Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf: a classic case in comparative perspective
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chicago
The University of Chicago Press
2020
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | https://www.recensio.net/r/bb9dc6c2d3a34b52a9fca3e44d498ecc http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Abstract: | "The topic of werewolves has flared in the popular imagination in recent years, but the case of Thiess-a self-admitted werewolf who claimed that, thrice yearly, he transformed and battled Satan and his witches as a protector of humanity and the forest-is as baffling today as it was in seventeenth-century Livonia. At first, the judges in 1691 dismissed the 80-year-old was just a senile old man. But after protracted questioning and the testimonies of witnesses who knew Thiess as a werewolf, the judges delivered a guilty verdict a year-and-a-half later on Halloween. The sentence: flogging and banishment for stealing livestock. Even at the end, Thiess maintained that he "and a few other" werewolves were not servants of the Devil and refuted the inquisitors' accusations. This unusual and entertaining book is an attempt by two distinguished scholars from different methodological perspectives to wrestle with the case over the years. It is a hybrid work, at once a source text of the trial (reproduced in full in English for the first time); a glimpse at Nazi appropriation of the werewolf tale prior to WWII; a summary of Carlo Ginzburg's thoughts on the case (which he first encountered in the 1960s) using microhistorical analytic methods; Bruce Lincoln's analysis (from the 1970s), which he viewed from the perspective of comparative religion; their subsequent exchange of ideas and differing conclusions; and ending with an informal conversation. The result is a rare opportunity for students to attain an insight into the "modus operandi" of scholars who have left a great impact on the field, the merits and pitfalls of different interpretive approaches to the same historical materials, and an example of how scholarly exchange happens in the academic world, a debate not solely restricted to the exchange of formal articles in journals and conference papers"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Some text translated from German |
| Umfang: | vi, 289 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780226674384 9780226674414 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf |b a classic case in comparative perspective |c Carlo Ginzburg and Bruce Lincoln |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chicago |b The University of Chicago Press |c 2020 | |
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| 505 | 8 | 0 | |t Introduction |r Bruce Lincoln |t Introduction, a postscript |r Carlo Ginzburg |t The trial; transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28, 1691) ; The Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31, 1692) -- |t Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic cult groups, folklore, and Persephone myths |r Otto Höfler; translated by Bruce Lincoln |t Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian werewolves, and shamanic others |r Carlo Ginzburg |t Comparison of Old Thiess to learned descriptions and stereotypes of Livonian werewolves and to the Benandanti : a seventeenth-century werewolf and the drama of religious resistance |r Bruce Lincoln |t Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln : co onjunctive anomalies -- a reflection on werewolves -- |t Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg : Letter of February 8 -- |t The Case of Old Thiess : a Comparative prspective. A conversation: Saturday, September 30, 2017 ; The conversation continues : Monday, October 2, 2017 -- Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess's testimony and descriptions of Livonian werewolves in learned literature -- Appendix B: A Livonian narrative featuring the opposition of werewolves and witches |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The topic of werewolves has flared in the popular imagination in recent years, but the case of Thiess-a self-admitted werewolf who claimed that, thrice yearly, he transformed and battled Satan and his witches as a protector of humanity and the forest-is as baffling today as it was in seventeenth-century Livonia. At first, the judges in 1691 dismissed the 80-year-old was just a senile old man. But after protracted questioning and the testimonies of witnesses who knew Thiess as a werewolf, the judges delivered a guilty verdict a year-and-a-half later on Halloween. The sentence: flogging and banishment for stealing livestock. Even at the end, Thiess maintained that he "and a few other" werewolves were not servants of the Devil and refuted the inquisitors' accusations. This unusual and entertaining book is an attempt by two distinguished scholars from different methodological perspectives to wrestle with the case over the years. It is a hybrid work, at once a source text of the trial (reproduced in full in English for the first time); a glimpse at Nazi appropriation of the werewolf tale prior to WWII; a summary of Carlo Ginzburg's thoughts on the case (which he first encountered in the 1960s) using microhistorical analytic methods; Bruce Lincoln's analysis (from the 1970s), which he viewed from the perspective of comparative religion; their subsequent exchange of ideas and differing conclusions; and ending with an informal conversation. The result is a rare opportunity for students to attain an insight into the "modus operandi" of scholars who have left a great impact on the field, the merits and pitfalls of different interpretive approaches to the same historical materials, and an example of how scholarly exchange happens in the academic world, a debate not solely restricted to the exchange of formal articles in journals and conference papers"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Introduction і Bruce Lincoln Introduction, a Postscript 9 Carlo Ginzburg 1. The Trial 13 Transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28,1691) 13 Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31,1692) 31 2. Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic Cult Groups, Folklore, and Persephone Myths 33 Otto Höfler; translated by Bruce Lincoln 3. Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian Werewolves, and Shamanic Others 46 Carlo Ginzburg From The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1980) 46 From “Germanic Mythology and Nazism: Thoughts on an Old Book by Georges Dumézil,” in Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (1989) 50
Contents vi “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Werewolves,” in Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (1989) 56 From Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath (1989) 4. 67 Comparison of Old Thiess to Learned Descriptions and Stereotypes of Livonian Werewolves and to the Benandanti: A Seventeenth-Century Werewolf and the Drama of Religious Resistance 88 Bruce Lincoln 5. Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln: Conjunctive Anomalies— A Reflection on Werewolves 109 6. Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg: Letter of February 8, 2017 127 7. The Case of Old Thiess: A Comparative Perspective 142 A Conversation: Saturday, September 30,2017 142 The Conversation Continues: Monday, October 2, 2017 164 Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess s Testimony and Descriptions ofLivonian Werewolves in Learned Literature Appendix B: A Livonian Narrative Featuring the Opposition of Werewolves and Witches Acknowledgments 205 Notes 207 Suggestions for Further Reading Index 273 201 269 195
Index Abhkaz, 82 abundance. See prosperity Ackerstaif, Bengt Johan, 14, 31, 95, 24ՏՈ48 agricultural prosperity. See fertility; prosperity alcohol consumption, 35, 36,74, 75, 91, 195-96, 201 Aleit, 167-69,186, 265Ո16, 266Ո17 alien witches, 78,79,82 animal sacrifices, 80 animals, 20-22; and the dead, 37, 83, 84,2i6nw, 230Ո84; distinction between humans and, 3-5; healing, 22,29,101-102,107; táltos and, 59, 79, 80, 83-85, 234Ո114; transforma tion into various types of, 84-85; witches and, 22,70,78, 82,103, 110,198 (see aho livestock: witches and). See also dogs; livestock; wolves; specific topics anomalies, 69,73,111,156,157» 161,177, 186,187,190; benandanti and, 111, 126,139-40,153-57,170,185; can identify limitations of scientific paradigms, 9; comparability and, 7,170-73; conjunctive, 125-26, 129í, 170,172 (see also conjunc tive errors); convergences and, 173,175; have the fascination of the unfamiliar, 152; and historic connection, 175; mistakes and, 158, 172,173; nature of, 125; vs. norms, 150,152; Paul Maas on, 125; vs. singularities, 125, 254Ո31; textual transmission and, 163,172-73; un predictability and, 152; werewolves and, 129,139-40. See aho Ihiess of Kaltenbrunn anomalous documents, 152 anomalous traits, 126,156-57 Arcadia, 72-74
274 Index archetypes, 48, 65, 66, 68,124,137 army of the dead (Totenheer), 52-54, 68, 75, 226Ո63 interrogations of, 87,110 (see also introjection); introjection and, 110,163,188; kresniki and, 78,80, art history, 111 84,232Ո95; Otto Höfler and, 140, ‘Aryan” religion, 3-5 “Aryan” werewolf, 5 Aryans, 5,7,94,209Ш0; in theories of Hertz and others, 182. See also Nordic race 153-54; overview and nature of, Baltic region, 3, 38, 50, 95, 96, 97, aisni; childbirth in, 174,175; Friuli and, 111. See also Livonia; specific topics Baltic sorcerers, 43 Baltic werewolves, 41,58,74,75,83, 95,129,174, 217Ո22, 217Ո25; vs. witches, 42. See also Thiess of Kaltenbrunn Baltic wolf-demons. See wolf-demons banquets, 15-16,50,103. See also feast(s) baptism, 19, 26, 99 barley, 16,28,42, 47,48,67 Bartha, Andras, 78-79 beatings. See whips benandanti, 72,77,153,154,159,170,171, 192; animals and, 70,71,74, 80,8485,109-10,161; anomalies and, 111, 126,139-40,153-Տ7,170,185; beliefs of, 57-58; bom with a caul, 57, 58,70, 80,109,113,117; butterflies and, 70,71; Christianity and, 49; confessions, 87,110,162; death and, 70, 74; and the devil, 139-40; dreams and, 59, 66, 83,112; ecstasy 57,109,162-63; peasantry and, 70, 109; resemblances between Thiess and, 48, 76,111; resemblances between werewolves and, 58, 64, 139; shamans, shamanism, and, 50,58, 65; spirits of, 70, 75,109-10; táltos and, 58, S9, 66, 80, 83-86,155, 232П100; terminology, 69, 75-76, 109; trials of, 46, 48; uniqueness of, 75-76; use of the term, 49,16263; witchcraft trials and, 57,157; witches and, 46, 49) 57,58, 69, 70, 75, 76) 78, 80, 85,
87,109-11,113,163, 188. See also Friulian benandanti; Night Battles Benveniste, Emile, 182-83 Berger, Gabriel, 14,31,95 Bernays, J., ւշշք berserkir (“bear-shirted ones”/ Viking warriors), 51-52,55, 216Ш2; Georges Dumézil and, 50-51; Lily Weiser and, 51-53 “beyond the sea,” 47,58,173 blessed grain, 28, 29,96,107 blessings, prosperity, 28,29, 93,238П13 Bloch, Marc, 111,179-80 bloodthirstiness, 3,70,134 Bošković-Stulli, Maja, 232Ш195-97 bread, 25,43,219Ո40 and, 66, 69,70, 74-76,84-85,174, 185,192; female, 154; fennel used by, 69, 70, 76,110; fertility and, 46, brooms, 81, 85, 86; broom handles, 47, 48; broomsticks, 14,67 Bucholtz, Magister (pastor ofJürgens burg), 26,29,93,95,106 70, 76, 80, 85,109-11,126,139-40, 157; initiation and, 80; inquisitors and, 49, 57, 64, 72., 109-10,157,170; burkudzäutä, 81-85 butterflies, 72,160; benandanti and, 70,71; chasing, 11,114,159,161,162,
Index 202; witches turned into, її, 50, 72, 85,114,13°) 161,176, 202 bylina (folk epic), 70,134-36,135t, 138, 259-60Ш123-24, 262Ո39 Canfora, Luciano, 254Ո28 cattle, 21, 68,69,104,106,116,168, 262Ո39; attacking, 68,69,72,198 (see also cattle raiding). See also livestock cattle raiding, 104,108,130,198, 256Ո10, 263Ո39. See also cattle caul (košuljica), 137-39; birth with a, 57՜6օ, 70, 71,76-80, 84, 86, 87, 109,112,113,117,133-35,135t, 138, 139, i39t, 174-75, 224Ո35, 261Ո37; terminology, 134, 258Ո18 Celebi, Evliya, 82 charm, 28; over a fire, 24-25 Chinese, 191 Christ. See Jesus Christ Christianity, 3,71; conversion to, 23, 9°, 98; and the devil, 19,102; God and, 19; souls and, 18,19, 70, 101; Thiess and, 32, 92, 98,100; and transformation into animals, 228Ո69,238Ո16. See also specific topics Christlich Bedeneken und Erinnerung von Zauberey (Christian Consider ation and Memory on Magic), 71. See also Witekind, Hermann Christmas, 33,34,38; customs, 39-40; (fear of) people becoming were wolves around, 33, 34, 36,39; nights before (see St. Lucia’s Eve); period between Christmas and New Year, 81; twelve days after Christmas, 40, 197; twelve days before Christmas, 41; twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany, 58, 72, 74, 85; twelve 275 days of Christmas, 33,34,39. See also Yuletide “Christmas lads” (Weihnachtsbur schen), 36 Christmas night, 74, 77 church, 19, 98-99; theft from, 1-2,13, 14,27-29,96; Thiess and, 1-2,14,18, 19, 23,30,99-100,107,108,244Ո46 Circassians, 82, 83 class conflict, 89, 95-99,106. See also elite clothing, 74,103,116,117; demonic, 44, 219Ո47; transformation
by shedding of, 15,117, 219Ո47, 220Ո54 collective unconscious, 64-66 Commentarius de praecipuis generibus divinationum. See Peucer, Kaspar comparanda, 7,114,128,129,141,154, 184,186,189 comparatism, 94-95 comparative approaches. See compara tive perspective comparative Indo-European philol ogy, 180 comparative perspective, 12,109,140, 145,155; 180 comparative research, 128, 241Ո31 comparative scholarship, models for, 182 comparative studies and projects, 113, 114,129í, 141í comparative work, 148 comparison: restricted vs. broad, 114,116; “Theses on Comparison” (Lincoln), 114,115 confessions, 69,99,1Ć0,167,189,202; of (alleged) witches, 61-62,64, 110; benandanti, 87,110,162; made under torture, 1,61, 99,132,1Ć2,188, 243Ո40; of ThieSS, 12, 30,46-47, 67-69, 73,108
276 conjunctive errors (errores conjunc tivi), 124,12s, 254Ո28. See also anomalies: conjunctive court records, exaggerations and distortions in, 3 criminal and normal populations, comparison of, 119, i2of Croatia, 77 cult group leaders, 35,40,78-79 cultic associations and societies, 5, 53,162. See aho cultic groups; Männerbund cultic celebrations, 5,6,38,42 cultic groups, 94,187. See also cultic associations and societies cultic practices, 5, 6,34 cults: agrarian (see Night Battles); diabolical, 3,37,41-43,53,110; fertility and, 42,43,110. See also ecstatic cults cultural pressures, 59,112,157 cultural transmission, 44-45,115-17, 124-2Ć, I26f, 158. See also diffusion; historical transmission; text trans mission/textual transmission de Blécourt, Willem, 207m, 253Ո12 de Lånere, Pierre, 11-12 dead, the, 74,75,78,154,219Ո45; animals and, 37, 83, 84, 2i6mo, 230Ո84; Christmas and, 33 (see also Yuletide); communion with, 54; ecstasy and, 54, 83; fertility and, 83; Männerbund and, 6; mazzeri and, 87; myth of the unquenchable thirst of, 75; Otto Höfler and, Ճ, 52-54; recovery of fertility from the realm of, 43; souls/spirits of, Index army of the dead; hell; proces sions; returning dead; troop of the dead dead comrades, cult of, 211Ո19 death, 70,74; by burning, 94,266Ո17; and the devil, 101,102; of were wolves, 18,20,47, 67,100, 244Ո26 death sentences/executions, 39,40, 94,266Ո17 Demeter, 43; celebrations of, 42 demonologists, 3,4 demonology: literature of, 76,130; theories of, 3 demons, 12, 34, 43, 202; demonic bands, 36,44,45; demonic beings, 38,44; demonic clothing, 44,
219Ո47; demonic motifs, 44; demonic practices, 41; demonic wolves, 40, 41 Der Werwolf (Hertz), 3-5,207Ш, 209П10, 228Ո66. See also Hertz, Wilhelm Deutsche vs. Undeutsche, 96,98,99, 105-6,168 devil, the, 26,39,62,84,98,102,103, 239Ո16,245Ո55; animals and, 20,22, 27, 49,102-3; Christianity and, 19, 99-101,24ՃՈ61; death and, 101,102; fertility and, 49,140; food and, 16, 102, 245Ո51, 248Ո70, 249Ո72; as German nobleman, 103-4,247Ո63; God and, 18, 20, 93, ιοί, 108, 24ՏՈ55, 246Ո61; gods and, 3; grain and, 21,48,101; heathen cult and, 3; illness and, 101,102; pacts with, 23» 67, 94,98,101,245Ո54; peasants and, 98,103; power granted by, 15; prosperity and, 18,21, 27, 49, 93, 6, 33,74,78, 81-83,103, 227Ո63, 103, 247Ո61, 247Ո65; protection 230Ո8Տ; witches and, 83, 86; world/ from, 26; renouncing, 19; Seegensprecher and, 26, 93; servants, 3, 20, 22,47,100,102,103,169 (see also land/realm of, 58,74, 81-84, H7 219Ո39, 230Ո84, 234Ո112. See also
Index sorcerers; witches); sin and, 20, 26, 34,103,105; sorcerers and, i6֊i8, 20, 24, 27, 67, 92, 93,102,103, 220, 220Ո55, 244Ո46, 245Ո51, 245ՈՏ3, 24ՃՈ61, 249Ո72; souls belonging to, 18, 2i, 47,100,102, 244Ո46, 246Ո61; souls brought to hell by, 277 dualism, 178 Dumézil, Georges, 50-51; genealogical model and methodology, 141,158; Otto Holler and, 6,51,52,222Ո15, 226Ո63; Writings, 50-52, 222Ш5 Duni, Matteo, 174, 253Ո12,253Ո14, 256П10 22,102; souls forfeited to, 102; things from, 18, 21, 24, 93, 220Ո55 eating. See feast(s); livestock: con sumption of (see also under fertility; grain; ecstasies, 69, 84; fertility and, 76, 83, stealing/snatching/recovering prosperity); as thief, 246Ո61; Thiess and, 2,14,26, 92, ιοί-б, 140; Thiess s compact with, 48,94; werewolves and, 2,16,18, 98,104-7, 239Ո16; vs. werewolves and, 18,47, 49, 67, 92,103,110,139-4°, 220Ո55, 237mi, 247Ո61, 247Ո6Տ; witches and, 3,22,47, 49,92,102. See abo hell; Satan devil worship, 3, 49 devil’s advocate, 111-12,116,142,166 Dietrich, Manfried L. G., 37 diffusion/difiusionism, 115,116,158 Diószegi, Vilmos, 233Ո100 District Court of Wenden, 91,108,110, 243Ո41. See also Wenden judges dogs, 36, 77, 81, 85, 86,130; compared with werewolves, 27, 47, 67; transformation into, 71, 84-85; werewolves and, 20-21, 67. See also “hounds of God” Donecker, Stefan, 98,214Ո7 Doniger, Wendy, 148 dreams, 66, 79, 202, 235Ո118; benan dari and, 59, 66, 83,112; of Freuds patients, 59 (see also Wolf-Man: dream); Freud s writings on, 60, 112, 235Ш18; interpretation of, 84 Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath (Storia notturna: Una
