Krizis doverija?: pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries)
Кризис доверия? появление и утверждение правового документа в Великом Княжестве Литовском (конец XIV-первая треть XVI в.)
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva ; Sankt-Peterburg
Centr gumanitarnych iniciativ
2019
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| Schriftenreihe: | Mediaevalia
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031516810&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031516810&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031516810&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Bibliografie seiten 499-529, annotiertes Personenverzeichnis Seiten 535-568, annotiertes Ortsverzeichnis Seiten 569-590 |
| Umfang: | 607 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9785987128459 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819314040901468160 |
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| adam_text | Содержание Введение............................................................................................................................. 8 Часть I. Обзор литературы. Источники.....................................................................19 Часть И. Эстафета власти: от власти Бога к
власти человека. Происхождение документа............................ 35 Глава I. Навязываемое знакомство с документом.................................................37 Глава И. От ритуала к документу.........................................................................41 Глава III. Власть
нерушимости и памяти. Старина .............................................60 § 1. Назад... в светлое прошлое. Принцип и измерения старины.................63 § 2. Старина как универсальный институт.....................................................64 § 3. Политика двойных
стандартов?................................................................. 77 § 4. Старина как вид правовой информации и памяти.................................... 78 4.1. «Кто владеет информацией, тот владеет миром». Хранители памяти
старины......................................................................... 79 § 5. Прошлое возвращается. Слияние прошлого и настоящего..................... 84 § 6. «Святыя дзяды». Религиозный компонент старины................................. 86 Глава IV. Время, свойства и среда бытования
документа.....................................89 Глава V. Десакрализированный ритуал и документ............................................91 Глава VI. Симптомы перемен. Утверждение власти светского
правителя.........93 Глава VII. Никогда не завершающиеся секуляризационные процессы............97 Глава VIII. Центры и группы продвижения документа......................................... 99 §1.
Церковь............................................................................................................. 99 1.1. Живым — здоровье и жизнь, мертвым — память. Записи в книгах Евангелия......................................................................... 101 § 2. Государственная
власть............................................................................. 123 2.1. Рациональное освоение мира.............................................................. 123 2.2. Религиозный и культурный контекст появления документа. Трансфер идей и
практик......................................................................... 128 § 3 Носители идеи письменности..................................................................... 138 3.1. Костел и церковь..................................................................................... 138
3.2. Поляки и русины..................................................................................... 139 3.3. Городские общины литовских городов............................................. 144 § 4. Костел и церковь как катализаторы распространения документальной письменности
..................................................................... 147 Глава IX. Сила сопротивления традиции............................................................. 150 ГлаваХ. Реализация «добрых христианских» прав и ее результаты.................152 § 1.
Недоверие к устным свидетельствам и присяге..................................... 157 § 2. Упадок памяти старины.............................................................................169 § 3. Необходимость упрощения процедур..................................................... 179 -35 -
А.И. Груша Часть III. Типы и виды документальной письменности. Степень самодостаточности документов .................................................................183 Часть IV. Утверждение документа............................................................................. 205 Глава I. Документ
как «прорывная технология». Решительный рывок в использовании документа при Витовте (1392-1430).....207 § 1. «Устные» пожалования Витовта, Жигимонта Кейстутовичей и Казимира.........................................................208 § 2. Привилеи
Витовта........................................................................................ 213 § 3. Сопротивление традиции............................................................................ 219 Глава II. Экспансия правовой письменности. Расширение документооборота при Казимире
(1440-1492).............................236 § 1. Недоверие подданных друг к другу.........................................................243 § 2. Реализация персонифицированной власти.............................................252 § 3. Вмешательство обстоятельств
................................................................. 255 § 4. Документы для костела и церкви.............................................................260 § 5. Издание документа как часть правового акта........................................ 262 Глава III. Упрочение позиций
документальной письменности при Александре и Жигимонте I Старом (1492-1528).........................................270 Часть V.
Печать............................................................................................................. 291 Часть VI. Торжество искусственной памяти. Актовые книги............................ 311 Глава I. Форма
книг................................................................................................. 318 Глава II. Когда создавалась копия? Книги с копиями исходящих и входящих документов.................................... 319 Глава III. Книги
Метрики......................................................................................... 320 § 1. Название. Время появления.........................................................................320 § 2. Состав документов. Степень аутентичности документов.................... 321 § 3. Форма
книг.................................................................................................... 322 § 4. Принципы комплектования письменных материалов.........................323 § 5. Назначение книг.........................................................................................
