In the shadow of the Holocaust: Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice
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In the Shadow of the Holocaust
Poland, the United Nations War Crimes
Commission, and the Search for Justice
Michael Fleming
HÜ CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Acknowledgements page vi
List of Abbreviations vii
Introduction 1
1 Invasion and Occupation: (Officially) Informing the World 16
2 Seeking a Response: Polish Diplomacy (Sensu Stricto) 48
3 Polish Soft Diplomacy: Attempts to Shape the Discursive
Environment 79
4 War Crimes and the Path towards the UNWCC 113
5 The UNWCC, Law, and Inter-Allied Politics 144
6 The Polish Government in Exile's War Crimes Office 172
7 Pursuing Justice across the Iron Curtain 201
8 Poland, the UNWCC, and the Cold War 231
Conclusion 268
Bibliography
Index
Contents Acknowledgements List ofAbbreviations page vi vii Introduction 1 Invasion and Occupation: (Officially) Informing the World 2 Seeking a Response: Polish Diplomacy (Sensu Stricto) 3 Polish Soft Diplomacy: Attempts to Shape the Discursive Environment 1 16 48 79 4 War Crimes and the Path towards the UNWCC 113 5 The UNWCC, Law, and Inter-Allied Politics 144 6 The Polish Government in Exile’s War Crimes Office 172 7 Pursuing Justice across the Iron Curtain 201 8 Poland, the UNWCC, and the Cold War 231 Conclusion 268 Bibliography Index 283 303 v
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Index Achilles, Theodore, 70 Aleksiun, Natalia, 244 Allen, Roger, 31, 60, 283, 286 American Council of Learned Societies, 133 Amery, Leopold, 52 Anders, Wladyslaw, 53, 206, 260, 261, 264, 265 Anderson, John, 36 Anglo-Jewish Association, 184, 185 Arciszewski, Tomasz, 94 Armitage, John, 104, 105 Astor, Lord (John Jacob Astor), 22 Atlantic Charter, 53, 54, 62, 117 August Decree (1944), 223 Aulie, Andreas, 123 Auschwitz, 19, 264, 282 brothel, 180 Cyprian Statement, 199 Hungarian Jews, 180 information about, 47, 72, 76, 77, 169, 170, 187, 198,214,240 main commission for the investigation of German crimes, 239 mass killing of Jews, 92, 156, 160, 255, 268, 270, 281 medical experiments, 180, 191,218, 257, 258, 259 Nuremberg indictment, 204 Polish Charge Files, 14, 179, 180, 186, 188, 230, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 245, 259, 271 Polish indictment (Nuremberg), 215 request for bombing, 168 sexual and gender-based violence, 191 trial, 224, 234, 240 Władysław Dering, 261, 263 Babad, Abraham, 184 Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 210 Backhouse, Thomas Mercer, 211 Baldwin, William, 220 Baliński, Antoni, 22, 33, 86, 87 Baliński-Jundziłł, Jan, 21, 22, 87, 88, 89, 90, 102, 130 Banaczyk, Władysław, 184, 185, 186 Barrington-Ward, Robert, 92 Battaglia, Roman, 139 BBC, 18, 30, 44, 52, 74, 81, 83, 87, 88, 90, 160, 205, 238, 260, 293, 297, 299 Belsen, 211, 276 Bełżec, 39, 40, 67, 72, 73, 84,178,179,199 Beneš, Václav, 119 Bermuda Conference, 270 Bernays, Murray, 5, 144, 166, 167, 168, 202 Biddle, Anthony, 53, 60, 61, 63 Biddle, Francis, 168 Biebow, Hans, 228, 229, 242, 282 Bienenfeld, Franz Rudolf, 161