decifrazione del sabba), 67-68,113, 114,129í, 149,181,193 ecstasy, 52, 70, 81, 83, 84,174,192, 256Ո8; battles and, 76, 86; benandari and, 66,69,70,74-76, 84-85,174,185,192; burkudzauta and, 83; of German warriors, 54; metamorphosis and, 75; shamanic, 53, 54; techniques of, 5; Thiess and, 69,74; werewolves and, 66,74,174, 231Ո87 ecstatic cults, 54, 75, 76, 85 ecstatic experiences, 71, 83-84,174, 176,185; battles, 76; journeys, 94; rites, 34; sleep, 85 ecstatic world, 192 ecstatics, 55, 221П5; werewolves and, 221Ո5 Einhorn, Paul, 195,198,239Ո16 Eliade, Mircea, 150-51,153 Elijah, 80,81 elite, 168,169; peasantry and, 97, 106,114,162,187; Thiess and, 186. See abo German elite; Teutonic Knights 57,59-61 (see also under Freud, ernie vs. etic categories, 10 Sigmund); of mazzeri, 86-87; as omens, 80; táltos and, 59, 66, 79 Empedocles, 171-72 Epos of Vseslav. See Vseslav epos
278 errores conjunctivi (conjunctive errors), 124,12s, 254Ո28 evil spells, 77,79-80 evil spirits, 12 executions. See death sentences/ executions family resemblances, 128,139, 235Ш18; Francis Galton and, 118, ii8f, 235Ш18 (see also Galton, Francis); meanings and significance of the term, 120,128, 235Ո118. See aho morphological resemblances “Family Resemblances and Family Trees: Two Cognitive Metaphors” (Ginzburg), 118 feast(s), 15-16,50, 84,103-5, 219114°; of Christs Nativity, 35,39,90, 196; in hell, 16,17,102, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72. See also livestock: consumption of fennel, 69,70,76,110 fertility, 46, 50, 86; benandanti and, 46, 70, 76, 80, 85,109-11,126, 139-40,157; cults and, 42,43, no; and the devil, 49,140; ecstasies and, 76, 83, 84; female divinities and, 54; fighting for, 48-49, 55, S8, 67-70, 76, 80, 83-87,104,110,111, hell and, 17, 42, 92-93, no, magic and, 44,54, 220ՈՏ4; night of St. Lucia and, 41, 42; Otto Höfler and, 53,54; rites of, 53-55, 58; rituals of, 43-44; sorcerers and, 41-43, 67,104; táltos and, 80, 84,85; theft and recovery of, 41֊ 43,110 (see also sorcerers: theft/ stealing); witches and, 46-49, S3, 55, 57, 58, 68-70, 76, 85, no, 111, 263Ո39. See also prosperity; Russian werewolves 126,157; 157; Index fire, 15,24, 25, 266Ո17; death by, 94, 266Ո17 fish, 17,21,42,47, 67 flames, transformation into, 79,85, 114,202 Fliess, Wilhelm, 61 flogging: public, 32,108. See ako lashes; whips food. See bread; feast(s); fish; meat Foucault, Michel, 186 Frazer, Sir James George, 148-49 Freud, Sigmund, 59,62-64,66,112, 113; on accusations and (witches ) confessions,
61-62,64; and birth with a caul, 59,60; on dreams, 59-61,112,235Ո118; “From the History of an Infantile Neurosis,” 56,58, 65 (see also Wolf-Man); on hysteria, 61; Interpretation of Dreams, 112, 235Ո118; Jung and, 6366; Lamarckianism, 65, 66; letters to Fliess, 61,63; phylogenesis and, 62-66; on primal scene, 61-63; seduction theory, 61-64 “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Were wolves” (Ginzburg), 56-67,112 Friuli, 48-49,59,75-76,177; and the Baltic region, 111; mothers in, 59, 66; werewolves and, 76-77,140, 174; witches in, 78,157. See ako Friulian benandanti Friuli Inquisition, 109,157,170 Friulian benandanti, 50, 70, 74-76, 83, 110,126,129,154,162,170; beliefs related to, 48, 49; 57-58, 76, no; birth, 112,113,117 (see also benan danti: born with a caul); judges and, 49,50; mothers of, 66,70; sorcerers and, 75; Thiess compared with, 69-71; 74; 94; Ш, 112, 117, 126, 128-29,133; 140,154-57, іб2,164,
Index 166,170,172,174,177,185,163Ո39; trial of two, 48. See also benandanti; Friuli; Friuli Inquisition; Night Battles Galton, Francis, 128, 235Ш18; “com posite photographs” experiment, 118-20,122,128,235Ո18,255ШІ1-4; Ludwig Wittgenstein and, 120,128 Gasparutto, 49 genealogical trees, 122,125, i26f genealogy, 146,158,183 genetics, 119,124,128. See also phylo genesis German ehte, 95, 97, 98,105,106; in the Baltic, 97, 241Ո32; judges belonging to, 113-14; Thiess on, 105-6; werewolves and, 97, 98,105, 129. See also Deutsche vs. Undeut sche; ehte; Teutonic Knights Germans, 54; hell and, 48,67,106. See also Nazism Gervase of Tilbury, 10 ghostly troops, 34,36, 40-41 ghosts, 33, 34,36 goats, 80, 216П12 God: and the devil, 18, 20, 93,101, 108,245Ո55,246Ո61; hell and, 92, 99-100; hunting dogs, 27,45 (see ako “hounds of God”); sorcerers and, 17, 24, 27, 93; souls and, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 47-49,100, 246Ո61; Thiess and, 26-27 Godelmann, Johann Georg, 98, 143Ո39 grain, 24, 28,41-43, 103; blessed, 28,29,96,107; blossoms, 14-17, 42,101,131; brought to hell by sorcerers (see also under hell); and the devil, 21, 48,101; guarded in a special container, 15,101; in hell, 279 14-17, 41-43, 47, 48, 67,101-3,110; holidays and, 17; judges and, 104, 148Ո67; recovery of, 16,11, 41,47, 48, 50,101,103,110; seed, 43, 47, 48,50; sorcerers and, 15-17,41, 67, 101,102; theft of, 37,47,48,67,131, 248Ո67; Thiess and, 14,28, 29,96, 107,110; Thiess on, 15-17; witches and, 14,47,48,70, no, 131 Greeks, 9, 39, 42, 43, 45,117,109П10 Grenier, Jean, 11-12 Grimm, Jacob, 45 Grottanelli, Cristiano, 114 Gurrian
Steppe, 28-30,96,107-8, 1491173 Hades, 43,74 Hans, Serme, 167, z6sm6 Hanush, J.J., 38-39 hapax legomena, 163,164,185 Harf-Lancner, Laurence, 2і8пб9 harvests. See fertility; prosperity healing: animals, 12, 29,101-102,107; Thiess’s work of, 22, 24-25, 29, 96, 102-3,107, 215m, 103, 250Ո73. See also shamanic healing heaven, werewolves’ souls going to, 18, 17, 47,144 hell, 20,71,157,197; Christianity and, 99-100; conceptions of, 43, 47,99-100,101; entrance to, 101; feasts in, 16,17,101, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72; fertility and, 42,110,157; fertihty/yield recovered from, 17, 92-93,110; Germans and, 48,67, 106; God and, 92,99-100; grain brought to, 14-17, 42,101, no; grain recovered from, 42,48,101,103, 110; heaven and, 112; livestock and, Зі, 91-93; location, 15, 43, 44, 47, 101; Maria Panzona and, 71; and
280 Index hell (continued) the North, 219ՈՈ39-40; prosperity taken to and recovered from, 103 (see also prosperity: hell and); running to, 19,100; Skeistan in, 14,47; sorcerers and, 16,17,24, 27, 42,93,102-3,220Ш154—55, 245Ո51, 246Ո61,249Ո72; souls in, 71,101; souls that the devil brought to, 22, stolen, 93; terminology, 100; Thiess and, 100; Ihless on, 43,92, 102,249Ո72; Thiess visiting, 47,94, 100,108,110,173; werewolves and, 103; 2,15,16, 20, 42, 43,47, 67, 92,102, 103,105,108,110, 220Ո54, 249Ո72; witches in, 47. See ako devil; raiding hell herbs, 25 Herodotus, 68,73,116 Hertz, Wilhelm, s, 38-39; “Aryan” religion and, 3-5,209Ո10; and the distinction between human and animal, 3-4; Hermann von Bruiningk and, 5,209-ionmo-n; Otto Höfler and, 5. See also Der Werwolf Himmler, Heinrich, 6 historical transmission, 155,156. See also cultural transmission Ho Chi Minh, 89 Höfler, Otto, 54,151,153,177,181, 184,188,190,191; Aryans and, 94; benandanti and, 140,153-54; berserkir (“bear-shirted ones”/ Viking warriors) and, 51,53; Carlo Ginzburg and, 94; criticism of, 6, 52-55,127; and the dead, 6,52-54; Friedrich von der Leyen and, 54, 223Ո2; Geo Widengren and, 6, 222ШЅ; Georges Dumézil and, 6, 51,52,222П15,22ՃՈ63; Hermann von Bruiningk and, 4-7,153; Her mann Witekind and, 6,52,264Ո7; influence of, 94,212Ո20, 227Ո63; Karl Meuli and, 52,54,222П15, 223Ո23; Lily Weiser and, 51-55,15354, 222Ո9, 222Ո14, 227Ո63; Lincoln and, 7; Männerbund/male societies and, 5-6, 52, 54, ss, 94,140,150, 151; Margaret Murray and, 53; on myths and rites, 52-53; Nazism and, 4-7, ss, 56,211ms, 212П19, 222Ո9,
224Ո25, 227Ո63; Robert Stumpfl and, 222Ո9, 222Ո14; on state formation and state power, 140-41; Stig Wikander and, 6,52, 151,264Ո7; “The Vseslav Epos” (Jakobson and Szeftel) and, 14041; theses, 223П19,223Ո24,226П63, 264Ո7; types of werewolves and, 5; on werewolves, ss; Wilhelm Hertz and, 5; writings, s, 6, 52-55,150, 151» 153» 181, 221ՈՈ2-3, 222Ш114-15, 223Ո19 holidays, 17. See also specific holidays horses, 47, 81,1Ճ7,168; breeding of, 119; butterflies and, 130,159; collisions with other animals, 77-78; consumption of, 20,1Ć7; and the devil, 20,22,102,103; doctors of, 22,102; ownership of, 168; sorcerers and, 20, 82; theft of, 15,81,198,262Ո39; transformation into, 85, 86; violence/harm to, 22,102,130,159,160,162, 201, 202, 238mi; witches and, 22,102,130, 202,238mi. See ako livestock horses’ heads, dead, 20 horsetails, 14,47,67 “hounds of God” ( Gottes hunde), 11, l8, 24,45» 47-49) 92֊93, по, 169
Index hunting, 133,13s, 136. See also Wild Hunt hunting dogs, God’s, 27,45. See also “hounds of God” hysteria, 61,62,66 I benandanti (Ginzburg). See Night Battles idolatry, 29,48,67,107 “idolized by the peasants,” 14,44, 45, 99 Igund, Thomas, 131-32 incest, 61. See aho seduction theory initiations, 40, 44, Sh 65, 74. 79, 80 innocence, 189. See also specific topics Inquisition trials, 166. See aho Friuli Inquisition inquisitors, 62,76,110,171; benandanti and, 49, 57, 64, 72,109,110,157,170; Friuli, 76 (see also Friuli Inquisi tion) internalization. See introjection introjection, 110,163,188 “invention,” 115,160-62,164-66, 169,176. See aho under Thiess of Kaltenbrunn iron whips. See whips isomorphic structure and orientation, 176 Ištar, 37 Istria, 77,78 Italy, werewolves in, 174 Jackson, Peter, 130, 2տ6աօ Jacoby, M., 231Ո86 Jahnen, Gričke, 24,96,98 Jakobson, Roman. See Vseslav epos Jaunpils. See Jürgensburg Jesus Christ, 19,49. See also feast(s): of Christ s Nativity Jews, ii9f, 128 281 Jones, Sir William, 146-47 Josafat, meadow of, 83 judges: belonging to German elite, 113-14; Friulian benandanti and, 49, 50; grain and, 104, 248Ո67; similar reactions of Udine inquisitors and Jürgensburg, 49; witches and, 61. See also specific topics Jung, Carl Gustav, 63-66 Jürgensburg, 13,17, 28, 41, 46, 67, 95, 96; judges of, 49 Kaltenbrunn, 13,28,96,101 Klaniczay, Gabor, 232Ո100 Klaproth, Julius, 8o֊8i Köner, T., 233Ո103 Kore, 42,43 Kortholt, Christian (Theophilus Sincerus), 91,195-96,198,236Ո3 Krebs, Albert, 55 kresniki, 58,87,155; animals and, 77-78,80, 83,85; benandanti and, 78,80,
84, 232Ո95; born with a caul, 77, 78, 80; ecstasy and, 83-85; fertility and, 85; gender, 77,85, 232Ո97; overview and nature of, 77-78; táltos and, 78, 80, 83-85,87, 233П104; terminology, 77; witches and, 78, 82, 85, 87 Krogmann, Willy, 223Ո24,227Ո63 Kuhn, Thomas S., 9 Kultische Geheimbünde der Germanen (Hofler), 52-55 language, 146-47,176,177,180-83, 195-96. See aho morphology langue-veisus-parole distinction, 16062,164,176 lashes, 48,67,72,94. See also flogging; whips Latin, 10,181
282 Index Le Corbusier, 154 lectiones dijficiliores, 173 preceding, 117; seasonal, 71 (see Lemburg, 23,32,95. See aho Skeistan Lentilius, Rosinus, 10 aho Christmas: [fear of] people becoming werewolves around); Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 66-67,115-16 linguistics, structural, 175-77 literature, 143. See aho specific topics livestock: consumption of, 92,104, 167,168,257ml,· and the devil, 49,102; hell and, 31,92-93; milk provided by, 28; and the nobility, 168; ownership of, 168; peasants and, 168,188; Pirsen Tönnis and, symbolic transformation into wolves, 130; Thiess s, 70, 92,196; Vseslav and, 138. See also clothing: transformation by shedding of; transformation/metamorphosis; werewolves 28; sorcerers and, 93,104,167; theft of, 2,15, 31,47, 49, 92, 93, 96,104, 132,168,188,198, 248Ո67, 257П11, 262Ո39; Thiess and, 28, 31,47, 49, 92,102,104, 248Ո67; violence against, 19,39,50,114,130,167,168, 197-98, 220Ո54, 263Ո39; witches and, 47, 49,102. See aho animals; cattle; horses Livonia: stereotypes and, 3,12,92,113, 132,140,209Ո8, 256П10. See also specific topics Lord of the Forest, 12 Lorey, Elmar, 207m Lötschental, 37; masquerade in, 40 Lucia, Santa, 42,43. See aho St. Lucias Eve Lupercalia, 216П12, 256Ш0 Lussi-fiarden (“those who travel with St. Lucy”). See Wild Troop lycanthropic Männerbund. See Männerbund lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf), 15, 31, 39,41, 47, 52, 71, 138-40,195-96; from drinking to gether, 195; experience of, 239Ո16; origins of the power of/capacity for, 92; reasons for, 16,36,195; religion and, 93; ritual sequence Maas, Paul, 124-25, 254Ո28 Maioli, Simone,
11 malandanti, 70, 78 male societies/associations. See Männerbund male witches (strigoi), 69-70,75,76, 79, 85, 86; born with a caul, 78; transformation into wolves, 69 Mālpils. See Lemburg Männerbund, s, 45; berserkir and, 50-51; celebrations by, 38 (see also cultic celebrations); initiations of, 40; institutions of, 150-51; Lily Weiser and, 51; Nordic race and, 45,55; Otto Höfler and, 5-6,52,54, 55, 94,140,150,151; thesis of, 150, 151; Thiess and, 94,150-51 Marienburg, 15,19,22,23,96,196, 2421135 masks, 37, 38, 40 Masson, J. Moussaieff, 63,225ՈՏՏ mazzeri, 86-87 meals, 15. See also feast(s) meat: eating raw, 15,16, 21,104,105,130 (see aho horses: consumption of). See aho livestock Meillet, Antoine, 182-83 Melanchthon, Philip, 39-41, 73,197; Hermann Witekind and, 73,159, 238Ш1; Kaspar Peucer and, 73,159,
Index 238mi; Olaus Magnus and, 40, 41, 220Ո53 Menichino da Latisana, 66,83 metamorphosis. See transformation/ metamorphosis Meuli, Karl, 52, 54, 222П15, 223Ո23 milk and butter, 18,105, 248Ո70 Moduco, 49 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 213Ո21 moon, 10, 22, 26, 28,103 Moretti, Franco, 143 morphological resemblances/mor phological comparison, 7,127-28, 155, 171,172,177,180; anomalies and, 170; definition and nature of, 158; historical comparison and, 111,158,175. See also comparartela; family resemblances; resemblances morphology, 86,175-77» 180,183; history and, 111,112,116,117,122, 126-28,130,132,133,138,140,141, 158,175,183; strategies of, 176 Murray, Margaret, 53 myths, 42,49» S3, 75,188 National Socialism. See Nazism nationalism, 3,210П14,257Ո15 Nazism (National Socialism), 4, 6,55, 56,211П15, 227Ո63; Otto Höfler and, 4-7,55, Sd, 211П15, 212П19, 222Ո9, 224Ո25, 227Ո63 Neuroi, 39,73,116, 209ПЮ, 261Ո34 neuroses, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66,112,113 night battles, 76 Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seven teenth Centuries, The (Ginzburg), 46-50,109-11,153,158,170, 223Ո24 Night of Santa Lucia. See St. Lucias Eve Ninck, Martin, 55 283 Nordic race, 45, 55, 56. See also Aryans nose, broken, 67,249Ո71; Thiess s, 14, 15, 47, 96, 218Ո32 oaths, 14,18, 247Ո65; breaking, 19,99; swearing, 2,14,19, 91-92, 99,187 “Odin s hounds,” 36 Oedipus complex, 51, 61 Olaus Magnus, 3, 40, 41, 44; account of, in History of the Peoples of the North, 34-41, 44, 74, 75, 90,195-97 Old Thiess. See Thiess of Kaltenbrunn Ossetians, 80-81, 83-84 Panzona, Maria, 71 parole, 160,162,164. See also
langueversus-parole distinction Pearson, K., ii8f-2if, 123í peasantry: benandanti and, 70,109; and the elite, 98,106,114,162,187; stereotypes and, 132,140 peasants: and the devil, 98,103; livestock and, 168,188; táltos and, 79,85. See also “idolized by the peasants” pelts, animal, 37, 38,40,216Ո12. See also wolf pelts Persephone, myth of, 42 Peter (Kaltenbrunn innkeeper), 14,96 Petronius, 116-17 Peucer, Kaspar, 11,50,72-73, n4,130, 159-61,164,174,197; Hermann Witekind and, 72,73,114,130,159, 201-2; Simone Maioli and, 11; on violence against livestock in wolf form, 198; on werewolf bands/ assemblies, 197; on werewolves, 11,50,72,130,161,174,198,201-2, 253Ո12; on witches, 11,50,130,161, 201-2,253Ո12 philologists, 122,125.124,173,180
284 Index philology, 173,175-76,180; textual, 124, 125 158,175 phylogenesis, 62-66 pigs, fattened, 15, 20, 21 Pliny the Elder, 73-75,117 Prätorius, Johannes, 39 pre-Christian religiosity. See religios ity, pre-Christian primal scene ( Urszene), 61-64 processions: for the dead, 50,57; of the dead, 58, 69,70,227Ո63; of dead spirits, 41J ghostly, 219Ո39 prosperity (Seegen), 21,92-93,104, 130, 250Ո73; blessings for, 28, 29, 93, 238Ո13; and the devil, 18,21, 27) 49, 93, ЮЗ, շ47ո6ւ, 247Ո65; of harvests, 43, 48,93; hell and, 17, 92-93,103; recovered, 17,18, 21, 27, 93,248Ո71; sorcerers and, 17,18,27, 93,103,104; stolen, 17,18,21,103, 247Ո61, 247Ո65, 263Ո39 (see also under hell); witches and, 46,49, 83, 263Ո39. See also fertility; Russian werewolves protolanguage, 147,181 psychoanalysis, 60-65. See also Freud, Sigmund; Oedipus complex Puer Esser (lake), 15,100,173 punishment: corporal, 30, 94 (see aho flogging; lashes; whips); temporal and eternal, 23, 27,30,107; of Thiess, 30, 32, 48, 67, 93, 94,107-8, 240Ո24. See also death sentences/ executions raiding hell, 100,102,105. See also hell raids, 37-38, 41. See also cattle raiding Ranke, Friedrich, ѕз, 227Ո63 religio-initiatory “male societies,” 51, 52. See also Männerbund religion, 53,54,56, 62, 80,113,114,186, 187; and beliefs about werewolves, 113; domination, resistance, and, 89-90, 95, 99,113; Ho Chi Minh and, 89. See aho Christianity religiosity, pre-Christian, 3-5, 94, 110,186. See also shamanic religi osity religious archetypes, 48. See ako archetypes religious difference and social divide, 98-99 resemblances, 12,
83,141,156,172,175; recognizing formal, 76; Thiess and, 184; types of, 176. See also benandanti; family resemblances; morphological resemblances resistance, 99,104,107-9,113; forms of, 88-89; nature of, 88; religion, domination, and, 89-90, 95, 99, 113; of Thiess, 95, 99,108,113 returning dead, s, 37 Riga» n» 19) շ8 rites: ecstatic, 34; fertility, 53-55,58; shamanic, 50 ritual level vs. mythical level, 188 ritual sequence preceding lycanthropy, 117 rituals, fertility, 43-44 Rivière, Pierre, 186 Róheim, Géza, 232Ո100 Romance languages, 181 Roscher, W. H., 230Ո84 roses, 83 Rosinus Lentulus, 10 “running to hell” (hollen zulauffe), 19,100 Russian folklore, 59,81,112,113 Russian werewolves, 220Ո54; born in a caul, 112,113,133-ՅՏ) 137֊39; compared with benandanti, 139; fertility, prosperity, and, 18-19, 48,