325 Глава IV. Книги великокняжеских наместников................................................. 334 Глава V. Книги городов с магдебургским правом. Книги Подляшья.................340 Часть VII. Создатели документов.............................................................................345 Глава
I. Канцелярии великих князей литовских.................................................350 § 1. Что следует понимать под канцелярией?.................................................350 § 2. От временных писцов к постоянному штату
писарей............................ 353 § 3. От общения с внешним миром к общению с подданными.................... 354 § 4. Кому принадлежало право приказа об издании документов?................ 355 § 5. Зарождение бюрократии?............................................................................ 370 § 6. От пожалования к должности.....................................................................372 § 7. От организованной группы к учреждению.............................................374 § 8. Социальный и карьерный рост писарей.................................................377 Глава II. Частные писари. Другие категории писарей.........................................383 Глава III. «Литовская» и «польская» системы письменности.............................386 -3 6
З Содержание ■ Часть VIII. Хранение документов............................................................................. 393 Глава I. Архивы......................................................................................................... 395 § 1. Классификация
архивов............................................................................. 396 § 2. Классификация архивных документов..................................................... 398 § 3. Вспомогательные материалы..................................................................... 400 § 4. Форма
хранения архивных материалов..................................................... 401 § 5. Индивидуальные и общественные архивы............................................. 403 5.1. Состав архивов..................................................................................... 403 5.2.
Количество хранимых в архивах документов.....................................407 5.3. Возраст архивов..................................................................................... 407 5.4. Места хранения документов ............................................................. 409 § 6.
Постройки, помещения и оборудование для хранения архивных документов ............................................................. 417 § 7. Должностные архивы и архивы учреждений......................................... 419 § 8. Великокняжеский
архив............................................................................. 424 Часть IX. Условия функционирования документа............................................. 431 Глава I.
Сосуществование документа и устной традиции................................. 434 Глава II. Нереализованный потенциал письменного слова............................. 447 Глава III. Устное слово добрых людей................................................................. 472 Заключение ....................................................................................................................484 Сокращения ....................................................................................................................490 Библиография................................................................................................................. 499 Список иллюстраций .................................................................................................... 530 Указатель имен................................................................................................................535 Указатель географических названий............................................................................. 569 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 591 Contents .......................................................................................................................... 596 -З 7
Summaiy he purpose of the study is to establish the origin of the document, determine its functions, position, role, meaning and status at the early stages of its existence in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The research is largely based on sociocultural approaches. T The first part contains a review of literary and historical sources used in the research. The second part “Shift of Power: from Power of God to Power of Man. Origin of the Document” focuses on background, conditions and reasons for the document appearance. The connection between the religious ritual and the document is explained. The composition of subjects acting as guarantors of legal relations at different times — at first a deity, then a secular ruler — as well as their succession indicate the processes of a particular kind which development led to a change of these guarantors. These processes are qualified as secularization ones. They encompass such changes in society and culture that contributed to their liberation from the domination of religious institutions and symbols, resulting in the formation of autonomous spheres devoid of religious content. Secularization was expressed in the transformation of such a fundamental historical phenomenon as old ways {starina). The decline of old ways formed background for the appearance and functioning of the document as a novation. Secularization processes resulted, among other things, in loosening of traditional values, foundations and norms of the Lithuanian society; a peculiar openness to the conscious acceptance of innovations, as well as strengthening of the
secular power. The latter led to a change in the subject authorizing contractual relations. The will of the secular ruler acquired a decisive role in this authorization. The study emphasizes the consequences of secularization, expressed in the power of the Grand Duke representing the center of the document promotion. A personal role of the ruler was taken into account in determining the period when state power began to use written records. In this case, we mean the personal role of Grand Duke Vitovt (1392-1430). One of the Vitovť innovations was a document formalizing the Grand Dukes land grants. A point is made that a number of innovations introduced in Poland, including the document, were considered in the light of Christian culture. The author highlights that the bearers of the idea of documentary texts represented by different institutions and groups acted as an independent force in the document promotion. In addition to the Catholic and Orthodox Church, ethnic groups — Poles and Rus’ians (Rusiny) — played an important role in this process. The Poles and Rus’ians implemented the idea of written texts through the initiative addressed to the ruler. This idea could also be introduced by the Rus’ian and Catholic communities of Lithuanian cities. The author considers the specifics of document issue, when the initiative was taken by the Catholic and Orthodox Church. In contrast to requests of the -3 591
