internal liberalization 83; international campaigns 81; interna tional legitimacy 226; mass media 220; monitoring of 83, 221; nature of 123; natural rights 224; non-partisan advo cacy 224; organization proliferated 230; negative liberties 225; philosophicalhistorical debates 80, 222; pluralistic and cosmopolitan society 224; persecution of the dissidents 226; political dissent 176; political ideology 230; politics 82; princi ples 82, 223-24 protection 47, 223, 231; protection of cultural heritage 88, 232; provision 80, 90; society 222; standards 223; system 225; universalism 223, 230; violations 221, 225, 232; term 202 human rights movement 221, 225-26, 229-32 Human Rights and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe 210 Human Rights Watch 229 humanitarian issues 22, 24—5, 28 humanity 222 Hunedoara, county 181 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) 2, 163-164 Hungarian dissidents 5, 152, 154-55, 161-62; dissent movement; roots 154; Open University (flying university) 159; intellectual dissidents 155, 157, 160; national
democratic opposition 157, 159-60; preserving values of national history and culture 165; samizdat 158 Hungarian Human Rights Foundation 168 Hungarian Revolution 154, 156, 163, 167nl4, 188-89; amnesty 189; demo cratic tradition of 154; harassment of participants 155, 161; social support 154; spontaneity of 154; US inaction 188-89; working councils 154; Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSZMP) 159, 160, 164-65, 167nl6, 169n37; Central Committee Press Department 169n37; hardliners in 164, 196; intelligentsia within 162; Political Committee 169n37 Hungarian Society of Authors 159-60 Hungarian Working People’s Party (MDP), Central Leadership 169n37 Hungary 59, 69, 71, 139, 142, 182-198; access to Western technology 189; anti-regime demonstrations 156; arch dioceses 115; as factor in world politics 152; “carrot and stick” strategy 161; Catholic church in; attacks on 155, 167nl6; Christian communities 156; collectivization 155; Communist regime 130, 155, 159-60, 189, 194, 196; Crown of Saint Stephen, return of 189-90, 193-195; nationalized US property; compensation for 189; cultural opposi tion 155; cultural policy 159-60; debt 195; democratization 139; domestic policy 193; East-German refugees 143, 152; Economic crisis 162, 196, 198; emigration law 192-93; family unifica tion 192-93 “goulash communism” 156, 168n23, 189; Helsinki Act, acceptance of 193; Hungarian ethnic minorities 157, 160; industrialization 157; internal dis content 196; Interior Ministry 193; loans 195; Marxists, former 157; military intelligence 195; modernization; effects of 157; Most-favoured-nation
status 159-60, 191-93, 195; National Round Table 165, 169; New Economic Mechanism 116, 157, 169, 189-91; neutrality 198; Patriotic People’s Front 169; peasantry 155; people 159, 164-65, 167nl4, 191, 194; post-Trianon borders 88; press 160; Political Committee 190; political system 157, 162; poverty 158; raising living standards 190; reforms 116; religious communities 156; Roma nia; tensions with 164; Social Demo cratic Party (Socialist Party) 169; transition of system 152-54, 162, 165, 192; society 154—58, 164—65; Soviet intervention in 167, 188-89; Soviet Union, domination on 189-90; state security 12, 196; transition of system 152-54, 162, 165, 190, 192, 198; UN mandate suspension 189; US: relations with 189-90; scholars in 195;
Index imperialism; hostility toward 189; Vatican; agreement with 155, 191; Vietnam Communists; support of 189; War of Independence; commemoration of 156; West; relations with 161, 189; youth 164 Husák Gustav 113, 145 Hyland, William 194 Iaşi 180 Independence Current 68 Independent Polish Agency of Lund 209 Independent Polish Video Movement 209 Independent Students’ Association (Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów, NZS) 70, 73-М Independent Self-governing Trade Union of Individual Farmers “Solidarity (rural Solidarity) 70; registration of 14 Indiana 202 Industrial Revolution 125 Ingersoll, Robert 192 Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 2 Information Research Department, counter acting communist propaganda 23 Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE) 210 Institute of Human Rights 209 Institute of National Remembrance, Bratislava 5 Institute of Political Sciences 3 international community 232 International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) 227 international law 22, 68, 164 International Monetary Fund; Hungary in 196 international relations 2 international security 224 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 112 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 25 Iron Curtain 2, 47, 130, 138, 142, 169n37, 187, 203, 210 1RS 208 Israel 87 Jabłońska, Monika 4 Jáchym, M., Franciscan 116 Jagiellonian University 17 Janas, Zbigniew Janík, Cyril Bystrik, Franciscan, imprison ment of 116 243 Jaroszewicz, Piotr 23, 38; visit to London 24, 31 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, general 15, 60, 74, 132, 197, 211 Jarząbek, Wanda 3 Javorský, Štefan, Salesian,