Index raiding hell, 106; Thiess on, 106, 248Ո71 Rütimeyer, Leopold, 37-38 rye, 16,47,48,67 67, 248Ո71; sabbat, ѕз, 64,65. See ako witches’ sabbath Sabbath, 69,75,76. See also witches’ sabbath Saint Lucy’s Day. See St. Lucia’s Eve salt, 16, 22,24,25,28, 29,102,105,107 Satan, 3; vs. werewolves, 2,130,169. See also devil Saussure, Ferdinand de, 182-83 Schurte-thieves, 37 Schurtz, Heinrich, 51 Scythians, 39,73,80,158,178, 209П10 seasonal celebrations, 5,34, 47. See also Christmas; winter festivals secret societies. See Männerbund seduction theory (Freud), 61-64 Seegen. See prosperity Seegensprecher, 26,93, 239Ո17 sexual initiation, 65. See also initiations sexual trauma. See seduction theory shamanism, 64,113,158; and ecstasy, 53, 54; Eurasian, 7,158; and healing, 140; and transmission, 178,180 shamans: benandanti and, 50, 58, 76; Eurasian, 53, 94; rites of, 50; Siberian, 94,178. See also sorcerers; táltos sin, 26,103, 245ՈՏ5, 261Ո37; and the devil, 20, 26, 34,103,105 Sincerus, Theophilus. See Kortholt, Christian singularities vs. anomalies, 125,2Տ4Ո31 Skeistan (peasant from Lemburg), 14, 47, 67,96, 249Ո71 Skeistan Rein, 17,96 Slavic folklore, 50,58, 60,76-78,138, 285 174; beliefs about the caul, 60,70, 76-77,138-39,174; beliefs about werewolves, 73,76-77, 224Ո35, 26U134 Slavic myths, 49 Slavic werewolves, 58,74,117,133-39 Slavs, 77,78, 94,138-39 smoke, 80, 83, 85 social class. See class conflict; ehte; peasantry sorcerers (die zauberer), 25, 75, 77,82, 91, 245Ո53; Baltic, 43; battles and opposition between werewolves and, 17,18, 27, 41-43, 67,77,92, 103,104, 237mi, 246Ո61; and
the devil, 16-18,20,24,27, 67,93,103, 104, 220, 220Ո55, 244Ո46, 245Ո51, disease caused by, 246Ո56; eating/feast ing, 16,102,167, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72; feeding, 20; fertility and, 41-43, 67,104; God and, 17,24, 2-7, 93; grains and, 15-17, 42, 67, 101,102; livestock and, 93,104, 167; prosperity and, 17,18, 27, 93, 103,104; Skeistan and, 67,249Ո71; souls of, 18,103,244Ո46; St. Lucia’s Eve and, 16-17, 41,42,67,103; ter minology, 137,180,233Ш00; theft/ stealing, 102-4,245Ո52 (see also prosperity); Thiess and, 93,102-4, 245Ո53, 246Ո61, 249Ո72; 245ՈՈՏ2-53, 247Ո64, 249Ո71; things brought to hell by, 16,17, 24, 27, 93,103, 220Ո55, 246Ո61 (see also hell: sorcerers and; prosperity); Volx, 137; Vseslav and, 134; were wolves and, 198,249Ո71,253Ո14. See ako Hans, Serme; shamans sorcery: accusations of, 39,2б5Шб; confessions of, 107 sorghum stalks, 48,70,110
Index 286 souls, 74; benandanti and, 70 (see also benandanti: spirits of); Christi anity and, 18,19, 70,101; ecstasy and, 83,84; God and, 18,19,21, 22, 27,47-49,101, 246Ո61; heaven/ paradise and, 18,27,47-49,71; malandanti and, 70, 78; racial, 56; recovering stolen, 102-3; saving, 18, 19,22; of sorcerers, 18,103; Thiess on, 101-102; of werewolves, 18,47, 239Ո16; of witches, 47,103. See also dead: souls/spirits of; devil sourcier, 180 Spehr, Harald, 55-56 spirits, 34. See also dead: souls/spirits of; souls; specific topics St. Lucias Eve, 19, 41-42; sorcerers and, 16-17,4L 42, 67,102; Thiess on, 17,67,102,197; werewolves and, 17; 19; 4L 42; 47; 67, I97. See ūbo Lucia, Santa Steppe, Gurrian, 28-30, 96,107-8, 114; 115 Thiess of Kaltenbrunn (“Old Thiess”): as anomalous figure, 129; broken nose, 14,15, 47, 96, 218Ո32; charac terizations of, 129; confessions, 12, 30, 46-47; 67-69; 73; 108; healing practices, 22,24-25, 29, 96,102-3, 107,215m, 239Ո17,250Ո73; health, 14, 92, 245Ո48; how he became a werewolf, 242Ո35; inventiveness, 115,164-65,168,169,184-86,189, lycanthropy, 70,92,196; origin of his name, 2; overview, 1-2; punishment, 30,32,48, 67, 93, 94, 107-8, 240Ո24; refused to repent, 67; resistance, 95,99,108,113; visiting hell, 47,94,100,108,110, 173; wife, 23,24, 28. See ako specific topics Thiess trial: sentencing (see ako punishment: of Thiess); verdict, 2,30-32,94,108. See ako specific topics thirst, 75. See also bloodthirstiness Timpanaro, Sebastiano, 123-24 Tommasini, G. F., 77 Tönnis, Pirsen, 13, 28, 96, 249Ո73 torture: abolished, 99,132,186,189; absent from Thiess
case, 12,99, 130,186,189-90; benandanti and, 110; cases in which it was not used, 192; 249Ո73 Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del sabba (Ginzburg). See Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath Straubergs, Karlis, 257ms structural linguistics, 175-77 structuralism, 111-12,175 Stumpfl, Robert, 222Ո9, 222Ո14 sun, 22,26, 28,102,133 Sunszel (Suntaži), 17 swearing oaths. See oaths: swearing Szeftel, Marc. See Vseslav epos táltos, 58, 59, 78-80, 85, 86,155, 23ЗШ03, 234Ո114; animals and, 59,79, 80, 83-85,234Ո114; der, 78-79; initiation and, 65, 79, 80; kresniki and, 78, 80, 83-85, 87, 233Ո104; mazzeri and, 87; peasants and, 79, 85; shamanistic character istics, 58, 65; witches, witchcraft, and, 78-80,83,87 text transmission/textual transmis sion, 72,124,125,165,172-7Յ; 176, 265Ո16. See also cultural transmis sion “Theses on Comparison” (Lincoln), benandanti and, 58,59,66, 80,83-86,155,232П100; birth, 58,79; childhood, 59,79; dreams and, 59, 66,79; ecstasy and, 83-85; fertility and, 80, 84,85; gen
Index 287 background, 208Ո7; 12, 49,130,188-90; confessions 221Ш14-5; made under, 1,61,99,132,1Ճ2,188, career, 208Ո7; on demonolog 243Ո40 ical theories, 3, 4; on Neuroi, 209ШО; Otto Höfler and, 4-7, transformation/metamorphosis, 40, 44, 85,133,135,137,139t; animal, 74, 80,138, 238Ո16, 260Ո25; into animals, 52,68, 70,71, 79,80, 86, 110,136-37,161,174,176 (see also lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf)); birth with the caul and, 138,139,174; into flames, 79, 85, 114,202; by shedding of clothes, 219Ո47,220Ո54; terminology, 137; theology and, 238Ո16; of witches, 69,161,174 (see also butterflies: witches turned into) trauma. See seduction theory trees, 17, 56, 57,103 troop of demonic wolves, ghostly, 40-42 troop of the dead (Totenheer), 33-37, 51 Tuczay, Christa Agnes, 207m twelve days/twelve nights. See under Christmas Tyrummen (farmhand), 15,20,21,96 Udine inquisitors and Jürgensburg judges, similar reactions of, 49 Undeutsche. See Deutsche vs. Undeut sche “Une machine a penser” (Ginzburg), 154 153; overview, 2-3; Thiess and, 4; Thiess trial records/transcript published by, 13,41,153,2o8n6, 22бпб2,237Ո5; on unique nature of Thiess transcript, 210Ո13; on werewolves, 3,5; Wilhelm Hertz and, s, 209-10Ш110-11 von der Leyen, Friedrich, 54, 223Ո2 von Palmberg, District Court Judge, 31, 208Ո5, 240ՈՈ22-23 von Trautvetter, Herman Georg, 31, 95, շօ8ոտ, 240Ո23 von Ulenbrock, Heinrich, 10-11, 214Ո8 Vseslav epos (“The Epos of Vseslav”), 58,133-41,135t, 138í, 139h 258ПП1618, 259-60Ш123-25, 261Ш132-35 Vseslav of Polock (Vseslav evie Bryachislavich), 135-36,140, 259Ո20; birth,
70,134,138,139,139t; depictions and characterizations of, 70,134-35,137,138, i39t, 140. See also Volx Vseslav’evič; Vseslav epos vukodlak, 78,139, 261-62ՈՈ37-38 warlocks, battling, 46,55,57,58 wealth. See class conflict; prosperity Weiser-Aall, Lily: berserkir and, 51-53; “male groups”/Männerbund and, 51-54; Otto Höfler and, 51-55, 153-54, 222Ո9, 222П14, 227Ո63; Valk, Ülo, 103 vampires, 5, 77, 78, 82,139, 261Ո37 versipelles, 117,214117; definitions and meanings of the term, 10,116-17 Volx Vseslav evie, 70,134-38,1збѓ, 262Ո39. See also bylina volxv, 137 von Bruiningk, Hermann, 2-7, writings, 51, 222Ո15, 227Ո63 Wenden court. See District Court of Wenden Wenden judges, 92,99,113 “werewolf,” etymology of the term, 10 “Werewolf in Livonia, The” (von Bru iningk), 2. See also von Bruiningk, Hermann
288 Index werewolf-prince, 133,13s, 137-38 werewolves: afterlife, 18; death, 18, 20, 47, 67,101, 244Ո26; diet, 16,104; female, 18, ss; learned discourse on, 7,187-88 (see also Olaus Magnus; specific writings); means of becoming, is, 19, 20, 23, 36, 44, 92,117,131,187,188,195-96, 220Ո52; punishment of, 40,94 (see ako Thiess of Kaltenbrunn: punish ment); sources of information about, 1; stereotypes of, 1,3,69,73, 92,104,110,114,130,132,140,159, 177,188, 238П11, 2s6mo; terminol ogy, 10, 2isni, 260Ո31, 261Ո35; types and categories of, 5,10; violence to, 16,18 Werwolf, Der (Hertz). See Der Werwolf wheat, 24, 28, 8i whips, 35, 39, 40, 44, 47, 67,70, 72, 76. See also flogging; lashes Widengren, Geo, 6,222Ш5 Wikander, Stig, 6,52,151,264Ո7 Wilcuren. See wolf pelts Wild Hunt (Wilde Jagd), 34,36,52,53, 226Ո63,227Ո63 Wild Troop (Wilde Heer), 33,41, 219Ո38 wildness/wild nature, 34, 35, 37, 91 Wilken, Hermann. See Witekind, Hermann winter, 42,103,104 winter festivals, 38-39 witchcraft (Zauberey): accusations of, 233Ш03, 243Ո40; books on, 114 (see also Night Battles); diabolical, 11,57 witchcraft trials, 46, 61, 78, 98-99,103, 167, 233Ո103, 266Ո17; benandanti and, S7,157 Witch-Cult in Western Europe, The (Murray), S3 witches (Hexen/venéficas), 47,78, 86, 139,188,190; Abhkaz, 82; aben, 78, 79, 82; animals and, 22, 70, 78, 82,103,110,198 (see ako livestock: witches and); battle between, 83; benandanti and, 46,49,57,58,69, 70, 75, 76, 78, 80, 85, 87,109-11,113, 163,188; birth, 78; confessions of (alleged), 61-62, 64,110; and the dead, 83, 86; and the devil, 3, 22, 47, 49, 92,102,103;
dreams, 66; evil, 22,42,102,104; fertility and, 46-49, S3, 55,57,58, 68-70, 76, 85, no, 111,263Ո39; Freud and, 61,62, 64; grains and, 14, 47, 48, 70, no, 131; horses and, 22,102,130, 202, 238mi; illness and, 103; judges and, 61; Kaspar Peucer on, 11, 50, 130,161,201-2,253Ո12; kresniki and, 78, 82, 8s, 87; vs. Lord of the Forest, 12; prosperity, abundance of harvest, and, 46, 49, 83, 263Ո39; sexuality and, 64; souls and, 102; souls of, 47,103; táltos and, 78-80, 83, 87; theft, 47,163Ո39; Thiess and, 58, 68, 69, 73) 9i 102,103, no, ՈՏ, 263Ո39; transformation into animals other than wolves, 69, 71,161,174 (see also butterflies: witches turned into); transforma tion into wolves, 69, 91,198; vs. werewolves, 11,12,42,46,47,49, 50, ss, 58, 68,72, 73, 75, 76, 9I) 104, no, 111, 114,115,131,161,185, 201-2, 237nın; werewolves and, 49, 69, 85, 132. See also male witches; Skeistan witches’ sabbath, 12, 57, 64, 69, 113,234П110. See also Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath; sabbat; Sabbath witch-hunts, 11,12 Witekind, Hermann (Augustin
Index Lercheímer), 7i֊7i 75) iS9 ido, 238П11; Kaspar Peucer and, 72,73, 114,130,159,201-2; Otto Höfler and, 6,52,264Ո7; Philip Melanchthon and, 73,159,238mi; on werewolves, 71-72, 201-2; writings, 71-7Յ) 114) 289 wolf-bands, demonic, 36, 44,45 wolf-demons, 40,41 Wolf-Man, 113; born in a caul, 112,113; dream, 56-61, 64,66,112-13; Freud and, 56-58, 60, 62-64 wolves, 45; distinguishing werewolves from, 74-75; meanings and uses of the term “wolf,” 74 130,160,169, 203η, 2з8піі Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 120,128,14849) 235П118 wolf pelts ( Wilcuren), 6,15, 38,44,96, Yuletide, 34 188,2i6ni2, 217Ш6. See also pelts Bayariaoha Staatsbibliothek Mönchan
Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Introduction і Bruce Lincoln Introduction, a Postscript 9 Carlo Ginzburg 1. The Trial 13 Transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28,1691) 13 Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31,1692) 31 2. Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic Cult Groups, Folklore, and Persephone Myths 33 Otto Höfler; translated by Bruce Lincoln 3. Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian Werewolves, and Shamanic Others 46 Carlo Ginzburg From The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1980) 46 From “Germanic Mythology and Nazism: Thoughts on an Old Book by Georges Dumézil,” in Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (1989) 50
Contents vi “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Werewolves,” in Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (1989) 56 From Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath (1989) 4. 67 Comparison of Old Thiess to Learned Descriptions and Stereotypes of Livonian Werewolves and to the Benandanti: A Seventeenth-Century Werewolf and the Drama of Religious Resistance 88 Bruce Lincoln 5. Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln: Conjunctive Anomalies— A Reflection on Werewolves 109 6. Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg: Letter of February 8, 2017 127 7. The Case of Old Thiess: A Comparative Perspective 142 A Conversation: Saturday, September 30,2017 142 The Conversation Continues: Monday, October 2, 2017 164 Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess s Testimony and Descriptions ofLivonian Werewolves in Learned Literature Appendix B: A Livonian Narrative Featuring the Opposition of Werewolves and Witches Acknowledgments 205 Notes 207 Suggestions for Further Reading Index 273 201 269 195
Index Abhkaz, 82 abundance. See prosperity Ackerstaif, Bengt Johan, 14, 31, 95, 24ՏՈ48 agricultural prosperity. See fertility; prosperity alcohol consumption, 35, 36,74, 75, 91, 195-96, 201 Aleit, 167-69,186, 265Ո16, 266Ո17 alien witches, 78,79,82 animal sacrifices, 80 animals, 20-22; and the dead, 37, 83, 84,2i6nw, 230Ո84; distinction between humans and, 3-5; healing, 22,29,101-102,107; táltos and, 59, 79, 80, 83-85, 234Ո114; transforma tion into various types of, 84-85; witches and, 22,70,78, 82,103, 110,198 (see aho livestock: witches and). See also dogs; livestock; wolves; specific topics anomalies, 69,73,111,156,157» 161,177, 186,187,190; benandanti and, 111, 126,139-40,153-57,170,185; can identify limitations of scientific paradigms, 9; comparability and, 7,170-73; conjunctive, 125-26, 129í, 170,172 (see also conjunc tive errors); convergences and, 173,175; have the fascination of the unfamiliar, 152; and historic connection, 175; mistakes and, 158, 172,173; nature of, 125; vs. norms, 150,152; Paul Maas on, 125; vs. singularities, 125, 254Ո31; textual transmission and, 163,172-73; un predictability and, 152; werewolves and, 129,139-40. See aho Ihiess of Kaltenbrunn anomalous documents, 152 anomalous traits, 126,156-57 Arcadia, 72-74
274 Index archetypes, 48, 65, 66, 68,124,137 army of the dead (Totenheer), 52-54, 68, 75, 226Ո63 interrogations of, 87,110 (see also introjection); introjection and, 110,163,188; kresniki and, 78,80, art history, 111 84,232Ո95; Otto Höfler and, 140, ‘Aryan” religion, 3-5 “Aryan” werewolf, 5 Aryans, 5,7,94,209Ш0; in theories of Hertz and others, 182. See also Nordic race 153-54; overview and nature of, Baltic region, 3, 38, 50, 95, 96, 97, aisni; childbirth in, 174,175; Friuli and, 111. See also Livonia; specific topics Baltic sorcerers, 43 Baltic werewolves, 41,58,74,75,83, 95,129,174, 217Ո22, 217Ո25; vs. witches, 42. See also Thiess of Kaltenbrunn Baltic wolf-demons. See wolf-demons banquets, 15-16,50,103. See also feast(s) baptism, 19, 26, 99 barley, 16,28,42, 47,48,67 Bartha, Andras, 78-79 beatings. See whips benandanti, 72,77,153,154,159,170,171, 192; animals and, 70,71,74, 80,8485,109-10,161; anomalies and, 111, 126,139-40,153-Տ7,170,185; beliefs of, 57-58; bom with a caul, 57, 58,70, 80,109,113,117; butterflies and, 70,71; Christianity and, 49; confessions, 87,110,162; death and, 70, 74; and the devil, 139-40; dreams and, 59, 66, 83,112; ecstasy 57,109,162-63; peasantry and, 70, 109; resemblances between Thiess and, 48, 76,111; resemblances between werewolves and, 58, 64, 139; shamans, shamanism, and, 50,58, 65; spirits of, 70, 75,109-10; táltos and, 58, S9, 66, 80, 83-86,155, 232П100; terminology, 69, 75-76, 109; trials of, 46, 48; uniqueness of, 75-76; use of the term, 49,16263; witchcraft trials and, 57,157; witches and, 46, 49) 57,58, 69, 70, 75, 76) 78, 80, 85,
87,109-11,113,163, 188. See also Friulian benandanti; Night Battles Benveniste, Emile, 182-83 Berger, Gabriel, 14,31,95 Bernays, J., ւշշք berserkir (“bear-shirted ones”/ Viking warriors), 51-52,55, 216Ш2; Georges Dumézil and, 50-51; Lily Weiser and, 51-53 “beyond the sea,” 47,58,173 blessed grain, 28, 29,96,107 blessings, prosperity, 28,29, 93,238П13 Bloch, Marc, 111,179-80 bloodthirstiness, 3,70,134 Bošković-Stulli, Maja, 232Ш195-97 bread, 25,43,219Ո40 and, 66, 69,70, 74-76,84-85,174, 185,192; female, 154; fennel used by, 69, 70, 76,110; fertility and, 46, brooms, 81, 85, 86; broom handles, 47, 48; broomsticks, 14,67 Bucholtz, Magister (pastor ofJürgens burg), 26,29,93,95,106 70, 76, 80, 85,109-11,126,139-40, 157; initiation and, 80; inquisitors and, 49, 57, 64, 72., 109-10,157,170; burkudzäutä, 81-85 butterflies, 72,160; benandanti and, 70,71; chasing, 11,114,159,161,162,
Index 202; witches turned into, її, 50, 72, 85,114,13°) 161,176, 202 bylina (folk epic), 70,134-36,135t, 138, 259-60Ш123-24, 262Ո39 Canfora, Luciano, 254Ո28 cattle, 21, 68,69,104,106,116,168, 262Ո39; attacking, 68,69,72,198 (see also cattle raiding). See also livestock cattle raiding, 104,108,130,198, 256Ո10, 263Ո39. See also cattle caul (košuljica), 137-39; birth with a, 57՜6օ, 70, 71,76-80, 84, 86, 87, 109,112,113,117,133-35,135t, 138, 139, i39t, 174-75, 224Ո35, 261Ո37; terminology, 134, 258Ո18 Celebi, Evliya, 82 charm, 28; over a fire, 24-25 Chinese, 191 Christ. See Jesus Christ Christianity, 3,71; conversion to, 23, 9°, 98; and the devil, 19,102; God and, 19; souls and, 18,19, 70, 101; Thiess and, 32, 92, 98,100; and transformation into animals, 228Ո69,238Ո16. See also specific topics Christlich Bedeneken und Erinnerung von Zauberey (Christian Consider ation and Memory on Magic), 71. See also Witekind, Hermann Christmas, 33,34,38; customs, 39-40; (fear of) people becoming were wolves around, 33, 34, 36,39; nights before (see St. Lucia’s Eve); period between Christmas and New Year, 81; twelve days after Christmas, 40, 197; twelve days before Christmas, 41; twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany, 58, 72, 74, 85; twelve 275 days of Christmas, 33,34,39. See also Yuletide “Christmas lads” (Weihnachtsbur schen), 36 Christmas night, 74, 77 church, 19, 98-99; theft from, 1-2,13, 14,27-29,96; Thiess and, 1-2,14,18, 19, 23,30,99-100,107,108,244Ո46 Circassians, 82, 83 class conflict, 89, 95-99,106. See also elite clothing, 74,103,116,117; demonic, 44, 219Ո47; transformation