Bletchley Park, 53 Bliss Lane, Arthur, 231, 232 Blum, Wilhelm, 243 Board of Deputies of British Jews, 66, 74, 90, 182, 184, 185 Bodson, Victor, 65, 119, 123, 152 Bohun-Dąbrowski (Antoni Szacki), 153, 236, 249, 265, 266, 267, 280 Bondy, Louis, 187 Bór-Komorowski, Tadeusz, 206 Bracken, Brendan, 38, 39, 74 Bramson, Aleksander, 214 Brandstaetter, Stefania, 230, 255, 256 Brauchitsch, Walther von, 46, 175, 195,210 Brewda, Alina, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263 Brinker, Rudolph, 89 Brogan, Denis, 162 Brown, Sidney, 184 Buchenwald, 234 Bühler, Josef, 210, 224 Bund Report (May 1942), 38, 42, 96, 97 Burnay, Jean, 121, 123 303
304 Index Cabinet Committee on the Treatment of War Crimináis, 68, 69, 142 Cadogan, Alexander, 49 Cang, Joel, 52, 187, 286 Cassin, René, 65, 102, 117, 119, 123, 125, 126, 130, 134 Cavendish-Bentinck, William, 59 Cazalet, Victor, 80, 102 Cecil, Robert, 102, 104, 117, 159 Chajn, Leon, 208, 211, 262 Chełmno, 7,38, 61, 67, 73, 83, 84, 96,179, 215, 242, 243, 270 Churchill, Winston, 4, 10, 25, 29, 50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 111, 125, 141, 146, 147, 166, 187, 226, 234 Ciolkosz, Adam, 84, 93, 94, 96, 98, 102, 106, 184 Císař, Jaroslav, 128 Citizens Adjudicating Committee, 263 Citrine, Walter, 95 civil death, 2, 189, 190, 221, 256, 257, 271, 274 Clauberg, Carl, 180 Colban, Eric, 65, 164, 165 collaborators, 10, 15, 226, 230, 255, 258, 280 Committee for the Protection of Cultural Treasures in War Areas, 133 Common Design, 237, 246, 247, 248, 279 Conference of Allied Ministers of Education, 13, 107, 116, 134, 154 conspiracy, 167, 168, 202, 204, 206, 212, 237 Cooper, Leo, 265 Corbet-Ashby, Margery, 85 Council for the Rescue of the Jewish Population in Poland, 184, 187, 198 Craigie, Robert, 235, 266 crimes against humanity, 5, 7, 8, 145, 151, 152, 156, 157, 159, 165, 177, 178, 196, 197,202,203,206,210,214,273 Cripps, Stafford, 147 CROWCASS, 155, 233, 236, 245, 267 Cultural Heritage and Art, 107, 131, 176, 195, 205,216,219 Curzon line, 46, 206 Cyprian, Tadeusz, 6, 135, 136, 139, 153, 164, 174, 196, 198, 199, 202, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 221, 225, 228, 240, 245, 270, 275, 276,278, 282 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 262, 263, 264 Czerwiński, Witold, 38, 39, 102, 136
Częstochowa war crimes, 177 D’Olier Courtney, Kathleen, 123 d’Uckermann, René, 26 Dachau, 158, 194 Dalton, Hugh, 55 Daume, Max, 229 Dauner, Eugen, 254 Dawson, Geoffrey, 35 de Baer, Marcel, 2, 6, 8, 98, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 149, 150, 152, 154, 159, 164, 175, 203, 235, 236, 239, 246, 247 de Moor, Johannes Maarten, 119, 123,125, 128, 129, 152, 164, 166, 190 Declaration on Punishment for War Crimes (13 January 1942), 13,53 Dejean, Maurice, 67 denationalisation, 6, 7, 51, 159 deportations, 3, 27, 28, 31, 40, 41, 42, 74, 87, 103, 105, 130, 157, 170, 172, 191,253 Dering, Władysław, 230, 236, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 280 Dinsmoor, William, 133 Dirlewanger Brigade, 246 Dirlewanger, Oskar, 141 Dora Nordhausen, 234 Dreier, Hans (Hans Dreyer), 244 Dziennik Pokki, 20, 23, 93, 188, 228 Dzierżykraj-Morawski, Kajetan, 22, 59, 61 Easterman, Alexander, 161, 184, 185 Ebermayer, Ludwig, 115 Ečer, Bohuslav, 6, 7, 8, 126, 128, 129, 148, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 185, 190, 202, 203, 271,273, 274 The Crime of Aggressive War, 155 Eden, Anthony, 6, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 63, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 133, 141, 147, 148, 160, 163, 165, 205 Emergency Rescue Committee, 95 Epler, Kazimierz, 174, 199, 200, 228, 282 Erber, Guenther, 248, 249 Estreicher, Karol, 44, 131, 205, 221 Etherton, Ralph, 106 extradiction, 9, 119, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136, 137, 183, 227, 228, 237, 238, 239, 241, 248, 256,260, 261,264, 267 Fiderkiewicz, Alfred, 201 Fight for Freedom Editorial and Publishing Services, 94 Filipowicz, Tytus, 104, 105, 106