imprisonment of 115 Jaworski, Paweł З Jašek, Peter 5 Jirous, Ivan Martin 141 Jiu Valley 181 Johansson, Sten 58 John Paul II 115-16, 122-29, 131-33, 139, 141; and human rights 125, 130, 132; as Cracovian archbishop 127-29; assassi nation of 116; defence of workers’ rights 127, 129 election 30, 45, 129; encycli cals 4, 24, 30; moral leadership 125; philosophical works 128; role in defeat ing communism 125; supporting Polish opposition 4, 125, 127, 132; teaching 4, 122; visits to Poland, role of 33, 45, 98, 129, 131 Johnson Lyndon B. 188; administration, bridge-building 189-90 Jowitt, Kenneth 86, 183nl5, 184n20 Juki, Vladimir, priest 114, 140 Jurczyk, Marian 70 Kádár, János 189, 191-96; image of 191; normalization with US 155, 159-61, 163, 165, 167n, 168n23, 169n37; US attitude to 189 Kaiser, Philip 193 Kaminski, Łukasz 3 Kania, Stanisław 24 Kant, Immanuel 222 Katolické nowiny, Slovak weekly 113 Katyń; Soviet crime 203 Kemp, Jack 10 Kennedy John, administration’s peaceful engagement 189; as internationalist 188 Kesegová, Emília; process of 115 Kersten, Charles 203 KGB (Committee for State Security) 220, 227-28 Khrushchev, Nikita S. 178; secret speech 174, 177; de-Stalinization campaign 179 King, Martin Luther 106 King, Robert 11 Kis, Anikó 230 Kis, János 163; Beszélő (“The Speaker”) 158, 163 Kiš, Danilo 162
244 Index Kisielewski, Stefan 104 Kiss, Csaba György 163 Kiss, Réka Földváryné 5 Kissinger, Henry 6n3, 191 KISZ 163 Kiszczak, Czesław 74 Klima, Michal 228 Kňažko, Milan 144 Kohout Pavel 162 Konc, Tomáš, imprisonmet of 116 Konrád, György 158 Kołakowski, Leszek 26 Kónya, Imre 165 Korec, Ján Chrizostom, bishop 114, 140, 142 Kosanova Danka 144 Košice, diocese 113; Regional Court 115 Kotkin Stephen 166n7 Kovács, Mária Kowalczyk Jerzy 75ո4 Kowalczyk Ryszard 75n4 Kőszeg, Ferenc 158 Kövér, László 163 Kraków 68, 101, 105, 107, 127 Krčméry, Silvester 114, 140, 142 Kremlin see Soviet Union Kriegel, František 139 Kuderski, Marek 209 Kur, Mirosław, father 101 Kuroń, Jacek 13, 27, 69, 207; detainment of 12-3, 16ո6; Kusý, Miroslav 139; arrest of 148; releas ing of 14, 117 Labo, Sebastián, Jesuit, trial of 116 Labuda, Jozef; priest, process of 115 Lakitelek 163, 169n37 Langley 9 Langős J. 142 Laquist, Sven 58 Lasota, Irene 210 Lasota, Piotr 209 Lebenbaum, Józef 209 Legion of Young Polish Women 211, 216n66 Lenard, Myra 210 Lénârd, Ödön, priest 167nl7 Leśniewski-Lass, Marek 211 Levoča 140 Letz, Robert 4 Lezsák, Sándor 163 Liberal-Democratic Party “Independence” (Liberalno-Demokratyczna Partia “Nie podległość”) 73 Liberalism 161, 224 Lipski, Jan Józef 27 Liptovský, Mikuláš 116-17 Literary Institute (Instytut Literacki) 208; couriers to Poland 208; Kultura and other publications 208 Locke, John 222 London 26, 29, 208-10, 212; Polish Embassy in 31-2. See also Great Britain Long, Chris 212 Lord Elwyn-Jones; visits to Poland 28 Lord Carrington 32 Los Angeles 208 Lubac, Henri de 128 Lublin 101,
104-05, 107 Luca, Vasile 178 Luers Willam 194 Lukács, György; Budapest school 157 Lundvik, Jan 56-7 Lunkov, Nikolai 32 Luttwak, Edward 229 Łukomski Kazimierz 214 Macierewicz, Antoni 27 Madden, Ray 202; Madden Committee 203 Madrid, CSCE review meeting 41, 83, 88, 205; US delegation attitude 13 Maison-Lafitte 208 Malmö, Polish consulate in 54 Malta, summit 142 Maňák, Vladimír 117; arrest of 143 Manchester Human Rights Group 36n42 Mănescu, Comeliu 178 Manning, David G. 23 Maoism 157 Margueritte, Bemard 44 Marshall Plan 197-98 Marx, Karl 125 Marxism-Leninism 123-25, 138, 148n26; in Poland 124; indoctrination 187 Mauroy, Pierre 46 Mayor Teah 216n70 Mazewski Aloysius 203, 205-08, 214n34, 215n46 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 74, 102 Michalski, Marek 210 Michnik, Adam 9, 12-3, 16n6, 27 Middle East 232ո4 Migała, Bonawentura 208 Milwaukee 204 Mindszenty, József, cardinal 167nl6, 189; releasing of 189, 191 Moczulski, Leszek; imprisonment of 69, 73, releasing of 73; trial of 69-70
Index Moldavia 181 Monor 161; dissident conference in 161-62 Montias, John Michael 182ո8 Moravia 113, 117; Catholics in 140 Morawiecki, Kornel 72 Movement for Defence of Human and Civil Rights (Ruch Obrony Praw Czło wieka I Obywatela) 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, 24, 68, 104-05; Opinia journal and letter to Carter 9, 17n28 Moscow 67. See also Soviet Union Moscow Helsinki Watch Group 222, 224, 226-27 229; universalism of 232 Munich 207 Muráň 115 Mydral, Gunnar 58 Nagy, Gáspár 160 Nagy, Imre 157-58, 160, 164, 166nl2, 191, 196; symbolic reburial 164 Náhalka, Štefan, bishop 112 Naimski, Piotr 27 National Democratic Institute 212 National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 5, 209-10 National Security Advisor 9 National Security Council 11 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organiza tion), countries 198; security 195 Natural law 122, 124—25; basis for human rights 126; free will 122; moral law 122 Navrátil, Augustin 117 Nazis 130, 203 Nechalová, Mária, trial of 116 Németh, Matej, priest 116 Németh, Miklós 196-97 New Britain 211, 215n4, 216n69,70 New England 211 New York 204, 210, 216n70 Nigra, Karol 112 Nitra 113 Nixon, Richard 188, 191; foreign policy realist 188; visit to Warsaw 7 NGOs (non-govemmential organizations) 2, 24, 47 Nordic countries 62n2 North American Studium for Polish Affairs 207-08; assistance to Polish dissidents 209; Studium Papers 208 Northern Ireland 27 Novajovský, František; trial of 116 Nowa Huta 127; fight for cross 128; Shrine of the Holy Cross 127 245 Nowak-Jeziorański Jan 209, 214n36; as PAC director at-large 207; as RFE director 207 Nudel, Ida 226 Nycz, Kazimierz, cardinal
107n5 Nyers, Rezső 162-163, 169ո37 Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) 231 Office of Solidarity Abroad 209; assistance to Polish opposition 209; US funding 209 Olomouc, archdiocese 113 Open Society Foundation 210 Opole, Higher Pedagogical College 67 Opposition Roundtable (EKA) 165 Orbán, Viktor 163, 165 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 231 Orlov, Yuri 223-24, 226, 230 Osvald, Peter; opinion about Poland 59-60 Ottawa, CSCE conference 205 Owen, David 25-7, 29-30 Oxford, All Souls College 26 PAP (Polish Press Agency) 27 Palach Jan 142, 156; Palach week 142 Palme, Olof 53; visit to Warsaw 53, 61 Palmer, Mark 198, 200n40 Patous, Martin 222 Pan-European Picnic 169n37 Paris 209; Center for Polish culture 44. See abo France Pârvulescu, Constantin 178 Pásztor Ján, bishop 114 Pat 117 Patočka, Jan 139 patterns; attitudinal and behavioral 177 Pauker, Ana 178, 184nl7 Paul, Saint 126 Paul VI, Pope 114; constitutions of 115 Peasants’ Self-Defense Committee (Komi tet Samoobrony Chłopskiej) 31 Pennsylvania 211 Peter, Apostle 126, 130 Petreşcu, Cristina 3 Petrescu, Dan 180 Petrescu, Dragoş 5 Petrova, Dimitrina 221 Philadelphia 204 Philadelphia Committee in Support of Solidarity 211 Pittsburgh 204
