Routledge handbook of the Caucasus:
The Routledge Handbook of the Caucasus offers an integrated, multidisciplinary overview of the historical, ethno-linguistic, cultural, socio-economic and political complexities of the Caucasus. Covering both the North and South Caucasus, the book gathers together leading Western, Caucasian and Russi...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032104122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032104122&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Summary: | The Routledge Handbook of the Caucasus offers an integrated, multidisciplinary overview of the historical, ethno-linguistic, cultural, socio-economic and political complexities of the Caucasus. Covering both the North and South Caucasus, the book gathers together leading Western, Caucasian and Russian scholars of the region from different disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Following a thorough introduction by the editors, the handbook is divided into six parts which combine thematic and chronological principles:Place, peoples and culture Political historyThe contemporary Caucasus: politics, economics and societies Conflict and political violenceThe Caucasus in the wider worldSocietal and cultural dynamics. This handbook will be an essential reference work for scholars interested in Russian and Eastern-European studies, Eurasian history and politics, and religious and Islamic studies. |
| Physical Description: | xxiii, 441 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781138483187 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List offigures X List of maps List of contributors xi xii xiii Glossary xix List of tables Note on transliteration, place-names and ethnonyms xxii Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Introducing the Caucasus 1 Galina M. Yemelianova and Laurence Broers PARTI Place, peoples and culture 17 2 Caucasus paradigms revisited 19 Florian Mühlfried 3 Peoples, languages and lore 32 John Colarusso 4 The early Christian Caucasus 52 Stephen H. Rapp Jr. 5 The Muslim Caucasus: the role of ‘adats and shari ah 68 Galina M. Yemelianova and Svetlana I. Akkieva PART II Political history 85 6 The ‘long millennium’: the Caucasus from the medieval to the early modem periods Laurence Broers and Galina M. Yemelianova vii 87
Contents 7 The Caucasus in the Russian Empire 107 Timothy K. Blauvelt 8 Between the Russian Empire and the USSR: the independence of Transcaucasia as a socio-political transformation 121 Arsene Saparov 9 The Soviet Caucasus, 1920-91: resistance and accommodation 136 Jeremy Smith PART III The contemporary Caucasus: politics, economics and societies 155 10 Azerbaijan: politics, society and economy since independence 157 Audrey L. Altstadt 11 The new Georgia: politics, economy and society 174 Ghia Nodia 12 Armenia: from revolution to revolution 189 Alexander Iskandaryan 13 The north-eastern Caucasus: Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia 203 Galina M. Yemelianova 14 The north-western Caucasus: Kabardino-Balkaria, KarachaevoCherkessia and Adygea 219 Galina M. Yemelianova and Svetlana I. Akkieva PART IV Conflict and political violence 237 15 Ethno-territorial and secessionist conflicts: causes and trajectories 239 Laurence Broers and Galina M. Yemelianova 16 Unrecognised statehood? The de facto states of the South Caucasus 257 Laurence Broers 17 Jihadist violence in the North Caucasus: political, social and economic factors Domitilla Sagramoso and Akhmet Yarlykapov viii 273
Contents 18 Transnational Salafi and jihadist networks: from an independent insurgency to a leaderless network 288 Jean-François Rateile PART V The Caucasus in the wider world 303 19 Russia in the Caucasus 305 S. Neil MacFarlane 20 The South Caucasus and the West: from hegemony to contestation 317 Licinia Simão 21 Turkey and the Caucasus: mutual interests and influences in the post-Soviet era 331 Bayram Bald and Thomas Liles 22 The Caucasus and Iran 347 Kelsey Rice 23 The Caucasus and the Caspian Sea: legality, energy politics and regional security 359 Stanislav Pritchin PART VI Societal and cultural dynamics 373 24 Demography of the Caucasus 375 Edward C. Holland andJennifer S. Wistrand 25 Gender and society in the Caucasus 389 Lala A. Aliyeva 26 Civil society in the Caucasus: voluntary youth organisations 401 Huseyn Aliyev 27 New media and digital activism: comparing Armenia and Chechnya 416 Karena Avedissian Index 428 ix
INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to information in tables; those in italics refer to figures or maps. Abashidze, Aslan 176, 177 Abaza: language 38-39; people 227, 229 Abbas, Shah 100 Abdulatipov, Ramazan 280 Abdullaev, Ahmad-haj/ee 209 Abkhaz 38-39, 41 Abkhazia: overview 11, 33; boundaries 146; as de facto state 258-260; demography 123, 380; domestic institutions and contested politics 261-262; foreign policy 265-267; Georgia and 130, 175, 242-247; patron states and foreign policy 263—264; peace processes 268-269; recognition of 267-268; Russian peacekeeping role 310; secessionist challenges/conflicts 9; Soviet Union and 142; Turkey and 334, 337 Abrahamyan, Hovik 197 Abu Bakr al-Darbandi 72 Abubakarov, Saiyd Muhammad 209 accommodation of Soviet rule 136-137, 140-141 activism, suppression of 279 Ad Hoc Working Group of the Deputy Foreign Ministers of the Caspian States 361-362 adats՛, overview 6, 68-69, 80-81; education of girls 394; family, honour, hospitality 77-78; Genghizids and 96; impact of Russian conquest 79—80; Ingushetia 214; ownership rights 76—77; rationale, sources, geography 73-75; Shamil’s campaign against 78-79; Soviet era 207; Sufism 72-73; violence 75-76 Adifi ‘Lady White Elbow’ 44, 45 adultery 78 Adygea (Adyghe Republic): overview 10, 230; ‘Adygeisation’ 230-232; language and peoples 38-39, 220; language policy 231; Maykop (Maikop) culture 32; Russian/Slavic and Cossack nationalism 232 Adyghe Khase (‘Adyghe Council’) 222, 223, 229, 231 Afghanistan 295-296 Agatangeghos (Agathangelus) 57, 59, 63 agglutinative languages 36—37, 40, 41—42 agriculture 76, 183,
281 Ahmad Sirhindi al-Faruqi 72 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 355 Ajara (Adjara) 146, 175, 176 Akhtaev, Akhmad-qadi 209-210, 274 Akkieva, S.I., chapters by 68-84, 219-236 Akkin Chechens 207 Alan 225, 228 Alans 34 Albanian 92-93, 143 Aliev, Mukhu 279 Aliyev, Aziz 352 Aliyev, H., chapter by 401—415 Aliyev, Heydar: Azerbaijan president 157, 163, 166-167, 242; ‘Contract of the Century’ 170; foreign relations 340—341, 353, 356; Nagorny Karabakh 164; Soviet Union 141, 149, 150; youth organisations 408 Aliyev, Ilham 157, 163, 166, 168, 169 Aliyeva, L.A., chapter by 389-400 Alizade, Zardusht 161 Alkhanov, Alu 278 All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP) 250-251 All-Caucasian Alliance of Youth 406 Altaic language 22, 34, 40, 42 Altstadt, A.L., chapter by 157-173 428