by shedding of, 15,117, 219Ո47, 220Ո54 collective unconscious, 64-66 Commentarius de praecipuis generibus divinationum. See Peucer, Kaspar comparanda, 7,114,128,129,141,154, 184,186,189 comparatism, 94-95 comparative approaches. See compara tive perspective comparative Indo-European philol ogy, 180 comparative perspective, 12,109,140, 145,155; 180 comparative research, 128, 241Ո31 comparative scholarship, models for, 182 comparative studies and projects, 113, 114,129í, 141í comparative work, 148 comparison: restricted vs. broad, 114,116; “Theses on Comparison” (Lincoln), 114,115 confessions, 69,99,1Ć0,167,189,202; of (alleged) witches, 61-62,64, 110; benandanti, 87,110,162; made under torture, 1,61, 99,132,1Ć2,188, 243Ո40; of ThieSS, 12, 30,46-47, 67-69, 73,108
276 conjunctive errors (errores conjunc tivi), 124,12s, 254Ո28. See also anomalies: conjunctive court records, exaggerations and distortions in, 3 criminal and normal populations, comparison of, 119, i2of Croatia, 77 cult group leaders, 35,40,78-79 cultic associations and societies, 5, 53,162. See aho cultic groups; Männerbund cultic celebrations, 5,6,38,42 cultic groups, 94,187. See also cultic associations and societies cultic practices, 5, 6,34 cults: agrarian (see Night Battles); diabolical, 3,37,41-43,53,110; fertility and, 42,43,110. See also ecstatic cults cultural pressures, 59,112,157 cultural transmission, 44-45,115-17, 124-2Ć, I26f, 158. See also diffusion; historical transmission; text trans mission/textual transmission de Blécourt, Willem, 207m, 253Ո12 de Lånere, Pierre, 11-12 dead, the, 74,75,78,154,219Ո45; animals and, 37, 83, 84, 2i6mo, 230Ո84; Christmas and, 33 (see also Yuletide); communion with, 54; ecstasy and, 54, 83; fertility and, 83; Männerbund and, 6; mazzeri and, 87; myth of the unquenchable thirst of, 75; Otto Höfler and, Ճ, 52-54; recovery of fertility from the realm of, 43; souls/spirits of, Index army of the dead; hell; proces sions; returning dead; troop of the dead dead comrades, cult of, 211Ո19 death, 70,74; by burning, 94,266Ո17; and the devil, 101,102; of were wolves, 18,20,47, 67,100, 244Ո26 death sentences/executions, 39,40, 94,266Ո17 Demeter, 43; celebrations of, 42 demonologists, 3,4 demonology: literature of, 76,130; theories of, 3 demons, 12, 34, 43, 202; demonic bands, 36,44,45; demonic beings, 38,44; demonic clothing, 44,
219Ո47; demonic motifs, 44; demonic practices, 41; demonic wolves, 40, 41 Der Werwolf (Hertz), 3-5,207Ш, 209П10, 228Ո66. See also Hertz, Wilhelm Deutsche vs. Undeutsche, 96,98,99, 105-6,168 devil, the, 26,39,62,84,98,102,103, 239Ո16,245Ո55; animals and, 20,22, 27, 49,102-3; Christianity and, 19, 99-101,24ՃՈ61; death and, 101,102; fertility and, 49,140; food and, 16, 102, 245Ո51, 248Ո70, 249Ո72; as German nobleman, 103-4,247Ո63; God and, 18, 20, 93, ιοί, 108, 24ՏՈ55, 246Ո61; gods and, 3; grain and, 21,48,101; heathen cult and, 3; illness and, 101,102; pacts with, 23» 67, 94,98,101,245Ո54; peasants and, 98,103; power granted by, 15; prosperity and, 18,21, 27, 49, 93, 6, 33,74,78, 81-83,103, 227Ո63, 103, 247Ո61, 247Ո65; protection 230Ո8Տ; witches and, 83, 86; world/ from, 26; renouncing, 19; Seegensprecher and, 26, 93; servants, 3, 20, 22,47,100,102,103,169 (see also land/realm of, 58,74, 81-84, H7 219Ո39, 230Ո84, 234Ո112. See also
Index sorcerers; witches); sin and, 20, 26, 34,103,105; sorcerers and, i6֊i8, 20, 24, 27, 67, 92, 93,102,103, 220, 220Ո55, 244Ո46, 245Ո51, 245ՈՏ3, 24ՃՈ61, 249Ո72; souls belonging to, 18, 2i, 47,100,102, 244Ո46, 246Ո61; souls brought to hell by, 277 dualism, 178 Dumézil, Georges, 50-51; genealogical model and methodology, 141,158; Otto Holler and, 6,51,52,222Ո15, 226Ո63; Writings, 50-52, 222Ш5 Duni, Matteo, 174, 253Ո12,253Ո14, 256П10 22,102; souls forfeited to, 102; things from, 18, 21, 24, 93, 220Ո55 eating. See feast(s); livestock: con sumption of (see also under fertility; grain; ecstasies, 69, 84; fertility and, 76, 83, stealing/snatching/recovering prosperity); as thief, 246Ո61; Thiess and, 2,14,26, 92, ιοί-б, 140; Thiess s compact with, 48,94; werewolves and, 2,16,18, 98,104-7, 239Ո16; vs. werewolves and, 18,47, 49, 67, 92,103,110,139-4°, 220Ո55, 237mi, 247Ո61, 247Ո6Տ; witches and, 3,22,47, 49,92,102. See abo hell; Satan devil worship, 3, 49 devil’s advocate, 111-12,116,142,166 Dietrich, Manfried L. G., 37 diffusion/difiusionism, 115,116,158 Diószegi, Vilmos, 233Ո100 District Court of Wenden, 91,108,110, 243Ո41. See also Wenden judges dogs, 36, 77, 81, 85, 86,130; compared with werewolves, 27, 47, 67; transformation into, 71, 84-85; werewolves and, 20-21, 67. See also “hounds of God” Donecker, Stefan, 98,214Ո7 Doniger, Wendy, 148 dreams, 66, 79, 202, 235Ո118; benan dari and, 59, 66, 83,112; of Freuds patients, 59 (see also Wolf-Man: dream); Freud s writings on, 60, 112, 235Ш18; interpretation of, 84 Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath (Storia notturna: Una
decifrazione del sabba), 67-68,113, 114,129í, 149,181,193 ecstasy, 52, 70, 81, 83, 84,174,192, 256Ո8; battles and, 76, 86; benandari and, 66,69,70,74-76, 84-85,174,185,192; burkudzauta and, 83; of German warriors, 54; metamorphosis and, 75; shamanic, 53, 54; techniques of, 5; Thiess and, 69,74; werewolves and, 66,74,174, 231Ո87 ecstatic cults, 54, 75, 76, 85 ecstatic experiences, 71, 83-84,174, 176,185; battles, 76; journeys, 94; rites, 34; sleep, 85 ecstatic world, 192 ecstatics, 55, 221П5; werewolves and, 221Ո5 Einhorn, Paul, 195,198,239Ո16 Eliade, Mircea, 150-51,153 Elijah, 80,81 elite, 168,169; peasantry and, 97, 106,114,162,187; Thiess and, 186. See abo German elite; Teutonic Knights 57,59-61 (see also under Freud, ernie vs. etic categories, 10 Sigmund); of mazzeri, 86-87; as omens, 80; táltos and, 59, 66, 79 Empedocles, 171-72 Epos of Vseslav. See Vseslav epos
278 errores conjunctivi (conjunctive errors), 124,12s, 254Ո28 evil spells, 77,79-80 evil spirits, 12 executions. See death sentences/ executions family resemblances, 128,139, 235Ш18; Francis Galton and, 118, ii8f, 235Ш18 (see also Galton, Francis); meanings and significance of the term, 120,128, 235Ո118. See aho morphological resemblances “Family Resemblances and Family Trees: Two Cognitive Metaphors” (Ginzburg), 118 feast(s), 15-16,50, 84,103-5, 219114°; of Christs Nativity, 35,39,90, 196; in hell, 16,17,102, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72. See also livestock: consumption of fennel, 69,70,76,110 fertility, 46, 50, 86; benandanti and, 46, 70, 76, 80, 85,109-11,126, 139-40,157; cults and, 42,43, no; and the devil, 49,140; ecstasies and, 76, 83, 84; female divinities and, 54; fighting for, 48-49, 55, S8, 67-70, 76, 80, 83-87,104,110,111, hell and, 17, 42, 92-93, no, magic and, 44,54, 220ՈՏ4; night of St. Lucia and, 41, 42; Otto Höfler and, 53,54; rites of, 53-55, 58; rituals of, 43-44; sorcerers and, 41-43, 67,104; táltos and, 80, 84,85; theft and recovery of, 41֊ 43,110 (see also sorcerers: theft/ stealing); witches and, 46-49, S3, 55, 57, 58, 68-70, 76, 85, no, 111, 263Ո39. See also prosperity; Russian werewolves 126,157; 157; Index fire, 15,24, 25, 266Ո17; death by, 94, 266Ո17 fish, 17,21,42,47, 67 flames, transformation into, 79,85, 114,202 Fliess, Wilhelm, 61 flogging: public, 32,108. See ako lashes; whips food. See bread; feast(s); fish; meat Foucault, Michel, 186 Frazer, Sir James George, 148-49 Freud, Sigmund, 59,62-64,66,112, 113; on accusations and (witches ) confessions,
61-62,64; and birth with a caul, 59,60; on dreams, 59-61,112,235Ո118; “From the History of an Infantile Neurosis,” 56,58, 65 (see also Wolf-Man); on hysteria, 61; Interpretation of Dreams, 112, 235Ո118; Jung and, 6366; Lamarckianism, 65, 66; letters to Fliess, 61,63; phylogenesis and, 62-66; on primal scene, 61-63; seduction theory, 61-64 “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Were wolves” (Ginzburg), 56-67,112 Friuli, 48-49,59,75-76,177; and the Baltic region, 111; mothers in, 59, 66; werewolves and, 76-77,140, 174; witches in, 78,157. See ako Friulian benandanti Friuli Inquisition, 109,157,170 Friulian benandanti, 50, 70, 74-76, 83, 110,126,129,154,162,170; beliefs related to, 48, 49; 57-58, 76, no; birth, 112,113,117 (see also benan danti: born with a caul); judges and, 49,50; mothers of, 66,70; sorcerers and, 75; Thiess compared with, 69-71; 74; 94; Ш, 112, 117, 126, 128-29,133; 140,154-57, іб2,164,
Index 166,170,172,174,177,185,163Ո39; trial of two, 48. See also benandanti; Friuli; Friuli Inquisition; Night Battles Galton, Francis, 128, 235Ш18; “com posite photographs” experiment, 118-20,122,128,235Ո18,255ШІ1-4; Ludwig Wittgenstein and, 120,128 Gasparutto, 49 genealogical trees, 122,125, i26f genealogy, 146,158,183 genetics, 119,124,128. See also phylo genesis German ehte, 95, 97, 98,105,106; in the Baltic, 97, 241Ո32; judges belonging to, 113-14; Thiess on, 105-6; werewolves and, 97, 98,105, 129. See also Deutsche vs. Undeut sche; ehte; Teutonic Knights Germans, 54; hell and, 48,67,106. See also Nazism Gervase of Tilbury, 10 ghostly troops, 34,36, 40-41 ghosts, 33, 34,36 goats, 80, 216П12 God: and the devil, 18, 20, 93,101, 108,245Ո55,246Ո61; hell and, 92, 99-100; hunting dogs, 27,45 (see ako “hounds of God”); sorcerers and, 17, 24, 27, 93; souls and, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 47-49,100, 246Ո61; Thiess and, 26-27 Godelmann, Johann Georg, 98, 143Ո39 grain, 24, 28,41-43, 103; blessed, 28,29,96,107; blossoms, 14-17, 42,101,131; brought to hell by sorcerers (see also under hell); and the devil, 21, 48,101; guarded in a special container, 15,101; in hell, 279 14-17, 41-43, 47, 48, 67,101-3,110; holidays and, 17; judges and, 104, 148Ո67; recovery of, 16,11, 41,47, 48, 50,101,103,110; seed, 43, 47, 48,50; sorcerers and, 15-17,41, 67, 101,102; theft of, 37,47,48,67,131, 248Ո67; Thiess and, 14,28, 29,96, 107,110; Thiess on, 15-17; witches and, 14,47,48,70, no, 131 Greeks, 9, 39, 42, 43, 45,117,109П10 Grenier, Jean, 11-12 Grimm, Jacob, 45 Grottanelli, Cristiano, 114 Gurrian
Steppe, 28-30,96,107-8, 1491173 Hades, 43,74 Hans, Serme, 167, z6sm6 Hanush, J.J., 38-39 hapax legomena, 163,164,185 Harf-Lancner, Laurence, 2і8пб9 harvests. See fertility; prosperity healing: animals, 12, 29,101-102,107; Thiess’s work of, 22, 24-25, 29, 96, 102-3,107, 215m, 103, 250Ո73. See also shamanic healing heaven, werewolves’ souls going to, 18, 17, 47,144 hell, 20,71,157,197; Christianity and, 99-100; conceptions of, 43, 47,99-100,101; entrance to, 101; feasts in, 16,17,101, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72; fertility and, 42,110,157; fertihty/yield recovered from, 17, 92-93,110; Germans and, 48,67, 106; God and, 92,99-100; grain brought to, 14-17, 42,101, no; grain recovered from, 42,48,101,103, 110; heaven and, 112; livestock and, Зі, 91-93; location, 15, 43, 44, 47, 101; Maria Panzona and, 71; and
280 Index hell (continued) the North, 219ՈՈ39-40; prosperity taken to and recovered from, 103 (see also prosperity: hell and); running to, 19,100; Skeistan in, 14,47; sorcerers and, 16,17,24, 27, 42,93,102-3,220Ш154—55, 245Ո51, 246Ո61,249Ո72; souls in, 71,101; souls that the devil brought to, 22, stolen, 93; terminology, 100; Thiess and, 100; Ihless on, 43,92, 102,249Ո72; Thiess visiting, 47,94, 100,108,110,173; werewolves and, 103; 2,15,16, 20, 42, 43,47, 67, 92,102, 103,105,108,110, 220Ո54, 249Ո72; witches in, 47. See ako devil; raiding hell herbs, 25 Herodotus, 68,73,116 Hertz, Wilhelm, s, 38-39; “Aryan” religion and, 3-5,209Ո10; and the distinction between human and animal, 3-4; Hermann von Bruiningk and, 5,209-ionmo-n; Otto Höfler and, 5. See also Der Werwolf Himmler, Heinrich, 6 historical transmission, 155,156. See also cultural transmission Ho Chi Minh, 89 Höfler, Otto, 54,151,153,177,181, 184,188,190,191; Aryans and, 94; benandanti and, 140,153-54; berserkir (“bear-shirted ones”/ Viking warriors) and, 51,53; Carlo Ginzburg and, 94; criticism of, 6, 52-55,127; and the dead, 6,52-54; Friedrich von der Leyen and, 54, 223Ո2; Geo Widengren and, 6, 222ШЅ; Georges Dumézil and, 6, 51,52,222П15,22ՃՈ63; Hermann von Bruiningk and, 4-7,153; Her mann Witekind and, 6,52,264Ո7; influence of, 94,212Ո20, 227Ո63; Karl Meuli and, 52,54,222П15, 223Ո23; Lily Weiser and, 51-55,15354, 222Ո9, 222Ո14, 227Ո63; Lincoln and, 7; Männerbund/male societies and, 5-6, 52, 54, ss, 94,140,150, 151; Margaret Murray and, 53; on myths and rites, 52-53; Nazism and, 4-7, ss, 56,211ms, 212П19, 222Ո9,
224Ո25, 227Ո63; Robert Stumpfl and, 222Ո9, 222Ո14; on state formation and state power, 140-41; Stig Wikander and, 6,52, 151,264Ո7; “The Vseslav Epos” (Jakobson and Szeftel) and, 14041; theses, 223П19,223Ո24,226П63, 264Ո7; types of werewolves and, 5; on werewolves, ss; Wilhelm Hertz and, 5; writings, s, 6, 52-55,150, 151» 153» 181, 221ՈՈ2-3, 222Ш114-15, 223Ո19 holidays, 17. See also specific holidays horses, 47, 81,1Ճ7,168; breeding of, 119; butterflies and, 130,159; collisions with other animals, 77-78; consumption of, 20,1Ć7; and the devil, 20,22,102,103; doctors of, 22,102; ownership of, 168; sorcerers and, 20, 82; theft of, 15,81,198,262Ո39; transformation into, 85, 86; violence/harm to, 22,102,130,159,160,162, 201, 202, 238mi; witches and, 22,102,130, 202,238mi. See ako livestock horses’ heads, dead, 20 horsetails, 14,47,67 “hounds of God” ( Gottes hunde), 11, l8, 24,45» 47-49) 92֊93, по, 169
Index hunting, 133,13s, 136. See also Wild Hunt hunting dogs, God’s, 27,45. See also “hounds of God” hysteria, 61,62,66 I benandanti (Ginzburg). See Night Battles idolatry, 29,48,67,107 “idolized by the peasants,” 14,44, 45, 99 Igund, Thomas, 131-32 incest, 61. See aho seduction theory initiations, 40, 44, Sh 65, 74. 79, 80 innocence, 189. See also specific topics Inquisition trials, 166. See aho Friuli Inquisition inquisitors, 62,76,110,171; benandanti and, 49, 57, 64, 72,109,110,157,170; Friuli, 76 (see also Friuli Inquisi tion) internalization. See introjection introjection, 110,163,188 “invention,” 115,160-62,164-66, 169,176. See aho under Thiess of Kaltenbrunn iron whips. See whips isomorphic structure and orientation, 176 Ištar, 37 Istria, 77,78 Italy, werewolves in, 174 Jackson, Peter, 130, 2տ6աօ Jacoby, M., 231Ո86 Jahnen, Gričke, 24,96,98 Jakobson, Roman. See Vseslav epos Jaunpils. See Jürgensburg Jesus Christ, 19,49. See also feast(s): of Christ s Nativity Jews, ii9f, 128 281 Jones, Sir William, 146-47 Josafat, meadow of, 83 judges: belonging to German elite, 113-14; Friulian benandanti and, 49, 50; grain and, 104, 248Ո67; similar reactions of Udine inquisitors and Jürgensburg, 49; witches and, 61. See also specific topics Jung, Carl Gustav, 63-66 Jürgensburg, 13,17, 28, 41, 46, 67, 95, 96; judges of, 49 Kaltenbrunn, 13,28,96,101 Klaniczay, Gabor, 232Ո100 Klaproth, Julius, 8o֊8i Köner, T., 233Ո103 Kore, 42,43 Kortholt, Christian (Theophilus Sincerus), 91,195-96,198,236Ո3 Krebs, Albert, 55 kresniki, 58,87,155; animals and, 77-78,80, 83,85; benandanti and, 78,80,
84, 232Ո95; born with a caul, 77, 78, 80; ecstasy and, 83-85; fertility and, 85; gender, 77,85, 232Ո97; overview and nature of, 77-78; táltos and, 78, 80, 83-85,87, 233П104; terminology, 77; witches and, 78, 82, 85, 87 Krogmann, Willy, 223Ո24,227Ո63 Kuhn, Thomas S., 9 Kultische Geheimbünde der Germanen (Hofler), 52-55 language, 146-47,176,177,180-83, 195-96. See aho morphology langue-veisus-parole distinction, 16062,164,176 lashes, 48,67,72,94. See also flogging; whips Latin, 10,181
282 Index Le Corbusier, 154 lectiones dijficiliores, 173 preceding, 117; seasonal, 71 (see Lemburg, 23,32,95. See aho Skeistan Lentilius, Rosinus, 10 aho Christmas: [fear of] people becoming werewolves around); Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 66-67,115-16 linguistics, structural, 175-77 literature, 143. See aho specific topics livestock: consumption of, 92,104, 167,168,257ml,· and the devil, 49,102; hell and, 31,92-93; milk provided by, 28; and the nobility, 168; ownership of, 168; peasants and, 168,188; Pirsen Tönnis and, symbolic transformation into wolves, 130; Thiess s, 70, 92,196; Vseslav and, 138. See also clothing: transformation by shedding of; transformation/metamorphosis; werewolves 28; sorcerers and, 93,104,167; theft of, 2,15, 31,47, 49, 92, 93, 96,104, 132,168,188,198, 248Ո67, 257П11, 262Ո39; Thiess and, 28, 31,47, 49, 92,102,104, 248Ո67; violence against, 19,39,50,114,130,167,168, 197-98, 220Ո54, 263Ո39; witches and, 47, 49,102. See aho animals; cattle; horses Livonia: stereotypes and, 3,12,92,113, 132,140,209Ո8, 256П10. See also specific topics Lord of the Forest, 12 Lorey, Elmar, 207m Lötschental, 37; masquerade in, 40 Lucia, Santa, 42,43. See aho St. Lucias Eve Lupercalia, 216П12, 256Ш0 Lussi-fiarden (“those who travel with St. Lucy”). See Wild Troop lycanthropic Männerbund. See Männerbund lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf), 15, 31, 39,41, 47, 52, 71, 138-40,195-96; from drinking to gether, 195; experience of, 239Ո16; origins of the power of/capacity for, 92; reasons for, 16,36,195; religion and, 93; ritual sequence Maas, Paul, 124-25, 254Ո28 Maioli, Simone,