Finlay, William, 155, 169
Index Fischer, Ludwig, 158, 194, 224, 229 Foreign Office approach to war crimes, 2, 3, 8, 14, 49, 50, 55, 115, 118, 141, 143, 159 САМЕ, 108 CIAD, 131, 132, 133 Declaration of 13 January 1942, 63, 68 Declaration of 17 December 1942, 75 FRPS,21 German generals, 169 information regime, 18, 19, 34, 38, 39, 50, 57, 69, 92, 269 Jews, 77 major war criminals, 147 Polish Election (1947), 232 Polish Files, 200 Polish Government, 32, 86, 90 Polish Note (10 December 1942), 42 Resignation of Cecil Hurst, 149 Stanislaw Mikołajczyk, 207 UNWCC, 145, 148, 156, 157, 162, 164, 190, 271 Władysław Dering, 261 Foreign Research and Press Service, 21, 33, 107 Forster, Albert, 194, 224 Fraenkel, Heinrich, 98 Frank, Hans, 12, 33, 42, 57, 59, 75, 95, 158, 164, 179, 180, 188, 194, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210,215,219,220,222 Frey, Dagobert, 253, 254 Fulton, 4, 226, 234 Fyfe, Maxwell, 261, 263 Geneva Convention, 29, 31, 115, 149, 176, 196, 197, 240 genocide, 1, 6, 7, 161, 167, 168, 204, 209, 220, 224, 241, 242, 271, 274, 282 Germanization, 21, 195 Gield, Henryk, 234 Gillies, William, 96 Glaser, Stefan, 6, 8, 85, 98, 99, 101, 107, 117, 119, 120, 121, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 174, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 190, 196, 203, 270, 276, 282 Glueck, Sheldon, 8, 144 Goering, Hermann, 175, 188 Goldschlag, Stella, 255 Goodhart, Arthur Lehman, 115, 118 Goodman, Harry, 185 Göth, Amon, 224 Grabińska, Wanda, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 111, 192 305 Grabiński, Mieczysław, 27 Grabski, Stanisław, 207, 275 Greenwood, Arthur, 95 Greiser, Arthur, 193, 224, 225, 274, 282 Griffin,
Bernard, 93 Groening, Oskar, 238 Gros, André, 65, 154 Güderin, Heinz, 210 Gusen, 194, 218 Gwiazdoski, Tadeusz, 85 Hague Convention ГѴ (1907), 1, 13, 21, 28, 31, 46, 134, 175, 188, 195, 196, 252 Halecki, Oskar, 21 Halifax, Lord (Edward Wood), 48, 160 Hankey, Robin, 57, 207, 261, 264 Harrower, William Thomson, 86 Hein, Wincenty, 234 Herriot, Édouard, 27 Herter, Wilhelm Gustav, 250, 251, 272 Hertz, Joseph, 89 Heydrich, Reinhard, 68 Himmler, Heinrich, 40, 188, 191, 192 Hinsley, Arthur, 24, 40, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 102 Hirsch, Francine, 5, 149, 219 Hitler, Adolf, 1, 25, 27, 28, 32, 40, 50, 52, 58, 62, 75, 95, 106, 120, 155, 156, 164, 165, 166, 175, 186, 188, 190, 199,216, 271 Hlond, August, 24, 88, 193, 194, 214 Hoess, Rudolf, 11,179,181,224, 234, 239, 240, 282 trial, 239 Holy Cross Mountains Brigade, 265, 266, 267, 280 Home Army, 206, 258, 265, 279 Hull, Cordell, 53,60, 61,63,154, 157,160, 162, 163, 168 Human rights, 5, 276 Hurst, Cecil, 144, 149, 150, 152, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 175, 178, 179, 273 Huysmans, Camille, 109 Inter-Allied Commission on the punish ment of war crimes, 3, 13, 65, 71, 110, 111, 112, 137, 270 Inter-Allied Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties, 2, 127, 151,272 Inter-Allied Committee for the Study of the Armistice, 13, 109