Index Alwanian language 33-34, 42, 43 Amirani 48 Amirov, Said 280 Ampashulin, Bektash 226 ancient peoples 32-35 Anderson, Mike 365 Ankvab, Alexander 261 apostolic connections 54 Arab conquest 88-89 Arab foreign fighters 289-291, 292 Arabic 42-43 areal language features 35-37 Armenia: overview 9-10, 199-200; Arab conquest 89; Azerbaijani conflict 240-242, 352—353; Christianity 90-91; ‘complementarity’ 324; conversion narratives 53—54; crony capitalism 195-196; demography 378, 381; education 393; energy policy 326; European Union 322; folklore 48; foreign relations 354, 355; ‘great migrations’ 100; ICTs and domestic politics 417, 418-419; independence and boundaries 127-129; information and communications technologies (ICTs) 14; Iran and 347, 350; languages 41; medieval Caucasus 69; Nagorny Karabakh and 189—191, 260, 263; nationalism 137, 142-143; as patron state 265, 268; political history 196—199; Russia and 310-311, 312; Russian Empire 110; social media 421-423; Soviet Union 129, 140, 149, 150; Tatar War 353; Turkey and 338-340; United States and 319, 322; war and the era of the combatants 191-194; women and gender 391, 395; youth organisations 401-402, 408-409,411 Armenia Soviet Socialist Republic (ArmSSR) 349-350 Armenian language 34, 40 Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutsyun) 125, 137, 140, 409 Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict 69-70 arms transfen 310-311 Arran (Caucasian Albania) 69, 89 art 141-142 Asilderov, Rustam 295 association agreements (AAs) 181, 305, 323-324 Astemirov, Anzor 274, 275 Atabaki, T. 349 Atabiyev, Islam (Abu Jihad) 275 Aushev, Masharip 279
Aushev, Ruslan 214 authoritarianism: overview 8; elections 278-279; Georgia 179; ICTs, domestic politics and 416-417, 419-421, 425; rise of27; Russia 313; social media 421-423 Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia 175 Autonomous Republics of Abkhazia 175 Autonomous Republics of Ajara/Adjara 175 Avar-Andic language 38 Avars 208, 249 Avedissian, A., chapter by 416-427 Averre, D. 319 Avturkhanov, Umar 251 Azadistan 351 Azerbaijan: overview 8-9, 157—159, 171—172; Arab conquest 89; Armenian conflict 240-242, 352-353; Azerbaijan Democratic Republic legacy 162-163; Caspian Sea 360, 362, 365-366, 367-369; de facto states and 267-268; demography 259, 378—379, 380-381; economic structure 169-171; education 393, 394; European Union 322; foreign relations 354-355; Georgia and 182; independence and boundaries 125-127; Iran and 347-348, 355—357; ireli (‘Forward’) 402, 408, 411; jihadist networks 290; Karabagh 163-166; languages 34, 41, 42; medieval Caucasus 69; military aid 364; Nagorny Karabakh conflict 189—190; nationalism 137, 141, 142-143; networked authoritarianism 425; religious expression 356; republic of 159-162; Russia 312; Russian Empire 110; Soviet Union 140, 148-149, 150; stability and sovereignty under the ‘new’ old regime 166-169; Turkey and 340-342; United States 319; urban change 382-384; women and gender 391, 395, 395-396; youth organisations 407-408 Azerbaijan (Iranian provinces) 347-348, 351-352, 356-357 Azerbaijan Democratic Party 351 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) 162-163 Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC) 170 Azerbaijan National Independence Party
161 Azerbaijan People ’s Government 351—352 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (AzSSR) 349-350, 351-352 Azerbaijani Popular Front (APF) 241—242 Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet 160-161 Azeri language 40, 42, 43, 348 Ázzam, Abdullah 291 Bab al-Abwab (‘Gate of all Gates’) 69-70, 89; see also Darband (Derbent) Babich, I.L. 114 Bagapsh, Sergey 261 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 276 Baghirov, Mirjafar 150, 352 Bagratuni dynasty 90-91 Baku: demography 380; labour migration 348-349; Ottoman seizure of 126; urban change 382—383 Baku-Supsa pipeline 366 429
Index Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline: economy 170, 182-183, 383; global policy 13; Turkey and 335, 336, 341; the West 364, 366, 367 Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline 13, 182-183, 364, 366 Balachka 41 Balansanyan, Vitaly 262 Baici, В., chapter by 331-346 Balkars: deportation and rehabilitation 221; language 40, 42; nationalism 224-225 baptisms 57 Barayev, Arbi 274 Bariatinsky, Aleksandr Ivanovich 79, 115 Barth, Fredrik 23 Basayev, Shamil 274, 291, 295 Batdyev, Mustafa 277 Batradz 47 Bek, Hamza 114 Bek, Said 139 Bendukidze, Kakha 183 Beppaev, Sufyan 225 Beregint (‘Caring Sisters’) 226 Beria, Lavrenty 142, 143, 149-150 Beslan school tragedy 249 Bin Laden, Osama 290 Birlik (‘Unity’) 209, 229-230 ‘Black January’ 159, 161, 241-242 Black Sea region 99, 219, 305, 310-311 Blauvelt, T.K., chapter by 107-120 blood payments 75-76 Bobrobnikov, V.O. 114 Boston Marathon bombing 296 boundaries: geophysical and political 25; reorganisation in Soviet era 146-149 Brezhnev, Leonid 150 Broers, L., chapters by 1-16, 87-106, 239-256, 257-272 Bronze Age peoples 32-33 Brossét, Marie-Felicité 22 Bush, George W. 319-320 Byutukayev, Aslan 295 Caucasian associations 333-334 Caucasian front 123 Caucasian peoples 22 Caucasian Stability Pact 335 ‘Caucasology’ 21-22 Caucasus: as border area 25; concept questioned 24-25; conflict and political violence 10-11; as contact area 26; contemporary politics, economics, societies 8-10; as cultural area 26; as historical frontier 2-3; introduction to 1-5; maps 101, 147, 158; name 1, 32; place, peoples, culture overview 5-6; political history overview 7-8; scope of
4; societal and cultural dynamics 13-15; study of 21-27; in the wider world 12-13 Caucasus Emirate 11, 275, 276, 292—295 Caucasus Line 108, 114 Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform 335 Caucasus Viceroyalty 109 Caucasus War: overview 112; final phase of the war 115; Ghazi Muhammad and Shamil 113-115; migrations during/after 116-117; Yermolov, Aleksei Petrovich 113 Çelebi, Evliya 33 diádon 356 Charkviani, Kandid 150 chastity 391-393 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI) 211, 251 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblasť 247-248 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ChlASSR) 148, 210-211, 251 Chechens: deportations 145, 207; language 37, 39; movement 291-292, 296-297, 298-299; Soviet resistance 139 Chechnya: overview 10, 210-211; Arab foreign fighters 288; Caucasian associations 333-334; demography 381; economy 281-283, 282-283; ‘honour killings’ 391; ICTs and domestic politics 14, 417, 418, 419-421, 425; Islamism 212, 289—290; under the Kadyrovs 212—213; nationalism 211; polygamy 392-393; population 376, 377; ruling elites 278, 280; Russo-Chechen conflict 250-252; social media 423-424; Syria and 297; training camps 274 Chegem raion 224-225 Chemgwi 34 Cherek raion 224-225 Cherkess 39, 220, 227, 229 Cherkess Congress 231 child marriage 394-395 Chosroids 62-64 Christianity: overview 6; early adoption of 33; early conversions 52-55; Persianate Caucasia 60-64; revival of kingdoms 90-93; Russian Empire 110-112; third and fourth centuries 55-60 Chubinashvili, David 22 caliphal rule: Caucasus under 88-89; rebellions against 90-91 capitalism 195—196 careers 394-397 Caspian