11 malandanti, 70, 78 male societies/associations. See Männerbund male witches (strigoi), 69-70,75,76, 79, 85, 86; born with a caul, 78; transformation into wolves, 69 Mālpils. See Lemburg Männerbund, s, 45; berserkir and, 50-51; celebrations by, 38 (see also cultic celebrations); initiations of, 40; institutions of, 150-51; Lily Weiser and, 51; Nordic race and, 45,55; Otto Höfler and, 5-6,52,54, 55, 94,140,150,151; thesis of, 150, 151; Thiess and, 94,150-51 Marienburg, 15,19,22,23,96,196, 2421135 masks, 37, 38, 40 Masson, J. Moussaieff, 63,225ՈՏՏ mazzeri, 86-87 meals, 15. See also feast(s) meat: eating raw, 15,16, 21,104,105,130 (see aho horses: consumption of). See aho livestock Meillet, Antoine, 182-83 Melanchthon, Philip, 39-41, 73,197; Hermann Witekind and, 73,159, 238Ш1; Kaspar Peucer and, 73,159,
Index 238mi; Olaus Magnus and, 40, 41, 220Ո53 Menichino da Latisana, 66,83 metamorphosis. See transformation/ metamorphosis Meuli, Karl, 52, 54, 222П15, 223Ո23 milk and butter, 18,105, 248Ո70 Moduco, 49 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 213Ո21 moon, 10, 22, 26, 28,103 Moretti, Franco, 143 morphological resemblances/mor phological comparison, 7,127-28, 155, 171,172,177,180; anomalies and, 170; definition and nature of, 158; historical comparison and, 111,158,175. See also comparartela; family resemblances; resemblances morphology, 86,175-77» 180,183; history and, 111,112,116,117,122, 126-28,130,132,133,138,140,141, 158,175,183; strategies of, 176 Murray, Margaret, 53 myths, 42,49» S3, 75,188 National Socialism. See Nazism nationalism, 3,210П14,257Ո15 Nazism (National Socialism), 4, 6,55, 56,211П15, 227Ո63; Otto Höfler and, 4-7,55, Sd, 211П15, 212П19, 222Ո9, 224Ո25, 227Ո63 Neuroi, 39,73,116, 209ПЮ, 261Ո34 neuroses, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66,112,113 night battles, 76 Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seven teenth Centuries, The (Ginzburg), 46-50,109-11,153,158,170, 223Ո24 Night of Santa Lucia. See St. Lucias Eve Ninck, Martin, 55 283 Nordic race, 45, 55, 56. See also Aryans nose, broken, 67,249Ո71; Thiess s, 14, 15, 47, 96, 218Ո32 oaths, 14,18, 247Ո65; breaking, 19,99; swearing, 2,14,19, 91-92, 99,187 “Odin s hounds,” 36 Oedipus complex, 51, 61 Olaus Magnus, 3, 40, 41, 44; account of, in History of the Peoples of the North, 34-41, 44, 74, 75, 90,195-97 Old Thiess. See Thiess of Kaltenbrunn Ossetians, 80-81, 83-84 Panzona, Maria, 71 parole, 160,162,164. See also
langueversus-parole distinction Pearson, K., ii8f-2if, 123í peasantry: benandanti and, 70,109; and the elite, 98,106,114,162,187; stereotypes and, 132,140 peasants: and the devil, 98,103; livestock and, 168,188; táltos and, 79,85. See also “idolized by the peasants” pelts, animal, 37, 38,40,216Ո12. See also wolf pelts Persephone, myth of, 42 Peter (Kaltenbrunn innkeeper), 14,96 Petronius, 116-17 Peucer, Kaspar, 11,50,72-73, n4,130, 159-61,164,174,197; Hermann Witekind and, 72,73,114,130,159, 201-2; Simone Maioli and, 11; on violence against livestock in wolf form, 198; on werewolf bands/ assemblies, 197; on werewolves, 11,50,72,130,161,174,198,201-2, 253Ո12; on witches, 11,50,130,161, 201-2,253Ո12 philologists, 122,125.124,173,180
284 Index philology, 173,175-76,180; textual, 124, 125 158,175 phylogenesis, 62-66 pigs, fattened, 15, 20, 21 Pliny the Elder, 73-75,117 Prätorius, Johannes, 39 pre-Christian religiosity. See religios ity, pre-Christian primal scene ( Urszene), 61-64 processions: for the dead, 50,57; of the dead, 58, 69,70,227Ո63; of dead spirits, 41J ghostly, 219Ո39 prosperity (Seegen), 21,92-93,104, 130, 250Ո73; blessings for, 28, 29, 93, 238Ո13; and the devil, 18,21, 27) 49, 93, ЮЗ, շ47ո6ւ, 247Ո65; of harvests, 43, 48,93; hell and, 17, 92-93,103; recovered, 17,18, 21, 27, 93,248Ո71; sorcerers and, 17,18,27, 93,103,104; stolen, 17,18,21,103, 247Ո61, 247Ո65, 263Ո39 (see also under hell); witches and, 46,49, 83, 263Ո39. See also fertility; Russian werewolves protolanguage, 147,181 psychoanalysis, 60-65. See also Freud, Sigmund; Oedipus complex Puer Esser (lake), 15,100,173 punishment: corporal, 30, 94 (see aho flogging; lashes; whips); temporal and eternal, 23, 27,30,107; of Thiess, 30, 32, 48, 67, 93, 94,107-8, 240Ո24. See also death sentences/ executions raiding hell, 100,102,105. See also hell raids, 37-38, 41. See also cattle raiding Ranke, Friedrich, ѕз, 227Ո63 religio-initiatory “male societies,” 51, 52. See also Männerbund religion, 53,54,56, 62, 80,113,114,186, 187; and beliefs about werewolves, 113; domination, resistance, and, 89-90, 95, 99,113; Ho Chi Minh and, 89. See aho Christianity religiosity, pre-Christian, 3-5, 94, 110,186. See also shamanic religi osity religious archetypes, 48. See ako archetypes religious difference and social divide, 98-99 resemblances, 12,
83,141,156,172,175; recognizing formal, 76; Thiess and, 184; types of, 176. See also benandanti; family resemblances; morphological resemblances resistance, 99,104,107-9,113; forms of, 88-89; nature of, 88; religion, domination, and, 89-90, 95, 99, 113; of Thiess, 95, 99,108,113 returning dead, s, 37 Riga» n» 19) շ8 rites: ecstatic, 34; fertility, 53-55,58; shamanic, 50 ritual level vs. mythical level, 188 ritual sequence preceding lycanthropy, 117 rituals, fertility, 43-44 Rivière, Pierre, 186 Róheim, Géza, 232Ո100 Romance languages, 181 Roscher, W. H., 230Ո84 roses, 83 Rosinus Lentulus, 10 “running to hell” (hollen zulauffe), 19,100 Russian folklore, 59,81,112,113 Russian werewolves, 220Ո54; born in a caul, 112,113,133-ՅՏ) 137֊39; compared with benandanti, 139; fertility, prosperity, and, 18-19, 48,
Index raiding hell, 106; Thiess on, 106, 248Ո71 Rütimeyer, Leopold, 37-38 rye, 16,47,48,67 67, 248Ո71; sabbat, ѕз, 64,65. See ako witches’ sabbath Sabbath, 69,75,76. See also witches’ sabbath Saint Lucy’s Day. See St. Lucia’s Eve salt, 16, 22,24,25,28, 29,102,105,107 Satan, 3; vs. werewolves, 2,130,169. See also devil Saussure, Ferdinand de, 182-83 Schurte-thieves, 37 Schurtz, Heinrich, 51 Scythians, 39,73,80,158,178, 209П10 seasonal celebrations, 5,34, 47. See also Christmas; winter festivals secret societies. See Männerbund seduction theory (Freud), 61-64 Seegen. See prosperity Seegensprecher, 26,93, 239Ո17 sexual initiation, 65. See also initiations sexual trauma. See seduction theory shamanism, 64,113,158; and ecstasy, 53, 54; Eurasian, 7,158; and healing, 140; and transmission, 178,180 shamans: benandanti and, 50, 58, 76; Eurasian, 53, 94; rites of, 50; Siberian, 94,178. See also sorcerers; táltos sin, 26,103, 245ՈՏ5, 261Ո37; and the devil, 20, 26, 34,103,105 Sincerus, Theophilus. See Kortholt, Christian singularities vs. anomalies, 125,2Տ4Ո31 Skeistan (peasant from Lemburg), 14, 47, 67,96, 249Ո71 Skeistan Rein, 17,96 Slavic folklore, 50,58, 60,76-78,138, 285 174; beliefs about the caul, 60,70, 76-77,138-39,174; beliefs about werewolves, 73,76-77, 224Ո35, 26U134 Slavic myths, 49 Slavic werewolves, 58,74,117,133-39 Slavs, 77,78, 94,138-39 smoke, 80, 83, 85 social class. See class conflict; ehte; peasantry sorcerers (die zauberer), 25, 75, 77,82, 91, 245Ո53; Baltic, 43; battles and opposition between werewolves and, 17,18, 27, 41-43, 67,77,92, 103,104, 237mi, 246Ո61; and
the devil, 16-18,20,24,27, 67,93,103, 104, 220, 220Ո55, 244Ո46, 245Ո51, disease caused by, 246Ո56; eating/feast ing, 16,102,167, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72; feeding, 20; fertility and, 41-43, 67,104; God and, 17,24, 2-7, 93; grains and, 15-17, 42, 67, 101,102; livestock and, 93,104, 167; prosperity and, 17,18, 27, 93, 103,104; Skeistan and, 67,249Ո71; souls of, 18,103,244Ո46; St. Lucia’s Eve and, 16-17, 41,42,67,103; ter minology, 137,180,233Ш00; theft/ stealing, 102-4,245Ո52 (see also prosperity); Thiess and, 93,102-4, 245Ո53, 246Ո61, 249Ո72; 245ՈՈՏ2-53, 247Ո64, 249Ո71; things brought to hell by, 16,17, 24, 27, 93,103, 220Ո55, 246Ո61 (see also hell: sorcerers and; prosperity); Volx, 137; Vseslav and, 134; were wolves and, 198,249Ո71,253Ո14. See ako Hans, Serme; shamans sorcery: accusations of, 39,2б5Шб; confessions of, 107 sorghum stalks, 48,70,110
Index 286 souls, 74; benandanti and, 70 (see also benandanti: spirits of); Christi anity and, 18,19, 70,101; ecstasy and, 83,84; God and, 18,19,21, 22, 27,47-49,101, 246Ո61; heaven/ paradise and, 18,27,47-49,71; malandanti and, 70, 78; racial, 56; recovering stolen, 102-3; saving, 18, 19,22; of sorcerers, 18,103; Thiess on, 101-102; of werewolves, 18,47, 239Ո16; of witches, 47,103. See also dead: souls/spirits of; devil sourcier, 180 Spehr, Harald, 55-56 spirits, 34. See also dead: souls/spirits of; souls; specific topics St. Lucias Eve, 19, 41-42; sorcerers and, 16-17,4L 42, 67,102; Thiess on, 17,67,102,197; werewolves and, 17; 19; 4L 42; 47; 67, I97. See ūbo Lucia, Santa Steppe, Gurrian, 28-30, 96,107-8, 114; 115 Thiess of Kaltenbrunn (“Old Thiess”): as anomalous figure, 129; broken nose, 14,15, 47, 96, 218Ո32; charac terizations of, 129; confessions, 12, 30, 46-47; 67-69; 73; 108; healing practices, 22,24-25, 29, 96,102-3, 107,215m, 239Ո17,250Ո73; health, 14, 92, 245Ո48; how he became a werewolf, 242Ո35; inventiveness, 115,164-65,168,169,184-86,189, lycanthropy, 70,92,196; origin of his name, 2; overview, 1-2; punishment, 30,32,48, 67, 93, 94, 107-8, 240Ո24; refused to repent, 67; resistance, 95,99,108,113; visiting hell, 47,94,100,108,110, 173; wife, 23,24, 28. See ako specific topics Thiess trial: sentencing (see ako punishment: of Thiess); verdict, 2,30-32,94,108. See ako specific topics thirst, 75. See also bloodthirstiness Timpanaro, Sebastiano, 123-24 Tommasini, G. F., 77 Tönnis, Pirsen, 13, 28, 96, 249Ո73 torture: abolished, 99,132,186,189; absent from Thiess
case, 12,99, 130,186,189-90; benandanti and, 110; cases in which it was not used, 192; 249Ո73 Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del sabba (Ginzburg). See Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath Straubergs, Karlis, 257ms structural linguistics, 175-77 structuralism, 111-12,175 Stumpfl, Robert, 222Ո9, 222Ո14 sun, 22,26, 28,102,133 Sunszel (Suntaži), 17 swearing oaths. See oaths: swearing Szeftel, Marc. See Vseslav epos táltos, 58, 59, 78-80, 85, 86,155, 23ЗШ03, 234Ո114; animals and, 59,79, 80, 83-85,234Ո114; der, 78-79; initiation and, 65, 79, 80; kresniki and, 78, 80, 83-85, 87, 233Ո104; mazzeri and, 87; peasants and, 79, 85; shamanistic character istics, 58, 65; witches, witchcraft, and, 78-80,83,87 text transmission/textual transmis sion, 72,124,125,165,172-7Յ; 176, 265Ո16. See also cultural transmis sion “Theses on Comparison” (Lincoln), benandanti and, 58,59,66, 80,83-86,155,232П100; birth, 58,79; childhood, 59,79; dreams and, 59, 66,79; ecstasy and, 83-85; fertility and, 80, 84,85; gen
Index 287 background, 208Ո7; 12, 49,130,188-90; confessions 221Ш14-5; made under, 1,61,99,132,1Ճ2,188, career, 208Ո7; on demonolog 243Ո40 ical theories, 3, 4; on Neuroi, 209ШО; Otto Höfler and, 4-7, transformation/metamorphosis, 40, 44, 85,133,135,137,139t; animal, 74, 80,138, 238Ո16, 260Ո25; into animals, 52,68, 70,71, 79,80, 86, 110,136-37,161,174,176 (see also lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf)); birth with the caul and, 138,139,174; into flames, 79, 85, 114,202; by shedding of clothes, 219Ո47,220Ո54; terminology, 137; theology and, 238Ո16; of witches, 69,161,174 (see also butterflies: witches turned into) trauma. See seduction theory trees, 17, 56, 57,103 troop of demonic wolves, ghostly, 40-42 troop of the dead (Totenheer), 33-37, 51 Tuczay, Christa Agnes, 207m twelve days/twelve nights. See under Christmas Tyrummen (farmhand), 15,20,21,96 Udine inquisitors and Jürgensburg judges, similar reactions of, 49 Undeutsche. See Deutsche vs. Undeut sche “Une machine a penser” (Ginzburg), 154 153; overview, 2-3; Thiess and, 4; Thiess trial records/transcript published by, 13,41,153,2o8n6, 22бпб2,237Ո5; on unique nature of Thiess transcript, 210Ո13; on werewolves, 3,5; Wilhelm Hertz and, s, 209-10Ш110-11 von der Leyen, Friedrich, 54, 223Ո2 von Palmberg, District Court Judge, 31, 208Ո5, 240ՈՈ22-23 von Trautvetter, Herman Georg, 31, 95, շօ8ոտ, 240Ո23 von Ulenbrock, Heinrich, 10-11, 214Ո8 Vseslav epos (“The Epos of Vseslav”), 58,133-41,135t, 138í, 139h 258ПП1618, 259-60Ш123-25, 261Ш132-35 Vseslav of Polock (Vseslav evie Bryachislavich), 135-36,140, 259Ո20; birth,
70,134,138,139,139t; depictions and characterizations of, 70,134-35,137,138, i39t, 140. See also Volx Vseslav’evič; Vseslav epos vukodlak, 78,139, 261-62ՈՈ37-38 warlocks, battling, 46,55,57,58 wealth. See class conflict; prosperity Weiser-Aall, Lily: berserkir and, 51-53; “male groups”/Männerbund and, 51-54; Otto Höfler and, 51-55, 153-54, 222Ո9, 222П14, 227Ո63; Valk, Ülo, 103 vampires, 5, 77, 78, 82,139, 261Ո37 versipelles, 117,214117; definitions and meanings of the term, 10,116-17 Volx Vseslav evie, 70,134-38,1збѓ, 262Ո39. See also bylina volxv, 137 von Bruiningk, Hermann, 2-7, writings, 51, 222Ո15, 227Ո63 Wenden court. See District Court of Wenden Wenden judges, 92,99,113 “werewolf,” etymology of the term, 10 “Werewolf in Livonia, The” (von Bru iningk), 2. See also von Bruiningk, Hermann
288 Index werewolf-prince, 133,13s, 137-38 werewolves: afterlife, 18; death, 18, 20, 47, 67,101, 244Ո26; diet, 16,104; female, 18, ss; learned discourse on, 7,187-88 (see also Olaus Magnus; specific writings); means of becoming, is, 19, 20, 23, 36, 44, 92,117,131,187,188,195-96, 220Ո52; punishment of, 40,94 (see ako Thiess of Kaltenbrunn: punish ment); sources of information about, 1; stereotypes of, 1,3,69,73, 92,104,110,114,130,132,140,159, 177,188, 238П11, 2s6mo; terminol ogy, 10, 2isni, 260Ո31, 261Ո35; types and categories of, 5,10; violence to, 16,18 Werwolf, Der (Hertz). See Der Werwolf wheat, 24, 28, 8i whips, 35, 39, 40, 44, 47, 67,70, 72, 76. See also flogging; lashes Widengren, Geo, 6,222Ш5 Wikander, Stig, 6,52,151,264Ո7 Wilcuren. See wolf pelts Wild Hunt (Wilde Jagd), 34,36,52,53, 226Ո63,227Ո63 Wild Troop (Wilde Heer), 33,41, 219Ո38 wildness/wild nature, 34, 35, 37, 91 Wilken, Hermann. See Witekind, Hermann winter, 42,103,104 winter festivals, 38-39 witchcraft (Zauberey): accusations of, 233Ш03, 243Ո40; books on, 114 (see also Night Battles); diabolical, 11,57 witchcraft trials, 46, 61, 78, 98-99,103, 167, 233Ո103, 266Ո17; benandanti and, S7,157 Witch-Cult in Western Europe, The (Murray), S3 witches (Hexen/venéficas), 47,78, 86, 139,188,190; Abhkaz, 82; aben, 78, 79, 82; animals and, 22, 70, 78, 82,103,110,198 (see ako livestock: witches and); battle between, 83; benandanti and, 46,49,57,58,69, 70, 75, 76, 78, 80, 85, 87,109-11,113, 163,188; birth, 78; confessions of (alleged), 61-62, 64,110; and the dead, 83, 86; and the devil, 3, 22, 47, 49, 92,102,103;
dreams, 66; evil, 22,42,102,104; fertility and, 46-49, S3, 55,57,58, 68-70, 76, 85, no, 111,263Ո39; Freud and, 61,62, 64; grains and, 14, 47, 48, 70, no, 131; horses and, 22,102,130, 202, 238mi; illness and, 103; judges and, 61; Kaspar Peucer on, 11, 50, 130,161,201-2,253Ո12; kresniki and, 78, 82, 8s, 87; vs. Lord of the Forest, 12; prosperity, abundance of harvest, and, 46, 49, 83, 263Ո39; sexuality and, 64; souls and, 102; souls of, 47,103; táltos and, 78-80, 83, 87; theft, 47,163Ո39; Thiess and, 58, 68, 69, 73) 9i 102,103, no, ՈՏ, 263Ո39; transformation into animals other than wolves, 69, 71,161,174 (see also butterflies: witches turned into); transforma tion into wolves, 69, 91,198; vs. werewolves, 11,12,42,46,47,49, 50, ss, 58, 68,72, 73, 75, 76, 9I) 104, no, 111, 114,115,131,161,185, 201-2, 237nın; werewolves and, 49, 69, 85, 132. See also male witches; Skeistan witches’ sabbath, 12, 57, 64, 69, 113,234П110. See also Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath; sabbat; Sabbath witch-hunts, 11,12 Witekind, Hermann (Augustin
Index Lercheímer), 7i֊7i 75) iS9 ido, 238П11; Kaspar Peucer and, 72,73, 114,130,159,201-2; Otto Höfler and, 6,52,264Ո7; Philip Melanchthon and, 73,159,238mi; on werewolves, 71-72, 201-2; writings, 71-7Յ) 114) 289 wolf-bands, demonic, 36, 44,45 wolf-demons, 40,41 Wolf-Man, 113; born in a caul, 112,113; dream, 56-61, 64,66,112-13; Freud and, 56-58, 60, 62-64 wolves, 45; distinguishing werewolves from, 74-75; meanings and uses of the term “wolf,” 74 130,160,169, 203η, 2з8піі Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 120,128,14849) 235П118 wolf pelts ( Wilcuren), 6,15, 38,44,96, Yuletide, 34 188,2i6ni2, 217Ш6. See also pelts Bayariaoha Staatsbibliothek Mönchan
Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Introduction і Bruce Lincoln Introduction, a Postscript 9 Carlo Ginzburg 1. The Trial 13 Transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28,1691) 13 Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31,1692) 31 2. Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic Cult Groups, Folklore, and Persephone Myths 33 Otto Höfler; translated by Bruce Lincoln 3. Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian Werewolves, and Shamanic Others 46 Carlo Ginzburg From The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1980) 46 From “Germanic Mythology and Nazism: Thoughts on an Old Book by Georges Dumézil,” in Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (1989) 50
Contents vi “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Werewolves,” in Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (1989) 56 From Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath (1989) 4. 67 Comparison of Old Thiess to Learned Descriptions and Stereotypes of Livonian Werewolves and to the Benandanti: A Seventeenth-Century Werewolf and the Drama of Religious Resistance 88 Bruce Lincoln 5. Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln: Conjunctive Anomalies— A Reflection on Werewolves 109 6. Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg: Letter of February 8, 2017 127 7. The Case of Old Thiess: A Comparative Perspective 142 A Conversation: Saturday, September 30,2017 142 The Conversation Continues: Monday, October 2, 2017 164 Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess s Testimony and Descriptions ofLivonian Werewolves in Learned Literature Appendix B: A Livonian Narrative Featuring the Opposition of Werewolves and Witches Acknowledgments 205 Notes 207 Suggestions for Further Reading Index 273 201 269 195