306 Index Inter-Allied Group for the Study of the Activities of the Germans and their Satellites, 13, 98, 108, 110, 112 Inter-Allied Information Committee, 65, 109 Interim Treasury Committee for Polish Questions, 199, 228 International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development, 4, 8, 107, 111, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 272 International Committee of the Central Institute of Art and Design, 13, 107 International Court of Justice, 275, 277 International Military Tribunal, 5, 10, 14, 155, 201, 202, 203, 207, 210, 213, 215,219, 220, 227,239, 261 Komarnicki, Wacław, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 Korboński, Stefan, 278 Kornbluth, Andrew, 10, 281 Kot, Stanisław, 45 Koziol, Wincenty, 266 Krankemann, Ernst, 181 Krasnador Trial, 145, 169, 203 Kristallnacht, 206 Kucharski, Paweł, 26 Kuh, Frederick, 164 Kulerski, Witold, 184 Kuiski, Władysław, 21, 58, 60, 63, 66, 92, 98, 99, 109, 136, 139 Kurowski, Stefan, 208, 209, 210 Kwapiriski, Jan, 94, 96 Jackson, Robert, 167, 199, 203, 204, 205, 209, 221,240 Jankowski, Jan Stanislaw, 170, 206 Jaśkiewicz, Stefan, 234 Jewish Agency for Palestine, 185, 229 Jewish property, 84, 179, 188, 189, 195, 196,217, 253 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 49, 184, 187, 188, 218, 267 Jews mass killing, 156, 160, 170, 179, 187, 243, 268 persecution, 31, 32, 38, 46, 69, 90, 91, 103, 105, 159, 181, 186, 206, 215, 229, 273 Jocz, Jakub, 91 Joint Foreign Committee of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, 66 Jones, Frederick Elwyn, 154, 155, 263 Labour Party, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 155 protest meeting, 90 Lachs, Manfred, 2, 6, 76, 101, 174, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188,
198, 199, 203, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 228, 229, 242, 245, 256, 271, 274, 275, 277, 278, 282, 295 Council for the Rescue of the Jewish Population in Poland, 184 employed by Ignacy Schwarzbart, 181 publications, 183 Lados, Aleksander, 198 Lansing, Robert, 114 Lauterpacht, Hersch, 2, 5, 6,120,121, 125 126, 127, 149, 150, 203, 272 Law, Richard, 56, 57, 140 Le Rõugetel, John, 133 League of Nations, 36 League of Nations Union, 22, 83, 101, 104, 123 Lehman, Victor, 127 Leipzig Trials, 3, 48, 115, 121 Leist, Ludwig, 229 Leitgeber, Bolesław, 44, 45, 107, 131, 133 195,216,271 Lemkin, Raphael, 1, 5, 6, 7, 100, 144, 161 167, 168, 204, 209, 221, 224, 242, 271,274, 295 lex retro non agit, 99, 116, 136, 137, 138 Lias, Geoffrey, 45, 71, 93 Lidice, 68, 96 Liebehenschel, Arthur, 224, 240 Litauer, Stefan, 35 Litawski, Jerzy, 1, 139, 152, 159, 174, 175 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 196, 198, 199, 200, 212, 223, 224, 236, 238, 240, 270, 271, 276, 279, 282 Kaeckenbeeck, Georges, 65, 71, 72, 119 Kaiser Wilhelm II, 3, 48, 115 Karczewski, Marceli, 20 Karski, Jan, 42, 50, ПО, 178, 189, 274 Kasznik-Christian, Aleksandra, 255 Katyń, 4, 17, 18, 53, 112, 155, 170, 205, 206,219, 270 Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact, 116 Kharkov Trial, 148, 155, 156, 169, 203 King, Wunsz, 63 Kingdon, Frank, 95 Kintner, Earl, 239 Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 18 Klein, Dora (Dr Dorota Lorska), 261 Klimowiecki, Romuald, 234 Kłodziński, Stanislaw, 263 Kochavi, Arieh, 9, 49, 142, 146, 156 Koestier, Arthur, 12