Basin Initiative 364 Caspian Flotilla 363, 364, 368, 370-371 Caspian Sea: overview 359-360, 369—371; geopolitical players 362-365; legal framework history 359-360, 360-362; newly independent states and 365-369; Russia and regional security 360, 362, 367—369; Russo-Chechen conflict 250 Castelli, Don Cristofo de 99 Catherine the Great 109 430
Index Persianate 348; closure paradigm 19; de íàcto states 266—267; Georgia 141—142, 184—185; Ossetian 244-245; Russia in the Caucasus 306; Turkey and 337 customs see ‘adats CW see Wilayah al-Qawqaz (‘Caucasus Province,’ CW) Cyrillic script 39, 42 Circassian: language and peoples 32֊33, 34-35, 38-39, 38, 41; nationalism 221-222, 230, 231; Sunni Islam 71 Citizens Union of Georgia (CUG) 177 civil society 14, 401-402, 403, 404, 407-408, 419; see aho youth organisations Classical Antiquity 33—34, 41 closure paradigm 20 cognitive frames 313 Colarusso, John, chapter by 19-31 collective ownership 76-77 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 180-181, 312,322 collectivisation 138 colonialism 21-22 colour revolutions: EU, NATO and 320-321; Russia’s views 307 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 180-181, 310, 312 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 140, 402-403, 407-408 complementarity 199, 324 conflict: overview 8, 10-11; ArmenianAzerbaijani 240—242, 352-353; commonalities vs specifics 252-253; ethno-territorial and secessionist 239-240; EU management and 324; experience of violence 259-260; GeorgianAbkhaz conflicts 242-247; Georgian-South Ossetian conflict 242-247; Ossetian-Ingush conflict 247-249; paradigm of 20; Russian engagement in 311; Russia’s vulnerability to 309; Russo-Chechen conflict 250-252 Congress of the Kabardian People (CKP) 222-223 consensual clientelism 9, 193-194 consonants 36, 39, 40-41 Constantine 58 ‘Contract of the Century’ 4, 170, 250 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 394-395 Convention on the
Legal Status of the Caspian Sea 13, 360, 361-362, 369-370 Conversion of Kartlı 58-59 Cooley, A. 380 Cornell, S. 352 corruption: Armenia 194, 196; Georgia 178, 178-179, 182; jihadist violence 277-278, 283; ruling elites 279-281 Cossacks: deportations 139; language 35, 41; nationalism 226, 228-229, 232 Council of Cherkess Elders 229 courts of arbitration 74 crime 362 Crimea, annexation of 323-324 crony capitalism 195-196 culture: Albanian 57-58; ancient peoples 32-35; Armenia 142; Azerbaijan 141; Azeri and Dadiani dynasty 98—99 Daesh see ‘Islamic State’ (IS) Dagestan (Daghestan): overview 10, 206-207; ‘adats 74; ancient peoples 35; Arab legacy 205; economy 281—283; ethno-national conundrum 207-208; female chastity 391-392; Islamisation of 70-71; jihadist fighters in 291; labour migration 385; languages 34, 41, 42-43; medieval Caucasus 69-70; polygamy 392; population 376, 377; rise of Islam 208-210; ruling elites 277, 279-280; Russian conquest 79; Soviet Union 148 Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (DASSR) 207 Darband (Derbent) 69-70, 89, 205 al-Darbandi, Abu Bakr 72 ‘The Daredevils of Sasun’ 48 Dargin nationalism 208 Dargwa language 38 Darieva, Tsypylma 24 Daskhurantsi (Kaghankatuatsi), Movses 57-58 Davutoğlu, Ahmet 339 de facto states: overview 11, 257-258, 269-270; Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorny Karabakh 258-260; demography 379-381; domestic institutions and contested politics 261-263; in Georgia 175; patron states and foreign policy 263-269; recognition of 265-266, 267-268; Russia’s annexation of 323 decentralised neo-patrimonialism 194 Deep and
Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) 181, 184, 323 defensive structural realism theory 367 deficiency paradigm 20—24 Demirehyan, Karen 150 Demirei, Süleyman 335, 340 democracy: overview 8; challenges of ICTs 416-417, 424; external allies and 368; failure of 277-278, 278-279; gender roles 390; Georgia 179-180; heli (‘Forward’) 408; transition model 27-28 demography: overview 13-14, 375-376, 376, 385-386; Armenia 378; Azerbaijan 259, 378-379; de facto states 258-259, 259, 379-381; Georgia 259, 379; population growth 284; Russia 376-378; Russian out-migration 381-382; short-term labour migration 383-385; Soviet era 431
Index 146-149; Transcaucasia 122-123; urban change 382—383 deportations: Akkin Chechens 207; following Caucasus War 220; as genocide 222, 248—249; Great Patriotic War and 144-146, 144, 248; Meskhetian Turks (Ahiska Turks) 176—177, 226; north-eastern Caucasus 136 Deutschmann, M. 349 diasporas and de facto states 267 dictionaries 22 digital activism: overview 416-417, 424—425; Armenia 418-419, 421-423; Chechnya 419-421, 423-424; domestic politics 418-421; political opportunities 417-418; social media 421-424 Digoron dialect 41 diversity paradigm 20 Diya al-Din Khalid al-Kurdamiri 72 Domino Federation 266-267 Dram movement (100 Dram movement) 419, 422 Dudaev, Dzhokhar 211, 249, 250-252, 334 Dumézil, G. 45-46 Dunn, E.C. 380 Düveü, F. 383 Dzerassa 44 Dzhabrailov, Alik 279 Dzhamagat (‘Community’) 227-228 Dzhiyoeva, Alla 263 earthquakes 378 Ebzeyev, Boris 279 EC Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 395 economy: Armenia 192, 194, 196; Azerbaijan 169—171; cooperation in Caspian Sea 365-366; Georgia 182-184; informal 140, 282; jihadist violence and 276, 278, 281-284; migrations and 385-386; Russia 308, 311-312 education: gender and 390-391, 393-394; Gülen movement 338, 341; Soviet Union 138 Eghishay (Elišay) 54, 58 L’Église arménienne et le Grand Schisme d’Orient 60 El’brus raion 224-225 Elchibey, Abulfãz 161, 164, 166, 241, 242, 340, 353,354 elections: Armenia 192-193, 197-198; Azerbaijan 167, 168-169; de facto states 261-262, 263; Georgia 180; limits to 277, 280; rigging of 278-279, 368 Electric Yerevan movement 419, 422 elites:
