The Jewish heroes of Warsaw: the afterlife of the revolt
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Wayne State University Press
[2021]
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Warsaw, A Place in Jewish History 1 1. The Centrality of Warsaw 25 2. News about the Destruction of European Jewry and the Uprising during WWII 69 3. The Surviving Ghetto Fighters Write the First Draft of a History of the Revolt 123 4. The First Anniversary of the Revolt 169 5. Crafting a Zionist Narrative of the Revolt 205 6. The Place of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising among the Surviving Population in Europe 259 7. The First Published Testimonies of the Surviving Ghetto Fighters 305 8. Literary and Artistic Representations before the Fifth Anniversary of the Revolt 347 9. Warsaw in Israel and America, 1948-53 401 Notes 421 Selected Bibliography 493 Index 513
I N D EX Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Uprising, 22,23; in Jewish National AACI (Anglo-American Committee of Committee / ZOB reports and letters, Inquiry), 293 155; kibbutzim named after, 288; last Adler, Celia, 366 letter of, 82-83; Lubetkin on, 327, Adler, Luther, 366 328-29; in May 24,1944, report, 225; afterlife of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. See popular knowledge of involvement in historiography of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 179; press commemorations Uprising of, 101-4,103, 111; return to Warsaw agricultural training farms, 37,153,154, 287,429-30nn39-40 at beginning of war, 28-29; surviving ghetto fighters’reports of death of, 127, Agudas Yisroel / Agudath Israel, 26,28, 76, 159,449-50n6; Syrian’s Blessed Is the 80,138,151,267,287 Match and, 371,374; third anniversary Ahad Ha’am, 422n8 Aharonim al ha Homah (The last ones on the of Uprising, commemoration of, 297; as youth movement activist, 38-39,40; wall; Lubetkin, 1946), 306-7,315-31, ŻOB, command of, 454n39 318,319 AJC. See American Jewish Committee America: Bermuda Conference (1943), 85-88; Bundist role, minimalization AK. See Armia Krajowa of, 404—5,413; Bundists typically Akiva (youth group), 2,23,153,157,224, relocating to, 403; DP camps for Jews 227,454n39 Aleynhilf (organization), 33,35 in Germany and, 286; first anniversary Alfred A. Knopf publishing, 273 of Uprising in New York, 170-79,176, AlHaMishmar (newspaper), 390 177,185-86,189-90,199-204,203, 205; historiography of Warsaw Ghetto Alter, Viktor, 28,116,268 Alterman, Natan: “A Hebrew Maiden,” Uprising and, 5,18-19; international 104; “Memorial
Day—and the Jewish consciousness, Uprising and Rebels” (1954), 411-12; “Pesach of the efforts to arouse, 409; Israeli response to revolt compared, 414; Jewish press Diaspora,” 86-88 in, 72-73,75-76; liberation of camps Alterman, S hiomo, 23 by, 273-74; “myth of silence” in, 18, Altman, Tosia: actual death of, 126, 449-50n6; Aktion ofJanuary 1943, 92,343,346,366-67,377-78,425n47; popular fiction based on Uprising in, escape from, 48; dissemination of information during Uprising by, 56,57, 404-5,413; press reportage during 58; erroneous information on death of, WWII on destruction of European 101,435n99,444~45n82; escape from Jewry, 73-81; press reportage during ghetto, 126; in ghetto during Uprising, WWII on Uprising, 88-98,99-101; 52; historical identification with responses to destruction of European
America (continued)·. Jewry in, 81-82; American Representation of the Bund in Riegner report, State Department’s Poland, 115 reception of, 74-78,431n56; American Representation of the General second anniversary of Uprising, Jewish Workers’Union of Poland, commemoration of, in New York, 310 271-73; seventy-fifth anniversary amidah (resistance), defining, 11,15,16, of Uprising (2018) in Warsaw and, 22,107,195,336,440n28 418; transition to commemoration Amit, Ya’akov, 102 in, 105,106-11; unbuilt NYC Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry memorial, 378-82; Uprising as (AACI), 293 prism of Holocaust awareness in, 5, Anielewicz, Mordecai: Rachel Auerbach 18-19,382. See aho specific American on, 386; death of, 127,139,143,155, organizations 159,165,167,229,297,327,375, American Council ofWarsawJews, 386; dissemination of information 179 during Uprising and, 53-56,54, American Federation of Polish Jews, Ће 57-58,59,66-67; Edelman on, 315; Black Book ofPolish Jews (1943), on first day of fighting, 454n41; 109-10 Grünewald Cross, posthumous American Jewish Committee (AJC), 70, reception of, 394; Hersey’s Ће 76,110-13,170 Wall obscuring identity of, 405; American Jewish Conference, 171 Hilberg’s presentation of, 8; historical American Jewish Congress, 70,76,370 identification with Uprising, 22, American Jewish Joint Distribution 23,104,396,415; in January 1943 Committee (JDC): agricultural Aktion and resistance, 225; kibbutzim training farms supported by, 429n39; named for, 102,287,402; last letter dissemination of information during of, 53-56,54,66-67,343,434n86, Uprising and, 52,59; DP
camps 434n88; Lubetkin on, 324; Meed on, for Jews in Germany and, 286343; as M. Ordche, 139,255; Mejlach 87; Friedman at, 6; functioning in Perlman and, 455n43; Rapoport occupied Warsaw, 38,428-29n29; monument and, 389,390,394,395, Hersey’s The Wall and, 405; Rose 396; return to Warsaw at beginning Klepfisz at, 404; May 24,1944, of war, 29; Ringelblum biography of, parcel and, 208,213; on outbreak 212-13; statue at Yad Mordecai, 406, of WWII in Warsaw, 27; postwar 407-9,408; surviving ghetto fighters’ fixnding of youth movements, reports on, 127,139,143,155,159, Břicha, and kibbutzim by, 281-82; 165,167; Syrkin’s Blessed Is the Rapoport monument financed by, Match and, 374,375; Warsaw street 390; social welfare in ghetto and, 33, named after, 263,302,478nl03; as 34; surviving ghetto fighters after youth movement activist, 38-39; Uprising and, 132-33,159; surviving in Zionist narrative of Uprising, Jews of postwar Europe and, 265-66, 212-13,217,229,233,255,462n28; ŻOB, command of, 46,48,49,52,55; 473-74nn63-64 American Jewish Yearbook (AJYB; AJC, Zuckerman on, 390 1943), 110-11 antifascist bloc, 51,93,223-24,322, American League for a Free Palestine, 462n28 272,366,367 antisemitism: in Armia Krajowa, 260-61; American Memorial to Six Million Jews in postwar Poland, 266,271,282, of Europe, 378 333,468n8 514 · Index
Apenszlak, Jacob, 110 Arab Legion, 399 Arab Revolt (1936), 26 Árbeli, Michal, 402 Arbeter Ring, 364 Arch ofTitus, Rome, 396 Arendt, Hannah, 9-10 Arens, Moshe, 240,467n72 Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army or AK), 49,58,136,260-61,263,283, 297,323,418,443n58 Armia Ludowa (People’s Army), 261,263, 322,449n5,467n4 artistic interpretations. See literary and artistic interpretations of Uprising Artstein, Zechariah, 226,228,324,328 Asch, Sholem, 213 Associated Press, 75 Association for Spreading Vocational Education Among Jews (ORT), 214 Auerbach, Adah, Women in the Ghettos (1947), 377 Auerbach, Rachel: Eichmann trial, testimony at, 9; ghetto writings of, 383,384; on Great Deportation, 44; Hersey’s The Wall and, 405; historians’ use of testimony of, 6; in Jewish National Committee / ZOB reports and letters, 158; Oneg Shabbes underground archive and, 9,35, 383-84; photo of, 384 Der Yiddisher Oyfshtand (1948), 383-88 Auerswald, Heinz, 33 Auftau (newspaper), 72 Auschwitz, 9,10,45,74,78,153,154,166, 194,260,459n27 Azari, Anna, 416,417 Baade, Paul, 359 Baranowski, Władysław, 392 Bar Kochba Revolt, 17,136,383,409 Barzdai, Yisrael, 389-90 Basok, Moshe, 7,434n88,465n52 “The Battle Hymn of the Ghetto” (song), 114 Ће Battle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (Wishengrad play, 1943), 111-14, 405 “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report (Bund), 136-51,206 Bauer, Yehuda, 16,439nl3 Beatus, Frania, 56 Będzin, resistance in, 7,127,132,141,153, 154,164,165,229,383 Begin, Menachem, 28 Belzee, 41-42,74,153,194 Ben-Ami, Jacob, 199-200 Ben-Gurion, David, 9,59,79,285,401 Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak, 409-10 Berenbaum, Michael, 453n37
Berg (Watten), Mary, 306 Bergen-Belsen, as DP camp, 287 Berger, Herszl, 444n72 Bergson, Peter (Hillel Kook), 272,366, 471-72n39 Berlinski, Hirsch: biographical information, 466n62; diary of, 245; escape from ghetto, 126; in Jewish National Committee / ŻOB reports and letters, 158; May 24,1944, report and, 222,223; Wasser and, 244; ŻOB, command of, 46,233 Berman, Adolf: in April 1943 revolt, 53; biographical information, 433n80; dissemination of information during Uprising and, 49,50,51,53-55, 57,60,62-64,434n88; Eichmann trial, testimony at, 9; historians’use of testimony of, 6; at liberation of Warsaw, 265; May 24,1944, parcel/ report and, 207-8,210,212-16,219, 221,230,462-63n28; Rapoport memorial to ghetto fighters and, 389-90,392; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 151,15560,206; surviving ghetto fighters in Warsaw and, 128,132-33,159; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265,283-84,294; at third anniversary of Uprising, 294; ŻOB and, 46, 49,50 Berman, Jacob, 293 Bermuda Conference (1943), 85-88,94, 102 Betar, 7,28,29,36-37,40,41,46,124 Beth Jacob movement, 80 Index · 515
Between Tumbling Walls (Tsvishn Falendike Vent, Borzykowski, 1949), 237,465nn52-53 Bialik, Haim Nachman, “City of Slaughter,” 3 Bialopolski, Abraham, 28 Białoskóra (Białoskórnik) Szymon, 29 Białystok, resistance in, 10,94,117,127, 132,141, İSİ, 153-54,156,165,196, 229,279,383 Biber, Alex, 401 Bilak, Janek, 142,234,449nl The Black Book ofPolish Jews (American Federation of Polish Jews, 1943), 109-10 Blady-Szwajger, Adina, 261 Blatman, Daniel, 162 Blessed Is the Match (Syrkin, 1947), 5,283, 369-78,398,445-46n93 “Blessed Is the Match” (Hannah Senesh poem), 372 Blit, Lucjan, 162-63 Blones, Gute, 295,404 Blones, Jurek, 142,149,151,198,234,235, 295,404,454n38 Blones, Lusiek, 295,404 Blum, Abrasha (Abraham): anniversaries of Uprising, remembered on, 194, 199,295,404; death of, 143,333, 454n40; decision to remain in Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; dissemination ofinformation during Uprising and, 56-57; Kazik (Simcha Rotem) on, 482n55; May 24,1944, report and, 222,223; Meed and, 333, 338-39,341,343; as youth movement activist, 38 Blum, Luba, 310 Blumenthal, Nachman, 436nl03 Blumovicz, Abrasha, 285,292-93 B’nai B’rith, 70, 76,442n48 Borislaw, resistance in, 141 Bornstein, Yitzhak, 132-33,451-52n25 Borochov Youth, 267 Borzykowski, Tuvia: armed resistance by, 48; biographical information, 237; on death ofTosia Altman, 126; diary of, 464-65n51; escape from ghetto and 516 · Index return to Warsaw, 126; forged Aryan identity card with photo, 239 in hiding after Polish Uprising, 264; historians’ use of testimony of, 5,6,237; Lubetkin on, 327; May 24,1944, parcel of reports and