307 Index Livingston, Adelaide, 127 Lloyd George, David, 48, 115 Łódź ghetto, 206, 229, 242 Loeb, Walter, 98 Lolling, Enno, 259 London Agreement (1945), 202, 220 London International Assembly, 4, 8, 22, 70, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 111, 116, 123, 130, 138, 154, 155 Lorentz, Stanisław, 173, 253 Low, David, 40, 99 MacDonald, Gregory, 87 MacDonald, Ramsay, 100 Maclagan, Eric, 131, 132 Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes, 201, 222, 223, 227, 239, 242, 243 Maisky, Ivan, 17, 53, 54, 135 Majdanek, 179, 188, 190, 197, 199, 208, 215, 218, 238, 239,243,245,258, 259 Majdanek Trial, 169, 190, 202 Malkin, William, 132, 157, 159, 169 Mander, Geoffrey, 12, 56, 102 Mandi, Maria, 180, 240 Mann, James, 184 Mannstein, Erich von, 248 Marcus, Mickey, 167 Margulies, Benzion, 185 Marshall, George, 175, 232 Martens Clause, 113 Masaryk, Jan, 102 Masefield, John, 45 Maugham, Lord (Frederick), 70, 125, 138, 141, 142 Mauthuasen, 194 Max-Müller, William, 22 Maxwell, Alexander, 261 Mayhew, Christopher, 232 McClintock, Louisa Marie, 228, 234 McCloy, John, 166, 168 McKinnon-Wood, Hugh, 152, 184, 187, 196 McNair, Arnold, 119, 120, 182, 273 Mędykowski, Witold, 255, 256, 296 Meisinger, Josef, 229 Mengele, Josef, 181 Metzner, Alfred, 249 Middleton, Jim, 94 Mikołajczyk, Stanislaw, 39, 41, 43, 50, 74, 76, 91, 94, 102, 103, 104, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 138, 206, 207,231, 278 Modzelewski, Zygmunt, 209, 215 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 16, 61, 206 Monckton, Walter, 35 Morgenthau, Henry, 166 Mościcki, Ignacy, 16 Moscow Conference (1943), 10, 146 Moscow Declaration (1943), 146, 147, 148, 157, 160 Motas-
Kobierska, Elżbieta, 9 Mowshowitch, David, 185 Moyne, Lord (Walter Edward Guinness), 22 Mühlmann, Josef, 251 Mühlmann, Kajetan, 251 Muszkat, Marian, 233, 234, 235, 238, 246, 247, 261,282 Nagórski, Zygmunt, 102, 106, 128, 130, 136 Napier, Albert, 263 Naujocks, Alfred, 210 Neubrandenburg, 197 Nieduszyfiski, Tadeusz, 106 Noel-Baker, Philip, 95 Noel-Baker, Irene, 104 Norrman, Sven, 172 Nowak, Jan, 92, 226 Olbrycht, Jan, 264 Olszewski, Antoni, 173, 231 Ordęga, Adam, 45 Ording, Arne, 109 outlawing of Jews, 217, 274 Paris Peace Conference, 277 Paris, Jacques Emile, 109 Pęchalski, Edward, 234 Pehle, John, 168 Pell, Herbert, 6, 8,152, 153, 154,156,157, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 178, 190, 196, 203, 271,273, 274 crimes against humanity, 157 removal from UNWCC, 169 Phoney War, 4, 49, 269 photographs of atrocities, 28, 31 Pilecki, Witold, 257, 258, 265 Piotrowski, Stanisław, 135, 139, 208, 209, 219, 220 Pittendrigh, Miss, 152 Płaszów, 224 Plesch, Dan, 1, 9, 14, 62, 139, 155, 179, 190, 246,250,276 Podoski, Wiktor, 76 Pokrovsky, Yuri, 219 Polish Committee of National Liberation, 164, 190, 197, 223, 233 Polish Delegation at Nuremberg, 209 Polish Election (1947), 231
308 Index Polish Government Note (10 December 1942), 24, 42, 72, 75, 99, 106, 112, 150, 178, 270 Polish Indictment (Nuremberg), 212 Polish Information Center, 30, 88, 95 Polish Jewish Observer, 19, 72, 74, 181, 182, 187, 188, 270 Polish Labor Group, 95 Polish Military Mission to Investigate German War Crimes, 233 Polish National Council, 23, 39, 43, 73, 74, 75, 84, 91, 94, 96, 139, 173, 182, 187, 211 Polish Research Centre, 21,22,87, 91,103, 111, 130, 135,284 Polish Secret Army, 258 Polish Social Information Bureau, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 274 Polish Socialist Party, 93, 94, 95, 96, 184, 262 Polish Studies and Sketches, 20, 21, 40, 283 Polish Telegraphic Agency, 20 Polish Underground State, 2, 4, 5, 10, 19, 20, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 