Armenia 192; jihadist violence and 277-281; Russia 306-307, 313 embezzlement 283 Emirate of Tbilisi 89 employment of women 392, 395 432 environmental protest 140 The Epic Histories 57, 61 epic tradition 63-64 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 166, 335, 339, 341-342 Erekle II 100, 109 ergative languages 37 Estemirova, Natalya 279 Etezov, Bagauddin 224 ethnic cleansing 220, 242, 249, 267 ethnic identity: Azerbaijan 165-166, 379; Dagestan 207-208; diversity of 19; Georgia 174-177, 379; language and 22-24, 351-352; terminological essentialism 23-24 ethno-linguistics 5-6, 19 ethno-nationalism 3-4, 260 ethnonyms xxii ethno-territorial conflict: Armenian-Azerbaijani 240—242; commonalities vs specifics 252—253; Georgian-Abkhaz conflicts 242-247; Georgian-South Ossetian conflict 242-247; Ossetian-Ingush conflict 247-249; RussoChechen conflict 250-252; secessionist and 239-240 Etnologicheskii Monitoring (Ethnological Monitoring) 4 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 169, 180, 305, 312, 322 Euromaidan 323—324 European Union: centrality of Caucasus to 8; Eastern Partnership 322-325; energy policy 326; Georgia and 184; Monitoring Mission (EUMM) 325; neighbourhood policy 181, 320-322; Russia and 305, 307, 337; South Caucasus and 12, 317-319; Special Representative 269, 325 Evloev, Magomed 214 exclusive economic zone 362 external language families 40-42 Eznik of Koghb 60 Facebook 420, 421, 422 family in adats 77-78 female circumcision 391—392 female emancipation 390-391 female genital mutilation (FGM) 391-392 Fereydan Georgians 350-351 feudalism 98-102 financial crisis 323 First Chechen War 251, 289-291
fishing rights 361 Five-Day War 323, 367-368, 369 folklore 43-48 football 230, 267, 326, 339 forced displacement 241-242, 248, 258-259 foreign investments 183, 311, 341, 365—366 foreign policy: Armenia 199; of de facto states 265-267; United States 320-322
Index foreign relations: de facto states 263-267; Georgia 180-182; Iran 354; Russia’s perspectives 306-309 free trade agreements 181, 184, 323, 336-337 Freedom in the World index 179, 261—262 freedom of communication 421-423 Galazov, Akhsarbek 249 Gall, C. 296 Gambar, Isa 161, 167, 168 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 150, 177, 244-246 Garso ian, Nina 60 gender: overview 14; baby preferences 393; education and 390-391, 393-394; female chastity 391-393; historical roles 389—391; under the Kadyrovs 213; in language 37; migrations 379; women’s career and political participation 394-397 Geneva International Discussions (GID) 268-269, 325 Genghizids 75, 95-96 genocide: Armenian 126, 137, 339-340; commemoration 140, 143; deportation as 220, 222, 248-249; recognition of 350, 355 geography of Caucasus 1, 2-3, 25 Georgia: overview 9, 174, 186; Abkhaz conflicts 242-247; Caspian Sea 365—366, 370; civil war 246; conversion narratives 53-54; culture 26; de facto states and 267—268, 269; demography 259, 377-378, 379, 380, 381-382; economy 182-184; education 394; ethno-linguistic groups 23; European Union 321-322, 324—325; feudalism 98; Five-Day War 367-368, 369; folklore 48; foreign relations 180-182, 354, 355; gender gap 395; identity and society 184-186; independence and boundaries 129-132; Iran and 347; kmara! (‘enough!’) 402, 409-410; languages 41; nation 174-177; nationalism 143; NATO membership 12; political system 179-180; resistance in Soviet Union 139; revival of Christian kingdom 91-92; Russia and 310-311, 311, 312; Russian Empire 110; South Ossetian conflict 242-247; Soviet Union 140, 148,
150; state 177-179; Turkey and 334, 336—338; US foreign policy 319; women and gender 390, 391, 396; youth organisations 407-408, 409, 411 Georgia Soviet Socialist Republic 350-351 Georgian Dream government 183-185 Georgian language 33-34, 38, 39-40 Georgian Military Highway 109 Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) 110, 138, 185, 337 Georgian-Abkhaz conflicts 242—247 Georgian—South Ossetian conflict 242-247 433 ghazawat 78-79, 205, 213 Ghazi Muhammad 113-115 Giorgi Merchule: A Georgian Writer of the Tenth Century 142 Global Gender Gap Report (GGGR) 395 global jihad: Arab foreign fighters in the First Chechen War 289-291; Caucasian jihadists in 275-276, 288-289, 298-299; Caucasians in foreign fronts 295-298; Caucasus Emirate 292-295; Second Chechen War 291-292 Global North 27-28 Global South 20 ‘Global War on Terror’ 290, 291, 295-296, 321, 322 Godoberi 39 Gorbachev, Mikhail 150, 164, 242-243 Gorskaia (‘Mountainous’) Autonomous Republic 148 government-organised non-governmental organisations (GONGOs) 406 Grachev, Pavel 249, 251 grammars 22 Grant, B. 19 The Great October Socialist Revolution and the Victory of the Soviet Power in Armenia 121 Greek language 40, 41 Gregory the Illuminator 56, 58 Grigoris 57-58 Gruziia film studio 142 Gül, Abdullah 339 Güldenstädt, Johann Anton 21 Gülen, Fetullah 166 Gülen movement 166, 338, 341—342 Gumilev, L. 94-95, 240 Hahn, G. 291, 292, 296 Haji, Uzun 139 Hasanli, Jamil 169 Hatiquoya 34 headscarves 392 ‘Helsinki Groups’ 140 higher education 393-394 historical documents 121-122 History of the Albanians 54, 57 Holland, E.C., chapter by 375-388
honour: in adats 77-78; killings 391 hospitality 77-78 housework 392 Howard, M.M. 403, 407 Hripsime 58, 63 Hughes, J. 291-292 human rights 140, 368 Hummet (‘Endeavour’) 140 Hunnic language 34 Huseinov, Surat 164, 166-167
Index Huseynov, Elmar 168 hybrid regimes 179 Ibn al-Khattab (Samir Salih al-Suweilem) 274, 289, 290-291 Ibragimov, Mirza 143 Ichkeria 211-212,252 identity: Azerbaijan 165-166; Georgia 184—186 indigenous capability 257 indigenous languages 22, 35-37, 38-40 Indo European peoples 22, 32-33 Indo-Aryan languages 33 Indo-European languages 34, 40 industry 3, 138-139, 281 informal economy 140, 282 information and communications technologies (ICTs): overview 14, 424-425; Armenia 418-419, 421-423; Chechnya 419-421, 423—424; digital activism and 416-417; political opportunities 417-418 Ingoroqva, Pavle 142 Ingush: deportations 145; language 37; Soviet resistance 139 Ingush Autonomous Republic 247, 249 Ingushetia: overview 10; Chechnya and 210-211; demography 377, 381; economy 281-283; ‘honour killings’ 391; Ossetian-Ingush conflict 247—249; political history 213-214; polygamy 392; population 376; ruling elites 277-278, 278; Soviet Union 148 Instagram 420-421, 422 institutions: of de facto states 261; secessionist conflicts 240 interactive paradigm 24-27 Intergovernmental Declaration on Principles of Realization of the Trans-Caspian Pipeline by the presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Turkmenistan 364 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 259, 380-381, 383 International Circassian Association (ICA) 222-223, 224, 231 Internet 416, 419 Ioseliani, Jaba 177, 246 Iran: overview 13; Azerbaijani soft power and 355—357; Caspian Sea 360, 363—364, 367, 368; fall of the Soviet Union and the ArmenianAzerbaijani conflict 352-353; geopolitical changes 354—355; Georgia and 182; imperial