Index Abhkaz, 82 abundance. See prosperity Ackerstaif, Bengt Johan, 14, 31, 95, 24ՏՈ48 agricultural prosperity. See fertility; prosperity alcohol consumption, 35, 36,74, 75, 91, 195-96, 201 Aleit, 167-69,186, 265Ո16, 266Ո17 alien witches, 78,79,82 animal sacrifices, 80 animals, 20-22; and the dead, 37, 83, 84,2i6nw, 230Ո84; distinction between humans and, 3-5; healing, 22,29,101-102,107; táltos and, 59, 79, 80, 83-85, 234Ո114; transforma tion into various types of, 84-85; witches and, 22,70,78, 82,103, 110,198 (see aho livestock: witches and). See also dogs; livestock; wolves; specific topics anomalies, 69,73,111,156,157» 161,177, 186,187,190; benandanti and, 111, 126,139-40,153-57,170,185; can identify limitations of scientific paradigms, 9; comparability and, 7,170-73; conjunctive, 125-26, 129í, 170,172 (see also conjunc tive errors); convergences and, 173,175; have the fascination of the unfamiliar, 152; and historic connection, 175; mistakes and, 158, 172,173; nature of, 125; vs. norms, 150,152; Paul Maas on, 125; vs. singularities, 125, 254Ո31; textual transmission and, 163,172-73; un predictability and, 152; werewolves and, 129,139-40. See aho Ihiess of Kaltenbrunn anomalous documents, 152 anomalous traits, 126,156-57 Arcadia, 72-74
274 Index archetypes, 48, 65, 66, 68,124,137 army of the dead (Totenheer), 52-54, 68, 75, 226Ո63 interrogations of, 87,110 (see also introjection); introjection and, 110,163,188; kresniki and, 78,80, art history, 111 84,232Ո95; Otto Höfler and, 140, ‘Aryan” religion, 3-5 “Aryan” werewolf, 5 Aryans, 5,7,94,209Ш0; in theories of Hertz and others, 182. See also Nordic race 153-54; overview and nature of, Baltic region, 3, 38, 50, 95, 96, 97, aisni; childbirth in, 174,175; Friuli and, 111. See also Livonia; specific topics Baltic sorcerers, 43 Baltic werewolves, 41,58,74,75,83, 95,129,174, 217Ո22, 217Ո25; vs. witches, 42. See also Thiess of Kaltenbrunn Baltic wolf-demons. See wolf-demons banquets, 15-16,50,103. See also feast(s) baptism, 19, 26, 99 barley, 16,28,42, 47,48,67 Bartha, Andras, 78-79 beatings. See whips benandanti, 72,77,153,154,159,170,171, 192; animals and, 70,71,74, 80,8485,109-10,161; anomalies and, 111, 126,139-40,153-Տ7,170,185; beliefs of, 57-58; bom with a caul, 57, 58,70, 80,109,113,117; butterflies and, 70,71; Christianity and, 49; confessions, 87,110,162; death and, 70, 74; and the devil, 139-40; dreams and, 59, 66, 83,112; ecstasy 57,109,162-63; peasantry and, 70, 109; resemblances between Thiess and, 48, 76,111; resemblances between werewolves and, 58, 64, 139; shamans, shamanism, and, 50,58, 65; spirits of, 70, 75,109-10; táltos and, 58, S9, 66, 80, 83-86,155, 232П100; terminology, 69, 75-76, 109; trials of, 46, 48; uniqueness of, 75-76; use of the term, 49,16263; witchcraft trials and, 57,157; witches and, 46, 49) 57,58, 69, 70, 75, 76) 78, 80, 85,
87,109-11,113,163, 188. See also Friulian benandanti; Night Battles Benveniste, Emile, 182-83 Berger, Gabriel, 14,31,95 Bernays, J., ւշշք berserkir (“bear-shirted ones”/ Viking warriors), 51-52,55, 216Ш2; Georges Dumézil and, 50-51; Lily Weiser and, 51-53 “beyond the sea,” 47,58,173 blessed grain, 28, 29,96,107 blessings, prosperity, 28,29, 93,238П13 Bloch, Marc, 111,179-80 bloodthirstiness, 3,70,134 Bošković-Stulli, Maja, 232Ш195-97 bread, 25,43,219Ո40 and, 66, 69,70, 74-76,84-85,174, 185,192; female, 154; fennel used by, 69, 70, 76,110; fertility and, 46, brooms, 81, 85, 86; broom handles, 47, 48; broomsticks, 14,67 Bucholtz, Magister (pastor ofJürgens burg), 26,29,93,95,106 70, 76, 80, 85,109-11,126,139-40, 157; initiation and, 80; inquisitors and, 49, 57, 64, 72., 109-10,157,170; burkudzäutä, 81-85 butterflies, 72,160; benandanti and, 70,71; chasing, 11,114,159,161,162,
Index 202; witches turned into, її, 50, 72, 85,114,13°) 161,176, 202 bylina (folk epic), 70,134-36,135t, 138, 259-60Ш123-24, 262Ո39 Canfora, Luciano, 254Ո28 cattle, 21, 68,69,104,106,116,168, 262Ո39; attacking, 68,69,72,198 (see also cattle raiding). See also livestock cattle raiding, 104,108,130,198, 256Ո10, 263Ո39. See also cattle caul (košuljica), 137-39; birth with a, 57՜6օ, 70, 71,76-80, 84, 86, 87, 109,112,113,117,133-35,135t, 138, 139, i39t, 174-75, 224Ո35, 261Ո37; terminology, 134, 258Ո18 Celebi, Evliya, 82 charm, 28; over a fire, 24-25 Chinese, 191 Christ. See Jesus Christ Christianity, 3,71; conversion to, 23, 9°, 98; and the devil, 19,102; God and, 19; souls and, 18,19, 70, 101; Thiess and, 32, 92, 98,100; and transformation into animals, 228Ո69,238Ո16. See also specific topics Christlich Bedeneken und Erinnerung von Zauberey (Christian Consider ation and Memory on Magic), 71. See also Witekind, Hermann Christmas, 33,34,38; customs, 39-40; (fear of) people becoming were wolves around, 33, 34, 36,39; nights before (see St. Lucia’s Eve); period between Christmas and New Year, 81; twelve days after Christmas, 40, 197; twelve days before Christmas, 41; twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany, 58, 72, 74, 85; twelve 275 days of Christmas, 33,34,39. See also Yuletide “Christmas lads” (Weihnachtsbur schen), 36 Christmas night, 74, 77 church, 19, 98-99; theft from, 1-2,13, 14,27-29,96; Thiess and, 1-2,14,18, 19, 23,30,99-100,107,108,244Ո46 Circassians, 82, 83 class conflict, 89, 95-99,106. See also elite clothing, 74,103,116,117; demonic, 44, 219Ո47; transformation
by shedding of, 15,117, 219Ո47, 220Ո54 collective unconscious, 64-66 Commentarius de praecipuis generibus divinationum. See Peucer, Kaspar comparanda, 7,114,128,129,141,154, 184,186,189 comparatism, 94-95 comparative approaches. See compara tive perspective comparative Indo-European philol ogy, 180 comparative perspective, 12,109,140, 145,155; 180 comparative research, 128, 241Ո31 comparative scholarship, models for, 182 comparative studies and projects, 113, 114,129í, 141í comparative work, 148 comparison: restricted vs. broad, 114,116; “Theses on Comparison” (Lincoln), 114,115 confessions, 69,99,1Ć0,167,189,202; of (alleged) witches, 61-62,64, 110; benandanti, 87,110,162; made under torture, 1,61, 99,132,1Ć2,188, 243Ո40; of ThieSS, 12, 30,46-47, 67-69, 73,108
276 conjunctive errors (errores conjunc tivi), 124,12s, 254Ո28. See also anomalies: conjunctive court records, exaggerations and distortions in, 3 criminal and normal populations, comparison of, 119, i2of Croatia, 77 cult group leaders, 35,40,78-79 cultic associations and societies, 5, 53,162. See aho cultic groups; Männerbund cultic celebrations, 5,6,38,42 cultic groups, 94,187. See also cultic associations and societies cultic practices, 5, 6,34 cults: agrarian (see Night Battles); diabolical, 3,37,41-43,53,110; fertility and, 42,43,110. See also ecstatic cults cultural pressures, 59,112,157 cultural transmission, 44-45,115-17, 124-2Ć, I26f, 158. See also diffusion; historical transmission; text trans mission/textual transmission de Blécourt, Willem, 207m, 253Ո12 de Lånere, Pierre, 11-12 dead, the, 74,75,78,154,219Ո45; animals and, 37, 83, 84, 2i6mo, 230Ո84; Christmas and, 33 (see also Yuletide); communion with, 54; ecstasy and, 54, 83; fertility and, 83; Männerbund and, 6; mazzeri and, 87; myth of the unquenchable thirst of, 75; Otto Höfler and, Ճ, 52-54; recovery of fertility from the realm of, 43; souls/spirits of, Index army of the dead; hell; proces sions; returning dead; troop of the dead dead comrades, cult of, 211Ո19 death, 70,74; by burning, 94,266Ո17; and the devil, 101,102; of were wolves, 18,20,47, 67,100, 244Ո26 death sentences/executions, 39,40, 94,266Ո17 Demeter, 43; celebrations of, 42 demonologists, 3,4 demonology: literature of, 76,130; theories of, 3 demons, 12, 34, 43, 202; demonic bands, 36,44,45; demonic beings, 38,44; demonic clothing, 44,
219Ո47; demonic motifs, 44; demonic practices, 41; demonic wolves, 40, 41 Der Werwolf (Hertz), 3-5,207Ш, 209П10, 228Ո66. See also Hertz, Wilhelm Deutsche vs. Undeutsche, 96,98,99, 105-6,168 devil, the, 26,39,62,84,98,102,103, 239Ո16,245Ո55; animals and, 20,22, 27, 49,102-3; Christianity and, 19, 99-101,24ՃՈ61; death and, 101,102; fertility and, 49,140; food and, 16, 102, 245Ո51, 248Ո70, 249Ո72; as German nobleman, 103-4,247Ո63; God and, 18, 20, 93, ιοί, 108, 24ՏՈ55, 246Ո61; gods and, 3; grain and, 21,48,101; heathen cult and, 3; illness and, 101,102; pacts with, 23» 67, 94,98,101,245Ո54; peasants and, 98,103; power granted by, 15; prosperity and, 18,21, 27, 49, 93, 6, 33,74,78, 81-83,103, 227Ո63, 103, 247Ո61, 247Ո65; protection 230Ո8Տ; witches and, 83, 86; world/ from, 26; renouncing, 19; Seegensprecher and, 26, 93; servants, 3, 20, 22,47,100,102,103,169 (see also land/realm of, 58,74, 81-84, H7 219Ո39, 230Ո84, 234Ո112. See also
Index sorcerers; witches); sin and, 20, 26, 34,103,105; sorcerers and, i6֊i8, 20, 24, 27, 67, 92, 93,102,103, 220, 220Ո55, 244Ո46, 245Ո51, 245ՈՏ3, 24ՃՈ61, 249Ո72; souls belonging to, 18, 2i, 47,100,102, 244Ո46, 246Ո61; souls brought to hell by, 277 dualism, 178 Dumézil, Georges, 50-51; genealogical model and methodology, 141,158; Otto Holler and, 6,51,52,222Ո15, 226Ո63; Writings, 50-52, 222Ш5 Duni, Matteo, 174, 253Ո12,253Ո14, 256П10 22,102; souls forfeited to, 102; things from, 18, 21, 24, 93, 220Ո55 eating. See feast(s); livestock: con sumption of (see also under fertility; grain; ecstasies, 69, 84; fertility and, 76, 83, stealing/snatching/recovering prosperity); as thief, 246Ո61; Thiess and, 2,14,26, 92, ιοί-б, 140; Thiess s compact with, 48,94; werewolves and, 2,16,18, 98,104-7, 239Ո16; vs. werewolves and, 18,47, 49, 67, 92,103,110,139-4°, 220Ո55, 237mi, 247Ո61, 247Ո6Տ; witches and, 3,22,47, 49,92,102. See abo hell; Satan devil worship, 3, 49 devil’s advocate, 111-12,116,142,166 Dietrich, Manfried L. G., 37 diffusion/difiusionism, 115,116,158 Diószegi, Vilmos, 233Ո100 District Court of Wenden, 91,108,110, 243Ո41. See also Wenden judges dogs, 36, 77, 81, 85, 86,130; compared with werewolves, 27, 47, 67; transformation into, 71, 84-85; werewolves and, 20-21, 67. See also “hounds of God” Donecker, Stefan, 98,214Ո7 Doniger, Wendy, 148 dreams, 66, 79, 202, 235Ո118; benan dari and, 59, 66, 83,112; of Freuds patients, 59 (see also Wolf-Man: dream); Freud s writings on, 60, 112, 235Ш18; interpretation of, 84 Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath (Storia notturna: Una
decifrazione del sabba), 67-68,113, 114,129í, 149,181,193 ecstasy, 52, 70, 81, 83, 84,174,192, 256Ո8; battles and, 76, 86; benandari and, 66,69,70,74-76, 84-85,174,185,192; burkudzauta and, 83; of German warriors, 54; metamorphosis and, 75; shamanic, 53, 54; techniques of, 5; Thiess and, 69,74; werewolves and, 66,74,174, 231Ո87 ecstatic cults, 54, 75, 76, 85 ecstatic experiences, 71, 83-84,174, 176,185; battles, 76; journeys, 94; rites, 34; sleep, 85 ecstatic world, 192 ecstatics, 55, 221П5; werewolves and, 221Ո5 Einhorn, Paul, 195,198,239Ո16 Eliade, Mircea, 150-51,153 Elijah, 80,81 elite, 168,169; peasantry and, 97, 106,114,162,187; Thiess and, 186. See abo German elite; Teutonic Knights 57,59-61 (see also under Freud, ernie vs. etic categories, 10 Sigmund); of mazzeri, 86-87; as omens, 80; táltos and, 59, 66, 79 Empedocles, 171-72 Epos of Vseslav. See Vseslav epos
278 errores conjunctivi (conjunctive errors), 124,12s, 254Ո28 evil spells, 77,79-80 evil spirits, 12 executions. See death sentences/ executions family resemblances, 128,139, 235Ш18; Francis Galton and, 118, ii8f, 235Ш18 (see also Galton, Francis); meanings and significance of the term, 120,128, 235Ո118. See aho morphological resemblances “Family Resemblances and Family Trees: Two Cognitive Metaphors” (Ginzburg), 118 feast(s), 15-16,50, 84,103-5, 219114°; of Christs Nativity, 35,39,90, 196; in hell, 16,17,102, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72. See also livestock: consumption of fennel, 69,70,76,110 fertility, 46, 50, 86; benandanti and, 46, 70, 76, 80, 85,109-11,126, 139-40,157; cults and, 42,43, no; and the devil, 49,140; ecstasies and, 76, 83, 84; female divinities and, 54; fighting for, 48-49, 55, S8, 67-70, 76, 80, 83-87,104,110,111, hell and, 17, 42, 92-93, no, magic and, 44,54, 220ՈՏ4; night of St. Lucia and, 41, 42; Otto Höfler and, 53,54; rites of, 53-55, 58; rituals of, 43-44; sorcerers and, 41-43, 67,104; táltos and, 80, 84,85; theft and recovery of, 41֊ 43,110 (see also sorcerers: theft/ stealing); witches and, 46-49, S3, 55, 57, 58, 68-70, 76, 85, no, 111, 263Ո39. See also prosperity; Russian werewolves 126,157; 157; Index fire, 15,24, 25, 266Ո17; death by, 94, 266Ո17 fish, 17,21,42,47, 67 flames, transformation into, 79,85, 114,202 Fliess, Wilhelm, 61 flogging: public, 32,108. See ako lashes; whips food. See bread; feast(s); fish; meat Foucault, Michel, 186 Frazer, Sir James George, 148-49 Freud, Sigmund, 59,62-64,66,112, 113; on accusations and (witches ) confessions,
61-62,64; and birth with a caul, 59,60; on dreams, 59-61,112,235Ո118; “From the History of an Infantile Neurosis,” 56,58, 65 (see also Wolf-Man); on hysteria, 61; Interpretation of Dreams, 112, 235Ո118; Jung and, 6366; Lamarckianism, 65, 66; letters to Fliess, 61,63; phylogenesis and, 62-66; on primal scene, 61-63; seduction theory, 61-64 “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Were wolves” (Ginzburg), 56-67,112 Friuli, 48-49,59,75-76,177; and the Baltic region, 111; mothers in, 59, 66; werewolves and, 76-77,140, 174; witches in, 78,157. See ako Friulian benandanti Friuli Inquisition, 109,157,170 Friulian benandanti, 50, 70, 74-76, 83, 110,126,129,154,162,170; beliefs related to, 48, 49; 57-58, 76, no; birth, 112,113,117 (see also benan danti: born with a caul); judges and, 49,50; mothers of, 66,70; sorcerers and, 75; Thiess compared with, 69-71; 74; 94; Ш, 112, 117, 126, 128-29,133; 140,154-57, іб2,164,
Index 166,170,172,174,177,185,163Ո39; trial of two, 48. See also benandanti; Friuli; Friuli Inquisition; Night Battles Galton, Francis, 128, 235Ш18; “com posite photographs” experiment, 118-20,122,128,235Ո18,255ШІ1-4; Ludwig Wittgenstein and, 120,128 Gasparutto, 49 genealogical trees, 122,125, i26f genealogy, 146,158,183 genetics, 119,124,128. See also phylo genesis German ehte, 95, 97, 98,105,106; in the Baltic, 97, 241Ո32; judges belonging to, 113-14; Thiess on, 105-6; werewolves and, 97, 98,105, 129. See also Deutsche vs. Undeut sche; ehte; Teutonic Knights Germans, 54; hell and, 48,67,106. See also Nazism Gervase of Tilbury, 10 ghostly troops, 34,36, 40-41 ghosts, 33, 34,36 goats, 80, 216П12 God: and the devil, 18, 20, 93,101, 108,245Ո55,246Ո61; hell and, 92, 99-100; hunting dogs, 27,45 (see ako “hounds of God”); sorcerers and, 17, 24, 27, 93; souls and, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 47-49,100, 246Ո61; Thiess and, 26-27 Godelmann, Johann Georg, 98, 143Ո39 grain, 24, 28,41-43, 103; blessed, 28,29,96,107; blossoms, 14-17, 42,101,131; brought to hell by sorcerers (see also under hell); and the devil, 21, 48,101; guarded in a special container, 15,101; in hell, 279 14-17, 41-43, 47, 48, 67,101-3,110; holidays and, 17; judges and, 104, 148Ո67; recovery of, 16,11, 41,47, 48, 50,101,103,110; seed, 43, 47, 48,50; sorcerers and, 15-17,41, 67, 101,102; theft of, 37,47,48,67,131, 248Ո67; Thiess and, 14,28, 29,96, 107,110; Thiess on, 15-17; witches and, 14,47,48,70, no, 131 Greeks, 9, 39, 42, 43, 45,117,109П10 Grenier, Jean, 11-12 Grimm, Jacob, 45 Grottanelli, Cristiano, 114 Gurrian
Steppe, 28-30,96,107-8, 1491173 Hades, 43,74 Hans, Serme, 167, z6sm6 Hanush, J.J., 38-39 hapax legomena, 163,164,185 Harf-Lancner, Laurence, 2і8пб9 harvests. See fertility; prosperity healing: animals, 12, 29,101-102,107; Thiess’s work of, 22, 24-25, 29, 96, 102-3,107, 215m, 103, 250Ո73. See also shamanic healing heaven, werewolves’ souls going to, 18, 17, 47,144 hell, 20,71,157,197; Christianity and, 99-100; conceptions of, 43, 47,99-100,101; entrance to, 101; feasts in, 16,17,101, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72; fertility and, 42,110,157; fertihty/yield recovered from, 17, 92-93,110; Germans and, 48,67, 106; God and, 92,99-100; grain brought to, 14-17, 42,101, no; grain recovered from, 42,48,101,103, 110; heaven and, 112; livestock and, Зі, 91-93; location, 15, 43, 44, 47, 101; Maria Panzona and, 71; and
280 Index hell (continued) the North, 219ՈՈ39-40; prosperity taken to and recovered from, 103 (see also prosperity: hell and); running to, 19,100; Skeistan in, 14,47; sorcerers and, 16,17,24, 27, 42,93,102-3,220Ш154—55, 245Ո51, 246Ո61,249Ո72; souls in, 71,101; souls that the devil brought to, 22, stolen, 93; terminology, 100; Thiess and, 100; Ihless on, 43,92, 102,249Ո72; Thiess visiting, 47,94, 100,108,110,173; werewolves and, 103; 2,15,16, 20, 42, 43,47, 67, 92,102, 103,105,108,110, 220Ո54, 249Ո72; witches in, 47. See ako devil; raiding hell herbs, 25 Herodotus, 68,73,116 Hertz, Wilhelm, s, 38-39; “Aryan” religion and, 3-5,209Ո10; and the distinction between human and animal, 3-4; Hermann von Bruiningk and, 5,209-ionmo-n; Otto Höfler and, 5. See also Der Werwolf Himmler, Heinrich, 6 historical transmission, 155,156. See also cultural transmission Ho Chi Minh, 89 Höfler, Otto, 54,151,153,177,181, 184,188,190,191; Aryans and, 94; benandanti and, 140,153-54; berserkir (“bear-shirted ones”/ Viking warriors) and, 51,53; Carlo Ginzburg and, 94; criticism of, 6, 52-55,127; and the dead, 6,52-54; Friedrich von der Leyen and, 54, 223Ո2; Geo Widengren and, 6, 222ШЅ; Georges Dumézil and, 6, 51,52,222П15,22ՃՈ63; Hermann von Bruiningk and, 4-7,153; Her mann Witekind and, 6,52,264Ո7; influence of, 94,212Ո20, 227Ո63; Karl Meuli and, 52,54,222П15, 223Ո23; Lily Weiser and, 51-55,15354, 222Ո9, 222Ո14, 227Ո63; Lincoln and, 7; Männerbund/male societies and, 5-6, 52, 54, ss, 94,140,150, 151; Margaret Murray and, 53; on myths and rites, 52-53; Nazism and, 4-7, ss, 56,211ms, 212П19, 222Ո9,