testimonies, 207; photo of, 241-, reports and letters sent in aftermath of Uprising, 165-67; second anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 271 surviving ghetto fighters, organization of, 128; Syrkin’s Blessed Is the Match and, 375; testimony included in May 24,1944, parcel, 230,237-40,241, 297,465n54; Tsvishn Falendike Vent (Between Tumbling Walls·, 1949), 237, 465nn52-53; as youth movement activist, 36-37 “boy of 13,” testimony of (in May 24, 1944, parcel), 211,244,465-66n58 Brandes, Zvi, 288,475ո77 Brando, Marlon, 366 Brandt, Willy, 389 Breker, Arno, 391 Breslaw, Shmuel: death of, 221,463n31; historical identification with Uprising, 22; in May 24,1944, report, 221,224; Oneg Shabbes archive and, 35; return to Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; surviving ghetto fighters, letters and reports of, 155; as youth movement activist, 39; ZOB, command of, 224,454n39 Břicha movement, 240,269,278-85,286, 287,303,330 Britain: Bermuda Conference (1943), 85-88; first anniversary of Uprising in, 179-85,183 Jewish press in, 72; knowledge of destruction of European Jewry in, 77,78; transition to commemoration in, 105-6 British blockade, 162,241,300,302 British mandate Palestine. See Yishuv Brog, Mooli, 275,473n52 Brojda (Broide, Broyde, Braude), Beri, 127, 155,227,327,454n41,480n35 Browning, Christopher, 306 Buchenwald, 273,380 Buksbaum, Nathan (Antoni), 28,132
Bund: America, minimalization of Bundist role in, 404-5,413; America and Australia, Bundists typically relocating to, 403; armed resistance, shift to, 41,45-46,48; “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report, 136-51,206; dissemination ofinformation during Uprising by, 51,56,59,60,90,426n5, 436n99; Edelman’s The Ghetto Fights and, 309-15; Final Solution, public spreading of news of, 38; on first anniversary of Uprising, 187,190, 191-99; Ghetto in Flames (1944), 5, 136,151,191-99,202,256; Hersey’s The Wall and, 404-5; historical framing of Uprising and, 7,12-14,24, 413; In Heldiszn Gerangl (In Heroic Struggle; 1949), 404; Jewish National Committee not joined by, 52; Lubetkin on, 322,323,326; Meed’s Forverts testimony and, 331-46; members fleeing Warsaw at beginning ofWWII, 28,29,38; Polish Uprising and, 262-63; political platform in Poland, 26-27; politicization/ mythologization of Uprising by, 11521,202; postwar Europe, political divisions between movements in, 296; seventy-fifth anniversary of Uprising (2018) in Warsaw and, 418; on suicide of Zygielbojm, 96,99; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising, organization of, 123,124,129,131, 133-36; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265,267-68,282; in Syrian’s Blessed Is the Match, 374, 377; systematic extermination plan, acceptance of reality of, 40; at third anniversary of Uprising, 295; youth movements and formation of ghetto underground, 35,38-39; Zionist narrative of Uprising and, 12-13,207, 216-18,222-23,227,229,247,24956; Zionists, rivalry with, 7,12-13,27, 207,216-18,229,268,415; ŻOB and, 45-46,134-35,148-51,158 “bunker
mania,” 49 Burg, Yosef, 11,13 Cahan, Abraham, 72 Cahane, Rabbi, 393 Carmi, Aharon, 364,465n57 Catholic underground movement, in Poland, 76 celluloid factory fire, 126,449-50n6 CENTOS (Centralne Towarzystwo Opieki nad Sierotami or Central Association for the Care of Orphans), 33,51, 214 Central Committee of Liberated Jews, 285-86,289,293 Central Committee of Polish Jews (CKZP), 267,389-90,392,469nl8, 470n26,478nl03 Central Jewish Committee, 265,293,294 Central Jewish Historical Commission, Poland, 5-6,383 Chełmno, gassing vans at, 38 Chmielnjcki, Aharon, 243 Cholawski, Shalom, 270,282 Churchill, Winston, 78 “City of Slaughter” (Bialik), 3 City ofWarsaw Arts Committee, 390 CKZP. See Central Committee of Polish Jews Cohen, Yochanan, 281-82 collective memory: of Holocaust, 347-49, 364; of Uprising, 413-16 Colliers (journal), 306 Collomp, Catherine, 452n28 commemoration: second anniversary of Uprising (1945), 270-73,271; third anniversary of Uprising (1946), 28997,290; fourth anniversary of Uprising (1947), 297-300; fifth anniversary of Uprising (1948), 388,389,392-94, 399; sixth anniversary of Uprising (1949), 404; tenth anniversary of Uprising (1953), 409,411; eleventh anniversary of Uprising (1954), 411-12; seventy-fifth anniversary of Uprising (2018), 416-19; Holocaust commemoration, Uprising as touchstone for, 1,275-77; instilling of Uprising as central focal point of Jewish memory and Zionist narrative, 409-13; in Israel, 405-9,407; Index · 517
commemoration (continued): press transition to, 81-82,101-14,103 Tel Hai commemoration, 79; Yom HaShoah vehaGevurah, 1,9,405-6, 410,413. See also collective memory; first anniversary of Uprising Commentary (journal), 330,351,376 Committee for Intercession, Synagogue Council of America, 172-73 Committee for the Rescue ofJews in Occupied Europe, 159 Communists: antifascist bloc, 51,93, 223-24,322,462n28; Armia Ludowa (People’s Army), 261; Howard Fast and, 365,484—85n21; Hersey’s The Wall and, 404-5; IWO and, 365; in Jewish National Committee, 26; Jewish population of Warsaw and, 26; Lubetkin on, 323,326; postwar government of Poland, 266-67; PPR and, 55; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 136; surviving Jews of Europe and, 266-67; youth movements of, 13; in ZOB, 63 Conference ofJewish Fighters (1945), Paris, 284-85 Coordinating Commission ofJewish Aid and Social Societies, 33 creation of state of Israel: 1948 War, 401-2; AACI (Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry) and, 293; Berman on Uprising and, 392; British blockade, 162,241,300,302; Exodus 1947,302,375; ha’apalah and, 375; as monument to Holocaust and Uprising, 381-82; overtaking Uprising in Jewish history, 399,401; surviving ghetto fighters involved in, 402; surviving Jewish population of Europe and, 277,278-85,293,300303; Syrkin reporting on, 370; United Nations on, 370,379; Von Horvot bis zum Heimland (From Ruins to Homeland՛, film, 1947), 301-2,303; Zionist narrative of Uprising and, 17-18,205-7,256,277,282,285, 407,413,418 Cukierman, Sara, 155 518 · Index Cukierman, Yitzhak (Antek). See Zuckerman, Yitzhak
cultural life in Warsaw ghetto, 34-35 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 392 Czerniaków, Adam, 28,31,33,43,70,96, 107,195,312,322,374,431ո52 Czerwiński, Witold, 182 Częstochowa: camp in, 78,164,166,167; resistance in, 127,128,132,141,15354,157,165,229,279,383 Dachau, 270,274,380,471n32 Daily Worker; 170 Davar (newspaper): Alterman’s “Memorial Day” published in, 411; commemorations in, 101-2,103 on dedication of Ghetto Fighters Kibbutz, 403; on destruction of European Jewry, 72,73,75,80,86; on first anniversary of Uprising, 186, 187-89; Lubetkin’s 1946 testimony serialized in, 330; on memorialization of Holocaust victims, 275-76; on Uprising, 91-92,93,96,98,100; on Yad Vashem, 410; on Zuckerman’s arrival in Yishuv, 361-62; on Zygielbojm, 444n72 Davidson, Jo, 379,380,381 Dawidowicz, Lucy (née Shildkret): on antifascist bloc, 462-63n28; Hersey’s The Wall and, 404; on June 1943 commemoration of Uprising, 106; on Mendelsohn lecture at YIVO, 121, 197; Ће War against theJews (1975), 13-15,463n33 Dawidowicz, Szymon, 13 Dawidowicz, Toba (Tobcia), 13,150,151, 159,179,198,199,404 Dawidowicz, Zarek, 13 Democratic Zionists, 26 Dewey,Thomas E., 81,199,272 Diamant, Abram, 244-46 Diamant, Naomi, 81 Diner, Hasia, 18-19,381-82,398 Dinur, Ben-Zion, 409,410 displaced persons (DP) camps, 268,283, 285-92,296-97,302,303,370, 474n74
Dobkin, Eliyahu, 152,317 Dodds, Harold W., 85 Donner, Batia, 389,488ո61 DP camps. See displaced persons (DP) camps Dreifiiss, Havi: on dissemination of information during Uprising, 51, 52,53,55,56,58,63,216,434n87, 434-35n89,435n99; on Great Deportation and Czerniaków, 431n52; in historiography of Uprising, 21-22; on January 1943 Aktion, 432n67; in popular nature of Uprising, 448nl22; on shift to armed resistance, 41,45,49; Zionist narrative of Uprising and,463n29, 464-65n51,465n57 Dreistmann, Rabbi, 393 Dror movement: Lubetkin and, 316, 330; Mapai, split from, 316; postwar Europe, political divisions between movements in, 296; press reports about Uprising and, 104,445n82; seventy-fifth anniversary of Uprising (2018) in Warsaw and, 418; surviving ghetto fighters in Warsaw after Uprising and, 153,157,159,454n39; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 267,281,297; in Warsaw ghetto and during Uprising, 29,36,46,48, 51; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 217,221,224,227,246,250 Duda, Andrzej, 416,418 310,311,362; May 24,1944, parcel and, 206,219; Meed’s testimony compared, 336-37,341,346; with Pat in ruins of Warsaw, 352,3SS; photos of, 309,314,355-, on placement of Rapoport monument, 488n61; Poland, remaining in, 307,311,347, 403; in Polish Uprising, 261,310; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 153,206; return to Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; surviving ghetto fighters, organization of, 126,128,131; at third anniversary of Uprising, 295-96; as X in Bund’s “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report, 149,455n42; ŻOB, command of, 46, 48,52,233,455n43 Edelman, Zipporah, 310
educational activities in Warsaw ghetto, 34-35 Ehrlich, Henryk, 116,268 Eichler, Jeremy, 368,369 Eichmann, Adolf, trial of (1961), 9-10,15, 468n5,480n33 Eiger, Abram, 151,244,246 Einsatzgruppen, deployment of, 73 Einstein, Albert, 191,199 Eisenhower, Dwight, 273-74,286 Elazar, David (Dado), 316 eleventh anniversary of Uprising (1954), 411-12 Ellenbogen, Chaim, 130 Elster, Pola, 158,244 Engel, David, 19,425n48 Edelman, Marek: Rachel Auerbach’s use Engelking, Barbara, 425n52 of testimony of, 384; biographical England. See Britain information, 310-11; on Czerniaków, Erlich, Eliyahu, 244 43-44; on defining resistance, Erlich, Henryk, 28 440n28; escape from ghetto and Eternal Light series, NBC radio, 111-13 return to Warsaw, 125-26,310; The Evening Standard (London), 105-6 Ghetto Fights (1946), 136,306-7, Evian Conference (1938), 85 309-15,404,454n37; Hersey’s The Exodus (Leon Uris, 1958), 370 Wall obscuring identity of, 405; Exodus 1947 (ship), 302,375 historians’ use of testimony of, 5,6,7, 8; Kazik (Simcha Rotem) on, 482n55; Fackenheim, Emil, 423-24n38 Lubetkin’s testimony compared, 317, Faigenblat, Jacob, 166 320,322,323,325,326,330,346, Fajner, Abram, 142,161,199 481n37; Lubetkin/Zuckerman and, Färber, Yosef, 328 Index »519
Farn Folk (Pachach journal), 283 Fast, Howard: as Communist, 365,48485n21; Never to Forget, The Battle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (1946), with William Gropper, 364—65,368,369 Faynkind, Melekh, 222 Federation of Polish Jews in Bavaria, 289 Federation of Polish Jews in Great Britain, 181; Remember the Warsaw Ghetto (1944), 182-83,183 Feiner, Leon (Mikołaj): arms, ZOB’s efforts to obtain, 49; biographical information, 432n72; dissemination of information during Uprising and, 56, 58,60-62,64,436n99; Meed on, 34041; photo of, 61՛, Polish underground, as Bund liaison with, 38; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 162-63,206; return to Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; surviving ghetto fighters in Warsaw and, 128,13435,159,162-63; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 267 Feinmesser, Marisha, 130,131 Feldman, Yael S., 422nn8-9 fifth anniversary of Uprising (1948), 388, 389,392-94,399 Final Solution: Great Deportation and beginning of implementation of, 41-45; Hilberg viewing Warsaw Ghetto Uprising from perspective of, 8,9; lack of public concern about Jews and, 442n51; press reportage on destruction of European Jewry, 73-81,108; public spreading of news of, 38; Riegner message on, 431n56; systematic intent of extermination, Jewish determination of, 40; timing of, 73; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 221,222 Finkelstein, Meir, 226,228 first anniversary of Uprising (1944), 169-204; in London, 179-85, 183; meaning of Uprising for contemporary Jews on, 189-91; in New York, 170-79,176,177,185-86; surviving ghetto fighters on, 165-67, 169; in the Yishuv, 185-91,205-6 520 · Index