legacies 348—349; nuclear deal 326-327; revolution 349, 352; Russia and 309-310; South Caucasus and 347-348, 357; Soviet era 349-352 Iranian languages 34, 40, 41 Iraq 396-397 ireli (‘Forward’) 402, 408, 411 Iron dialect 41 Ishiq (‘Light’) magazine 390 Ishkanian, A. 419 Iskandaryan, A., chapter by 189-202 Islam: overview 6; ‘adats and 73; Arab conquest 89; arrival of 69-70; Azerbaijan 166; Chechen Islamism 212, 251-252; Dagestan 205-206, 208-209; Karachai movement and 227-228; Khazars adoption of 94; Nazi ideology and 145; in north-eastern Caucasus 10; in north-western Caucasus 219-220; Persianate Caucasia 60-64; radicalisation 11; revivals of 110-112, 274; Shamil’s ¡marnate and shari ah 78-79; stages of Islamisation 70-71; Stalin and 138; Sufism 71-73; women and gender roles 356, 389-391, 392 ‘Islamic State’ (IS) 276, 294-295, 297, 396 Ismayilova, Khadija 171, 396 Israel 355 Israilov, Hasan 140 Ivan the Terrible 35, 108 Ivanovich, Ivan 35 Jabhat al-Nusra (‘The Front of the Supporters,’ JaN) 294-295 jama ats: overview 273, 276; Dagestan 74, 206, 209-210; Ingush 214; under Russian law 79; Salafi-Jihadism and 274-276; socio-political reasons for support 281, 284-285 Jassic dialect 41 jigits 76 ‘jihadisation’ 11 jihadist networks: Arab foreign fighters in the First Chechen War 289—291; Caucasians in foreign fronts 295-298; Caucasus Emirate 292-295; Second Chechen War 291-292; transnational 275, 288-289, 298-299 jihadist violence: overview 284-285; economic dechne and 281-284; in North Caucasus 273; ruling elites and 277-281; spread of SalafiJihadism 274—276 Joint Development
and Production Sharing for the Azeri-Chirag- Gunashli oil-fields in the Azerbaijan Sector of the Caspian Sea 365 journalism 396 Judaism: anti-Jewish discourse 275; in Khazar Empire 34, 94-95 Judeo-Tat 41 Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KASSR) 221 Kabardians: language 36, 38; nationalism 221-224; peoples 34-35, 220; Sunni Islam 71 Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblasť (KBAO) 221 Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KB AS SR) 221 434
Index Kabardino-Balkaria: overview 10; Balkar nationalism 224-225; demography 378; economy 281-283, 282-283; Kabardian nationalism 221-224; language 42; Meskhetian Turks 226; polygamy 392; population 376; ruling elites 277, 278, 279, 280; Russian/Slavic and Cossack nationalism 225—226; Soviet Union 148 Kabars 34 Kadyrov, Akhmad 212-213, 278, 280 Kadyrov, Ramzan 213, 278, 279, 280 Kadyrova, Aymani 280 Kafkázets 35 Kalimarov, Mahmud-Ali 213 Kalmykov, Yury 222 Kanokov, Arsen 223, 279 Karabakh (Karabagh): Azerbaijan 163-166; region of 352-353; see aho Nagorny Karabakh Karabakh Committee 190 Karachaevo-Cherkessia: overview 10, 226-227; Cherkess nationalism 229; Cossack and Russian/Slavic nationalism 228-229; demography 378; economy 281-283; Karachai nationalism 227-228; Nogais 229-230; population 376; ruling elites 277, 279, 280; Soviet Union 148 Karachai, Muhammad 227-228 K’arachai Alankhalk 228 Karachai languages 40, 42 Karachai-Balkars 35; Hanafi Islam 71; language 42 Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous Oblasť (КСҺАО) 227 Karachais; deportations 144-145; KarachaiCherkess Republic 226-227; nationalism 227-228 KartH-Kakheti 100-102, 110 Kartlis tskhovreba 63-64 Kartvelian/South Caucasian: folklore 48; languages 34, 35-37, 38, 39 KASFOR 363, 366, 370 Katchiev, Ahmet 225 Kazakhstan: Caspian Sea 360, 362, 365-366, 368-370; military aid 364 Kebedov, Abbas 209, 274 Kebedov, Bagauddin 209-210, 274 Kebekov, Aliaskhab (Ншіг AH Abu Muhammad) 275, 276, 292, 294-295 Kemal, Mustafa 128 Khajimba, Raul 261-262 KhalkhaH dialect 41 Khan, Yeprem 349 khanates 99—100 Khasaviurt Accord 252 Khashagul’gov,
Sultan-Girey 279 al-Khattab (Samir Salih al-Suweilem) 274, 289, 290-291; see Ibn al-Khattab Khazar Khaganate 93-94 Khazars: languages 34; pohtical history 93-95 Khazbiyev, Magomed 279 Khiyabani, Mohammad 351 Khloponin, Aleksandr 406 Khorenatsi, Movses 58-59 Khrushchev, Nikita 121, 141-142 Khubiev, Vladimir 229, 277 Khulamo-Bezengi raion 224-225 Kipchaks (Qipchaqs) 34, 40 Kitovani, Tengiz 177, 246 Klevtsov, Mikhail 226 kmara! (‘enough!’) 402, 409-410 The Knight in the Panther’s Skin 48 knowledge transfer 20, 28 Kocharyan, Robert 193-194, 194, 195-196, 263, 322 Kodzoev, Issa 248 Kokoity, Eduard 263 Kokov, Kazbek 223, 224 Kokov, Valery 221-223, 277, 278, 280 Kokov, Yury 223-224 Komsomol 402-404, 411 korenizatsiia (‘nativisation’) 138 Korobkov, A. 383-384 Kosovo: independence 265, 323; resettlement 230-231 Kosterim, Irina 392 Kumpilov, Murat 231 Kumyk/Kumuk 35, 40, 42, 43, 208 Kundukhov, Musa Alkhasovich 116 Kurdish language 40, 41 Kurgan Culture 32-33 Kurmanji dialect 41 Kvakhadze, Aleksandre 396-397 La Cava, G. 407 labour migration 348-349, 377, 379, 383-385 labour unions 402, 403 Lady Amazan 44 Lady Tree 44, 48 Lady White Elbow 44, 45 Lak(k) 38 Lakóba, Nestor 142 Laks 208 land ownership 76, 98 language famiHes: overview 5-6; external 40-42; indigenous languages 38-40; representations of 22 languages: Adygea 231; Albanian 93; ancient peoples and cultures 32-35; diversity of 19; ethnic identity and 351-352; Georgia 139, 243; north-eastern Caucasus 204 Latin script 39, 42, 141, 243 leadership 123, 137, 149-151 legal system 109, 114 Lezgin movement 165, 208 435
Index LGBT rights 185-186 hberation technologies 417, 421-423 Liberty Institute NGO 410 The Life of Nino 58, 59 The Life of the Kings 62—64 The Life of Vakhtang Corgasali 63-64 Liles, T., chapter by 331-346 linguaefrancae 42-43, 204 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Tarielovich 110, 116-117 Lynch, D. 320-321 ‘Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army’ 265; Russian 181, 310-311, 322, 363 militias 177 Miliutin, Dmitry 114 Mirian, conversion of 58-59 Mitchell, L.A. 380 Mochulsky, I. 114 Molodaia Gvardiia (‘Young Guard’) 402, 405-407, 411 Morell, Pierre 325 Mossadegh, Mohammad 352 Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Mountain ASSR) 247 Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 242 Mugan Steppe 126 Mughira ibn Shu ba al-Taqafi 69 muhajirs 220, 223, 230—231 Muhammad, Ah Abu see Kebekov, Aliaskhab Muhammad, Ghazi 78, 113-114 Mühlfried, Florian, chapter by 19-31 mukhadzhyrstvo 116—117 Mukhozhev, Musa 274 multipolarity 307 Müsavat (‘Equality’) 162 Muscovy 108 Muslim populations: Ajara 337-338; Armenia 125—126; emigrations 116, 332—333; Russian Empire 110 Mustafayev, Imam 150 Mutalibov, Ayaz 159-160, 161, 242, 353 Myasnikian, Alexander 129 Mzhavanadz, Vasily 150 Macek, P. 21 MacFarlane, S.N., chapter by 305-316 madhhabs 89, 205, 220 Magomedov, Magomedali 277-278 Magomedov, Magomedsalam 279-280, 280 Magyars (Hungarians) 34 Maikop Cossack Society 232 Makhachkala 377 Maksakova, Mariya 392 Mal’bakhov, Timbora 149 Malkar Awazy (‘Voice ofBalkaria’) 225 Mamedov, Yakub 353 Mamikonian family 89 Mansur, Sheikh 78, 112 Manukyan, Vazgen 190, 192-193 maps 101, 118, 147 Marková, I. 21 marriage 77-78,