А. И. Груша -З Poles, Rus’ians and other communities of Lithuanian cities, their requests for the issue of documents were addressed not only to the ruler, but also to the Grand Duke’s subjects. The initiative of the Catholic and Orthodox Church strengthened the ruler’s idea of spreading the use of writing. The Catholic and Orthodox Church is also credited for the introduction of a wider variety of documents. The third part “Types and Kinds of Documentary Texts. The Degree of Documents Self-Containment” comprises the results of document classification, as well as the major functions of the variety of sovereign’s documents formalizing land grants. Depending on the degree of authenticity, the documents may be subdivided into primary and secondary. The act of granting consisted in two independent procedures: the act of giving out property (danina) and the grant confirmation, formalized in two types of documents: an informative one (izvestitel nyу list) and a confirmative one — charter (potverzhenyy list, priviley). Additionally, the author focuses on such type of documentary texts, as records of wealth transfer to Orthodox Church, described in the Gospels. The fourth part “Document Establishment” dwells upon strengthening the role of the document at the end of the XIVh-the first third of the XVIth century. During the reign of Vitovt, the state, the Catholic and Orthodox Church promoted legal writing. Grand Duke’s subjects were getting involved in a multifaceted context: technical, religious and cultural. The document was practical, sanctified by the Christian tradition, its use
was encouraged. Legal writings stemmed from a number of powerful sources — the idea belonged to the Rus’ians and former foreigners both having their written traditions. Under the reign of Vitovt, a decisive step forward was made in the use of writing instruments. However, the use of documents was not spread enough in his times. The use of securities in a documented form was sometimes a desirable alternative, but never mandatory. The introduction of the document was associated with Christianity, but it could be easily substituted by old rituals, sanctified and adapted to the Christian faith. The document was introduced in the spheres, new to the society: it marked the relationship associated with the sovereign’s merits, as well as the relationship between the society and the Catholic Church. The document was a prestigious item to possess, giving to its owners certain preferential advantages (but no substantial rights). Under the reign of Casimir (1440-1492), the Grand Duke’s document acquired a more popular character. The issue of written court verdicts and private legal documents was widely practiced. The document was primaraly perceived as an instrument for justifying rights. Its issue was often initiated by the sovereign’s judges and subjects. The society formed what can be defined as a consciousness, a culture of writing — a set of particularly strong values, norms and behavioral models of the individual and the society as a whole, special stable ideas about the significance and role of the document in the regulation of legal relations. Documentation became desirable and
in some cases mandatory for the implementation of a legal act. Rational means of formalizing an agreement triumphed over religious ones. The document began to turn into an important -3 592®·
Я Summary -©֊ and necessary attribute of a lega! act, an essential instrument of legal continuity. During the reign of Aleksander and Sigismund I Old (1492-1528) the document turned into an essential and mandatory attribute of judicial and administrative procedures related to the alienation of property and assertion of rights to it in court. It became an important instrument of governance and justice, power and legal system, a norm of the state functioning and a part of daily life of Grand Dukes subjects. The existence of documentary texts was rooted in the mind of public. However, this is only partly true of the peasantry. The document failed to become a legitimate possession of its representatives. Traditional restriction of property rights of the peasantry, in particular with regard to the land, served as a hindrance to the profound penetration of documentary practices into the peasant environment. The fifth part (“Seal”) is dedicated to the main elements of validation of the document. Affixed to a sheet of parchment or paper, the seal was a successor of a wild hive sign (kleyno). This sign and seal, among other things, were easily distinguished by eye and by touch. Thus, the issuer was directly connected to the document as if to a symbolic object, while the document itself seized to be a “formality” or “conventionality”, but retained to a certain extent the living essence of the specified issuer. This symbolic function of the seal as a part of the document’s legal author was weakened where decision-making and documentation became a routine and the solution of everyday
tasks required the use of bureaucratic methods, while administrative functions were partly delegated to yesterdays representatives of the executive branch. The study suggests that there existed a genetic link between the seal and the oath, which was in a way a symbolic prototype of the act of affixing the seal to confirm the legal action. The sixth part “Triumph of Artificial Memory. Registers” analyses another form of written documents, namely the registers. The use of registers to carry out documentary procedures may attest to, first, the issuance of the documents on a wide scale basis, second, the growing demand for them, and third, the search for the most optimal forms of their storage. A number of records were not copy of outgoing documents, i.e. documents with a seal. The records were made “directly” in the registers. The registers were the primary carriers of the recorded data. The second feature of these records consists in the fact that they were not always issued (in the form of an “extract”) to parties. But they were always stored by public officials and in institutions. Primary records had a legal force. The study characterizes the Metrica of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Lithuanian Metrica). It summarizes the data on such issues as the name and time of appearance, the composition of documents and the degree of authenticity, the form of storage, the principles of compilation of written materials and the functional purpose. Special attention is given to the registers of governors and registers in the cities with Magdeburg law and in Podlasie. Both primary and