246 Index Plastic People of the Universe”, trial of 138, 141 Piedra, Alberto 122, 132 Pietrzyk, Zbigniew 211 Piłsudski Józef, marshal 69-70 Plater Eugeniusz, Rev. 209 Podgórze, Solvay plant 126 Polák, Stefan, priest; assassination of 117 Poland 11, 23-6, 28-33, 45, 57-60, 66, 69-70, 97-111, 114, 116, 124, 130, 139, 142, 152, 172, 195, 197 202, 204, 206֊ 10; academic community 29-30, 43, 99; Advisory Council to the Chairman of the Council of State 77n33; amnesty 9, 40; anti-Nazi resistance 108; anti-Semi tic campaign 54, 129; attitude toward regime 204; Auschwitz 108; authorities 54, 58, 60-1; bishops 105; border chan ges 202; border guards 54; British export market 32; case 36; Catholics 67, 98, 105; citizens 40; Citizens’ Militia 75n5; censorship 58, 129; centralized economy 7; coat of arms 69; collectivi zation 43; communist domination 124— 25; Communist regime 103, 126, 128, 202; communists 67; current political conflicts 3; communist takeover 206; constitution of 1952; changes in 67, 103; constitution’s changes in 1975 67; Czechoslovakia; intervention in 143; December 1970 protests 75, 23^1, 66, 97-8, 101, 129; democratic forces 59; deportations to Siberia 126; democrati zation 3, 72, 139, 197; destabilization 59, 132; de-Stalinization 178; develop ments 10, 22; diplomats 55, 58, 61; domestic policy 11, 15, 43; Eastern Ter ritories, pre-1939 205; emigrants; dis crimination of 53-5; economy 3; elections 98; elections of 1989 142, 197, 212; everyday life 98; family reunifica tion 39, 55; “Finlandizing” 69; foreign debt 7, 29; free elections 202; freedom 11, 13-5,
16n2, 30, 39-40, 45-6, 56, 58, 67, 69-71, 73-4, 98-100, 104-05, 107nl, 123-25, 127-32, 202, 204, 207, 211; of speech 13, 23, 67, 69, 104, 207; foreign journalists 44; Foreign Office 58; French culture; interest in 42, 44; French Institute 44; French: journalists in 44; language education 42; press and publications 42, 44; FRG; policy toward 40; German: diplomats 40; journalists 39, 41; minority emigration 39, 42; occupation 39, 108; press 41; Great Britain 23, 29; government’s attitude toward human rights 11; Holocaust 108; human rights 30; human rights move ment 208; record 8; Interpress, agency 31; image of 29; improvement in living conditions 7; independence of 75; inde pendence; regaining in 1918 33, 70; inhabitants 202; intellectuals 23, 42-3, 67, 105, 220; intelligentsia 40; interna tional agreements 103; investments 59; Jews; aid for 108n26; Jewish emigration 54; June 1976 protests 7-9, 23-4, 40, 43, 56, 67, 97-8, 108; jurisdiction 28; lack of structural reforms 7; Lenin museum 75n3; liberalization of system 12; local governments 46; March 1968 protest 46, 66, 75n4; martial law 15, 2932, 71-2, 74, 98, 100, 108n26, 131-32, 210; media 58; Ministry of Foreign Affairs 15, 29-32, 54; modem technol ogy 53; modernization of economy 7, 93; national holidays 28, 69; Nazi occu pation 126; observance of Helsinki Accords 15, 33; Office for Religious Affairs (Urzįid do Spraw Wyznań) 98; officials 55-6, 103; parliament 98; par ties 75; passport policies 207; people of 4, 15, 22-3, 26, 31, 44, 54-5, 59-61, 67, 69, 71, 73-M, 97-107, 123-27, 129, 131, 202-05, 207-09; pluralism
12, 46, 105; political liberalization 13; possible Soviet intervention 3, 9, 11, 12-14, 33, 41, 45, 69; political reformers 13; poli tics 103, 106-07; president’s office 74; pricea 40, 43, 67, 97; propaganda 12, 102, 106; protest letters 67; propaganda 12, 102, 106; Public Opinion Research Center (Ośrodek Badań Opinii Pub licznej, OBOP) 99; raw materials 7; reform in 13; regime 7-8, 30-31, 67, 210; change and collapse 4—5, 172, 176, 182, 196, 210; religious freedom 70; religious practices 100; repressions of workers 41, 57, 68; resistance 66-7, 7071, 104, 124, 180; rise of prices 40; role in collapse of communism 76; round table talks 74; secret police (SB) 10-11, 17n25n29, 26-7, 29, 31, 71, 77, 99, 102, 109n44, 212; secularization 101; self-government 107; situation in 58; “small stabilization” 97; social unrests 40-41, 97; socialism 40, 45-6; society 40, 71-2, 97-8, 101; socio-economic
Index crisis 3, 7, 14, 33, 59, 97; Soviet Union: domination of 11-3, 57, 69, 72, 202; relations with 103, 191; “Soyuz 81” maneuvers 13; Sports Committee 34; supply situation 58; strikes in 1980 206; strikes in 1988 74, 212; students 100, 210; system, fall and transformation of 4, 6, 72, 74, 103, 126; universities 41, 46, 98, 103, 209; US: relations with 7, 197; diplomatic posts in 10; West: rela tions with 7, 24, 26, 59; credits 7; jour nalists 29-30, 32; visitors 23; Western Territories; ecclesiastical property 98; violation of human rights 15, 61; work ers 27. See also Polish dissidents, Solidarity Poland News Bulletin 210 Polanský, Ivan; trial of 117, 142; Histor ický zápisník 117 Committee for Defense of Ivan Polanský 142 POLCUL Foundation 209 Polish American Congress (PAC) 202-03, 213; activity 203; and Czechoslovak National Council 206; financial base; formation of 202; Illinois division, 206, 208; involvement in human rights in Poland 203; leaders 202; mobilizing US public opinion 203; New York activists 214n31; Polish Worker’s Relief Com mittee (Migała Committee) 208; support of: human rights movement in Soviet Bloc 212; to Poland 203, 210; Washington DC office 210 Polish American Congress Charitable Foundation (PACCF) 208-209 Polish diaspora (Polonia) 5, 12, 18, 202, 204; and NED 5; appeals to US admin istration 206; communities 212; help to Poles 205, 211; information campaign 5, 204; press 204; lobbying 5; „Steadfast” 204-05, 207, 212; support: of human rights 5, 206; of opposition in Poland and Czechoslovakia 5 Polish Committee of National Liberation 206