394-395 marshrutkas 28 Mashtots (Mesrop) 53 Mashtots Park movement 419 Maskhadov, Aslan 212, 274, 292 Maykop (Maikop) culture 32-33 media communications 167, 168, 195, 279, 424 Medvedev, Dmitry 323 Megazash 44 Megrelians (Mingelians) 23 melikdoms 100 Melikov, Levon 116 men in folklore 45-46 Menshevik Social Democrats 140 Meskhetian Turks (Ahiska Turks) 144—145, 176-177, 226 migrations: during/after Caucasus War 116-117; Armenia 192; Azerbaijan 165; ‘great’ 100; labour migration 377, 383-385; to Ottoman territory 332-333; Russian out-migration 381-382; urban change 382-383 Mikhailov, Nikolai Ivanovich 116 Mikoyan, Anastas 143, 149 military: Armenia 192, 194; Azerbaijan 161; bases 362; in Caspian Sea area 363, 364, 370; expenditure 385; Islamist training 289; Nadir Shah 100 Nagorny Karabakh: overview 8-9, 11; Armenia and the conflict 189-191, 191-194, 199; Azerbaijan and 160, 161; Caucasian Stability Pact 335; as de facto state 258-260; demography 380; domestic institutions and contested politics 262-263; European Union and 322; foreign policy 265-267; Iran and 352-353; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) 163-166, 240-242; patron states and foreign policy 265-267; recognition of268; Russian peacekeeping role 310; Soviet Union 129, 142-143, 148; Turkey and 338, 339; unification aims 260; United States and 322; urban change and 383 Nag’ysh (‘Village Assembly’) 224 naibs 114 Nakhchivan 148, 336 Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) 353 Naqshbandiyya 72, 78, 111-112 Nart tales 43-48 Nashi (‘Ours’) 402, 404-405, 406-407, 411 436
Index National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP) 211 National Council of Balkar People (NCBP) 224-225 National Guard 246 nationalism: Adygea (Adyghe Republic) 230-231; ancient history and 26-27; Balkar 224-225; Chechnya 211; ethnic identity and 23-24; Kabardian 221-224; Karachai 227-228; Russian/Slavic and Cossack 225-226; during Soviet rule 137, 141—143; young people and 410-411 nation-state building 3, 9-10, 174—177 nativism 184—185 Natukhay 38 NCChP see All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP) N!DA (‘exclamation point’) 168 ‘near abroad’ 12, 308 neighbourhood policy, European Union 320-322 networks 416, 418 New Azerbaijan Party 408 news 195, 419, 423 Nino 58-59 nizami 79 Nodia, G., chapter by 174-188 Nogai El (‘Nogai People’) 230 Nogais 35, 40, 42, 208, 229-230, 385 non-intervention 307, 308 Non-Recognition and Engagement Policy (NREP) 269 North Adantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Bucharest Summit 305; Caspian Sea area 366; elite perspectives on 313; Georgia and 181, 322; Russia’s perspectives on 306-307, 309; South Caucasus and 317, 319-320; threat to Russia 12 North Caucasus: as concept 24; demography 284; economic decline 281-284; education of girls 394; jihadist violence 273-277, 284-285; ruling elites 277-281; scope of 4; terminology xxii; unification ofjihadist groups 292-295; women’s political participation 396; youth groups 404-407 North Ossetia 376, 377—378 North Ossetia-Alania 213 North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (NOASSR) 148, 247, 247-248 North-East Caucasian languages 34, 35-37, 38, 39 north-eastern Caucasus: overview
203-204, 214-215; Chechen Republic 210-213; Dagestan (Daghestan) history 206-210; deportations 136; historical legacies 204-206; Ingushetia 213-214 northern Caucasus: division into 3; ethnic deportations 144-146; Russian Empire 108-109, 110-112; Soviet resistance 140; terminology xxii; Turkish history and 332-334 North-West Caucasian languages 32-33, 35-37, 38, 41 north-western Caucasus: overview 203, 219-221, 232-233; Kabardino-Balkar Republic 221-226; Karachai-Cherkess Republic 226-230; Republic of Adygea 230-232 Nykhas, Adæmon 245 Obama, Barack 326 ‘occupied territories’ 175, 178, 268-269 oil and gas reserves: overview 8, 13; Azerbaijan 167, 170, 383; Caspian Sea region 359-360, 370; exports 366; Russian investment and trade 311-312; Russo-Chechen conflict 250; Soviet Union 138-139; Turkey and 335, 336; the West and 319, 325-326, 364 Olympic Games 2014 223 On Gođ 60 one-and-a-half party system 195, 197, 200 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 139, 140, 149 organised crime 178 Organization on Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 164, 168, 242, 310 Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) 171 Ossetian, language 35, 41 Ossetian-Ingush conflict 247-249 ‘othering’ of region 5, 20 Otpor! (‘Resistance’) 409 Ottoman Empire 96-97, 332-334 ownership rights in adats 76-77 Panama Papers 171 Pan-Armenian National Movement (PANM) 190, 241-242 Pankisi Gorge 178 paradigms: of the Caucasus 19-20; closure 20; conflict 20; deficiency 20-24; diversity 20; interactive 24-27; reversal 29 parasocial relationships 420—421 Parsman II Kueli 62-63 participatory citizenship 165 Partnership
and Cooperation Agreements (PCAs) 318-319 Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme 366 Pashinyan, Nikol 198, 199, 409, 422 passionarnosť 240 Pataraz 47 patron states 263-267 peace organisations 396 peace processes 268-269 peacekeeping role 175, 310 ‘People Against Corruption’ party 278-279 perestroika policy 242 Persia: Caspian Sea 360; language and culture 348 Peter the Great 108 Petrova, Victoria 394 437
Index philology in Caucasus studies 22-23 Pishevari, Jalar 351, 352 place-names: Abkhazia, Alwania 33-34; Caucasus 1; Chechnya 210; Dagestan 206; de facto states 260; Ingushetia 213; note on xxii political history: overview 7, 88, 102-103; Arab conquest 88-89; Christian kingdoms 90-93; feudalism, fragmentation, re-absorption 98-102; Genghizids 95-96; Khazars 93-95; Ottomans 96-97; Safavids 96, 97-98; Seljuks 95 political participation 394-397, 417-418 political violence 10-11 polygamy 213, 392-393 Pontic Greek 41-42 Pontic hypothesis 33 Popular Front movement (Azerbaijan) 161-162, 167 population 192, 259, 376 post-Soviet space 21, 308-309 poverty 182, 194, 282-283 power-sharing agreement 246 Prigorodnyi raion 211, 248-249, 377-378 Pritchin, S., chapter by 359-372 private ownership 76-77 privatisation 169-171, 183, 192, 280 Prosperous Armenia 196, 197 Protasov, Viktor 225-226 protest: Armenia 191, 192-193, 196, 198, 419, 422, 424; Georgia during Soviet Union 139; ICTs and 418; post-World War II 140 Proto-Indo-European 32-33, 40 Proto-North-West Caucasian 32-33 Psatina 44 public sphere 209 public transport 28 Putin, Vladimir 212, 249, 279, 307, 404-405, 419-420 al-Qaeda: Caucasus Emirate and 294-295; Chechen insurgency and 290-291, 292 Radio Liberty 171 Rafianjani, Akbar 353 Ragimov, Sadikh 143 Rapp, S.H.,Jr, chapter by 32-51 Rasulzade, Mammad Amin 349 Rateile, J.-F., chapter by 288-302 recognition and counter-recognition 267-268 Reestr (‘Registry’) 226 regionalism 314, 385 religion: overview 6; Azerbaijan 356; rise of fundamentalism 27; Russian Empire 110-112; Soviet Union