224Ո25, 227Ո63; Robert Stumpfl and, 222Ո9, 222Ո14; on state formation and state power, 140-41; Stig Wikander and, 6,52, 151,264Ո7; “The Vseslav Epos” (Jakobson and Szeftel) and, 14041; theses, 223П19,223Ո24,226П63, 264Ո7; types of werewolves and, 5; on werewolves, ss; Wilhelm Hertz and, 5; writings, s, 6, 52-55,150, 151» 153» 181, 221ՈՈ2-3, 222Ш114-15, 223Ո19 holidays, 17. See also specific holidays horses, 47, 81,1Ճ7,168; breeding of, 119; butterflies and, 130,159; collisions with other animals, 77-78; consumption of, 20,1Ć7; and the devil, 20,22,102,103; doctors of, 22,102; ownership of, 168; sorcerers and, 20, 82; theft of, 15,81,198,262Ո39; transformation into, 85, 86; violence/harm to, 22,102,130,159,160,162, 201, 202, 238mi; witches and, 22,102,130, 202,238mi. See ako livestock horses’ heads, dead, 20 horsetails, 14,47,67 “hounds of God” ( Gottes hunde), 11, l8, 24,45» 47-49) 92֊93, по, 169
Index hunting, 133,13s, 136. See also Wild Hunt hunting dogs, God’s, 27,45. See also “hounds of God” hysteria, 61,62,66 I benandanti (Ginzburg). See Night Battles idolatry, 29,48,67,107 “idolized by the peasants,” 14,44, 45, 99 Igund, Thomas, 131-32 incest, 61. See aho seduction theory initiations, 40, 44, Sh 65, 74. 79, 80 innocence, 189. See also specific topics Inquisition trials, 166. See aho Friuli Inquisition inquisitors, 62,76,110,171; benandanti and, 49, 57, 64, 72,109,110,157,170; Friuli, 76 (see also Friuli Inquisi tion) internalization. See introjection introjection, 110,163,188 “invention,” 115,160-62,164-66, 169,176. See aho under Thiess of Kaltenbrunn iron whips. See whips isomorphic structure and orientation, 176 Ištar, 37 Istria, 77,78 Italy, werewolves in, 174 Jackson, Peter, 130, 2տ6աօ Jacoby, M., 231Ո86 Jahnen, Gričke, 24,96,98 Jakobson, Roman. See Vseslav epos Jaunpils. See Jürgensburg Jesus Christ, 19,49. See also feast(s): of Christ s Nativity Jews, ii9f, 128 281 Jones, Sir William, 146-47 Josafat, meadow of, 83 judges: belonging to German elite, 113-14; Friulian benandanti and, 49, 50; grain and, 104, 248Ո67; similar reactions of Udine inquisitors and Jürgensburg, 49; witches and, 61. See also specific topics Jung, Carl Gustav, 63-66 Jürgensburg, 13,17, 28, 41, 46, 67, 95, 96; judges of, 49 Kaltenbrunn, 13,28,96,101 Klaniczay, Gabor, 232Ո100 Klaproth, Julius, 8o֊8i Köner, T., 233Ո103 Kore, 42,43 Kortholt, Christian (Theophilus Sincerus), 91,195-96,198,236Ո3 Krebs, Albert, 55 kresniki, 58,87,155; animals and, 77-78,80, 83,85; benandanti and, 78,80,
84, 232Ո95; born with a caul, 77, 78, 80; ecstasy and, 83-85; fertility and, 85; gender, 77,85, 232Ո97; overview and nature of, 77-78; táltos and, 78, 80, 83-85,87, 233П104; terminology, 77; witches and, 78, 82, 85, 87 Krogmann, Willy, 223Ո24,227Ո63 Kuhn, Thomas S., 9 Kultische Geheimbünde der Germanen (Hofler), 52-55 language, 146-47,176,177,180-83, 195-96. See aho morphology langue-veisus-parole distinction, 16062,164,176 lashes, 48,67,72,94. See also flogging; whips Latin, 10,181
282 Index Le Corbusier, 154 lectiones dijficiliores, 173 preceding, 117; seasonal, 71 (see Lemburg, 23,32,95. See aho Skeistan Lentilius, Rosinus, 10 aho Christmas: [fear of] people becoming werewolves around); Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 66-67,115-16 linguistics, structural, 175-77 literature, 143. See aho specific topics livestock: consumption of, 92,104, 167,168,257ml,· and the devil, 49,102; hell and, 31,92-93; milk provided by, 28; and the nobility, 168; ownership of, 168; peasants and, 168,188; Pirsen Tönnis and, symbolic transformation into wolves, 130; Thiess s, 70, 92,196; Vseslav and, 138. See also clothing: transformation by shedding of; transformation/metamorphosis; werewolves 28; sorcerers and, 93,104,167; theft of, 2,15, 31,47, 49, 92, 93, 96,104, 132,168,188,198, 248Ո67, 257П11, 262Ո39; Thiess and, 28, 31,47, 49, 92,102,104, 248Ո67; violence against, 19,39,50,114,130,167,168, 197-98, 220Ո54, 263Ո39; witches and, 47, 49,102. See aho animals; cattle; horses Livonia: stereotypes and, 3,12,92,113, 132,140,209Ո8, 256П10. See also specific topics Lord of the Forest, 12 Lorey, Elmar, 207m Lötschental, 37; masquerade in, 40 Lucia, Santa, 42,43. See aho St. Lucias Eve Lupercalia, 216П12, 256Ш0 Lussi-fiarden (“those who travel with St. Lucy”). See Wild Troop lycanthropic Männerbund. See Männerbund lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf), 15, 31, 39,41, 47, 52, 71, 138-40,195-96; from drinking to gether, 195; experience of, 239Ո16; origins of the power of/capacity for, 92; reasons for, 16,36,195; religion and, 93; ritual sequence Maas, Paul, 124-25, 254Ո28 Maioli, Simone,
11 malandanti, 70, 78 male societies/associations. See Männerbund male witches (strigoi), 69-70,75,76, 79, 85, 86; born with a caul, 78; transformation into wolves, 69 Mālpils. See Lemburg Männerbund, s, 45; berserkir and, 50-51; celebrations by, 38 (see also cultic celebrations); initiations of, 40; institutions of, 150-51; Lily Weiser and, 51; Nordic race and, 45,55; Otto Höfler and, 5-6,52,54, 55, 94,140,150,151; thesis of, 150, 151; Thiess and, 94,150-51 Marienburg, 15,19,22,23,96,196, 2421135 masks, 37, 38, 40 Masson, J. Moussaieff, 63,225ՈՏՏ mazzeri, 86-87 meals, 15. See also feast(s) meat: eating raw, 15,16, 21,104,105,130 (see aho horses: consumption of). See aho livestock Meillet, Antoine, 182-83 Melanchthon, Philip, 39-41, 73,197; Hermann Witekind and, 73,159, 238Ш1; Kaspar Peucer and, 73,159,
Index 238mi; Olaus Magnus and, 40, 41, 220Ո53 Menichino da Latisana, 66,83 metamorphosis. See transformation/ metamorphosis Meuli, Karl, 52, 54, 222П15, 223Ո23 milk and butter, 18,105, 248Ո70 Moduco, 49 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 213Ո21 moon, 10, 22, 26, 28,103 Moretti, Franco, 143 morphological resemblances/mor phological comparison, 7,127-28, 155, 171,172,177,180; anomalies and, 170; definition and nature of, 158; historical comparison and, 111,158,175. See also comparartela; family resemblances; resemblances morphology, 86,175-77» 180,183; history and, 111,112,116,117,122, 126-28,130,132,133,138,140,141, 158,175,183; strategies of, 176 Murray, Margaret, 53 myths, 42,49» S3, 75,188 National Socialism. See Nazism nationalism, 3,210П14,257Ո15 Nazism (National Socialism), 4, 6,55, 56,211П15, 227Ո63; Otto Höfler and, 4-7,55, Sd, 211П15, 212П19, 222Ո9, 224Ո25, 227Ո63 Neuroi, 39,73,116, 209ПЮ, 261Ո34 neuroses, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66,112,113 night battles, 76 Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seven teenth Centuries, The (Ginzburg), 46-50,109-11,153,158,170, 223Ո24 Night of Santa Lucia. See St. Lucias Eve Ninck, Martin, 55 283 Nordic race, 45, 55, 56. See also Aryans nose, broken, 67,249Ո71; Thiess s, 14, 15, 47, 96, 218Ո32 oaths, 14,18, 247Ո65; breaking, 19,99; swearing, 2,14,19, 91-92, 99,187 “Odin s hounds,” 36 Oedipus complex, 51, 61 Olaus Magnus, 3, 40, 41, 44; account of, in History of the Peoples of the North, 34-41, 44, 74, 75, 90,195-97 Old Thiess. See Thiess of Kaltenbrunn Ossetians, 80-81, 83-84 Panzona, Maria, 71 parole, 160,162,164. See also
langueversus-parole distinction Pearson, K., ii8f-2if, 123í peasantry: benandanti and, 70,109; and the elite, 98,106,114,162,187; stereotypes and, 132,140 peasants: and the devil, 98,103; livestock and, 168,188; táltos and, 79,85. See also “idolized by the peasants” pelts, animal, 37, 38,40,216Ո12. See also wolf pelts Persephone, myth of, 42 Peter (Kaltenbrunn innkeeper), 14,96 Petronius, 116-17 Peucer, Kaspar, 11,50,72-73, n4,130, 159-61,164,174,197; Hermann Witekind and, 72,73,114,130,159, 201-2; Simone Maioli and, 11; on violence against livestock in wolf form, 198; on werewolf bands/ assemblies, 197; on werewolves, 11,50,72,130,161,174,198,201-2, 253Ո12; on witches, 11,50,130,161, 201-2,253Ո12 philologists, 122,125.124,173,180
284 Index philology, 173,175-76,180; textual, 124, 125 158,175 phylogenesis, 62-66 pigs, fattened, 15, 20, 21 Pliny the Elder, 73-75,117 Prätorius, Johannes, 39 pre-Christian religiosity. See religios ity, pre-Christian primal scene ( Urszene), 61-64 processions: for the dead, 50,57; of the dead, 58, 69,70,227Ո63; of dead spirits, 41J ghostly, 219Ո39 prosperity (Seegen), 21,92-93,104, 130, 250Ո73; blessings for, 28, 29, 93, 238Ո13; and the devil, 18,21, 27) 49, 93, ЮЗ, շ47ո6ւ, 247Ո65; of harvests, 43, 48,93; hell and, 17, 92-93,103; recovered, 17,18, 21, 27, 93,248Ո71; sorcerers and, 17,18,27, 93,103,104; stolen, 17,18,21,103, 247Ո61, 247Ո65, 263Ո39 (see also under hell); witches and, 46,49, 83, 263Ո39. See also fertility; Russian werewolves protolanguage, 147,181 psychoanalysis, 60-65. See also Freud, Sigmund; Oedipus complex Puer Esser (lake), 15,100,173 punishment: corporal, 30, 94 (see aho flogging; lashes; whips); temporal and eternal, 23, 27,30,107; of Thiess, 30, 32, 48, 67, 93, 94,107-8, 240Ո24. See also death sentences/ executions raiding hell, 100,102,105. See also hell raids, 37-38, 41. See also cattle raiding Ranke, Friedrich, ѕз, 227Ո63 religio-initiatory “male societies,” 51, 52. See also Männerbund religion, 53,54,56, 62, 80,113,114,186, 187; and beliefs about werewolves, 113; domination, resistance, and, 89-90, 95, 99,113; Ho Chi Minh and, 89. See aho Christianity religiosity, pre-Christian, 3-5, 94, 110,186. See also shamanic religi osity religious archetypes, 48. See ako archetypes religious difference and social divide, 98-99 resemblances, 12,
83,141,156,172,175; recognizing formal, 76; Thiess and, 184; types of, 176. See also benandanti; family resemblances; morphological resemblances resistance, 99,104,107-9,113; forms of, 88-89; nature of, 88; religion, domination, and, 89-90, 95, 99, 113; of Thiess, 95, 99,108,113 returning dead, s, 37 Riga» n» 19) շ8 rites: ecstatic, 34; fertility, 53-55,58; shamanic, 50 ritual level vs. mythical level, 188 ritual sequence preceding lycanthropy, 117 rituals, fertility, 43-44 Rivière, Pierre, 186 Róheim, Géza, 232Ո100 Romance languages, 181 Roscher, W. H., 230Ո84 roses, 83 Rosinus Lentulus, 10 “running to hell” (hollen zulauffe), 19,100 Russian folklore, 59,81,112,113 Russian werewolves, 220Ո54; born in a caul, 112,113,133-ՅՏ) 137֊39; compared with benandanti, 139; fertility, prosperity, and, 18-19, 48,
Index raiding hell, 106; Thiess on, 106, 248Ո71 Rütimeyer, Leopold, 37-38 rye, 16,47,48,67 67, 248Ո71; sabbat, ѕз, 64,65. See ako witches’ sabbath Sabbath, 69,75,76. See also witches’ sabbath Saint Lucy’s Day. See St. Lucia’s Eve salt, 16, 22,24,25,28, 29,102,105,107 Satan, 3; vs. werewolves, 2,130,169. See also devil Saussure, Ferdinand de, 182-83 Schurte-thieves, 37 Schurtz, Heinrich, 51 Scythians, 39,73,80,158,178, 209П10 seasonal celebrations, 5,34, 47. See also Christmas; winter festivals secret societies. See Männerbund seduction theory (Freud), 61-64 Seegen. See prosperity Seegensprecher, 26,93, 239Ո17 sexual initiation, 65. See also initiations sexual trauma. See seduction theory shamanism, 64,113,158; and ecstasy, 53, 54; Eurasian, 7,158; and healing, 140; and transmission, 178,180 shamans: benandanti and, 50, 58, 76; Eurasian, 53, 94; rites of, 50; Siberian, 94,178. See also sorcerers; táltos sin, 26,103, 245ՈՏ5, 261Ո37; and the devil, 20, 26, 34,103,105 Sincerus, Theophilus. See Kortholt, Christian singularities vs. anomalies, 125,2Տ4Ո31 Skeistan (peasant from Lemburg), 14, 47, 67,96, 249Ո71 Skeistan Rein, 17,96 Slavic folklore, 50,58, 60,76-78,138, 285 174; beliefs about the caul, 60,70, 76-77,138-39,174; beliefs about werewolves, 73,76-77, 224Ո35, 26U134 Slavic myths, 49 Slavic werewolves, 58,74,117,133-39 Slavs, 77,78, 94,138-39 smoke, 80, 83, 85 social class. See class conflict; ehte; peasantry sorcerers (die zauberer), 25, 75, 77,82, 91, 245Ո53; Baltic, 43; battles and opposition between werewolves and, 17,18, 27, 41-43, 67,77,92, 103,104, 237mi, 246Ո61; and
the devil, 16-18,20,24,27, 67,93,103, 104, 220, 220Ո55, 244Ո46, 245Ո51, disease caused by, 246Ո56; eating/feast ing, 16,102,167, 220Ո54, 245Ո51, 249Ո72; feeding, 20; fertility and, 41-43, 67,104; God and, 17,24, 2-7, 93; grains and, 15-17, 42, 67, 101,102; livestock and, 93,104, 167; prosperity and, 17,18, 27, 93, 103,104; Skeistan and, 67,249Ո71; souls of, 18,103,244Ո46; St. Lucia’s Eve and, 16-17, 41,42,67,103; ter minology, 137,180,233Ш00; theft/ stealing, 102-4,245Ո52 (see also prosperity); Thiess and, 93,102-4, 245Ո53, 246Ո61, 249Ո72; 245ՈՈՏ2-53, 247Ո64, 249Ո71; things brought to hell by, 16,17, 24, 27, 93,103, 220Ո55, 246Ո61 (see also hell: sorcerers and; prosperity); Volx, 137; Vseslav and, 134; were wolves and, 198,249Ո71,253Ո14. See ako Hans, Serme; shamans sorcery: accusations of, 39,2б5Шб; confessions of, 107 sorghum stalks, 48,70,110
Index 286 souls, 74; benandanti and, 70 (see also benandanti: spirits of); Christi anity and, 18,19, 70,101; ecstasy and, 83,84; God and, 18,19,21, 22, 27,47-49,101, 246Ո61; heaven/ paradise and, 18,27,47-49,71; malandanti and, 70, 78; racial, 56; recovering stolen, 102-3; saving, 18, 19,22; of sorcerers, 18,103; Thiess on, 101-102; of werewolves, 18,47, 239Ո16; of witches, 47,103. See also dead: souls/spirits of; devil sourcier, 180 Spehr, Harald, 55-56 spirits, 34. See also dead: souls/spirits of; souls; specific topics St. Lucias Eve, 19, 41-42; sorcerers and, 16-17,4L 42, 67,102; Thiess on, 17,67,102,197; werewolves and, 17; 19; 4L 42; 47; 67, I97. See ūbo Lucia, Santa Steppe, Gurrian, 28-30, 96,107-8, 114; 115 Thiess of Kaltenbrunn (“Old Thiess”): as anomalous figure, 129; broken nose, 14,15, 47, 96, 218Ո32; charac terizations of, 129; confessions, 12, 30, 46-47; 67-69; 73; 108; healing practices, 22,24-25, 29, 96,102-3, 107,215m, 239Ո17,250Ո73; health, 14, 92, 245Ո48; how he became a werewolf, 242Ո35; inventiveness, 115,164-65,168,169,184-86,189, lycanthropy, 70,92,196; origin of his name, 2; overview, 1-2; punishment, 30,32,48, 67, 93, 94, 107-8, 240Ո24; refused to repent, 67; resistance, 95,99,108,113; visiting hell, 47,94,100,108,110, 173; wife, 23,24, 28. See ako specific topics Thiess trial: sentencing (see ako punishment: of Thiess); verdict, 2,30-32,94,108. See ako specific topics thirst, 75. See also bloodthirstiness Timpanaro, Sebastiano, 123-24 Tommasini, G. F., 77 Tönnis, Pirsen, 13, 28, 96, 249Ո73 torture: abolished, 99,132,186,189; absent from Thiess
case, 12,99, 130,186,189-90; benandanti and, 110; cases in which it was not used, 192; 249Ո73 Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del sabba (Ginzburg). See Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches Sabbath Straubergs, Karlis, 257ms structural linguistics, 175-77 structuralism, 111-12,175 Stumpfl, Robert, 222Ո9, 222Ո14 sun, 22,26, 28,102,133 Sunszel (Suntaži), 17 swearing oaths. See oaths: swearing Szeftel, Marc. See Vseslav epos táltos, 58, 59, 78-80, 85, 86,155, 23ЗШ03, 234Ո114; animals and, 59,79, 80, 83-85,234Ո114; der, 78-79; initiation and, 65, 79, 80; kresniki and, 78, 80, 83-85, 87, 233Ո104; mazzeri and, 87; peasants and, 79, 85; shamanistic character istics, 58, 65; witches, witchcraft, and, 78-80,83,87 text transmission/textual transmis sion, 72,124,125,165,172-7Յ; 176, 265Ո16. See also cultural transmis sion “Theses on Comparison” (Lincoln), benandanti and, 58,59,66, 80,83-86,155,232П100; birth, 58,79; childhood, 59,79; dreams and, 59, 66,79; ecstasy and, 83-85; fertility and, 80, 84,85; gen
Index 287 background, 208Ո7; 12, 49,130,188-90; confessions 221Ш14-5; made under, 1,61,99,132,1Ճ2,188, career, 208Ո7; on demonolog 243Ո40 ical theories, 3, 4; on Neuroi, 209ШО; Otto Höfler and, 4-7, transformation/metamorphosis, 40, 44, 85,133,135,137,139t; animal, 74, 80,138, 238Ո16, 260Ո25; into animals, 52,68, 70,71, 79,80, 86, 110,136-37,161,174,176 (see also lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf)); birth with the caul and, 138,139,174; into flames, 79, 85, 114,202; by shedding of clothes, 219Ո47,220Ո54; terminology, 137; theology and, 238Ո16; of witches, 69,161,174 (see also butterflies: witches turned into) trauma. See seduction theory trees, 17, 56, 57,103 troop of demonic wolves, ghostly, 40-42 troop of the dead (Totenheer), 33-37, 51 Tuczay, Christa Agnes, 207m twelve days/twelve nights. See under Christmas Tyrummen (farmhand), 15,20,21,96 Udine inquisitors and Jürgensburg judges, similar reactions of, 49 Undeutsche. See Deutsche vs. Undeut sche “Une machine a penser” (Ginzburg), 154 153; overview, 2-3; Thiess and, 4; Thiess trial records/transcript published by, 13,41,153,2o8n6, 22бпб2,237Ո5; on unique nature of Thiess transcript, 210Ո13; on werewolves, 3,5; Wilhelm Hertz and, s, 209-10Ш110-11 von der Leyen, Friedrich, 54, 223Ո2 von Palmberg, District Court Judge, 31, 208Ո5, 240ՈՈ22-23 von Trautvetter, Herman Georg, 31, 95, շօ8ոտ, 240Ո23 von Ulenbrock, Heinrich, 10-11, 214Ո8 Vseslav epos (“The Epos of Vseslav”), 58,133-41,135t, 138í, 139h 258ПП1618, 259-60Ш123-25, 261Ш132-35 Vseslav of Polock (Vseslav evie Bryachislavich), 135-36,140, 259Ո20; birth,