Polish Czechoslovak Solidarity Foundation 210 Polish dissidents 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 29, 65, 67; activity 7, 10, 29; anti-communist 55, 66; as factor destabilizing Soviet Bloc 11; assaults on 31; British attitude to 23—4, 26, 29-33; Catholic church parti cipation 11, 40; CIA opinions on 10-11; 247 Charter 77, solidarity with 99; “com mandos” 65, 75; defense of imprisoned workers 9, 99; democratic opposition 56, 98, 198, 210; demonstrations 33; detention of 11-2, 31, 40; focus on human rights 3; farmers self-defence committees 68; forming of 2, 7, 9, 23; French attitude to 43; “Letter of 59” 67; hunger strikes 69, 99; “long march” versus “rapid surge” debate 72; opposi tion groups 2, 4-5, 40, 43, 67; repres sive measures against 12, 31, 97; pacifism 73; political realism 3, 66; popularity in Sweden 56; post-war underground 66; pro-independence groups 3, 66, 68; protests; against chan ges in constitution 67; against repression of students 67; publishing activity 4, 911, 14, 66, 69; reference to Helsinki Act 22; regime’s tolerance 8, 10-11, 15, 25֊ 8; role in politics 12; Ruch organization 65, 75; “second circulation” 69, 71-72; self-restraint of 3, 9, 12; smuggling lit erature and equipment 58, 61, 208; statements 69; supporting repressed citi zens 69; US interest in 8-13; Western articles on 30; youth dissidence 4 Polish government in London 204, 212 Polish Independence Accord (Polskie Por ozumienie Niepodległościowe) 67 Polish Independence Party (Polska Partia Niepodległościowa) 73 Polish Peasant Party 66 Polish People’s Republic see Poland Polish Socialist Party (Polska
Partia Socja listyczna, PPS); Polish Socialist PartyDemocratic Revolution 73 Polish Students’ Association 67 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR, Communist Party in Poland) 24, 32, 40, 53, 58, 60, 67, 73, 98; authorities 7, 13, 27, 32, 73, 103; Central Committee 26; changes in 58; hardliners in 27; leader ship 7, 13; Politburo 24; Trybuna Ludu, daily 26 Polish Veterans in Exile Association (Stowarzyszenie Polskich Komba tantów) 207 political opposition see dissidence political terminology 75 political studies 6 Polonia Solidarity Association in Reading 211 Pomost (“Bridge”) 210
248 Index Ponická, Hana 117; arrest of 143 Poprad 116 post-modernism 113 post-Soviet space 221 Popiełuszko Jerzy, father; assassination of 98, 106, 212, 216n70 Potomac see United States Povala, Gabriel, Jesuit, trial of 116 Pozsgay, Imre 163, 165, 169n37 Poznan 106; academic ministry 100, 106, 108; June 1956 protest 204 Prague 3,5, 112 141—44, 148, 158; Drama Club (Činoherní klub) 144; National Avenue 144; November 1989 demonstration 137, 143; Realistic Theatre (Realistické divadlo) 144. See also Czechoslovakia Prague Spring 4, 139, 143, 156-57, 176 Prešov,Greek Catholic Diocese 113 Pridham, Kenneth 30-2 Princeton 209 Princeton University 168n27 propaganda, communist 12, 28, 106, 188, 224; Western 23, 25 Providence 211 Przyjaciółka Public agianst Violence (Verejnosť proti násiliu-VPN) 141, 144, 145, 148ո24 Puja 193 Рујаѕ, Stanisław, death of 17ո25, 26-28, 68 Radio Free Europe (RFE) 29, 84-6, 90, 138, 176, 178-79, 195, 198n3, 207, 228; jamming of 41, 195; Romanian Desk 180 Radom 23, 57 Radomyski, Jan 210 Rajk, László 158 Rappe Carl Johan 56-7 Rákosi, Mátyás 155, 167 Răceanu, Grigore 178 Reagan, Ronald 2, 76n25, 131-132, 195197, 200, 221; administration 2, 13, 15, 137; and Gorbachev 195-96; attitude to Soviet Union 76n25, 195; Berlin speech 195 Realpolitik 2 Reddaway, Norman 23, 27 Reddaway, Peter Regulski, Jerzy209 Rhodes, Aaron 5 Rogers, William, visits to Budapest and Prague 190-191; US consent to status quo in Europe 190 Romania 23, 80-84, 172-181, 190, 192֊ 93; abusing human rights 193; auton omy of 83, 88; anti-Communism 87; anti-Communist revolution 180;
“antipolitical privatism” 186-87; army 182; autochtonous values 178; autonomy 83, 88; building homogeneous nation 88, 175-76; censorship; abolishment 83, 88; changing landscape 88; “Charter” 84; civil rights 178; civil society 90, 180; citizenship 85; Community 177-78; Communist rule 85-6, 172, 174-76; Communist takeover 174—75; Commu nist period 177; Communists 80-1, 84-5, 87, 177-80; conjunctural factors, external and internal 172-73, 175-180; constitution 85; consumer goods 174; co-optation with regime 177; COUR AGE project 180; criminal records 85; civilizing 174; cultural heritage 91; Declaration of April 1964 178; delegiti mization of regime 177; demographic policy 84; demolition of villages 90; de֊Stalinization 177-78; dissidence publishing 88; dissidents 4, 80-1, 83—4, 86-8, 90-91, 177, 179-80, 182; domes tic migration 181; domestic policy 4, 174, 178; economy 174; education 174; economic decline of 1980’s 172-75, 181; economic development 174, 177; energy crisis 174, 181; emigration 193; emigres 86; events of 1956 178; every day life 174; external debt 83; foreign policy 81, 84; food shortages 181; freedom of speech 88; Germans 82, 87; gulag 84; harassment of dissidents; har assment of national minorities 87; highly industrialized areas; historical parties 85; human rights 4, 80-7, 172, 179-80; human rights; observance of 82-3; vio lence of 83-84; Hungarian dissidents 87-8, 91, 179; Hungarian minority 164; ideological decay 172, 174, 181-82; in Soviet Bloc 173; imprisonment of citi zens 178; independence from Soviet Union 179; industrialization 174, 181;