138; see also Christianity; Islam remittances 311—312, 379 repatriation: Circassians 222; Iranian-Armenians 350-351; Meskhetian Turks (Ahiska Turks) 176—177, 226; muhajirs 230-231 repression technologies 423-424 Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) 195-197, 200 resistance: to Russian Empire 110-112; to Soviet rule 139—140 revenal paradigm 19 Rice, K., chapter by 347-358 ‘Rose Revolution’ 8-9, 176, 178, 180, 309, 409-410 Rossiiane (‘Rus people’) 225-226 Rus’ 228, 229 Russia: overview 305-306; Armenia and 322; Azerbaijan and 169; behaviour in the Caucasus 313-314; Caspian Sea 360, 362, 363, 367-369; Chechnya and 334; demography 376-378; elections 278-279; energy policy 326; European Union and 319, 324; Georgia and 175, 180-181, 311, 323, 367-368, 369; impact on ‘adats and shari ah 79-80; imperial rule 3, 7; Molodaia Guardila (‘Young Guard’) 402, 411; Nash։ (‘Ours’) 402, 404-405, 406-407, 411; nationalism 225-226, 228-229, 232; in north-western Caucasus 220-221; as patron state 264, 267-268; perspectives on Caucasus 306-309; policy in the Caucasus 309-313; Russo-Chechen conflict 250-252; South Ossetia and 260; Turkey and 332; view of‘near abroad’ 12 Russian Civil War: overview 121-122; Armenia 127-129; Azerbaijan 125-127; chronology 123-125; Georgia 921 129-132; socio-political pre-determinants to 122-123; Transcaucasia during 7 Russian Empire: Caucasus War 112-115; change and imperial incorporation 117-119; early tsarist administration 108-109; forces of expansion 107-108; map 1904-14 118; peoples of southern Caucasus 109-110; religion, Islamic revival, resistance 110-112
Russian language 40, 43 Russian Orthodox Church 110-112 Russian out-migration 378, 381-382, 382-383 Russian-Georgian conflict311, 323, 367-368, 369 Russkoiazychyi Kongres (‘The Congress of the Russian-Speakers’) 225-226 Russo-Chechen conflict 334 Russo-Turkish War 332 Rustaveli, Shota 48 Saakashvili, Mikheil 9, 178-179, 185, 319-322, 325, 409-410 Sadulaev, Abdul-Khalim 292 Sadulayeva, Zarema 279 Sadval (‘Unity’) 208-209 Safavids 96, 97-98 438
Index Sagramoso, D.: chapter by 273-287; citations 291-292 Sahakyan, Bako 263 Salafi-Jihadism: Arab foreign fighters and 289; Caucasus Emirate 292-295; Chechen movement and 291—292; Dagestan 210; international jihadism and 293-294, 297-298; in North Caucasus 274-276 Samurian sub-group languages 38 Saparov, A., chapter by 121—135 Sarah, M. 407 Sargsyan, Serzh: Armenian prime minister/ president 196-198; foreign relations 322, 324, 339; media communications 422-423; Nagorny Karabakh 193, 263; youth organisations 409 Sargsyan, Vazgen 193, 194 Sarkozy, Nicolas 325 Sarmatians 41 Sasanian Empire 94 ‘Sasruquo and his ninety-nine brothers’ 45 Satanaya (Satana) 44, 45, 46-47 Schaefer, R. 290-291 Scythians 41 seabed division 362-363, 370 Sebos 63 secessionist conflicts: Armenian-Azerbaijani 240—242; commonalities vs specifics 252-253; ethno-territorial and 239-240; GeorgianAbkhaz conflicts 242-247; Georgian-South Ossetian conflict 242-247; Ossetian-Ingush conflict 247-249; Russo-Chechen conflict 250-252 Second Chechen War 252, 289, 291-292, 334 security 177, 359, 360, 362, 365-370 self-censorship 423 Seljuks 72, 95 Semneby, Peter 269 sexuality 391, 393 Shah, Mohammad Reza 350, 352 Shamil, Imam 78-79, 113-115, 114, 115, 205 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 169 shari ah: overview 6, 80-81; ‘adats and 68; Chechnya 212; establishment of 72, 73; Imam Shamil and 78-79, 114; impact of Russian conquest 79-80; ‘Islamic State’ (IS) 298; jama ats and 273; Soviet era 207 sharing economy 28 Shaumyan, Stepan 125 She Bartinuquo 45, 48 Sheremeteva, Y elena 35 Shevardnadze, Eduard: conflicts
246-247; economy 181; foreign relations 181; leadership 9, 177-178; Soviet Union 140, 149, 150; youth organisations 409 Shirvanshahs (Shirwan) 89 al-Shishani, Umar (Tarkhan Batirashvili) 275 Simão, L., chapter by 317—330 Sindians 33 Slaviane (‘Slavs’) 225-226 Slavic languages 40-41 Slavic nationalism 225—226, 228—229, 232 Smbat Bagratuni 63 Smith, J.: chapter by 136-154; cited 24 SOCAR (the State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Repubhc 167-168, 170, 341 Sochi Olympics 223 social class 123 Social Democratic Party 161 social media: Armenia 419, 421—423; Chechnya 419-420, 423-424; use by Kadyrov 419-420 Sofiyeva, Peri-Khan 390 soft power 307, 312-313, 334-343, 355-357 Soiuz Slavian Karachaevo-Cherkessii (‘The Union of Slavs of KChR’) 229, 232 Sokhrokov, Khauti 224 Sosruquo 45—47 South Caucasian, language families 34 South Caucasus: overview 4, 24; demography 381-382; European Union 12, 322-325; Iran 13, 347-348, 357; regional dynamics 325-327; sovereignty 318-320; terminology xxii; Turkey 13, 334-336; the West and 317-318, 327; youth organisations 401, 407-410 South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP) 326, 335-336, 341 South Ossetia: overview 11 ; Alans 34; boundaries 146; as de facto state 258-260; domestic institutions and contested politics 263; foreign policy 265-267; Georgia and 131-132, 175, 242-247; patron states and foreign policy 263-264; peace processes 268-269; recognition of 267-268; Russia and 310, 311; secessionist challenges/conflicts 9, 175; unification aims 260 South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast’ (SOAO) 243, 245 southern Caucasus xxii, 3, 109—110 sovereignty 307, 308, 318-320
Soviet Union: overview of Caucasus in 7-8, 136—139, 151; absorption into 3-4; accommodation of 140-141; Caspian Sea 360; Dagestan (Daghestan) 207; dissolution 3—4, 149-151, 352-353; economy 281; establishment of power 132—133; ethnic deportations 144-146; heritage of 23-24; Iran and 349—352; Komsomol 411; leadership 149—151; nationalism 141-143; post-Soviet space 21; public organisations 402; resistance 139-140; territorial reorganisation and demography 146-149; women’s gender roles 390-391 Sövmen, Khazret 230-231 special economic zone 282-283 Special Purpose Islamic Regiment 274 spheres of influence 308 439
Index sport 266-267 Stalin, Joseph 139 State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) 170 State Strategy on Occupied Territories: Engagement through Cooperation 269 status hierarchy 307, 314 Stavropol’ 376-377 A Step to a Better Future 269 storm god battle 46-47 structural realism 313 Sufism 71-73 Sultanii, Aygun 397 Sunni Islam 70-71, 95 al-Suweilem, Samir Salih see al-Khattab (Samir Salih Al-Suweilem) Syrdon 47 Syria: Arsen Kanokov and 223; Caucasian militants in 289, 296-298; impact on Caucasian militants 294—295; outflow of fighters to 275-276; women travelling to 396-397 taip 74, 206,211,213,214 ‘Taiwanisation’ 265, 267 takfir 27 5 Talysh 34, 41, 165 tariqahs 72, 209 Tati 34, 40, 41 tavadoba (‘rule of the princes’) 98 tawhid 21b taxes 69-70, 178-179, 183 Tehran Declaration 353 Telegram (platform) 421, 422 Temrezov, Rashid 228, 279 Temryukovna, Maria 35 Tenglik (‘Equality’) 208 Tengrism 94 Tére (‘Forum’) 224, 225 Terek-Malkinskii Kazak Okrug (TMCO, ‘TerekMalkin Cossack District’) 226 terminological essentialism 23-24 Ter-Petrossian, Levon 150, 190, 192-193, 196-197, 241, 353 terrorism 275, 293, 308 Timurid Empire 96 Tishkov, Valery A. 4 Tkhakushinov, Aslan 231-232 Totrash (Sotrash) 46-47 tourism 170-171 trade 312, 324 trade routes 26 training camps 212, 274, 289-290, 295 Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) 326 Trans-Anatolian pipelines (TANAP) 326, 335-336, 341 Transcaucasia: overview 3, 121-122, 132-133; Armenia 127-129, 240; Azerbaijan 125-127, 240; Civil War chronology 123-125; Civil War pre-determinants 122-123; ethnic deportations 1943-4 144-146; Georgia 129-132; Iran and 349-352;