67, 72, 76, 88, 90, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180, 186, 187, 195, 198, 213, 223, 241, 253, 256, 271,276, 278, 279 Polish United Workers’ Party, 233, 279 Polish War Crimes Office, 1, 5, 14, 15, 46, 159, 228, 251, 272 15 June 1944 Conference, 181 Charge Files relating to intellectuals and clergy, 193 Charge Files submitted, 272 establishment, 174 Jewish Section, 181, 271 Jewish-related Charge Files, 176, 179, 245 plan for submitting Jewish-related Charge Files, 179 Polish Workers’ Party, 15, 164, 207, 211, 218, 223, 225, 263, 275 Ponsonby, Arthur, 11 Potsdam Conference (1945), 231 Potulicki, Michal, 6, 26, 27, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 80, 81, 85, 98, 99, 101, 109, 110, 136, 137, 139, 173 Poznański, Czeslaw, 106 Pragier, Adam, 96, 109 Prawin, Jakub, 266 Preuss, Laurence, 157, 178 Prisoners of War, 196 Procházka, Zdenek, 142
Provisional Government of National Unity, 23, 201,207,210, 278 Puretz, Marta, 230, 255, 256 Quebec Conference, 166 Raczkiewicz, Władysław, 16, 134, 140 Raczyński, Edward, 21, 22, 35, 42, 43, 44, 48, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 72, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 86, 101, 138 Radzinowicz, Leon, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 185 Raginsky, Mark, 219 Rajzman, Samuel, 210 rape, 14, 31, 124, 136, 190, 191, 192, 205, 218, 240, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 Ravensbrück, 191, 218 Regina v Dudley and Stephens (1884), 118 Reiss, Anszel, 184 Retinger, Józef, 85 Ribbentrop/Molotov Pact, 16 Riegner Telegram, 41, 74, 75, 105 Righteous Among the Nations, 185 Rindfleisch, Heinrich, 259 Ripka, Hubert, 68 Roberts, Frank, 12, 33, 42, 57, 59, 67, 75, 76, 134 Rode, Ernst, 210 Rojowska, Elżbieta, 9 Roman Catholic Church, 80, 86, 93 Romkowski, Roman, 231, 232 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 8, 53, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 111, 125, 146, 157, 166, 168, 288 Rosetti, Maurice, 185 Royal Institute of International Affairs, 22 Rozenbaum, Michał, 266 Rudenko, Roman, 209 Rzymowski, Wincenty, 231 Sachsenhausen, 158, 188, 191, 194 Samuel, Maximilian, 180, 257, 258, 259 Sargent, Orme, 55, 145, 261 Savery, Frank, 39 Sawicki, Jerzy, 202, 205, 208, 209, 210, 212,213,214,215, 224,274 Scherer, Emanuel, 184 Schommer, Georges, 109 Schumann, Horst, 180, 259 Schwarzbart, Ignacy, 19, 39, 73, 74, 76, 84, 85, 91, 182, 185, 186, 216, 274, 277 Appraisal of Lachs, 277 Schwelb, Egon, 6, 152, 159, 198 Sehn, Jan, 234, 239 September 1939 Campaign, 16
Index Serov, Ivan, 170 Seweryn, Józef, 259, 264 sexual and gender-based violence, 139,176, 190, 191, 192, 218, 240, 246, 250, 281 Şeyda, Marian, 93, 138 Shawcross, Hartley, 205 Shenin, Lev, 219 Shinwell, Emanuel, 165 Siewierski, Mieczysław, 240 Sikorski, Władysław, 16, 17, ЗО, 40, 41, 44, 53, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 80, 85, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141 Sikorski/Maisky agreement, 17 Simon, Lord (John Simon), 68,70, 71,125, 126, 127, 138, 139, 142, 144, 147, 148, 149, 155, 159, 160, 178, 182 Simopoulos, Charalambos, 102 Simpson, Christopher, 235 Slesser, Henry, 100, 284 Smirnov, Lev, 210, 261 Smith, Rennie, 53, 94, 102 Smithers, Waldron, 56, 59 Smogorzewski, Kazimierz, 32, 33 Snop, Edward, 174, 185, 200, 282 Sobibor, 67, 72, 73, 83, 84, 138, 141, 179, 215, 243 Sokolowski, Mieczysław, 109 Somervell, Donald, 147, 