Fiszgrund, Salo, 267,295 A Flag Is Born (Hecht play, 1946), 366-67 Folktsaytung (Bund publication), 295 food shortages and hunger in Warsaw ghetto, 32,34,41,383 Force 13,33 Forverts (newspaper), 72-73,91,94-99, 95,108,173,331,334-38,335,340, 343,399,481n41. See also Jewish Daily Forward fourth anniversary of Uprising (1947), 297-300 FPO (Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie or United Partisan Organization), 297,450nl4 Frank, Anne, 376 Frank, Hans, 39 Frank, Moses Z., 110 Dos Fraye Wort (newspaper), 292 Frederick, Kurt, 369 Frenkel, Pawel, 29 Friedlander, Henry, 442n51 Friedlander, Saul, The Years of Extermination (2007), 19-20,78 Friedman, Philip: “Bibliography of the Warsaw Ghetto” (1952-53), 6; on early literature of Holocaust dominated by Uprising, 382; ed. Martyrs and Fighters: The Epic ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (1954), 5-6,8; Rose Klepfisz hired at YI VO by, 403-4; on Meed’s memoir, 345; Zuckerman referencing, 436-37nl03 Frimer, Chaim, 327,364,449nl, 45455n41,480֊81n35 Frydrych, Zalman, 139-40,142,149,151, 198,199,233,295,311,342,404, 453֊54n37 Fryszdorf, Gabrys, 142,295 Fun Beyde Zaytn Geto Moyer {On Both Sides ofthe Ghetto Wall; Meed, 1948), 335,336,337-38,340-41,343,34546,404,418,482n46,482n52,482n55 Fund, S., 149 Furrows (journal), 377-78 Gancwajch, Abraham, 33 Gavisser, Luba, 128
Geller, Eliezer: historical identification with Uprising, 22,23; in Kazik’s testimony, 234,464n45; Lubetkin on, 328; in May 24,1944, report, 225-26, 228; in surviving ghetto fighters’ testimony, 155,240,243,449~50n6; ZOB, command of, 52 General Federation ofJewish Workers, 72 General Zionist Council, 275 General Zionists, 28,45,72,132,157,159, 187,188,211,276,442-43n57 genizah on Mount Zion for Torah scrolls desecrated by Nazis, 406 George, Manfred, 72 Germany: DP camps in, 268,283,28592,296-97,302,303,370,474n74; Kovner’s revenge group against, 26970,464n40,471n32,481n39 Gęsiówka concentration camp, Greek and Hungarian Jews imprisoned at, 260 Geva, Sharon, 316,480-81n21 Geyer, Zelig, 28 Ghetto Fighters House, 6-7,403,405 Ghetto Fighters Kibbutz, dedication of (1949), 402-3 The Ghetto Fights (Edelman, 1946), 136, 306-7,309-15,404,454n37 Ghetto-Grad/Ghettograd, Uprising known as, 137,194,198,453n35 Ghetto Speaks (American Bund publication), 199 Git[t]erman, Yitzhak/Isaac, 34,48,132, 451֊52n24 Glanz, Rifkah, 23 God, change in Jewish relationship with, 358-60 Goebbels, Josef, 92-93 Goldberg, Amos, 308 Goldmann, Na[c]hum, 108,160,162,163, 186 Goldstein, Bernard: biographical information, 451nl8; Five Years in the Warsaw Ghetto, 404; in hiding after Polish Uprising, 264; historians’ use of testimony of, 6,8; surviving ghetto fighters, organization of, 129-31,135; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 267 Goldstein, Faygele/Feigele, 234,295 Goldstein, Israel, 171,186,274-75 Goldstein, Yitzhak, 23 Goodman, Percival, 381 Gordonia (youth movement), 45,48,153, 157,227,464n45 Gorny,
Yosef, 71,72 Goskind, Yitzhak, 301 Gottesman (advocate from Krakow), 158, 159 Grabowski, Jan, 285 Grade, Chaim, 301 Grajek (Grayek), Stefan (Szloma/Shalom): biographical information, 240-41; historians’ use of testimony of, 5, 240; letters and reports from ŻOB in aftermath of Uprising, 158; in May 24,1944, report, 222,223; photos of, 241,314·, surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265,269,283-84; testimony included in May 24,1944, parcel, 206,230,240-44,297 Great Deportation (summer 1942): American Jewish organizations, proclamation about, 70; commemorations of, 108; Frydrych gathering information on Treblinka, 453-54n37; literary accounts of, 112, 113; Lubetkin on, 322-23; Meed on, 337-38; press reports on, 69,70-71; Warsaw Uprising and, 3-4,32,35,37, 40,41,43-45,47,117 Grinberg, Zalman, 286,289 Gringauz, Samuel, 286 Grinshpan-Frimer, Pnina, 125,338-39nl Gropper, William: Never to Forget, The Battle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (1946), with Howard Fast, 364-65,368,369; Your Brother s Blood Cries Out Լ1943), 365 Gross, Chaim, 352,381 Grossman, Haika (Chajke, Chaika), 39, 40,392-93 Growas, Mordechai “Merdek,” 454-55n41 Gruenbaum, Eliezer, 459n27,469nl7 Gruenbaum, Yitzhak, 188-89,205,265, 459n27,469nl7 Grunewald, Malkiel, 491n23 Index « 521
Grünewald Cross, 394 Gruszkajankiel, 142 Gruzaltz (Grusalz, Gruzalc), Lejb (Leib, Lejwik), 23,149,161,404,455ո43 Guri, Haim, 330 Gutkowski, Eliyahu, 223 Gutman, Hanoch, 226,228,328 Gutman, Israel: on “bunker mania,” 49; on dissemination ofinformation during Uprising, S3,58,63; TheJews of Warsaw (1982), 15-16; on population of Warsaw ghetto, 428n23; Resistance (1994), 16-17 Gutterman, Bella, 125-27,128,316-17 Guzik (Kaftor), David: May 24,1944, parcel and, 207-8; postwar office of JDC in Warsaw established by, 281; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 151,155-60; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265; Warsaw office ofJDC and, 34 Ha’apalah, 240-41,375 Ha’aretz (newspaper), 3,72 Habas, Bracha, ed., Mikhtavim min hageta’ot (Letters from the ghettos; 1943), 82,306 HaBoker (newspaper), 187 Hadassah convoy massacre, 399 Haganah, 315,316,375,399,401 HaKibbutz HaMeuchad (United Kibbutz movement), 307,316,330,362,403, 480-8ln21 Halbwachs, Maurice, 349 Tfowdj^żfJnewspaper), 72 Hannover camp, 132-33 Hanoar Hazioni, 227,230 Haran, Ronen, 435ո95,445ո82 Harrison, Earl, 286,293 Harshav, Barbara, 462n27,464n45 Hart, Moss, 82 Hartglas, Apolinary, 28 Hashavua (newspaper), 330 Hashomer Hatzair: Anielewicz and, 21213; Edelman on, 315; HaKibbutz HaMeuchad (United Kibbutz movement), split with, 316; Hersey’s The Wall and, 404—5; kibbutzim 522 · Index named after ghetto fighters, 28788; Lubetkin and, 316-17; postwar Europe, political divisions between movements in, 296; press reportage during WWII and, 82,102-4; Rapoport and, 389-90,396; renamed Hashomer Hatzair Ве-Ha’apalah in
Germany (in 1947), 300; seventyfifth anniversary of Uprising (2018) in Warsaw and, 418; Shenhavi as one of founders of, 276; surviving ghetto fighters in Warsaw and, 127,134,152,153,154,157,159, 165; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 267,287-88,29697; third anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 296-97,298, 299՝, Von Horvot bis zum Heimland {From Ruins to Homeland՝, film, 1947), 301-2,303; in Warsaw ghetto and Uprising, 28-29,35,36,37,38, 40,45,46,48,51,52,435n95; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 217, 221,224,227,250,463n23 Hatzofe (newspaper), 72 Hausner, Gideon, 9 Hazaz, Haim, The Sermon (1942), 3 Hecht, Ben, 11A՝,A Flag Is Born (play, 1946), 366-67 HeHalutz: activities in Warsaw ghetto and Uprising, 12,39,45,103-4, 435n95,445n82; Edelman on, 315; Lubetkin’s 1946 testimony at Kibbutz HaMeuchad conference focused on, 315-31; postwar Europe, political divisions between movements in, 296; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 127,143,152-54,157, 164,165,167,456n55; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 270,278-81, 297; in Syrians Blessed Is the Match, 374; third anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 296-97; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 217, 221,222,223,224,226-27,229,250, 255; ŻOB, formation of, 454n39; Zuckerman’s testimony about revolt and, 315
Heinsdorf, Miriam, 127 Held, Adolph, 76,77,106 Heller-Broide, Dr., 354 Helman, Jacob, 276-77 Helmreich, William, 335 Hersey, John: A Bellfor Aduno, 404; Hiroshima reporting of, 404; The Wall (1950), 37,404-5,413 Hertz, Joseph, 179,183-85 Hertz, J. S., 115-16,404 Hertz, S., 191,198-99 Hilberg, Raoul, 2,14—15; The Destruction ofthe European Jews (1961), 8-9 Himmler, Heinrich, 47-48,49,78,432n67 Histadrut, 208,247,255,256,316,393 historiography of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1-24,416-19; American Holocaust awareness and, 5,18-19, 382 {see also America); amidah (resistance), defining, 11,15,16, 22,107,195,336,440n28; Bundist framing of, 7,12-14,24 (see also Bund); collective memory of Uprising, 413-16; as continuation ofJewish workers’ struggle, 191-99; counterarguments to representation as sole example of Jewish resistance, 10-12,15-17; early literature of Holocaust dominated by Uprising, 382-83; expanded Jewish historiography and, 19-24, 425n52; Final Solution, viewed by Hilberg from perspective of, 8, 9; first anniversary and, 169-204 (see also first anniversary of Uprising); Holocaust commemoration events, Uprising as touchstone for, 1; Israel’s national identity and, 5,6-7,9-10, 12-13,17-18; literary and artistic representations, 347-99 (see also literary and artistic interpretations of Uprising); martyrs and heroes, framed as contrast between, 4— 17,19,413-16; Polish-Jewish relations in WWII and, 425-26n53; politicization/mythologization of, 23, 202-6 (see also Jewish passivity, myth of; politicization/mythologization of Uprising); press reports, 69-122 (see also press
reportage during WWII); “sheep to the slaughter” imagery and, 1—4,189,205,307,327, 377; surviving Jewish population of Europe and, 259-303 (see also surviving Jewish population of Europe); survivors of Uprising (see specific entries at surviving ghetto fighters; specific survivors by name)·, in WWII history, 1,17; in Yishuv/Israei (see Israel; Yishuv); Zionist framing of, 6-7,12-14,17-18,23,205-57 (see also Zionist narrative of Uprising). See also popular revolt, Uprising as; Warsaw Ghetto; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Hitachdut, 267 Hitler, Adolf, 42,70,73,76-77,86,334, 389,391 Hochberg, Dawid, 149,150 Hochberger, Simon, Warsaw Ghetto; Tale of Valour (1946), 485n23 Hodes, Leyvik, 191-94,195 Holocaust: America, Uprising as prism of Holocaust awareness in, 5,18-19, 382; collective memory of, 347-49, 364; commemoration of, Uprising as touchstone for, 1,275-77; creation of state of Israel as monument to, 381-82; Davar on memorialization of victims, 275-76; early literature of, dominated by Uprising, 382; unbuilt NYC memorial, 378-82; WJC commemoration plan, 276-77; Yad Vashem conference on Jewish resistance during (1967), 11-13; Yishuv’s plans for memorial to, 27577. See also Final Solution Holocaust (miniseries, 1978), 405 Holocaust Law (2018), Poland, 416 Holtz, Haim, 28 Hotel Polski affair, 132 house committees, in Warsaw ghetto, 3334,35,195,214 hunger and food shortages in Warsaw ghetto, 32,34,41,383 Hyman, Joseph, 469nl5 Index · 523