secondary records served as a means of memory improvement, replacing oral memory. The registers pushed into the background the information keepers of old ways — old-timers (starcy). -֊3593
А.И. Груша The difference between written and oral memory consisted in the fact that neither the religious forces nor the society preserved the information, but a representative of secular power. These primary documents in the form of records reflect a new functional stage of documentation, namely the appearance of a new way of validation — making an entry in the register. The seventh part “Creators of Documents” is dedicated to scribes and chancelleries. Multiplication of types and varieties of legal writing, the transformation of written practices into systematic ones, the development of written records management led to the emergence of professional document issuers, as well as specialists and institutions associated with such records management. The oldest group of scribes came from the clergy and consisted of priests and deacons, mostly the latter. The concept of “chancellery” is analyzed along with the formation of a permanent staff of clerks, the institution proper, as well as the institution focusing primarily on internal matters of the state. The right to order the issuance of documents, social and career advancement of the clerks are separately examined. The changes in the chancellery of the Grand Duke of Lithuania included narrowing of the range of traditional institutions, professional development and formation of an official subordination among the staff. The issue of scribes serving outside the central administration and the court is fully covered in the study. The remaining sources on these scribes indicate that in the first third of the XVIth century, there
existed a stable non governmental sector for the production of legal documents. The eighth part “Storage of Documents” focuses on the archives of documents. Classification of archives and archival documents is given, auxiliary materials are described, data on the form of archival materials are presented. Archives are classified according to the subject of storage and the composition of users. Classification of archival documents is made depending on whether they are originals or copies, as well as their final purpose. A variety of forms and methods of storage had an impact on the external appearance ofthe objects ofstorage. These were not only documents on separate sheets of parchment and paper, originals and copies, but also records, including those of the church. Characteristic of archives is given in the study. The composition of original documents stored in private archives determined the assembly of written agreements concluded by the owners of these archives and their predecessors. A legal act served simultaneously as one of the ways of fund formation and scattering of archive “funds”. The amount of materials stored in archives increased as copies were taken from incoming and outgoing documents. The age of private archives did not always dependent on the time when record keepers and their predecessors began to enter into contractual relations requiring written procedures. Their age was also determined by the subject matter of the contract — possession of property, which conveyance demanded the conclusion of written agreements. Private and public archives were
decentralized and mobile. The choice of storage places for archival records was not only utilitarian, but also symbolic. Archival collections of churches and monasteries included the oldest documents. Records stored in administrative and secular institutions were mainly represented by registers of primary documents, issued as a result of judicial activity of local 3 594
Summary «· authorities. Unlike private and public archives, the collections of administrative and secular institutions were “formally public”. However, among all stored written materials only court books (sudovyye knigi) had this status. Similar to private archives, court books of local authorities often moved with their owners. Characteristics of storage, composition and position of the Grand Duke’s archive are given in the study. This archive was a private archive’s analog. The records formed a part of the treasury (skarb) and were stored together with the Grand Duke’s material values. The collection of documents of the sovereign comprised originals and copies, incoming and outgoing documents. The records were stored on separate media and books. The sovereign’s records were scattered in different places. It was not a complete analogue of a private archive, due to a much larger number of materials stored in it, as well as their different composition and ways of receipt. Document collections were structured by their positions. The monarch’s archive combined the characteristics of both private and public archives, but at the same time, it represented an archive of an institution. The ninth part “Conditions for Functioning of the Document” focuses on the coexistence of the document and the oral tradition. The tradition retained a certain stability, which was expressed in its priority. The oral tradition was so strong that it transferred its forms into the written culture. Written tradition came into direct contact with oral tradition; they were characterized by complex and