intellectuals 180; internal affairs 83-4, 91; international criticism 84, 91; inter national partners 83; international rela tions 4, 81, 83; isolation 81; Jews 87; leadership 4; legislation 85; legitimizing power 174; living standards 173; “Letter of eighteen” 180; Marxist 175; media 88; migration 81, 181; Ministry of the
Index 249 Interior 85; minorities 83-4, 87-8; modemizing-nationalizing dictatorship 174; nation-building process 174—75, 177-78; national-communism 175, 177, 178; non-intervention principle 4; open letter from March 1989 85, 88, 90, 17879, 182; Operation Villages Roumains 90; party state building 178; peasantworkers 181; people 84—5, 90, 178, 180; political culture 82; population mobility 174; potential Soviet invasion 82-3; post-1989 political elite 81, 83, 177-78; power elite 174—75; power supply 174; public criticism 87-8; psychiatric abuses 84; regime 83-5, 87, 172-74, 176-77, 179-80; regime’s change 80, 87, 91, 173-74, 176, 178-79, 181-82; religious activists, release of 12; religious denominations 85; repressions 177; resistance, culture of 172, 182; revolu tion from above 45-56; revolution of 1989 5, 82, 172, 174, 176, 179-82; Romanian identity 90, 174; Romanians; individual and collective rights 87-8; rural resettlement 84, 90; Securitate 84-86, 90, 180, 182; social protest 173; society 80, 175, 177-78, 181; Soviet model; imitation of 171, 174; Soviet troops 178; Stalinist terror 175, 177; Stalinists 177; standards of living; improving 174—75; territory 178; village destruction 90, 164; violence against citizens 81, 178; urban housing 174; US policy to 193; Western: academics 83; support 83; tourists 83; workers, protests of 181; writers 84, 88 Romanian Communist Party’s (RCP) 175, 178-79, 182; criticism of 179; domestic policies of 179; factionalism 178-79; Fourteenth Congress 180; independence of 179; legitimation strategy 175; monolithism 178-79, 182, monopoly
180, nomenklatura 178-79 Rome 209 see also Vatican Rompf, Günther 116 Romsics, Ignác 154, 161, 165 Rothschild, Joseph 220 Rozmarek, Charles 203 Rožňava, diocese 113, 116 Rúčka, R, Franciscan 116 Rulewski Jan 70 Rusnák, Jaroslav, father, assassination of 117 Russia 32, 87 Rybicki, Zygmunt 28 Sakharov, Andrei 223-224, 227 Sadlowski Czeslaw, Father 31 Samizdat 4, 10-11, 106, 115-17, 140-42, 158-59, 163, 223 Scandinavian countries 59; policy toward Solidarity 59 Scharansky, Natan 226 Schaufele William 10, 12 Schmiester, Alojz, priest; assassination of 117 Schmidt, Helmut 40, 194 Seattle, Polonia 211 Selecký, Anton 117; arrest of 143 Select Committee to Investigate Commu nist Aggression 203 Sénaši, Ľudovít Alojz, father; assassination of 117 Sinatra, Frank 146nl, 176 Ślepak, Vladimir 226 Slovak Academy of Sciences; Institute of Scientific Atheism of the Slovak Nature and Landscape Preservation Union 141 Slovak Organization for the Protection of Human Rights (Slovenská organizácia na ochranu ľudských práv) 37, 112; Committee 112 Slovak Republic 145; European Union; integration into 145 Slovak Socialistic Republic see Slovakia Slovakia 111-20; 140-41, 147nl0; anti regime groups 142; atheism 113; Catho lic bishops, trial of 111 ; Catholic church; persecution of 11-118; Catholic: acti vists 117; churches 114; dissent 114, 118; Catholics 43, clandestine Church 4, 114, 139-40; Christians; persecution of 4, 111-18; Church policy 111, 115; Communist Party of Slovakia 115; dis sidents 5, 141; ecclesiastical provinces; unoccupied 112, 114; episcopal sees; vacant 112 Evangelical
churches 114; Franciscans 116; Gentle Revolution 137, 145; government 143; Greek Catholic Church; forced union with Orthodox Church 111; Hungarian Independent Initiative 148n24; Hungarian dissidents 148n20; minority 139, 141; Jews, deportation of 142; journalists; foreign 118; monasteries; liquidation of 111; Pacem in Terris, pro-regime organization
250 Index of Catholic priests 113; people 117-18, 140-41; pilgrimages 117, 140, 147nl0; regime; fall of 117-18; religious instruction 118; resistance against nor malization 114; Roma children 116; Slovak nation 84, 137, 145; Slovak National Council 115; State Office for Ecclesiastical Affairs 11, 113; samizdat 117; society 141, 143; smuggling of religious literature 116; trials of religious activists 115; violations of religious rights 113; Western media publicity 115 Smolar, Aleksander 26, 29 Smolar, Eugeniusz 26, 29, 208-09 Smolensk 203 Snyder, Sarah 225 Socialist Polish Students’ Union 67 Socialist Republic of Romania see Romania Society for Scholarly Courses (Towar zystwo Kursów Naukowych), “flying universities” 10, 17, 30, 68, 159, 207, 209; seminars 10; harassment of 10, 30; US interest in 10; Söder, Karin 56-7 Sokol, Ján, archbishop 115 Sokolovna 112 Solidarité avec Solidarność 46 Solidarity (Independent Self-Governing Trade Union “Solidarity”, Niezależny Samorządny Zwiţizek Zawodowy “Soli darność”) 3, 12-14, 45, 58-9, 69-71, 73, 98, 106, 131, 142, 180, 195; acti vists 58; activity 98; changes in Com munist Party 97; and Sweden media 58; “anti-socialist views” 13; attorneys 13; Church support 13, 69, 71-2; Congress of Delegates 59, 70; demonstrations 61, 71; dissidents in 14; dissolving of 70; emergence and formation of 9-Ю, 15, 23, 40; factory committees 106; fractur ing 60, 71; French attitude to strikes 45; Gdańsk agreement 45, 58; help for repressed 71; human rights language 69; in Lower Silesia 104, 107; independent trade union 2, 12, 15, 41; interfactory