Ichud, 267 Ickes, Harold, 170 IDF (Israeli Defense Forces), 316,402 Idishe Kempfer (newspaper), 72 Internationale, 114,296 International Workers Order (IWO), 364-65 Israel: American response to revolt compared, 414; Anielewicz statue at Yad Mordecai, 406,407-9,408 genizah on Mount Zion for Torah scrolls desecrated by Nazis, 406; Ghetto Fighters House, 6-7,403, 405; Ghetto Fighters Kibbutz, dedication of (1949), 402-3; instilling of Uprising as central focal point ofJewish memory and Zionist narrative, 409-13; Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Law (Yad Vashem Law), 409-10; Martyrs’ Forest, 406—7,411,490nl7; national identity and Uprising, 5,6-7,9-10, 12-13,17-18; specific identities and political motivations of ghetto fighters, importance of, 405-7; Yom Ha’Atzmaut (Independence Day), 410,417; Yom HaShoah vehaGevurah, 1,9,405-6,410,413. See also creation of state of Israel; kibbutzim; Yad Vashem; Yishuv Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), 316,402 IWO (International Workers Order), 364-65 Jewish Book Annual, 6 Jewish Brigade, 284,285 Jewish cemetery, Warsaw, 53,56,57,90, 295,434n86 Jewish Central Committee. See Central Jewish Committee The Jewish Chronicle (newspaper), 72 Jewish Coordinating Committee (ŻKK): on first anniversary of Uprising, 196; Meed on, 332,340; in Polish Uprising, 263; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 128,129, 134,138,149,150,154,158,159; surviving Jews of Europe and, 266, 469nl5; during Uprising, 45,52 Jewish Daily Forward (newspaper), 17374,177,307. See also Forverts Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa or ŻOB): April 1943
revolt, involvement in, 52,56; archive of, 128,130,206, 451n20; Bund and, 45-46,134—35, 148-51,158; in Bund’s “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto”report, 137-42, 143-45,148-50; camaraderie born of, 123-24,129-30,134-36,157, 206,263,340; demographics of, 138; dissemination of information during Uprising by, 49-52,56,57, 59,63,66-67,121; Dreifhss looking beyond members of, 21; Edelman on, 310-11,315; final gassing of headquarters, 14; on first anniversary of Uprising, 190,195; formation and Jaffee, Sam, 459n32 expansion of, 29,45-46,224-25, January 1943 Aktion and resistance, 47323,454n39; Hilberg’s presentation 49,79,110,225-26,323-25,339, of, 6; historians’focus on, 6,14,15, 432n67 415; January 1943 armed resistance, JDC. See American Jewish Joint involvement in, 47-48,225-26; Distribution Committee Jewish National Committee as Jewish Agency: on first anniversary of political face of, 52; Lubetkin on, 323, Uprising, 188; press reports about 324-25,326; in Mendelsohn lecture, 120; military confrontation, primary Uprising and, 76,80; Rapoport presentation of Uprising as, 55-56, monument and, 393; surviving ghetto 63-64,434-35n89; organization of fighters in Warsaw after Uprising remnants in Warsaw, 124-36; Polish and, 127-28,132,133,152,160,162; underground and, 46,49,50,123; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, in Polish Uprising, 261-64; in press 265,277,281,287; during Uprising, 59 524 · Index
reports on Uprising, 97; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 143, 151-68,161·, second anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 27073,271; sewers, escape through, 67, 124-26,234-35,236,310,327-28, 375; on “sheep to the slaughter” myth, 4; solidarity forged within, 124; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265,266,267,282; in Syrian’s Blessed Is the Match, 374-75; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 224-25, 253-54,463n36. See also May 24, 1944, parcel; May 24,1944, report TheJewish Frontier (newspaper), 72, 86, 100,106-7,369,370,486n33 Jewish Help Committee, 133 Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw, 392, 393 Jewish Labor Committee, New York: American versus Israeli response to revolt and, 414; on first anniversary of Uprising, 169,176,186-87,189, 191; in Ghetto in Flames, 192; Vladka Meed at, 345; Jacob Pat sent to Warsaw postwar by, 350-51,356; on second anniversary of Uprising, 272-73; surviving ghetto fighters in Warsaw and, 131,133-34,162-63; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265,333; on third anniversary of Uprising, 296; during Uprising, 38, 76,106,115; Vanderbilt Gallery exhibition, New York (1945), 272-73, 379,485n24 Jewish Labour Movement. See Bund Jewish Military Union (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy or ŻZW): Aktion ofJanuary 18,1943,48; armed resistance, call for, 47; Dreifuss looking beyond membership in, 21; escape tunnel dug by Betar and, 124; exclusion from master narrative of Uprising, 424n42,452-53n32, 467n72; formation of, 29,46; Gutman examining, 15; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 136 Jewish Museum, New York City, 381 Jewish National
Bloc, 26 Jewish National Committee (ZKN/ JNC): armed resistance, shift to, 45, 46; Bund’s “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report and, 138,140,143; dissemination of information during Uprising and, 50,51-52, 59,60,62,63,90,93,121; on first anniversary of Uprising, 190,196, 198; formation of, 40; Lubetkin on, 323; May 24,1944, parcel of reports and testimonies sent by, 206-20,209 {see also May 24,1944, parcel); in May 24,1944, report, 227; microfilm source materials provided by, 206; Neustadt and, 247,249-51,254; politicization/mythologization of Uprising and, 116; press reports of Uprising and, 90,93,96; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 143, 151-68,161,206; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 123,124, 132,133,134,135; surviving Jews in postwar Europe and, 265,266; ŻOB, as political face of, 52 Jewish National Council, 104,128,188, 276 Jewish National Fund, 276,277,368,406 Jewish passivity, myth of: American Jewry, “myth of silence” of, 18,92,343, 346,366-67,377-78,425n47; first anniversary of Uprising and, 185; historical framing of Uprising, as contrast between martyrs and heroes, 4-17,19,413-16; Lubetkin on, 32021,329-30; Neustadt on, 251-52; in press reportage during WWII, 108-9; “sheep to the slaughterhouse” imagery and, 1-4,189,205,307,327,377; surviving ghetto fighters, published testimonies of, 307; Syrians Blessed Is the Match on, 372-73,37778; Tabenkin’s introduction of Lubetkin at HaKibbutz HaMeuchad conference on, 317; Zionist narrative of Uprising and, 17-18,205-6,226, 251-52; Zuckerman on, 362-63 Index · 525
Jewish PEN Club, 213 Jewish People’s Fraternal Order, New York, 364-65 Jewish police, 32-33,39,47,48,142,143, 225,320,322,324,450nl4 Jewish press in WWII, 71-73. See also specific newspapers and organizations Jewish Publication Society ofAmerica, 369 Jewish Self-Help (Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna or ŻSS; later ŻTOS, then ŻSS), 33,34,38,214 Jewish Social Studies (journal), 5,382 Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA): on AACI (Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), 293; commemorations of Uprising by, 105-6, 111; destruction of European Jewry, reporting on, 76,79; end of WWII announced by, 274; on first anniversary of Uprising, 170-71; on Polish Uprising, 262-63; on Rapoport monument, 393; role of, 70; on third anniversary of Uprising, 293-94; Uprising, reporting on, 88, 89,93,94,96,97,107-8 Jewish Workers Underground: Bund’s “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report and, 136,138,141,143,148; first anniversary of Uprising and, 187,190,191; Jewish National Committee / ŻOB report and, 157; press reports about Uprising and, 116,121; surviving ghetto fighters, organization of, 132; Zionist narrative of Uprising and, 206,216, 221,247,250 JNC. See Jewish National Committee Jockusch, Laura, 288-89 John Paul II (pope), 389 the Joint. See American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Joint Emergency Committee for European Jewish Affairs, 85 JTA. See Jewish Telegraphic Agency Judenraf. complicity with Germans, development of beliefs about, 30, 32; construction of ghetto walls and, 31; Force 13 versus, 33; kidnappings ofJews for forced labor, attempting 526 · Index to prevent, 30; Lubetkin on, 321,
322,325; prevention of resistance, historical questions about validity of, 411-12; significance in daily life of ghetto, 32; social welfare in Warsaw ghetto and, 33; systematic extermination plan, skepticism about, 40; youth movements and, 39. See also Czerniaków, Adam Kabinetkofsky, Guta, 166,234 Kaddish prayer, 82,121,271-72,393 Kaftor. See Guzik (Kaftor), David Kahal (Board of the Jewish Community), 142 Kahn, Ely Jacques, 381 Kanal, Israel, 52,126,226,228,454n41 Kann, Maria, 136 Kaplan, Chaim, 31,42-44,431n53 Kaplan, Israel, Fun Leisten Hurbn, 288-89 Kaplan, Josef/Yosef: death of, 221, 463n31; historical identification with Uprising, 22; in Jewish National Committee / ŻOB reports and letters, 155; kibbutzim named after, 288; in May 24,1944, report, 221, 224,225; Oneg Shabbes archive and, 35; press commemoration of, 102; return to Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; third anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 297; as youth movement activist, 38-39; Zuckerman on, 390 Karski, Jan, 6,60,446n98; Story ofa Secret State (1944), 306 Kartin, Pinkus (Andrzej Szmidt), 51 Kassow, Samuel, 33-34,212,244 Kasztner, Rudolf, and Kasztner Affair, 411, 412,491n23 Katsetler Farband, 425n47 Katznelson, Beri, 72,91,98-99,443n62 Katznelson, Yitzhak, 166,167,297,403 Kaufman/Koifman, Moshe, 150,404 Kazdan, H. S., 198 Kazik. See Rotem, Simcha Keren Hayesod, 277 Kerenji, Emil, 83
Kermish, Josefjoseph, 133,218,219,22930,382-83,436ПІ03 Kerner, Moshe, 28 Khmielnitsky, Nokhem, 198 kibbutzim: HaKibbutz HaMeuchad (United Kibbutz movement), 307, 316,330,362,403,480-81n21; identification with ghetto fighters, 287-88,402-3,475-76ոո77-78; Kibbutz Lochamei HaGetaot, Zuckerman and Lubetkin’s establishment of, 330-31,363-64; Rapoport monument and, 393; surviving ghetto fighters in Yishuv and, 364; Syrkin on, 370-71; youth movements and, 280-81 Kiddush Hashem, 2,11,14,16,80,185, 197,356,358,360,377 Kielce pogrom (1946), 282 Kishinev pogrom (1903), 3,422n8 Klausner, Abraham, 289,476n82 Kleinbaum (Sneh), Moshe, 28 Kleinweiss, Heniek, 464ո45 Klepfisz, Michał: dissemination of news of death of, during Uprising, 57, 66; Edelman’s The Ghetto Fights on, 313-14; first anniversary of Uprising, remembered on, 182-83,183,187, 190,192,198-99,46ІПІ7; in Ghetto in Flames, 192,198-99; historical identification with Uprising, 23, 415; Lubetkin on, 325,326; Meed on, 339,341; Pat’s Ashes and Fire on, 354; photo of, 118՛, politicization/ mythologization of death of, 115-16, 120,205; press reports on death of, 97,101; sixth anniversary of Uprising, remembered on, 404; surviving ghetto fighters reporting on death of, 139, 141,149,151,159; third anniversary of Uprising, remembered on, 295; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 218, 228,232,255,464n45 Klepfisz, Miriam, 116 Klepfisz, Rose, 403-4,490nll Klepfisz, Yakov, 115-16 Klinger, Chaika/Chajka/Chaya, 297, 435n95,455n46,466-67n68 Klog, Bluma, 150 Klug, Lozer, 150,194,199 Kolitz, Zvi, “Yosl Rakover Talks to God” (1946),
358-60,365,368,398 Kook, Hillel. See Bergson, Peter Korbonski, Stefan, 89,433n74 Korczak, Ruzhka, 128,297 Kostek (facilitator of sewer escape), 234 Kostrynski, Szmul, 142 Kot, Prof., 182 Kovner, Abba: creation of state of Israel and, 402; Eichmann trial, testimony at, 9; after liberation of Warsaw, 265; meeting with Warsaw ghetto members, 40; revenge group established by, 269-70,402, 464n40,471n32,481n39,484nl7; surviving ghetto fighters reporting on activities of, 127,155,166, 167; third anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 296-97; Vilna, resistance in, 4,296-97,450nl4 Krakow, resistance in, 154,165 Krall, Hanna, 312 Kruk, Herman, 92 Kruk, Joseph, 187-88 Krysia (Ringelblum bunker), 212 Kugelmass, Jack, 350 Kurzman, Dan, 17 Kushko, General, 393 Labor Zionists: master narrative of Uprising structured by, 13,407, 424n42,467n72; press reports on Uprising and, 86,91,96,100,106; on suicide ofZygielbojm, 96; in The Warsaw Ghetto Rising (1944), 202. See also Left Poalei Zion; Poalei Zion Z. S. Lachwa, Jewish revolt in, 10 Lachwa ghetto revolt, 4 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 81,175,177,191,199 Lamdan, Yitzhak, 14 Land and Life (journal), 368 Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah (1995), 231 Lasker, Peretz: as youth movement activist, 36; ŻZW, formation of, 29 The Last Fighters (documentary film; 2006), 464n43 Index · 527