leadership 149-150; nationalism 137, 141-143; Russian Civil War 7; Soviet power established 132-133; terminology xxii Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR) 124 Transcaucasian Seim 123 Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (ZSFSR) 146, 349-350 transition model 27-29 transliteration note xxii travel 337, 339 Trdat, conversion of 57, 58-59, 63 Treaty ofBrest-Litovsk 123-124, 354 Treaty of Georgievsk 108, 109 Treaty of Gülistan 331, 354 Treaty ofKars 354 Treaty of Moscow 354 Treaty of Sèvres 128 Treaty of Turkmenchai 331, 354 Tsamaev, Tamerlan 296 Tsarukyan, Gagik 196, 197 Tsitsianov, Pavel 112 tukhums 74 Turkey: overview 12-13, 331, 342-343; Abkhazia and 123; Armenia and 128, 338-340; Azerbaijan and 159-160, 340-342; Caspian Sea 365; Circassian in 39; energy policy 325-326; foreign relations 354; Georgia and 182, 336-338; Iran and 353-354; in northern Caucasus 332-334; in north-western Caucasus 220; Russia and 309-310; Seim negotiations with 123—124; South Caucasus policy 334-336 Turkic languages 22-23, 35; see also Altaic language Turkish Armenian Business Forum 339 Turkish War of Independence 332-333 Turkmenistan 360, 362, 365-366, 368-370 Twitter 422 Uber 28 Ubykh language 36, 38-39, 41 Udi language 35, 43 Udugov, Movladi 274, 295 Ukraine: Euromaidan 323-324; NATO and 320 Ukrainian language 40 Umarov, Doku 274, 292-294 unemployment 182, 183, 192, 282-283, 284 Union of Mountain Peoples 242 United National Movement (UNM) 178, 180, 185 United Nations Observation Mission to Georgia (UNOMIG) 324 United Nations Security Council 266, 307, 310, 323, 324
United Russia party 278-279, 405-406 440
Index United States: Caspian Sea 364-365, 365; centrality of Caucasus to 8; foreign policy 320-322, 326—327 ; Russia’s elite perspectives on 306-307; South Caucasus and 317-318, 319 urban change 377, 382-383 Vai Nakh language 38, 42-43 Vainakhs 71, 206, 210 Vakhtang Gorgasali 62-63 Varazdat, King 63 Vatan (‘Homeland’) 226 Veche (‘Assembly’) 225-226 veils 356, 392, 394 velar stops 35-36 ‘Velvet Revolution’ 8, 9, 198-199, 263, 422 veterans 164, 192-194, 195 Vezírov, Abdurahman 159 Vilnius Partnership Summit 305 violence: in adats 75-76, 77; in de facto states 259-260; against law enforcement 214 Volga Germans 144-145 Voľskii, Arkadii I. 164 voluntary youth organisations see youth organisations Vorontsov, Mikhail Semenovich 22, 115 wages 395 Wahhabism 166, 209, 284 Walt, S. M. 365, 367 Wardana (Wadan, Shapsugh) 47—48 warlords 177 Warzameg (Urizmæg) 44, 45 Way Out alliance 198 wealth acquisition 280-281 welfare state 28 the West: anti-Western jihads 275; Azerbaijan and 159; Caspian Sea 364-365, 367-369; EU Eastern Partnership 322-325; foreign policy 320-322; Georgia and 181-182; jihadist networks 296; regional dynamics 325-327; Russia and 313; South Caucasus and 317-318; sovereignty and 318-320 Western front 123 WhatsApp 423 ‘White George Society’ 246 Wilayah al-Qawqaz (‘Caucasus Province,’ CW) 276, 295 Williams, B.G. 290, 296 wine-making 26 wirds 209, 211 Wistrand, J.S., chapter by 375-388 women: adats 77—78; Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) 162; careers and political participation 394-397; education and 390-391, 393-394; female chastity 391-393; in folklore 44-45;
gender roles 389—391; nizams 79; religious expression 355 Women’s Society of the Islamic Republic 356 world tree 44, 48 World War II, deportations during 144-146 Yalcin-Heckmann, L. 19 Yanmaya complex 32, 33 Yandarbiyev, Zelimkhan 212 Yarlykapov, A., chapter by 273—287 Yasa (Genghizid legal code) 75, 96 Yeltsin, Boris 211, 250-251 Yemelianova, G.M., chapters by 1-16, 68-84, 87-106, 203-218, 219-236, 239-256 Yeni [New] Azerbaijan Party 167-169 Yeni Fikir (‘New Idea’) 168 Yeni Müsavat 168 Yerkrapah (‘defenders of the land’) 164, 193 Yermolov, Aleksei Petrovich 113 Yevkurov, Yunus-Bek 213, 214, 277-278 Yevloev, Magomed 279 Young Communist League 402-404, 411 Youngman, M. 292, 293 youth organisations: overview 14, 401-402; Azerbaijan control over 168-169; continuity of 410-411; Komsomol 402-404, 411; in North Caucasus 404—407; in South Caucasus 401, 407-410; Soviet Georgia 139 Yunus (ova), Leyla 161 Yushchenko, Viktor 320, 321 Zanzegur 129 Zavgaev, Doku 211, 251 al-Zawahiri, Ayman 290, 291, 292, 295 ‘zero problems with neighbours’ policy 339, 342 Zhvania, Vladimir 140 Zoroastrianism 48, 57, 62 Zurabishvili, Salome 396 Ziirich Protocols 339 Zyazikov, Murat 214, 277-278, 278 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Yemelianova, Galina M. 1960- Broers, Laurence |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | g m y gm gmy l b lb |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140232354 (DE-588)1025900383 |
| author_facet | Yemelianova, Galina M. 1960- Broers, Laurence |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046693411 |
| classification_rvk | MG 85970 NK 4700 RQ 45817 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1164605844 (DE-599)BVBBV046693411 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte Geographie |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Kaukasus (DE-588)4030090-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kaukasus |
| id | DE-604.BV046693411 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:58:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781138483187 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032104122 |
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| physical | xxiii, 441 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200729 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077575-6 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4030090-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus |
| title_alt | Handbook of the Caucasus |
| title_auth | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus |
| title_full | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus edited by Galina M. Yemelianova and Laurence Broers |
| title_fullStr | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus edited by Galina M. Yemelianova and Laurence Broers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus edited by Galina M. Yemelianova and Laurence Broers |
| title_short | Routledge handbook of the Caucasus |
| title_sort | routledge handbook of the caucasus |
| topic | Soziale Situation (DE-588)4077575-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Soziale Situation Gesellschaft Kaukasus Aufsatzsammlung |
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