and regional structures 71; internal frac turing 71; March 1981 crisis (Bydgoszcz crisis) 13, 69, 76n25; “message to the working people of Eastern Europe” 59; internment of activists 71; leadership 13, 70; national versus human rights frac tions 65-75; Nationwide Resistance Committee (Ogólnopolski Komitet Oporu) 71; PAC support to 204; political character of 14; politicians 212; press 106; Provisional Coordination Commit tee (Tymczasowa Komisja Koordyna cyjna, TKK) 71; Provisional Council of Solidarity (Tymczasowa Rada Soli darności) 73; public debate 59; rebel lious workers 181; regime’s repressions 71; regional structures 1, 74; registration 14, 41; relegalization of 132; right to strike 68-9, 125; secret cells 71; “selflimiting revolution 69-70, 72; social unrest 58; strikes of 1980 41, 58, 69, 97, 131; strikes and demonstrations 71; suppressing of 15, 61, 71, 77n27; sup port to 211-212; underground printing 61, 71-72; underground broadcasting 71; underground leadership and struc tures 72-3; US attitude to 12,15; visit to France 46; workers’ self-government 59; Working Group of the National Committee of the ISTU Solidarity (Grupa Robocza Komisji Krajowej NSZZ “Solidarność”) 74; “Wujek” coal mine, pacification of strike 71 Solidarity Citizens’ Committee 74, 212 Solidarity International in New Britain, Connecticut Solidarity Support Committee 210-211 Solidarity Support Committee of Rhode Island in Providence 211 Solt, Ottilia 158 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 84, 227 Sonnenfeldt, Helmut 191, 199nl3 Sontag, Susan 162 Soros, George 210 South Africa 25, 32, 54, 114;
apartheid 54 Soviet Bloc 1,2,10, 12-13, 15, 30, 32, 423, 58, 67, 72, 80-81, 90, 111-12, 137, 168, 187, 191-93, 202, 232; appeals and letters of protest 221; British policy to 32; centralized planning 187; communist identity 221; communist rule 5, 30, 82, 98, 173, 176; rulers 30; dictatorships 2, 14, 54, 74, 80, 155, 173-76, 181-82, 187; development in 22; dissent 2, 221; economic problems 139, 165; human rights: implementing of 8-9, 25, 30; movement 221; violations of 8-9, 221; jamming radio broadcast 42; observing Helsinki Final Act 29; opposition; har assment of 9, 25, 27; political prisoners 22, 70, 112, 114, 137, 139, 143, 209; population 221; regime critic 157;
Index Soviet domination in 139; state owner ship 139; transformation in 197 Soviet satellites see Eastern Europe Soviet system see Soviet Union Soviets see Soviet Union Soviet Union 1, 14, 24—5, 27, 31, 42, 58, 60, 69, 81-2, 84, 111-12, 124, 129, 143, 148n20, 152-53, 175-79, 188, 192, 220-21, 227, 229-31; aggression in Afghanistan 59; anti-regime demonstra tions 228; army 202, 177-178; as “evil empire” 2; British diplomatic interven tions 26; bureaucracy 228; Central Committee 227; collapse of 221; communist identity 221; Congress of Communist Party 175; expansionist policy 30, 32; czarists 220; death camps 126; dissidents 8, 220-22, 226-29; US attitude to 8; harassment of 9, 25; food shortages 227; FGR’s opinion 41; for eign policy 23; freedom of expression 228; hegemony 188; home affairs 23; human right defenders 229, 231; move ment 220-22, 224; violations 203; glasnost and perestroika 137, 139, 141, 148n20; ideology 176, 182; imperialism 202; Jewry, emigration of 28; leadership 152-53, 187, 225-228; leading interven tions 176, 182; liberals 221; life 223MFN treatment to 192; nationalists 220; philo sophical and legal literature 222; Poland: modus vivendi with 195, policy 177; Politburo 227; political situation 175, post-Soviet Union 221; propaganda 228, 230; regime 9,152-53 221; Russians 220, 226; satellite countries 81; Siberia 202, “Smatra doctrine” 137, 139, 146nl; society 221; Stalinization 187; strategy 225; system 227-28; third basket 1; Third world; policy in 131; totalitarism 224; truth-blocade 69; West; relations with 59; US, relations with 189, 196
Soviet-dominated countries see Soviet Bloc Spain 54 Spiš, diocese 113 Spišská Nová Ves 116-117 Stalin, Joseph 67, 187, 202; death of 177 Stanford University 208 Starewicz, Artur 25-27, 29-30 Stewart, Alan 31 Stockholm 210 see also Sweden Stockholm Solidarity Information Office, pro-Solidarity campaign 61; smuggling of printing equipment 61 251 Student Committee of Solidarity (Studencki Komitet Solidarności) 68 Strzyżewski, Tomasz 58 Styczeń, Tadeusz 123 Support of Solidarity in Boston 211 Swedish Liberal Party 60 Swedish Trade Union (Land sorganisationen) 59; contacts with Solidarity 59 Swedish Trade Union Confederation LO 61 Sweden 53, 57-8, 209; and détente process 57; and Eastern Europe 53, 56; Amnesty International 56; authorities 55, 57; Baltic states emigrants 56; criticizing US imperialism 62; contacts with Polish officiais 54—6; elites 61; family reunifi cation 55, 61; Foreign Office (Utri kesdepartementet, UD) 56-7; Helsinki Accords; fulfilling of 57; human rights; observance of 3, 53-5, 57-8; humani tarian aid 60-61; humanitarian tradition 62; information platform for Polish dis sidents 56, 58; institutions and organi zations 56; interest in European stability 58, 62; interest in Poland during Soli darity 58-61; journalists 54, 59, 61; martial law, protests against 60; media 53—4, 56, 61 negative attitude to US sanctions 61; NGOs 60; parliament 62; Poland: humanitarian aid to 60, 62n3; press attacks on 53^1, 58, 62; relations with 3, 53, 57, 62; policy 57, 59, 62; political arena 53; political philosophy 55; Polish dissidents; platform for 56; Polish posts