70,134,138,139,139t; depictions and characterizations of, 70,134-35,137,138, i39t, 140. See also Volx Vseslav’evič; Vseslav epos vukodlak, 78,139, 261-62ՈՈ37-38 warlocks, battling, 46,55,57,58 wealth. See class conflict; prosperity Weiser-Aall, Lily: berserkir and, 51-53; “male groups”/Männerbund and, 51-54; Otto Höfler and, 51-55, 153-54, 222Ո9, 222П14, 227Ո63; Valk, Ülo, 103 vampires, 5, 77, 78, 82,139, 261Ո37 versipelles, 117,214117; definitions and meanings of the term, 10,116-17 Volx Vseslav evie, 70,134-38,1збѓ, 262Ո39. See also bylina volxv, 137 von Bruiningk, Hermann, 2-7, writings, 51, 222Ո15, 227Ո63 Wenden court. See District Court of Wenden Wenden judges, 92,99,113 “werewolf,” etymology of the term, 10 “Werewolf in Livonia, The” (von Bru iningk), 2. See also von Bruiningk, Hermann
288 Index werewolf-prince, 133,13s, 137-38 werewolves: afterlife, 18; death, 18, 20, 47, 67,101, 244Ո26; diet, 16,104; female, 18, ss; learned discourse on, 7,187-88 (see also Olaus Magnus; specific writings); means of becoming, is, 19, 20, 23, 36, 44, 92,117,131,187,188,195-96, 220Ո52; punishment of, 40,94 (see ako Thiess of Kaltenbrunn: punish ment); sources of information about, 1; stereotypes of, 1,3,69,73, 92,104,110,114,130,132,140,159, 177,188, 238П11, 2s6mo; terminol ogy, 10, 2isni, 260Ո31, 261Ո35; types and categories of, 5,10; violence to, 16,18 Werwolf, Der (Hertz). See Der Werwolf wheat, 24, 28, 8i whips, 35, 39, 40, 44, 47, 67,70, 72, 76. See also flogging; lashes Widengren, Geo, 6,222Ш5 Wikander, Stig, 6,52,151,264Ո7 Wilcuren. See wolf pelts Wild Hunt (Wilde Jagd), 34,36,52,53, 226Ո63,227Ո63 Wild Troop (Wilde Heer), 33,41, 219Ո38 wildness/wild nature, 34, 35, 37, 91 Wilken, Hermann. See Witekind, Hermann winter, 42,103,104 winter festivals, 38-39 witchcraft (Zauberey): accusations of, 233Ш03, 243Ո40; books on, 114 (see also Night Battles); diabolical, 11,57 witchcraft trials, 46, 61, 78, 98-99,103, 167, 233Ո103, 266Ո17; benandanti and, S7,157 Witch-Cult in Western Europe, The (Murray), S3 witches (Hexen/venéficas), 47,78, 86, 139,188,190; Abhkaz, 82; aben, 78, 79, 82; animals and, 22, 70, 78, 82,103,110,198 (see ako livestock: witches and); battle between, 83; benandanti and, 46,49,57,58,69, 70, 75, 76, 78, 80, 85, 87,109-11,113, 163,188; birth, 78; confessions of (alleged), 61-62, 64,110; and the dead, 83, 86; and the devil, 3, 22, 47, 49, 92,102,103;
dreams, 66; evil, 22,42,102,104; fertility and, 46-49, S3, 55,57,58, 68-70, 76, 85, no, 111,263Ո39; Freud and, 61,62, 64; grains and, 14, 47, 48, 70, no, 131; horses and, 22,102,130, 202, 238mi; illness and, 103; judges and, 61; Kaspar Peucer on, 11, 50, 130,161,201-2,253Ո12; kresniki and, 78, 82, 8s, 87; vs. Lord of the Forest, 12; prosperity, abundance of harvest, and, 46, 49, 83, 263Ո39; sexuality and, 64; souls and, 102; souls of, 47,103; táltos and, 78-80, 83, 87; theft, 47,163Ո39; Thiess and, 58, 68, 69, 73) 9i 102,103, no, ՈՏ, 263Ո39; transformation into animals other than wolves, 69, 71,161,174 (see also butterflies: witches turned into); transforma tion into wolves, 69, 91,198; vs. werewolves, 11,12,42,46,47,49, 50, ss, 58, 68,72, 73, 75, 76, 9I) 104, no, 111, 114,115,131,161,185, 201-2, 237nın; werewolves and, 49, 69, 85, 132. See also male witches; Skeistan witches’ sabbath, 12, 57, 64, 69, 113,234П110. See also Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath; sabbat; Sabbath witch-hunts, 11,12 Witekind, Hermann (Augustin
Index Lercheímer), 7i֊7i 75) iS9 ido, 238П11; Kaspar Peucer and, 72,73, 114,130,159,201-2; Otto Höfler and, 6,52,264Ո7; Philip Melanchthon and, 73,159,238mi; on werewolves, 71-72, 201-2; writings, 71-7Յ) 114) 289 wolf-bands, demonic, 36, 44,45 wolf-demons, 40,41 Wolf-Man, 113; born in a caul, 112,113; dream, 56-61, 64,66,112-13; Freud and, 56-58, 60, 62-64 wolves, 45; distinguishing werewolves from, 74-75; meanings and uses of the term “wolf,” 74 130,160,169, 203η, 2з8піі Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 120,128,14849) 235П118 wolf pelts ( Wilcuren), 6,15, 38,44,96, Yuletide, 34 188,2i6ni2, 217Ш6. See also pelts Bayariaoha Staatsbibliothek Mönchan
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ginzburg, Carlo 1939- Lincoln, Bruce 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)12096967X (DE-588)102586252X (DE-588)118551914 |
| author_additional | Bruce Lincoln Carlo Ginzburg Otto Höfler; translated by Bruce Lincoln |
| author_facet | Ginzburg, Carlo 1939- Lincoln, Bruce 1948- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Ginzburg, Carlo 1939- |
| author_variant | c g cg b l bl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046783375 |
| classification_rvk | PY 865 |
| contents | Introduction Introduction, a postscript The trial; transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28, 1691) ; The Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31, 1692) -- Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic cult groups, folklore, and Persephone myths Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian werewolves, and shamanic others Comparison of Old Thiess to learned descriptions and stereotypes of Livonian werewolves and to the Benandanti : a seventeenth-century werewolf and the drama of religious resistance Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln : co onjunctive anomalies -- a reflection on werewolves -- Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg : Letter of February 8 -- The Case of Old Thiess : a Comparative prspective. A conversation: Saturday, September 30, 2017 ; The conversation continues : Monday, October 2, 2017 -- Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess's testimony and descriptions of Livonian werewolves in learned literature -- Appendix B: A Livonian narrative featuring the opposition of werewolves and witches |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1192477573 (DE-599)BVBBV046783375 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte 1691-192 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1691-192 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>07301nam a2200745 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046783375</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20210315 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">200629s2020 xx a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780226674384</subfield><subfield code="c">(hbk.)</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-226-67438-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780226674414</subfield><subfield code="c">(pbk.)</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-226-67441-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1192477573</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV046783375</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PY 865</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)141131:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ginzburg, Carlo</subfield><subfield code="d">1939-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)12096967X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf</subfield><subfield code="b">a classic case in comparative perspective</subfield><subfield code="c">Carlo Ginzburg and Bruce Lincoln</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Chicago</subfield><subfield code="b">The University of Chicago Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">vi, 289 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karte</subfield><subfield code="c">22 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Some text translated from German</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="t">Introduction</subfield><subfield code="r">Bruce Lincoln</subfield><subfield code="t">Introduction, a postscript</subfield><subfield code="r">Carlo Ginzburg</subfield><subfield code="t">The trial; transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28, 1691) ; The Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31, 1692) --</subfield><subfield code="t">Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic cult groups, folklore, and Persephone myths</subfield><subfield code="r">Otto Höfler; translated by Bruce Lincoln</subfield><subfield code="t">Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian werewolves, and shamanic others</subfield><subfield code="r">Carlo Ginzburg</subfield><subfield code="t">Comparison of Old Thiess to learned descriptions and stereotypes of Livonian werewolves and to the Benandanti : a seventeenth-century werewolf and the drama of religious resistance</subfield><subfield code="r">Bruce Lincoln</subfield><subfield code="t">Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln : co onjunctive anomalies -- a reflection on werewolves --</subfield><subfield code="t">Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg : Letter of February 8 --</subfield><subfield code="t">The Case of Old Thiess : a Comparative prspective. A conversation: Saturday, September 30, 2017 ; The conversation continues : Monday, October 2, 2017 -- Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess's testimony and descriptions of Livonian werewolves in learned literature -- Appendix B: A Livonian narrative featuring the opposition of werewolves and witches</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The topic of werewolves has flared in the popular imagination in recent years, but the case of Thiess-a self-admitted werewolf who claimed that, thrice yearly, he transformed and battled Satan and his witches as a protector of humanity and the forest-is as baffling today as it was in seventeenth-century Livonia. At first, the judges in 1691 dismissed the 80-year-old was just a senile old man. But after protracted questioning and the testimonies of witnesses who knew Thiess as a werewolf, the judges delivered a guilty verdict a year-and-a-half later on Halloween. The sentence: flogging and banishment for stealing livestock. Even at the end, Thiess maintained that he "and a few other" werewolves were not servants of the Devil and refuted the inquisitors' accusations. This unusual and entertaining book is an attempt by two distinguished scholars from different methodological perspectives to wrestle with the case over the years. It is a hybrid work, at once a source text of the trial (reproduced in full in English for the first time); a glimpse at Nazi appropriation of the werewolf tale prior to WWII; a summary of Carlo Ginzburg's thoughts on the case (which he first encountered in the 1960s) using microhistorical analytic methods; Bruce Lincoln's analysis (from the 1970s), which he viewed from the perspective of comparative religion; their subsequent exchange of ideas and differing conclusions; and ending with an informal conversation. The result is a rare opportunity for students to attain an insight into the "modus operandi" of scholars who have left a great impact on the field, the merits and pitfalls of different interpretive approaches to the same historical materials, and an example of how scholarly exchange happens in the academic world, a debate not solely restricted to the exchange of formal articles in journals and conference papers"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1691-192</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Werwolf</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4189721-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Hexenprozess</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4024800-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Livland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4036075-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Old Thiess / active 17th century / Trials, litigation, etc</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Werewolves / Livonia / History / 17th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Werewolves / Livonia / Religious aspects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Trials (Witchcraft) / Livonia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Trials</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Trials (Witchcraft)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Werewolves</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Werewolves / Religious aspects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe / Livonia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">1600-1699</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4135952-5</subfield><subfield code="a">Quelle</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Livland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4036075-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Werwolf</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4189721-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Hexenprozess</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4024800-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1691-192</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lincoln, Bruce</subfield><subfield code="d">1948-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)102586252X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Höfler, Otto</subfield><subfield code="d">1901-1987</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118551914</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-226-67455-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="u">https://www.recensio.net/r/bb9dc6c2d3a34b52a9fca3e44d498ecc</subfield><subfield code="y">rezensiert in: Frühneuzeit-Info, 31 (2020), S. 188-189</subfield><subfield code="3">Rezension</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - 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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Livland (DE-588)4036075-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Livland |
| id | DE-604.BV046783375 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T19:00:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780226674384 9780226674414 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032192494 |
| oclc_num | 1192477573 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| physical | vi, 289 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte 22 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210113 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | The University of Chicago Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Ginzburg, Carlo 1939- Lincoln, Bruce 1948- Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective Introduction Introduction, a postscript The trial; transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28, 1691) ; The Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31, 1692) -- Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic cult groups, folklore, and Persephone myths Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian werewolves, and shamanic others Comparison of Old Thiess to learned descriptions and stereotypes of Livonian werewolves and to the Benandanti : a seventeenth-century werewolf and the drama of religious resistance Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln : co onjunctive anomalies -- a reflection on werewolves -- Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg : Letter of February 8 -- The Case of Old Thiess : a Comparative prspective. A conversation: Saturday, September 30, 2017 ; The conversation continues : Monday, October 2, 2017 -- Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess's testimony and descriptions of Livonian werewolves in learned literature -- Appendix B: A Livonian narrative featuring the opposition of werewolves and witches Werwolf (DE-588)4189721-3 gnd Hexenprozess (DE-588)4024800-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189721-3 (DE-588)4024800-8 (DE-588)4036075-1 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective |
| title_alt | Introduction Introduction, a postscript The trial; transcript from the Hearings at the Provincial Court of Venden (April 28, 1691) ; The Verdict Pronounced by the High Court of Dorpat [Tartu] (October 31, 1692) -- Comparison of Old Thiess to Germanic cult groups, folklore, and Persephone myths Comparison of Old Thiess to Friulian Benandanti, Russian werewolves, and shamanic others Comparison of Old Thiess to learned descriptions and stereotypes of Livonian werewolves and to the Benandanti : a seventeenth-century werewolf and the drama of religious resistance Ginzburg Responds to Lincoln : co onjunctive anomalies -- a reflection on werewolves -- Lincoln Responds to Ginzburg : Letter of February 8 -- The Case of Old Thiess : a Comparative prspective. A conversation: Saturday, September 30, 2017 ; The conversation continues : Monday, October 2, 2017 -- Appendix A: Commonalities between Thiess's testimony and descriptions of Livonian werewolves in learned literature -- Appendix B: A Livonian narrative featuring the opposition of werewolves and witches |
| title_auth | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective |
| title_exact_search | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective |
| title_full | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective Carlo Ginzburg and Bruce Lincoln |
| title_fullStr | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective Carlo Ginzburg and Bruce Lincoln |
| title_full_unstemmed | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective Carlo Ginzburg and Bruce Lincoln |
| title_short | Old Thiess, a Livonian werewolf |
| title_sort | old thiess a livonian werewolf a classic case in comparative perspective |
| title_sub | a classic case in comparative perspective |
| topic | Werwolf (DE-588)4189721-3 gnd Hexenprozess (DE-588)4024800-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Werwolf Hexenprozess Livland Quelle |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/bb9dc6c2d3a34b52a9fca3e44d498ecc http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192494&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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