Lauder, Ronald, 416-18 Law, Richard К., 85 Lazevnik, Yoel, 393 League for Working Palestine, 293 Leavitt, Moses, 405 Leif, Laurel, 71,74 Left Poalei Zion: Lubetkin on, 322; surviving ghetto fighters in Warsaw after Uprising and, 132,157,449nl; surviving Jews of Europe and, 267; in Warsaw ghetto and during Uprising, 27,28,45,46,51,63; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 217,221,222, 223,224,227,244,250,256 Lehman, Herbert, 191,199 Lehrman, Hal, 351-53 Leib, Yitzhak, 28 Leivick, H., 173-74,213; Der Nes in Geto {lhe Miracle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto; 1944), 199-204,203,366,405,459n32 Lejkin (Jewish policeman), 143 Lensky, Mordechai, 49 Lent, Hirsch, 224 Lent, Sha’anan, 244,246 Leociak, Jacek, 425n52 Lerer, Zippora, 232 Lerner, Adolph, 378,379 Levartovski, Yosef, 462n28 Levin, Itamar, 435n90,437nl05 Levin, Leyzer, 128,158,222 Levin, Meyer, 376 Levin, Yitzhak Meir, 28 Levinson, Abraham, 394 Levski, Iziv, 243 Lewidovski, Leib: after liberation of Warsaw, 265 Liberated Jews in Germany, 284-85 Libeskind, Dolek, 2,23,59,159 Liebskiend, Natan, 142 Lifszyc, Pola, 142 Lilith (Regina Puden), 242 Lipstadt, Deborah, 71 Lipszyc-Lipiński, Henryk, 29 literary and artistic interpretations of Uprising, 347-99; in 1943,111-14, 365,458nl3; Alterman’s “Memorial Day—and the Rebels” (1954), 411-12; America, popular fiction in, 528 » Index 404-5,413; Anielewicz statue at Yad Mordecai, Israel, 406,407-9,408·, Adah Auerbachs Women in the Ghettos (1947), 377; Rachel Auerbach’s Der Yiddisher Oyfshtand (1948), 383-88; collective memory of Holocaust and, 347-49,364; early literature of Holocaust dominated by
Uprising, 382-83; Fast and Gropper’s Neverto Forget, The Battle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (1946), 364-65,368,369; on first anniversary (1944), 178-79,180,199204,203; Hecht’s piaу A Flag Is Born (1946), 366-67; Hersey’s The Wall (1950), 37,404-5,413; Hochberger’s Warsaw Ghetto: Tale of Valour (1946), 485n23; Kolitz’s “Yosl Rakover Talks to God” (1946), 358-60,365,368,398; Jacob Pat’s Ashes and Fire, on ruins ofWarsaw, 350-58,351,352,355, 357,381,394,398; Schoenberg’s^ Survivorfrom Warsaw (cantata; 1947), 368-69; sewers, Warsaw monument celebrating escape from, 236; Syrian’s Blessed Is the Match (1947), 36978,398; unbuilt NYC memorial, dedication ceremony for (1947), 37882; Uris’s Exodus and Mila 18,370, 405; Von Horvot bis zum Heimland {From Ruins to Homeland; film, 1947), 301-2,303,478nl02; “The Warsaw Martyrs Hymn” (1946), 368; Yishuv, arrival of surviving ghetto fighters in, 360-64. See also Rapoport, Natan Lodz: AACI (Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry) in, 293; Central Jewish Historical Commission in, 383; ghetto in, 16, 164; Pachach movement in, 283 Lokier, Beri, 159,160-62,163,254 Łomianki Forest, ghetto escapees in, 126, 235,310,481n35 London. See Britain Lubetkin, Ahuva, 155,316 Lubetkin, Zivia: April 1943 revolt and, 53; armed resistance by, 48; dissemination ofinformation during Uprising and, 90; Edelman and, 310,311; Edelman’s
testimony compared, 317,320,322,323, 325,326,330,346,481n37; Eichmann trial, testimony at, 9,480n33; escape ftom ghetto and return to Warsaw, 125-27,327-29,464n49; in hiding after Polish Uprising, 264; historians’ use of testimony of, 5,6; historical identification with Uprising, 22; Kibbutz HaMeuchad conference, 1946 testimony at (Aharonim al ha Homah [The last ones on the waft]), 306-7, 315-31,318,319·, Kibbutz Lochamei HaGetaot, establishment of, 330-31, 363-64; Kovner compared, 269; in last Anielewicz letter, 434n86; at liberation ofWarsaw, 265; Martyrs’ Forest, Israel, at dedication of, 406-7; May 24, 1944, parcel and, 208,219; May 24, 1944, report and, 223,224,229-30, 462n28; Meed’s testimony compared, 336-37,341,343,346; Neustadt and, 256; photos of, 103,318՛, in Polish Uprising, 261; popular knowledge of involvement in Uprising, 179; press commemorations / erroneous reports of death, 101-4,103,107, 111, 316, 329,444—45n82; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 151-55, 158,163-67,256,317,456n55; return to Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising, organization of, 126-28,130,131,133; surviving Jews ofpostwar Europe and, 265,269,278,297; Syrkiris Blessed Is the Match and, 371,372,374,377; Yishuv, settlement in, 307,315-16; as youth movement activist, 36; on Zionists versus Bundists, 12; ZOB, command of, 224,233,454n39; Yitzhak Zuckerman and, 53,126-27,307,315,316,325, 330-31,360-61,362 Lublin: camp in, 42,48,78,139,153,155, 164,165; as center for Jews postwar, 259-60,265,267,303; execution of Jews in, 42; postwar reports on
Jewish population from, 266 Lusiek (youngest ŻOB member), 138 Lvov, 127,164,222 ma apilim, 301,302,375 Maccabees, 184,284,394,409 MacDonald, James, 74 Mahler, Raphael, 213 Maimonides, 368 Majdanek, 139,164,194,292,413 Manalek, Bronka, 234 Mankowitz, Ze’ev, 288,291 Mapai, split of Dror movement from, 316 Margoshes, Samuel, 94-95 Margulies, B., 181 Mark, Ber, 389 Marshall, George C., 273-74 Martyrs and Fighters: The Epic ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (ed. Friedman, 1954), 5-6,8 Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Law (Yad Vashem Law), Israel, 409-10 Martyrs’Forest, Israel, 406-7,411,490nl7 Masada, 12,14, 98,103-4,184,187,289, 417-18 May 24,1944, parcel, 206-20; “boy of 13,” testimony of, 211,244,46566n58; Bundist version of events, determination to challenge, 21618,229; collection and writing of, 218-20,230; contents of, 210-12; individual testimonies of surviving ghetto fighters, 229-46; Neustadt on reliability of information from, 25253; preparation and mailing of, 20710,209,460n4; Ringelblum materials, 212-16,223,373; significance of, 206-10 May 24,1944, report, 218-46; on actual Uprising events, 227-29; collection and writing of testimony in, 218-21,230; on formation of ŻOB, 224-25; on ftmdraising, 226; individual testimonies of surviving ghetto fighters compared, 22946; on January 1943 Aktion and resistance, 225-26; key dates and events in, 221; on liquidations and continuing resistance in other cities, 229; on meeting of March 1942, 222-24; publication by HeHalutz, 297; purpose of, 220-21; on youth movements, 224,226-27 Index · 529
Meed (Międzyrzecki), Benjamin, 333, 468ո8,481-82ո43 Meed, Vladka (Feigele Peltel): biographical information, 331-33, 345,481-82n43; as Bund courier, 39,332-33,338-39; dissemination of information during Uprising and, 56-57,90; Edelman’s and Lubetkin’s testimony compared, 336-37,341, 343,346; false identification papers (as Stanisława Wachalska), 332, 333; Forverts, serialization of 1946 testimony in, 306-7,331-46,335 Fun Beyde Zaytn Geto Moyer (On Both Sides ofthe Ghetto Wall·, 1948), 335,336,337-38,340-41,343, 345-46,404,418,482n46,482n52, 482n55; historians’ use of testimony of, 5,6; immigration to New York, 307,331,333,468n8; photos of, 332,33S; on Polish Uprising, 263; surviving ghetto fighters, organization of, 128-29,133-34; on third anniversary of Uprising (1946), 289-91; in ŻOB, 149 Meir (Meyerson), Goldą, 370 “Memorial Day—and the Rebels” (Alterman poem, 1954), 411-12 memory. See collective memory; commemoration Mendelsohn, Erich, 381 Mendelsohn, Shloime, 5,115,117-21, 191,197-98,260,414,491n26 Mendelson, Kalman, 29 Meng, Michael, 478nl03 Michelangelo’s David, 407 Mikolacczyk, Sobolewski, 443n58 Mikołaj. See Feiner, Leon Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 179 Mikunis, Shmuel, 394 Mila 18 (Leon Uris, 1961), 405 Mila 18 (main command bunker of ŻOB), 48,125,234,260,270,310, 325,327-28,355,418,455n43, 480-81nn35-36,488n61 Minsk, Jewish revolt in, 10 Monsky, Henry, 76 Morgenstern, Yochanan, 46,223 530 · Index Morgn Frayhayt (newspaper), 72 Moses, Robert, 381 Muni, Paul, 82,273,366,485n24 Muranów district, Warsaw, 26 mythologization. See politicization/ mythologization of Uprising
Nahshon, Edna, 367 NAKAM, 464n40 Nalewki, as center ofJewish Warsaw, 26 Nałkowska, Zofia, 310,311,479ո8 Na oczach świata (Before the Eyes of the World; bulletin), 136 Nasza Walka (Pachach newspaper), 283 National Council of Poland, 181 National Organization of Polish Jews, 378 Dos Naye Leben (CKZP bulletin), 383, 389 Neustadt, Leib, 132-33,451-52ո25 Neustadt (Noy), Melekh: biographical information, 247; Churban veMered shelYehudei Varsha (Hurbn un Oyfshtand·, 1946), 5,235,236, 240,244,247,256,460n5,465n52; Destruction and Uprising ofthe Jews of Warsaw, 220; Edelman’s testimony not mentioned by, 310; Lokier on work of, in Constantinople, 162; Pachach movement and, 300; The Warsaw Ghetto Rising (1944), 5,202, 206,210-11,247-57,248,455n44 Never to Forget, The Battle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (Fast and Gropper, 1946), 364-65,368,369 New Jewish Folk Theater, New York, 199200,459n32 newspapers. See press reportage during WWII New York City Arts Commission, 381 New York Herald Tribune, 75 New York Post, 77 New York Times, 74,77-78,80,88,95,96, 99,175-78,379,380,404 Nissenbaum, Isaac, 181,458nl7 Noar Tzioni, 279 Novičk, Peter, 18-19 Nowodworski, David, 242
Nowogrodski, Emanuel, 95,115,191, 197-98 Nowogrodzki, Mark, 404 Nowogrodzki, Sonia, 194,310 Nuremberg trials, 6 partisans: FPO (Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie or United Partisan Organization), 297,450nl4; Pachach (Partisans, Soldiers, and Pioneers or PHH) movement, 270,282-83, 297-300; surviving Jews in Europe, Obama, Barack, 389 partisans and ghetto fighters as O’Dwyer, William (mayor of NYC), 380 leaders of, 283-85; in Wyszków Office to Combat Usury and Profiteering, Forest, 126,449nl, 466n62,481n35 33 passivity, Jewish. See Jewish passivity, myth Ohrdruf, 273-74 of On Both Sides ofthe Ghetto Wall (Fun Passover Haggadah, Rachel Auerbach’s Beyde 7.aytn Geto Moyer, Meed, Der Yiddisher Oyfshtand using 1948), 335,336,337-38,340-41, framework of, 384-88 343,345-46,404,418,482n46, Pat, Jacob (Yakov), 115,173,174-75,191, 482n52,482n55 194-95,296,469nl5,490nll; Ash Oneg Shabbes underground archive: un Fayer: Iber di Hurvesfun Poylen Auerbach’s involvement in, 9,35, (Ashes and Fire: On the Ruins of 383-84; historians’ use of, 15; Perle’s Poland), 350-58,352,355,381,394, Khurbn Varshe written for, 20; 398 recovery of documents from, 358, Patton, George S., 274 383-84; Ringelblum’s creation of, Pell, Herbert C., 272 3,34—35; surviving ghetto fighters’ Peitel, Feigele. See Meed, Vladka reports on, 158; Wasser and, 35,158, Peltz, David, 142 244 People’s Army. See Armia Ludowa Opatoshu, L, 213 Perle, Yehoshua, Khurbn Varshe, 20 Operation Reinhard, 41 Perlman, Mejlach, 149-50,151,343,404, Ordche, M (Mordecai Anielewicz), 139, 455n43 255 Perlstein, Leah, 127,225,454n39 ORT