close interaction. The document and the oral tradition formed a certain symbiosis. The document fixed a long-existing order of old ways. It destroyed the old ways, but at the same time preserved the new legal relations, thus creating it anew. Another form of interaction between the document and the tradition consisted in the simultaneous use of written and non-written means of substantiating rights. Tradition influenced the document, turning it into its object. Penetration of the document was not impetuous. Little by little, tradition gave grounds. At some point, a certain balance was established between the document and the tradition. The document gave way to tradition. The existence of a certain order for a long time blocked the documents effect. The issue of using written information is studied in detail. Tradition leveled the documents power. It did not allow the document to fully use its potential, often making it unclaimed or even pointless. The archival records were decentralized. Information contained in documents issued to individuals and various groups of population was only partially duplicated in archives of central and local authorities. This information was often beyond their control. The practice of producing secondary documents indicates a special attitude to the document, which preservation required additional measures, in this case the creation of a copy. However, such an archive as the Lithuanian Metrica, represented an additional, optional archive for the Duke’s subjects. The author accentuates the value of oral information as a means of regulating legal
relations. Having lost its religious content, the oral testimony nevertheless retained its weight. The document was not an unconditional way of asserting rights. It existed in conditions of trust in the word of “good” people (dobryye lyudi), experienced its influence, submitted to its power, while their coexistence was often the only way. ■S 595
Contents Introduction........................................................................................................................ 8 Part L Literature review. Sources.................................................................................. 19 Part II. Shift of Power: from power of god to power of man. Origin of the document .................................................................................................35 Chapterl. Compulsory Familiarization with the Document....................................... 37 Chapter II. From Ritual to Document........................................................................ 41 Chapter III. The Power of Inviolability and Memory. Old Ways............................... 60 § 1. Back to ... the Bright Past. The Principle and Dimension of Old Ways. Old Ways as a Worldview.....................................................................................63 § 2. Old Ways as a Universal Institution............................................................ 64 § 3. Policy of Double Standards? .........................................................................77 § 4. Old Ways as a Source of Legal Information and a Kind of Memory............ 78 4.1. “Who Owns the Information, He Owns the World”. Preservers of Old Ways Memory.................................................................... 79 § 5. The Past Repeats Itself. Merging Past and Present.........................................84 § 6. “Dziady”. Religious Component of Old Ways.............................................86 Chapter IV. Time,
Properties and Environment of the Document .................... 89 Chapter V. Desacralized Ritual and the Document.................................................91 Chapter VI. Signs of Change. Rise of a Secular Ruler to Power.................................... 93 Chapter VII. Never-Ending Secularization Processes ............................................. 97 Chapter VIII. Centers and Groups Promoting the Document.....................................99 § 1. Church..............................................................................................................99 1.1. Health and Life to the Living, Memory to the Dead. Records in the Gospels.................................................................................. 101 § 2. State Power.................................................................................................... 123 2.1. Rational Exploration of the World......................................................... 123 2.2. Religious and Cultural Context of the Appearance of the Document. Transfer of Ideas and Practices..................................................................... 128 § 3. Bearers of the Writing Idea......................................................................... 138 3.1. Catholic and Orthodox Church ......................................................... 138 3.2. Poles and Rus’ians ................................................................................. 139 3.3. Lithuanian Urban Communities ......................................................... 144 § 4. Catholic and Orthodox Church as
Catalysts for the Distribution of Documentary Texts......................................................................................... 147 Chapter IX. Power of Resistance to Tradition............................................................ 150 Chapter X. “Good Christian” Rights and the Results of Their Enforcement............ 152 § 1. Distrust to Oral Evidence and Oath.............................................................157 § 2. Memory of Old Ways: Demise.....................................................................169 § 3. Necessity to Simplify the Procedures.............................................................179 •З 596
Contents Part III. Types and kinds of Documentary Texts. The Degree of Document’s Self-containment............................................................. 183 Part IV. Document Establishment ..............................................................................205 Chapter I. Document as a “Breakthrough Technology”. A Decisive Step in the Use of Documents During the Reign of Vitovt (1392-1430) ..207 § 1. Vitovt’, Sigismund’ the sons of Kejstut and Casimir’ “Oral” Grants.............208 § 2. Vitovt’ Charters..............................................................................................213 § 3. Resistance to Tradition.....................................................................................219 Chapter II. Expansion of Legal Writing. Development of Written Records in the Reign of Casimir (1440-1492)........................................ 236 § 1. Mistrust Among the Subjects....................................................................... 243 § 2. Implement of Personified Authority............................................................ 252 § 3. Intervention of Circumstances..................................................................... 255 § 4. Documents for Catholic and Orthodox Church........................................ 260 § 5. Document Issuance as Part of a Legal Act................................................... 262 Chapter III. Strengthening of the Role of Documentary Texts in the Reign of Aleksander and Sigismund I Old (1492-1528)...............................270 Part V.