159 Sopicki, Stanisław, 184 Soviet invasion (September 1939), 16, 17, 25, 31, 53, 107, 112 Spaak, Paul Henri, 109 Sperber, Karol, 261 Squance, William, 155 Stalin, Joseph, 10, 17, 27, 146, 170, 275 State Department, 8, 74, 75, 148, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 178, 190, 232, 274 Stavropoulos, Constantin, 119, 120 Steinberg, Aaron, 161 Stettinius, Edward, 163, 168 Stimson, Henry, 166, 168 Strickland, William, 56 Stroriski, Stanislaw, 26, 137, 138 superior orders, 116, 118, 122, 128, 129, 156, 240 Supreme National Tribunal, 11, 224, 225, 229, 239, 240, 243 Świątkowski, Henryk, 202 Szacki, Antoni (Bohun-Dąbrowski), 153, 230, 236, 249, 267 Szapiro, Jerzy, 20, 93, 94, 97, 98 Szerer, Mieczysław, 23, 135, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 219, 225, 226, 227, 228, 309
229, 233, 234, 236, 238, 251, 256, 265, 275, 278 Szmaglewska, Seweryna, 210 Szurej, Mieczysław, 135 Taylor, Telford, 240 Tehran Conference (1943), 146 Temple, William, 28, 74, 88, 89, 90, 91,92 Tennyson, Charles, 131, 132, 133 Terlecki, Mikołaj, 244 Terlecki, Tymon, 45, 244 The Polish Fortnightly Remezo, 20, 23, 31,40, 69, 72, 73, 74, 83, 138, 242 Thurneyssen, R., 128 Toynbee, Arnold, 21, 33 Trades Union Congress, 96 Trainin, Aron, 5, 7, 144, 164, 202, 203 Treaty of Versailles, 36, 114 Treblinka, 19, 76, 77, 141, 178, 179, 182, 199, 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 243, 244, 268 Truman, Harry, 168, 199, 232, 235 Tschoffen, Charles, 109 Turner, James, 117 Turner, W.H., 23 Union of Armed Struggle, 258 United Nations Declaration 17 December 1942, 2, 6, 13, 42, 44, 75, 106, 150, 220, 243, 269, 270 United Nations War Crimes Commission arch-criminals, 164 Committee I, 152, 246 Committee II, 153 Committee III, 154, 235 expanding the remit, 156 National Offices Conference, 173, 199 press criticism, 164, 190 relations with other Allied organisa tions, 154 working list of war crimes, 151 Uris, Leon, 257, 264 Valentine Elwes, Aubrey, 87 Van Langenhove, Fernand, 109 Vansittart, Robert, 74 Vaucher Commission, 44, 134, 154 Vaucher, Paul, 134, 154, 155 Versailles list, 2, 3, 51, 127, 149, 151, 152, 252, 266, 279 Vlajic, Bozidar, 119 von Lingen, Kerstin, 9, 107 Vrba/Wetzler Report, 77, 282 Vyshinsky, Andrey, 219, 221, 278
310 Index Walker, James, 56, 281 war crimes definition, 121, 124, 126, 182, 202 War Crimes Responsibility Decree (1943), 140, 176, 179, 191, 193, 195 war of aggression, 5,48,115,126,145,166, 202,219 War Refugee Board, 77, 168, 169, 184 Ward, Barbara, 102 Ward, Dudley, 22 Warsaw Ghetto, 41, 91, 105, 106, 178, 182,216 Warsaw Rising (1944), 205 Weber, Bruno, 180 Wedgwood, Josiah, 97 Welles, Sumner, 70 Wiener Library, 185, 187 Wiemik, Yankiel, 215 Wilkinson, Ellen, 36 Wilson, Woodrow, 54 Winant, John, 68, 154, 163 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Winiarski, Bohdan, 22, 125, 126, 130, 136, 275 Winkel, H„ 127 Wirths, Eduard, 180, 259 Wise, Stephen, 75, 76 Wójcicki, Aleksander, 208, 209 World Jewish Congress, 66, 160, 161, 185 Wright, Robert, 144, 151, 164, 198, 201, 235, 251,260, 273 Wszelaki, Jan, 61, 83, 84, 103 Yalta Conference, 169, 207 Zaleska, Zofia, 84, 86 Zaleski, August, 6, 7,22,28,29,30,34,37 38, 42, 81, 88, 101, 102 Zorya, Nikolai, 219 Zulch, Karl (Walter), 254 Zygielbojm, Szmul, 39, 41, 43, 73, 74, 75, 84, 85, 91, 96, 97, 98, 156 Zyto, Józef, 244 Żółtowski, Adam, 22, 87 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fleming, Michael 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13893794X |