(Association for Spreading Piłsudski, Marshall, death of, 26 Vocational Education Among Jews), Pinson, Koppel, 5,345,382 214 Pizyc, Renia, 150 Orzech (Bundist), 222,223,462ո27 Plaszow, 129,164 Ostrovtzer, Yossel, 368 Płotnicka, Chana: surviving ghetto Ostrowiec, resistance in, 153,154 fighters’ report of death of, 127,155 Osuba-Morawski, Edward, 270-71, Płotnicka, Frumka: Final Solution, reports 293 on, 222; in May 24,1944, report, Oświęcim. See Auschwitz 225; return to Warsaw at beginning OurJournal, 179,180 of war, 29; surviving ghetto fighters reporting on activities of, 127; Pachach (Partisans, Soldiers, and Pioneers Syrian’s Blessed Is the Match and, or PHH) movement, 270,282-83, 371; third anniversary of Uprising, 297-300 commemoration of, 297; as youth Palestine. See creation of state of Israel; movement activist, 36,39; ZOB, Israel; Yishuv command of, 225,454n39 Palestine Post, 186-87,361 Plucked Leaves: Poems ofNations at War Palmach, 315,316,325,401 (ed. Schwartz, 1943), 102-3 Papier, Pnina, 234 PM (newspaper), 75 Index »531
Poalei Zion Left. See Left Poalei Zion Poalei Zion Z. S. (Right Poalei Zion): surviving ghetto fighters, testimony of, 132,157; surviving Jews of Europe and, 267,297; in Warsaw Ghetto and Uprising, 28,45,46,51; Zionist narrative of Uprising and, 217,221, 222,223,224,227,241,250,254 pogroms: Kielce pogrom (1946), 282; Kishinev pogrom (1903), 3,422n8; myth ofJewish passivity and, 2-3; Safed pogrom (1929), 3 Poland: AACI (Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry) in, 293; Central Jewish Historical Commission, 5-6, 383; deterioration ofJewish situation in (in 1930s), 26; Edelman remaining in, 307,311, 347,403; emancipation ofJews in (1862), 26; Holocaust Law (2018), 416; postwar antisemitism in, 266, 271,282,333,468n8; postwar Jewish departures from, 268,269-70,27885,293; postwar Jewish population of, 266,469nl8; Solidarity movement in, 311; third anniversary of Uprising in, 293-94; Warsaw as center of Jewish life in, 25-27. See also Warsaw; and other specific towns POLIN museum, Warsaw, 388-89,394, 396,397 Polish Council for Aid to Jews. See Zegota Polish government-in-exile: Anielewicz on, 49; Bund’s contacts with, 38; dissemination of information during Uprising to, 50-52,59,63,416, 433-34n74; on first anniversary of Uprising, 179; Polish Uprising ordered by, 260,263; press reports on Uprising and, 70,74, 89-90; press reports received by, 70; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 131,133,329 Polish Home Army. See Armia Krajowa Polish-Jewish relations in WWII, 425-26n53 Polish National Council, 22-23,59,182, 262 532 · Index Polish Socialist Organization (Polska Partia
Socjalistyczna or RPPS), 141, 142,322 Polish State Committee for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes on Polish Soil, 383 Polish underground: arms, Warsaw underground’s efforts to acquire, 41; in “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report, 138-39; bitterness of ghetto fighters regarding, 49,58; Bund’s contacts with, 38,323,340-41; dissemination of information during Uprising and, 50-53,55,56,60, 66-67; lack of support for Uprising from, 123,252,322,341,342,418, 443n61; Lubetkin on change in relationship with, 325; in May 24, 1944, report, 225; press reports on Uprising and, 89,187; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 133; ŻOB / Jewish National Committee and, 46,49,50,123, 456n62 Polish Uprising (Warsaw, August 1944), 206,219,220,240,260-64,310,329, 333,434n88,449nl, 451nl8,466n62 Polish Workers Party (PPR), 54,55,279, 322 politicization/mythologization of Uprising, 413-16; Alterman’s “Memorial Day” and, 412; American fictionalization and minimalization of Bundist role, 404-5,413; American Jewry, “myth of silence” of, 18,92, 343,346,366-67,377-78,425n47; by Bund, 115-21,202; in Israel, 4057; Jewish National Committee and, 116; Klepfisz, death of, 115-16,120, 205; postwar efforts to incorporate memory of Uprising and, 364; press reportage during WWII and, 111-12, 114-21; surviving ghetto fighters, published testimonies of, 305; in Zionist narrative, 23,205-6,256-57, 413. See also creation of state of Israel; Jewish passivity, myth of Polska (newspaper), 107-8
Poniatowa (labor camp), 49,129,153,164, 227,456ո59 popular revolt, Uprising as: in Bund report, 138,448nl22; Edelman on ghetto inhabitants’ failure to believe, 311-12,315; first anniversary of revolt and, 179,191,195-96,204, 205; gravity of situation in 1942, failure of most ghetto residents to understand, 12; in historiography, 21-22,414-16; Lubetkin on, 320-21, 324-25; reality of, 41,46,48; Zionist narrative rejecting, 205,224,225,226, 251-52; Zuckerman on, 362-63 Porat, Dina, 185,471n32,481n39; The Blue and Yellow Stars ofDavid (1990), 75-76 PPR. See Polish Workers Party Praszkar, Yakov, 464n45 press reportage during WWII, 69-122; commemoration, transition to, 81-82,101-14,103; on destruction of European Jewry, 73-81,108; on Great Deportation, 69,70-71; January 1943 Aktion and resistance, 79,110; Jewish passivity, myth of, 108-9; Jewish press, 71-73; JTA, role of, 70 (see also Jewish Telegraphic Agency); politicization and mythologization of events, 111-12, 114—21; responses to Final Solution in, 81-88; timing of Uprising and, 71, 73; on Uprising, 88-101, 95. See also specific newspapers Proskauer, Joseph M., 171-72 prostitution, forced, Jewish women and girls choosing suicide over, 80 Puden, Regina (Lilith), 242 Putermilch, Yaakov, 243 Rabbinical Council of America, 381-82 Raczkiewicz, Władysław, 99 Radenbloom, Naftali, 301 Rakover, Yosl, 358-60,365,368,398 Rapoport, Natan: Anielewicz statue at Yad Mordecai, Israel, 406,407-9, 408; biographical information, 389; “Scroll of Fire” monument, Martyrs’ Forest, Israel, 490nl7; Warsaw ghetto monument of (1948), 178,388-99,
395,397,416,458nl3,478nl02, 488-89n75 Ratajski (Polish government delegate), 433-34n74 Ratheiser/Rathauser, Simcha/Szymon. See Rotem, Simcha Raymowksi, Wincenty, 293 Red Army, 259,283,297 Reich, Tuvia, 401 Reik, Chaviva, 287-88,475n77 Reiss, Anshel, 28,162,181-82,210,254, 455n44,458nl7 religious life in Warsaw ghetto, 34-35 Remember the Warsaw Ghetto (Federation of Polish Jews in Great Britain, 1944), 182-83,183 Remez, David, 75 The RepulsedAttack (Szyk, 1944), 178-79, 180 resistance (amidah), defining, 11,15,16, 22,107,195,336,440n28 Resnik, Nisan, 269 Reuters, 104 revenge: in Zvi Kolitz’s “Yosl Rakover Talks to God” (1946), 359-60; Kovner’s revenge group, 269-70,402, 464n40,471n32,481n39,484nl7; as motivation for ghetto fighters, 324, 334,338-39,360,481n39 Revisionist Zionists: armed resistance, shift to, 41,46; Jewish press and, 72; left out of master narrative of Uprising, 7,251,407,413,424n42, 467n72; Lubetkin on, 323; members fleeing Poland at beginning of WWII, 28; postwar Europe, political divisions between movements in, 296; in pre-war Poland, 26; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 136,138,157; surviving Jews of Europe and, 267; ŻZW, formation of, 29 Riegner, Gerhard, and Riegner cable, 7478,108,170,431n56 righteous Gentiles, 376 Right Poalei Zion. See Poalei Zion Z. S. Index · 533
Ringelblum, Emanuel: armed resistance, on switch to, 46; death of, 212,215; Hersey’s The Wall obscuring identity of, 405; historians’use of testimony of, 6,15; in Jewish National Committee / ZOB reports and letters, 158; May 24,1944, parcel/ report and, 210,212-16,223,373; Neustadt and, 256; Oneg Shabbes underground archive, creation of, 3, 34-35; on “sheep to the slaughter” myth, 3-4; social welfare in ghetto and, 33,34; in Syrkin’s Blessed Is the Match, 373; YIKOR and, 34 Ringelblum, Uri, 212,215 Ringelblum, Yehudis, 212,215 Robenlicht, Heniek, 350 Robinson, Edward G., 82 Rodal, Leon, 29 Ronen, Avihu, 152,438ո5,455ո46 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 191,199,441ո41 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 76-77,170, 272 Rose, Billy, 82 Rosenberg, Rabbi, 76 Rosenberg, Rubin, 23 Rosenfeld, Michal, 46,233 Rosensaft, Josef, 286 Rosenstein, Rifke, 130 Roskies, David, 81 Rosman, Mordecai, 265,269 Rosmarin, Henrik, 59 Rosowski (Rozowski), Weiwel, 142,149, 151 Rotblat, Lutek (Leib), 23,229,481n37 Rotem, Simcha (Szymon Ratheiser/ Rathauser; Kazik): biographical information, 230-31,464ո40; creation of state of Israel and, 402; escape from ghetto, organization of, 124-25,234-35,236,310, 328,464n40,464n49; historians’ use of testimony of, 6,235-37; Kovner’s revenge group and, 270, 464n40,471n32,484nl7; in The Last Fighters (documentary film), 464n43; Lubetkin on, 328; May 24,1944, report and, 219,220,228; 534 · Index Meed on, 342,482n55; photos of, 231,260; surviving ghetto fighters, organization of, 130,158,45354n37; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 269-70; Syrkin’s Blessed Is the Match not mentioning,
375; testimony included in May 24,1944, parcel, 206-7,230-37,240,241,246 Rowecki, Kalina, 433n74,443n58 Rozovsky, Volf, 198,199 RPPS. See Polish Socialist Organization RPZ. See Zegota Rubashov, Zalman (later Shazar, third president of Israel), 3,72 Rubinstein, Isaac, 177,178 Rude, François, The Departure ofthe Volunteers of1792 {La Marseillaise), Arc de Triomphe, Paris, 488-89n75 Der A«/՜(newspaper), 224 Rus, Henekh, 150,404 Russia. See Soviet Union Ryszek (facilitator of sewer escape), 234, 235 Sack, Josef, 158,208,219,223,265, 462n28 Sadeh, Yitzhak, 316 Safed pogrom (1929), 3 Saidel, Rochelle, 336 Sammern-Frankenegg, Ferdinand Von, 52 Savitzka, Maria, 130,131 Schenirer, Sarah, 80 Schoenberg, Arnold, Λ Survivorfrom Warsaw (cantata; 1947), 368-69 Schwalb, Nathan, 152,435n95 Schwartz, Azriel, ed., Plucked Leaves: Poems ofNations at War (1943), 102-3 Schwartz, Joseph, 473-74nn63-64 Schwartzbart, Ignacy (Isaac/Itzhak): Anielewicz statue at Yad Mordecai, Israel, dedication of, 407-9; biographical information, 44243n57; dissemination ofinformation during Uprising and, 59, 89; on first anniversary of Uprising, 179,181; historiography of Uprising and, 2223; May 24,1944, parcel and, 210;
on meaning and purpose of Uprising, 407-9,410,411; press reports on Uprising and, 89,96,108,109; surviving ghetto fighters, information from, 127-28,132,133,155-60,161, 455n44; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 469nl5 “Scroll of Fire” monument (Rapoport), Martyrs’ Forest, Israel, 490nl7 SD (Sicherheitsdienst or security service), 32 second anniversary of Uprising (1945), 270-73,271 Secunda, Shalom, 459n32 Sefer Milhamot Ha-Getaot (The Book of the Ghetto Wars), ed. Yitzhak Zuckerman and Moshe Basok (1954), 7,361 Segev, Zohar, 108,409,446n98, 446nnl01-2 Seidman, Hillel, 6 Senesh, Hannah, 370,376; “Blessed Is the Match” (poem), 372 seventy-fifth anniversary of Uprising (2018), 416-19 sewers, escape ofJewish fighters through, 67,124-26,234-35,236,310,32728,375 Shalev, Ziva, 40 Shalitan, Levi, 289,292,413 Shamir, Yosef, 28 Shandler, Jeffrey, 112 Sharett (Shertok), Moshe, 292,409 Shazar (Rubashov), Zalman (third president of Israel), 3, 72 “sheep to the slaughter” imagery, 1-4,189, 205,307,327,377 She’erit Hapletah (surviving remnant), 91, 186,280,283,287,288,289,291,300 Shefner, Borekh, 334,481n41 Shema prayer, 365,368-69 Shenhavi, Mordecai, 275-77,410,472n49 Sherer, Emanuel. See Szerer (Sherer), Emanuel Shertok (Sharett), Moshe, 292,409 Shifman, Miriam, 150 Shnajdmil, Berek, 404 Shneiderman, S. L., 350 Shoah. See Holocaust Shore, Marci, 433n80 Shuster, Shlomo/Shlomek, 234,454n38 Shwentochovsky (Polish electrical worker), 130,131 Sicherheitsdienst (security service, or SD), 32 Sikorski, Władysław, 99,443ո58 Silberman, Sidney, 394 Silberschein, Abraham (Alfred), 132, 452n25