55; Polish exile 60-61; of Jewish origin 28, 51, 53-6, 62; Polish refhgees; political asylum 60; politicians 53, 58, 62; prestige 62; position toward dissidents in Eastern Europe 57; public opinion 55; restrained attitude toward Solidarity 59; rightist parties 53, 58, 61; small-state realism 53; Social Democrats 53, 58, 60-62; stability 59-60; support ing KOR members 56, 62; supporting Polish reforms 56; visa policy 56 Szaynok, Bożena 4 Szczecin; academic ministry in 100, 106 Szelényi Iván 158 Šaľa 148ո24 Šąštin 140 Šmid, A., Franciscan, 116 Świnoujście 54 Świtoń, Kazimierz 207, arrest of 31 ; in British press 31; trial of 12, 18n49;
252 Index Western interest in 12; US Embassy observation of 12 Tatarka, Dominik 139, 142 Tebinka, Jacek З Tehran 112 Thames Television 31 Thatcher, Margaret 32-4; human rights treatment 32 Thomas Aquinas, Saint 126 Third Polish Republic see Poland Third World 26, 30, 131 Thyberg, Knut 58 Tiden 58 Timiş, county 181 Timişoara; popular revolt 179, 181 Tischner, Józef, Rev. 101; Związek Podhalan 109ո28 Tőkés, Rudolf 165 Toruńczyk Barbara 209 totalitarian states 124, 221; legitimacy of regimes 221, 228 Tóth, Károly Antal 148n24 Transylvania 5, 87֊8, 160, 180; Hungarian dissidents in 192 Trenčín 117 Trenton, NJ 216n70 Tmava, diocese 113 Truman Harry; administration 203; embargo on Soviet Union 187 Tudorán, Dorin 180 Turkey 32 Turowicz, Jerzy 101, 108n27; Tygodnik Powszechny, weekly 108n27 Tyszkiewicz, Jakub З U Progu (Uprogu niepodległości) 68 Uganda; human rights 25 Ulisten, Ola 59 Ulster; alleged treatment of Catholics 27 UNESCO 130 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 67, 225 universal norm 123 UN Commission on Protection of Human Rights 112 UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 25 UN World Conference on Human Rights 231 United Nations 203, 212; General Assembly 112 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency 202 United States (US) 3, 7-19, 22, 43, 83, 137, 152, 187-198, 222; and “captive people” 187; and division of Europe 188; anti-Communist hysteria 187; Baltic States; acceptance of Soviet dom inance 205; compensation for nationa lized property 189, 191, 205; critic of communists countries 61; cultural exchange 188; defending human rights 61;
Democratic Party campaigns 212; domestic policy 192; Eastern Europe; economic warfare on 198n2; emigration to: East European 191; Hungarian 168, 191; ethnic groups 191, 203; European and NATO allies 3, 191, 197; foreign policy 8; government 12, 15, 226; human rights policy 1-2, 8, 10; Hun gary; policy to 5, 187-98; journalists 203; Poland: aid to 14-15; economic assistance to 206; policy towards 7-8, 10, 190; role of human rights in US policy 8, 15; policymakers 202-03; Polish consular posts in 204; Polish dis sidents 8-9, 11, 15; Polish ethnic group 202; Polish immigrants 202-03; politics 203; president 206; presidential elections 8, 187; public opinion 12, 202; reducing trade barriers 188; Romania: relations with 190; sanctions: against Poland 61; against Soviet Union 61, 187; science 188; Soviet Bloc; policy towards 8, 15, 188-90, 192, 224; Soviet Union; policy toward 61, 187-89, 196, 206 University of Bratislava 4 University of Bucharest 4-5 University of Gdańsk 3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 230; principles 111 University of Warsaw 28, 75n4 University of Wroclaw 3-5 Upper Silesia 207 Urantówka Julian, colonel 75 Ursus 23, 57 US Congress 2, 15, 226; commissions 168; congressmen 15; Jackson-Vanik Amendment 192-93 US Congress’s Helsinki Commission (Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe) 9, 226; role of 226, 229 US Department of Commerce 191 US House of Representatives 10 US House Select Committee to Conduct an Investigation of the Facts, Evidence, and
Index Circumstances of the Katyń Forest Mas sacre 202; hearings 203 US House Select Committee to Investigate Communist Aggression and the Forced Incorporation of the Baltic States into the USSR 203 US intelligence community see CIA US State Department 8 , 10, 13, 162, 191, 193-94, 206, 214n34; Bureau of Intelli gence and Research (INR) 12 USSR see Soviet Union Vályi 192 Vance, Cyrus 193-94; and human rights 193 Vanik, Charles 193 Vaslui 181 Vatican (Holy See, Throne of Peter) 112, 115, 128-29, 191; Constitutions 115; Czechoslovakia; negotations with 112, 114; diplomacy 114, 130; Hungary; agreement with 191; Ostpolitik 112, 114; Saint Peter’s Sqare 130; Secretariat of State 112-13; Second Ecumenical Council 128 Velehrad 117, 140; demonstration 117 Vidra, Emil 112 Vienna, CSCE follow-up meeting 205 Vietnam war 189-190, 224; Romanian help to US 192; US atrocities in 192 Vistula 14 Voice of America; jamming 41 Vojtaššák, Ján, bishop 111 Vrana, Josef, bishop 113 Wadowice 130 Walgsa, Lech 13, 60, 70, 73, 76, 131, 212; detention of 207 Warsaw 3, 23, 30, 44, 56, 72, 107, 209-10 (see abo Poland); Western diplomatic posts in 23, 30-31, 33, 59; St. Anna’s Church 99; St. Martin’s Church; hunger strike in 108nl0; US Embassy in 10, 208; Victory Square 129 Warsaw Pact (Warsaw Treaty Organization) 1, 5, 25, 69, 146nl, 153, 194; armed forces 25; Czechoslovakia; invasion of 137, 143; dissolution 198; Poland: pos sible intervention in 59 Washington; Polish Embassy in 12; Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 196 see also U.S. Watkinson, John 26 Weigel, George 126, 128, 130 Western civilization 145