| author_facet | Fleming, Michael 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fleming, Michael 1974- |
| author_variant | m f mf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047436503 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 2350 NY 8000 NQ 2360 NQ 4700 NQ 6010 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1294718923 (DE-599)BVBBV047436503 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1940-1948 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1940-1948 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV047436503 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-29T13:15:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781009098984 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032838760 |
| oclc_num | 1294718923 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-83 |
| physical | viii, 310 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220502 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fleming, Michael 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)13893794X aut In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice Michael Fleming Cambridge ; New York, NY ; Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2022 viii, 310 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vereinte Nationen War Crimes Commission (DE-588)814308-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1940-1948 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 s Vereinte Nationen War Crimes Commission (DE-588)814308-0 b Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 s Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Geschichte 1940-1948 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-00-910671-9 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Fleming, Michael 1974- In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice Vereinte Nationen War Crimes Commission (DE-588)814308-0 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 gnd Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)814308-0 (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4532209-0 (DE-588)4033151-9 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice |
| title_auth | In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice |
| title_exact_search | In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice |
| title_full | In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice Michael Fleming |
| title_fullStr | In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice Michael Fleming |
| title_full_unstemmed | In the shadow of the Holocaust Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice Michael Fleming |
| title_short | In the shadow of the Holocaust |
| title_sort | in the shadow of the holocaust poland the united nations war crimes commission and the search for justice |
| title_sub | Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the search for justice |
| topic | Vereinte Nationen War Crimes Commission (DE-588)814308-0 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 gnd Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vereinte Nationen War Crimes Commission Judenvernichtung Exilregierung Kriegsverbrechen Zweiter Weltkrieg Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838760&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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