Seal.........................................................................................................................291 Part VI. Triumph of Artificial memory. Registers....................................................... 311 Chapter I. Form of Registers..................................................................................... 318 Chapter II. When was a Copy Produced? Registers with Copies of Outgoing and Incoming Documents................................ 319 Chapter III. The Metrica............................................................................................. 320 § 1. Name. Time of Appearance.........................................................................320 § 2. Composition of Documents. Degree of Authenticity....................................321 §3. Form of Books................................................................................................. 322 § 4. Principles of Compilation of Written Materials......................................... 323 § 5. Purpose of Books........................................................................................... 325 Chapter IV. Registers of Grand Duke’s Governors ................................................ 334 Chapter V. Registers in the Cities with Magdeburg Law. Registers in Podlasie.....340 Pary VIL Creators of Documents................................................................................... 345 Chapter I. Chancelleries of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania....................................350 § 1. What is a
Chancellery?...................................................................................350 § 2. From Temporary Scribes to Permanent Staff.................................................353 § 3. From Communication with the Outside World to Communication with subjects............................................................................ 354 § 4. Who Could Order the Issue of Documents?...............................................355 § 5. Birth of Bureaucracy?................................................................................... 370 § 6. From Grant to Position............................................................................... 372 § 7. From Organized Groups to Institutions.....................................................374 § 8. Social and Career Advancement of Scribes...............................................377 Chapter II. Private Scribes. Other Categories of Scribes......................................... 383 ChapterIII.“Lithuanian”and“Polish”WritingSystems................................................ 396 ■3 597
3 А. И. Груша €- - ֊ Part VIII. Storage of Documents.................................................................................. 393 Chapter I. Archives................................................................................................... 395 § 1. Classification of Archives.............................................................................. 396 § 2. Classification ofArchival Records................................................................. 398 § 3. Additional Materials...................................................................................... 400 § 4. Forms of Archival Records’ Storage.............................................................. 401 § 5. Private and Public Archives........................................................................... 403 5.1. Composition ofArchives.......................................................................... 403 5.2. Number of Documents Stored in Archives.......................................... 407 5.3. Age of Archives.......................................................................................407 5.4. Places for Storage of Documents........................................................... 409 § 6. Buildings, Premises and Equipment for Storing Archival Records ........417 § 7. Administrative Archives and Archives of Institutions...............................419 § 8. Grand Dukes Archive...................................................................................424 Part IX. Conditions for Functioning of the
Document.............................................431 Chapter I. Coexistence of the Document and theOral Tradition........................ 434 Chapter II. Untapped Potential of the Written Word ...........................................447 Chapter III. “Good” People’s Spoken Word...............................................................472 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................484 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................490 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 499 List of illustrations........................................................................................................... 530 Index of names.................................................................................................................535 Summary........................................................................................................................... 591 Contents............................................................................................................................596 ^ 598
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hruša, Aljaksandr Ivanavič 1973- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1021953180 |
| author_facet | Hruša, Aljaksandr Ivanavič 1973- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hruša, Aljaksandr Ivanavič 1973- |
| author_variant | a i h ai aih |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046136496 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1124789149 (DE-599)BVBBV046136496 |
| era | Geschichte 1370-1530 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1370-1530 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großfürstentum Litauen (DE-588)4499060-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großfürstentum Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV046136496 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:44:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785987128459 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031516810 |
| oclc_num | 1124789149 |
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| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 607 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20191126 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Centr gumanitarnych iniciativ |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Mediaevalia |
| spellingShingle | Hruša, Aljaksandr Ivanavič 1973- Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) Dokument (DE-588)4139988-2 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4139988-2 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4499060-1 |
| title | Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) |
| title_alt | Crisis of trust? |
| title_auth | Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) |
| title_exact_search | Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) |
| title_full | Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) A.I. Gruša |
| title_fullStr | Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) A.I. Gruša |
| title_full_unstemmed | Krizis doverija? pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) A.I. Gruša |
| title_short | Krizis doverija? |
| title_sort | krizis doverija pojavlenie i utverzenie pravovogo dokumenta v velikom knjazestve litovskom konec xiv pervaja tretʹ xvi v crisis of trust appearance and establishment of legal document in the grand duchy of lithuania end of xivth first third of xvith centuries |
| title_sub | pojavlenie i utverženie pravovogo dokumenta v Velikom Knjažestve Litovskom (konec XIV-pervaja tretʹ XVI v.) = Crisis of trust? : appearance and establishment of legal document in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (end of XIVth-first third of XVIth centuries) |
| topic | Dokument (DE-588)4139988-2 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dokument Recht Großfürstentum Litauen |
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