253 Western democracies 2-3, 34n3, 53, 58, 61, 81-83, 211, 221-22, 229; academics 83; actions concerning the human rights 57; analysts 221-22; and human rights 57; and martial law in Poland 60; attitude to Helsinki Accords 27; audience 90; cooperation 82; conservative parties 45; common position 41 ; diplomats 24; Enlightenment 124; exchanging informa tion 41; external policy 82; governments 3, 82, 84, 226; human rights: activism 221, 229; community 230; issue 2-3, 29, 222; watchdogs 12; individualism 87; international rights 1; journalists 44, 87; justice 82; leaders 197, 225; liberalism 161; markets 174; media 87, 90,115, 138, 204, 221; opinion makers 161; peace 82; perspective 82; Poland; policy toward 3, 8, 35, 39, 61; policies 5; politicians 221; pressure 228; propaganda 23; public opinion 58, 232; radio broadcast 207; responding to Soviet challenge 32; secur ity of 82,188; socialist parties 45; socie ties 87; Soviet Bloc; financial support for 24; tourists 83; trade unions 12; unity of 188; US strategies to 231; youth 101 White, Frank 36n42 White House see United States Whitehead John; letter to Bush 197 Wisconsin 203 Wisniewski, Ludwik, Dominican (Father Ludwik) 4, 97, 101-07, 109; academic ministries 101-02, 104-06; arrest of 104; letter to Gierek 103; pastoral work 100-101; “self-education” 103; re evangelization 101; student camps 104 Wojdon, Joanna 5 Wojtaszek, Emil 28; visit to Great Britain 30-31 Wojtyła, Karol see John Paul II Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars 228 Workers’ Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR, KSS KOR) 1, 7-8,
12-3, 23-4, 26-7, 29, 40, 43, 45, 56, 62, 67-8, 129, 205, 208, 209; and East European Solidarity Committee 56; goals 7; Information Bulletin 209; persecution of members 9, 11, 26-8, 129; opinion on 27 see also Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR World War II 108n26, 124, 162, 177, 205, 211, 225; post-war period 5, 42, 53, 174, 177, 187
254 Index Wyszyński, Stefan, cardinal 98, 105, 129; Pro memoria 98 Wrocław 101, 103, 105; academic ministry 105; public protest 103; printing house 59; Municipal Council of 106; social weeks 105 Wujec, Henryk 210 Yale University 168n27 Yalta 202 Young Poland Movement (Ruch Młodej Polski) 4, 68, 106; Spotkania 106 Zakrzówek quarry 126 Zbrosza Duża 31 Zeszyty Literackie 209 Zlatohlavý, A., priest, process of 115 Žilina; Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel 116 Bayerische Ì Staatsbibliothek München j |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Tyszkiewicz, Jakub 1966- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | j t jt |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132844745 |
| author_facet | Tyszkiewicz, Jakub 1966- |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1289765587 (DE-599)BVBBV047461401 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1975-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1975-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV047461401 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-11T17:55:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032035000 9781032035055 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032863161 |
| oclc_num | 1289765587 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-11 DE-M352 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-11 DE-M352 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | x, 254 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220525 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge studies in human rights |
| spelling | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall edited by Jakub Tyszkiewicz London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 x, 254 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in human rights Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (DE-588)5114817-1 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1975-1989 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd rswk-swf Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (DE-588)5114817-1 b Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 s Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1975-1989 z DE-604 Tyszkiewicz, Jakub 1966- (DE-588)132844745 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-003-18764-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032863161&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032863161&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (DE-588)5114817-1 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5114817-1 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4124941-0 (DE-588)4043649-4 (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)4050939-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall |
| title_auth | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall |
| title_exact_search | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall |
| title_full | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall edited by Jakub Tyszkiewicz |
| title_fullStr | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall edited by Jakub Tyszkiewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall edited by Jakub Tyszkiewicz |
| title_short | Human rights and political dissent in Central Europe |
| title_sort | human rights and political dissent in central europe between the helsinki accords and the fall of the berlin wall |
| title_sub | between the Helsinki accords and the fall of the Berlin Wall |
| topic | Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (DE-588)5114817-1 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa Internationale Politik Menschenrecht Demokratisierung Opposition Politischer Wandel Ostmitteleuropa Rumänien Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032863161&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032863161&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tyszkiewiczjakub humanrightsandpoliticaldissentincentraleuropebetweenthehelsinkiaccordsandthefalloftheberlinwall |