silence, myth of, regarding American Jews, 18,92,343,346,366-67,377-78, 425n47 Singleton, Sir John, 293 Sinkoff, Nancy, 404 sixth anniversary of Uprising (1949), 404 Skarżysko, 164,166 Skif (Bund youth group), 138,142,198, 334 Sklár, Tosef, 265 Slucki, David, 425n47 Sneh (Kleinbaum), Moshe, 28 Sobibor, 10,42,74,141,153,157,229, 306,383 socialist Zionism, 41,72,98-99,276,326, 370,418. See also Hashomer Hatzair social welfare in Warsaw ghetto, 33-34 Society for Preservation and Health of the Jewish Population (TOZ), 33,214 Solidarity movement, 311 Sommerstein, Emil, 293 Soviet Union: German invasion of (June 1941), 39-40; Jewish press in, 73,80; liberation of Warsaw by, 259,26566; postwar government of Poland and, 266-67,268; press reportage of Uprising in, 93-94; progress of WWII in, 80; Rapoport in, 389 Starachowice forced labor camp, 164,166, 306 Starzyński, Stefan, 28 State Department, U.S.: on first anniversary of Uprising, 170; Riegner report, reception of, 74-78,431n56 Stauber, Roni, 423n20 Stimson, Henry Lewis, 273-74 Stola, Dariusz, 50,432-33ո74,439nl3 Index · 535 ..- s.-·: чїдошйедишчидодоїв щу
Stolak, Abraham, 234 “Stop Hitler Now” rally (New York City, 1943), 81 Story ofa Secret State (Karski, 1944), 306 Stroop, Jurgen, 6,8,50,206,386,467ո72 Sulil, Yuri, They Fought Back: The Story ofJewish Resistance in Nazi Europe (1967), 10 suicide: of Czerniaków, 43,70,96,195, 312,322; Edelman on offering one’s cyanide to someone else, 313; Gruenbaum’s flag bearer story, on first anniversary of Uprising, 189; Jewish women and girls choosing, over forced prostitution, 80; at Masada, 14, 187; of Rotblat, 229; of Zygielbojm, 95-96,99-101,107,110,197-98 surviving ghetto fighters: dispersal and relocation of, 307,403; DP camps in Germany and, 287-88; in Polish Uprising, 261-64; survival guilt of, 246; surviving Jews in Europe, partisans and ghetto fighters as leaders of, 283-85 surviving ghetto fighters, in Warsaw after Uprising, 123-68; archive and history, creation of, 128,159-60,206-7; Bund, report on Uprising released by, 136-51; contacts with Yishuv/ Polish and Jewish groups, 127-28, 131-36; on first anniversary of Uprising, 165-67,169; fhnding for, 132-34,160,162-63,164,452n28; ghetto uprisings, changing view of value of, 128; individual testimonies included in May 24,1944, report, 229-46; Jewish National Committee / ZOB, letters and reports of, 151-68, 161; list of244 fighters who fell in Uprising, 159,161; organization of remnants in Warsaw, 124—36; sewers and tunnels, escape through, 67,124— 26,234-35,236,310,327-28,375 surviving ghetto fighters, published testimonies of, 304—46; audiences and fighters, disconnect between, 307-9,317-20; Edelman’s Ће Ghetto Fights (1946),
306-7,309-15; 536 · Index Lubetkin’s 1946 testimony at Kibbutz HaMeuchad conference (Aharonim al ha Homah [The last ones on the wall]), 306-7,315-31,318,319; Meed’s 1946 testimony serialized in Forverts (and 1948 in book form), 306-7,331-46,335; significance of, 305-9; traumatized individuals, as accounts of, 308,320-21,331, 335-36 surviving Jewish population of Europe, 259-303; creation of state of Israel and, 277,278-85,293,300-303; fhnding for, 265-66,473-74nn63-64; in German DP camps, 268,283,28592,296-97,302,303,370,474n74; Holocaust memorial, Yishuv’s plans for, 275-77; liberation of camps and end of war, 273-75; liberation of Warsaw, 259-66,260; organization of, 266-69; Pachach movement and, 270,282-83,297-300; partisans and ghetto fighters as leaders of, 28385; Poland, arranging departures from, 268,269-70; revenge group established by Abba Kovner, 269-70, 464n40,471n32,481n39; second anniversary of Uprising (1945) and, 270-73,277; as She’erit Hapletah (surviving remnant), 91,186,280, 283,287,288,289,291,300; third anniversary of Uprising (1946) and, 289-97,290; Von Horvot bis zum Heimland (From Ruins to Homeland; film, 1947), 301-2,303,478nl02; youth movements and, 266,268,269, 278-85,296-302 A Survivorfrom Warsaw (cantata; Schoenberg, 1947), 368-69 Sutzkever, Avraham, 389 Suzin, Mark Leon, 391 SWIAT (Polish underground radio), 89, 92,94,120,198-99,465n56 Świątkowski, Henryk, 392 Świtała, Stanislaw, 264 Sydney, Sylvia, 82 Synagogue Council of America, 76,171, 172-73
Syrkin, Marie, 106-7; biographical information, 370,486nn33-34; Blessed Is the Match (1947), 5,283, 369-78,398,445-46n93 Syrkin, Nachman, 370 Szajngut,Tuvia (Tadek), 57 Szerer (Sherer), Emanuel, 162-63,210, 254,262,271,491n26 Szerynski, Josef/Jozef, 32,225 Szmidt, Andrzej (Pinkus Kartin), 51 Sznajdmil, Avram Berek, 139,150,199 Szniper, Dov, 449nl Szpetman, Rabbi, 179-81 Szpichlerz, Lejbei, 142 Szpilman, Władysław, 6 Szwarskim, Stefanem, 231 Szyk, Arthur: Leivick’s Der Nes in Geto souvenir program (1944), 200,203; The RepulsedAttack (1944), 17879,180; unbuilt NYC Holocaust memorial and, 378 Treblinka: Auerbach report on, 383; as death camp, 9,42,46,48,49,74, 155,194,225,244,245,292,310, 311,313,332,334,337-38; Frydrych gathering information on, 45354n37; Jewish revolt in, 10,13,141, 157,196,229,261,372,383; mass deportations to (summer 1942) (see Great Deportation); WJC on layout of, 108. See also Great Deportation Truman, Harry S., 272,274,286 Trumpeldor, Joseph, 79,165,200-201 Trunk, Isaiah, 436nl03 Tsukunft youth movement, 29,38,142, 151,267,295,331 Tsvishn Falendike Vent (Between Tumbling Walls; Borzykowski, 1949), 237, 465nn52-53 Tuczyn, Jewish revolt in, 10 Tuwin, Julian, We Polish Jews (1944), 178, 388 Taback, Israel, 381-82 Tabenkin, Yitzhak, 127,152,163-65,316, 317,466n68 Tarnów, resistance in, 141,151,165 Tartakower, Arieh, 186 Tel Hai commemoration, 79,201 Temkin-Berman, Batya, 128,158,210, 265,433n80 Tenenbaum-TamarofF, Mordecai, 21,36, 127,223,224,225,454n39 tenth anniversary of Uprising (1953), 409, 411 third anniversary of Uprising (1946), 28997,290 Thon,
Joseph, 378 Time-Life Magazine, 273 Titus, Arch of, Rome, 396 Tłomackie Synagogue, Warsaw, ruins of, 356-57,357,394,398 Der Tog (newspaper), 72,94-95 Toporo!, 429n39 TOZ (Society for Preservation and Health of the Jewish Population), 33,214 Trawniki (camp), 49,129,139,153,155, 164,194,212,227,456n59 Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States, 76 United Jewish Appeal, 173 United Nations, 85,171,370,379 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 287,333 United Nations War Crimes Commission, 272 United Partisan Organization (Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie or FPO), 297,450nl4 United States. See America United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 19 United States Office ofWar Information, 365 United States State Department. See State Department, U.S. Unzer Tsayt (newspaper), 115,135,151, 252 Unscer Veg (newspaper), 284-85,289,290, 292-93,333 Uris, Leon: Exodus (1958), 370; Mila 18 (1961), 405 USHMM (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum), 19 Index · 537
of Uprising, commemoration of, Vanderbilt Gallery exhibition, New York (1945), 272-73,379,485n24 270-73,271; seventy-fifth anniversary of Uprising (2018) in, 416-19; Vilna: contacts with Warsaw ghetto, 39, sewers, monument commemorating 40; efforts to organize resistance in, 4,40,127,128,153-54,222,269, escape from, 236; street named after 450nl4; youth movement leaders Anielewicz, 263,302,478nl03; initially taking refhge in, 28 surviving ghetto fighters, hiding Viiner, Arieh (Jurek), 155,225-26,228, places of, 126-31; Tlomackie 288,327,454n39 Synagogue, ruins of, 356-57,357,394, Vittel death camp, 132-33,167 398; white armbands with Star of “A Voice from the Depths” (Polish David, Jews required to wear, 30 Uprising leaflet, 1944), 261-62 Warsaw ghetto: cultural, religious, and Voice of America, 365 educational activities, 34-35; final Von Horvot bis zum Heimland (From Ruins liquidation, German plans for, 47-49, to Homeland·, film, 1947), 301-2,303, 52; food shortages and hunger in, 32, 478nl02 34,41,383; January 1943 Aktion and resistance, 47—49,79,110,225-26, 323-25,339,432n67; map of, 120; Wacek (facilitator of sewer escape), 234, 235 outbreak of WWII and creation of, 27-33; population of, 31-32,428n23; Wachalska, Anna, 333 social welfare in, 33-34. See also “Wacław” (Henryk Woliński), 58,59 Wagner, Robert R, 380-81 Great Deportation ; Judenrat Wales, Cywia, 142 Warsaw Ghetto: Tale of Valour Wald, Benjamin, 226,228 (Hochberger, 1946), 485n23 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 25-67; April Ће Wall (Hersey, 1950), 37,404-5,413 1943 Uprising, events of, 49,52-67; The War against
theJews (Dawidowicz, 1975), 13-15,463n33 armed resistance, shift to, 41-49; arms, efforts to obtain, 41,42,49, War Refhgee Board, 85 57; collective memory of, 347-49; Warhaftig, Zerah, 28 destruction of European Jewry, in Warsaw: as center ofJewish life in Poland, context of, 78-79; dissemination 25-27; Gęsiówka concentration ofinformation during, 50-67; final camp, Greek and Hungarian Jews liquidation of ghetto, German plans imprisoned at, 260; Ghetto Fighters’ for, 47-49,52; January 1943 Aktion Street in, 478nl03; ghetto ruins, and resistance prior to, 47-49,79,110, rebuilding on, 390,488n61; Jewish 225-26,323-25,339,432n67; key Historical Institute, 392,393; Jewish points of developing narrative, 64-66; population after Uprising, 469nl2; map of, 120; military confrontation, liberation of, 259-66,260; markers primary presentation as, 55-56,63in ruins of ghetto, 378,390; POLIN 64,434-35n89; outbreak of WWII museum, 388-89,394,396,397; and creation of ghetto, 27-35; as Polish Uprising (August 1944), 206, popular revolt, 41,46,48; sewers, 219,220,240,260,263,264,310,329, escape of fighters through, 67,124333,434n88,449nl, 451nl8,466n62; 26,234-35,236,310,327-28,375; Rapoport monument to Uprising in, timing of, 71,73,169,190; youth 178,388-99,395,397,416,458nl3, movements and formation of, 28-29, 478nl02,488-89n75; ruins, literary 35-40. See also historiography of and artistic interpretations of, 350-58, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 351,352,355,357; second anniversary 538 · Index
“The Warsaw Martyrs Hymn” (1946), 368 Wasser, Hersh/Hirsch, 35,158,207,229, 244-46,265,383-84 Wasser, Luba, 244 Watten (Berg), Mary, 306 Waxman, Franz, 114 Wdowinski, David, 6 Weill, Kurt, 366 We Polish Jews (Tuwin, 1944), 178,388 We Will Never Die pageant (New York City and Hollywood Bowl, 1943), 81, 82,114 Weinreich, Max, 448nll8 Weiss, Aaron, 28 Weizmann, Chaim, 81,370 Weker (newspaper), 142 WEVD (Yiddish radio station, NYC), 345 Wilkie, Wendell, 199 Willenberg, Samuel, 261 Wilner, Arie (Jurek), 46,52,225,228-29, 325 Wise, Stephen S., 74-78,81,106,108, 186,284,370,431n56 Wishengrad, Morton, Ће Battle ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (play, 1943), 111-14, 405 Wittenberg, Itzhak, 450nl4 WJC. See World Jewish Congress Woliński, Henryk (“Wacław”), 58,59 women: Auerbach, Adah, Women in the Ghettos (1947), 377; as fighters in Uprising, 66; popular knowledge of involvement in Uprising, 179; prostitution, forced, Jewish women and girls choosing suicide over, 80; Rapoport monument and, 396,397; as symbols of death and suffering of Jews, 104,315-16; Szyk’s The RepulsedAttack failing to commemorate, 179; underground activities of, 39 Workers’Union, 162 The Workmen’s Circle, New York, 364-65, 418 World Jewish Congress (WJC): on first anniversary of Uprising, 186; historiography of Uprising and, 22-23; Holocaust commemoration plan, 276-77; international Jewish consciousness, Uprising and efforts to arouse, 409; Zvi Kolitz at Basel meeting (1946), 358-59; Lest We Forget: The Massacre ofthe Warsaw Ghetto (1943), 108,110; press reportage on destruction of European Jewry and Uprising, 74,108-9;
purpose of, 108; Riegner cable and, 431n56; at seventy-fifth anniversary of Uprising (2018) in Warsaw, 41618; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 132,160; surviving ghetto fighters and partisans after WWII and, 283-84 World War II: historiography of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in, 1,17; liberation of camps and end of, 273-78; outbreak of war and creation of Warsaw ghetto, 27-33; Polish-Jewish relations in, 425-26n53. See also Final Solution; Holocaust; press reportage during WWII; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising World Zionist Organization, 81 Wyszków Forest, partisan camps in, 126, 449nl, 466n62,481n35 Ya’ari, Meir, 127,152,163-65,316, 466n68 Yad Vashem: Auerbach at, 9,384; conceptualization of, 276-77, 472n49; establishment of, 410,411; Jewish resistance during Holocaust, conference on (1967), 11-13; replica of Rapoport monument at, 394 Yad Vashem Law (Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Law), Israel, 409-10 YAF (Yiddishe Arbeter Froy or Jewish Women’s Workers Association), 310 Yechiel (ŻOB fighter; surname unknown), 454-55n41 Di Yiddishe Tsaytung (Buenos Aires journal), 358,359 Yiddish Scientific Institute. See YIVO YIKOR (Yidishe Kultur Organizatsye), 20,34,373 Index · 539
Yishuv: Arab Revolt (1936) and Jewish migration to Palestine, 26; contact with Warsaw during war, 39-40; at end of WWÏI, 274,275; first anniversary of Uprising in, 185-91,205-6; Holocaust memorial, plans for, 275-77; January 1943 Aktion and resistance, knowledge of, 79; Jewish press in, 72,73,75; letters from Jews in Poland to, 82-84; Lubetkin’s 1946 testimony at Kibbutz HaMeuchad conference focused on, 315-31; monuments in, 378; national identity and Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 5,6-7,9-10,12-13,17-18; postwar Jewish survivors migrating to, 268,269-70; press reports on Uprising in, 91-92,93,96,98-99; second anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 271; “sheep to the slaughter” myth in, 2-3; surviving ghetto fighters’ contacts with, 127-28, 132,151-67,256; surviving ghetto fighters relocating to, 307; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 265; tax for defense ofWarsaw in, 93; transition from reportage to commemoration in, 101-5,103) Yishuv, arrival of surviving ghetto fighters in, 360-64; youth movements in Poland and Lithuania, disconnection from, 438n5; Zuckerman settling in, 307,360-64. See also creation of state of Israel; Israel; kibbutzim YIVO (Yiddish Scientific Institute): Dawidowicz and, 13; Rose Klepfisz at, 403-4; Mendelsohn lecture (1944), 5,116-21,250,414,448nll8; Ringelblum/Berman letter to, 213, 373 Yizkor books, 384 Yizkor prayer of Rachel Auerbach for deported Jews, 44-45 Yom HaShoah vehaGevurah, 1,9,405-6, 410,413,421nl “Yosl Rakover Talks to God” (Kolitz, 1946), 358-60,365,368,398 Young, James, 379,381,390,391,394, 458nl3 540 · Index Your Brothers Blood
Cries Out (Gropper, 1943), 365 youth movements: armed resistance, shift to, 41; dissemination ofinformation during Uprising by, 51; DP camps and, 287; ghetto underground, formation of, 35-40; identification with ghetto fighters, 288 Judenrat and, 39; kibbutzim and, 280-81; Lubetkin on, 321-22; remaining in / returning to Warsaw at beginning of war, 28-29; surviving ghetto fighters and, 123,132,134,138,140, 142,152-54,156-57,163; surviving Jews of Europe and, 266,268,269, 278-85,296-302; in Syrkin’s Blessed Is the Match, 373-74; Yishuv’s disconnection from, 438n5; in Zionist narrative of Uprising, 224,226-27, 250. See also specific movements Zagan, Shachna, 462n28 Zaglembie, 151,164 Zalmanson, Yitzhak, 28 Zarki, resistance in, 153,154 Zegota {Rad Pomocy Żydom / RPZ or Polish Council for Aid to Jews), 51, 58-59,129,136,162,210,432n72 Žertai, Idith, 79 Zerubavel, Yael, 17-18,348 Zimmerman, Joshua, 89,425-26n53, 443n58 Zionism and Zionists: armed resistance, shift to, 41; Bundists, rivalry with, 7,12-13,27,207,216-18,229,268, 415; in Bund’s “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report, 148-49; disagreements among, 470n27; on first anniversary of Uprising, 188,190; General Zionists, 28,45,72,132,157,159,187,188, 211,276,442-43n5 7; Hecht’s play ví Flag Is Born (1946), 366-67; instilling of Uprising as central focal point of Jewish memory and Zionist narrative, 409-13; January 1943 Aktion and resistance, knowledge of, 79; Keren Hayesod, 277; in Zvi Kolitz’s “Yosl Rakover Talks to God” (1946), 360;
Lubetkirís 1946 testimony at Kibbutz HaMeuchad conference focused on, 315-31; members fleeing Poland at beginning of WWII, 28; Polish Uprising leaflet, 261-62; political influence in 1930s Poland, 26; press commemoration of Uprising and, 104-5; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 143,151-68, 161; socialist Zionism, 41,72,98-99, 276,326,370,418; on suicide of Zygielbojm, 96,99,444n72; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising and, 123,132,134-36; surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, 267-68, 287,291,292; Syrkin and Blessed Is the Match (1947), 369-78; third anniversary of Uprising and, 291, 292; youth movements and formation of ghetto underground, 35-38,39; Zuckerman’s testimony about revolt and, 315. See also creation of state of Israel; Labor Zionists; Revisionist Zionists; and specific groups Zionist Mizrachi, 267 Zionist narrative of Uprising, 13-14, 205-57; Bund and, 12-13,207,21618,222-23,227,229,247,249-56; creation of state of Israel and, 17-18, 205-7,256,277,282,285,407,413, 418; Ghetto Fighters House and, 67; Jewish passivity, myth of, 6-7,1214; May 24,1944, parcel of reports and testimonies, 206-20,209 (see also May 24,1944, parcel); May 24,1944, report, 218-46 {see also May 24,1944, report); in Neustadt’s Ће Warsaw Ghetto Rising (1944), 202,206, 210-11,247-57,248·, politicization/ mythologization of Uprising and, 23,205-6,256-57; popular revolt, rejection of historiography of, 205, 224,225,226,251-52; sources for, 206-7; ŻOB emphasized in, 224-25, 253-54,463n36 Zionist Organization of America, 171, 274-75 Zipperstein, Steven, 422n8 ŻKK. «See Jewish
Coordinating Committee ZKN. See Jewish National Committee ŻOB. See Jewish Fighting Organization Zrubavel, Ya’akov, 132 ŻSS/ŻTOS (Jewish Self-Help or Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna), 33,34,38,214 Zucker, Nadia, 327 Zuckerman, Baruch, 276-77 Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek): on Aryan side of Warsaw during Uprising, 52-53,56,62,63; Rachel Auerbach’s use of testimony of, 384; Book ofthe Ghetto Wars (with Basok) and, 7,361; Bund’s “Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto” report and, 143; on Czerniaków, 4344; on death of Tosia Altman, 126; dissemination of information during Uprising, 50,53-56,54,62-64; Edelman and, 311,362; Eichmann trial, testimony at, 9,465n5; in hiding after Polish Uprising, 264; historians’ use of testimony of, 5; historical identification with Uprising, 22, 104; In Ghetto and Uprising (1985), 462n27; in January 1943 Aktion and resistance, 225-26; Kibbutz Lochamei HaGetaot, establishment of, 330-31, 363-64; Kovner compared, 269; last Anielewicz letter and, 53-56, 54,434n86,434n88; Itamar Levin’s critique of, 437nl05; on liberation of Warsaw, 264—65; Zivia Lubetkin and, 53,126-27,307,315,316,325,33031,360-61,362; May 24,1944, parcel and, 207,208,218-20; May 24,1944, report and, 218-25,227-30,462n23, 462-63n28,463n36; Meed on, 34041; Neustadt and, 256; photos of, 231,314·, in Polish Uprising, 261, 467n4; postwar testimony of, 315, 361-64; on press reports of deaths of Lubetkin and Altman, 444—45n82; Rapoport memorial to ghetto fighters and, 389-90,392-93; reports and letters in aftermath of Uprising, 151-54,155-60,163-67, 206,256,452n29,456n55; Index »541
Zuckerman, Yitzhak (continued)·, return Zukunft. See Tsukunft youth movement to Warsaw at beginning of war, 29; Zygielbojm, Szmuel (Arthur): American Representation of second anniversary of Uprising, commemoration of, 271 , Surplus of the Bund in Poland and, 115; Memory, 62֊63,159,223,467n4; biographical information, 427nl8; surviving ghetto fighters after Uprising, commemoration of, 106,444n72; in testimonies of, 233,240; surviving dissemination of information ghetto fighters after Uprising, during Uprising and, 90; organization of, 126-28,130-31,136; first anniversary of Uprising, surviving Jews of postwar Europe and, remembered on, 183; in Ghetto in 265,269-70,278-84,297; Syrkin’s Flames (1944), 191,192,194,195, 197-98; historians’ use of testimony Blessed Is the Match and, 371,372, 374,375,377; at third anniversary of of, 6; press reports of destruction of European Jewry, 78, 88; press Uprising, 294-95; tour of ghetto given reports on Uprising and, 90, 93; postwar by, 389-90; at Yad Vashem second anniversary of Uprising, conference on Jewish resistance, 11-12; Yishuv, settlement in, 307,360-64; remembered on, 273; suicide of, as youth movement activist, 36; on 95-96,99-101,107,110,197-98; on Zionists versus Bundists, 12; ŻOB, Warsaw Juden rat, 30 ŻZW. See Jewish Military Union command of, 46,48,52,224,454n39 542 · Index
|
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| author | Patt, Avinoam J. |
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| id | DE-604.BV047253575 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T19:14:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780814345160 9780814348352 |
| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Patt, Avinoam J. The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Warschauer Aufstand 1943, Motiv (DE-588)4414899-9 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4414899-9 (DE-588)4200793-8 |
| title | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt |
| title_auth | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt |
| title_exact_search | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt |
| title_full | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt Avinoam J. Patt |
| title_fullStr | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt Avinoam J. Patt |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw the afterlife of the revolt Avinoam J. Patt |
| title_short | The Jewish heroes of Warsaw |
| title_sort | the jewish heroes of warsaw the afterlife of the revolt |
| title_sub | the afterlife of the revolt |
| topic | Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Warschauer Aufstand 1943, Motiv (DE-588)4414899-9 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichtsschreibung Warschauer Aufstand 1943, Motiv Kollektives Gedächtnis |
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