Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii: = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia
Раннесредневековый могильник Заостровье-1 в Северной Самбии
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| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russisch |
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Moskva
IA RAN
2018
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| Schriftenreihe: | Materialy spasatelʹnych archeologičeskich issledovanij
22 |
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| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031442381&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031442381&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 307 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9785943752469 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Введение. Историко-географическая характеристика региона и история археологического изучения ...................................................................................................................... 5 Глава первая. Могильник Заостровье-1 (раскопки 2010 г.). Общая
характеристка памятника ............................................................................................................. 8 Глава вторая. Погребальный обряд .......................................................................................................... 11 Глава третья.
Погребальный инвентарь ................................................................................................. 14 Предметы убора и ременная гарнитура ............................................................................................. 14 Конское снаряжение
.............................................................................................................................. 16 Бытовые предметы и орудия труда .................................................................................................... 20 Керамика
................................................................................................................................................. 23 Глава четвертая. Хронология и планиграфия могильника .................................................................. 27 Глава пятая. Гендерные
признаки и стратификация погребений Самбийского полуострова эпохи Великого переселения народов и меровингского времени ................................................. 29
Гендерные индикаторы .......................................................................................................................... 29 Социальная стратификация ................................................................................................................. 30 Заключение.
Культурно-исторический контекст памятников Самбии в эпоху Великого переселения народов и в меровингское время ................................................. 38 Альбом рисунков
......................................................................................................................................... 47 Каталог погребений могильника Заостровье-1 ................................................................................... 87 Участок 1
................................................................................................................................................ 89 Участок 2 ..............................................................................................................................................
102 Участок 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 105 Альбом таблиц комплексов
.................................................................................................................... 121 Литература и архивные материалы .................................................................................................... 231 Приложение 1 М. В. Добровольская. Кремации
из погребений могильника Заостровье-1
............................... 249 Приложение 2 А. В. Зиновьев. Погребения лошадей из могильника Заостровье-1 ............................................. 261 Приложение 3 И. А. Сапрыкина. Предметы из цветного металла могильника Заостровья-1: некоторые замечания по химическому составу металла и технике изготовления изделий самбийско-натангийской культуры .............. 282 Приложение 4 Результаты радиоуглеродного исследования археологических объектов могильника Заостровье-1 ................................................................................................................... 289 Сокращения ............................................................................................................................................... 295 Сведения об авторах ................................................................................................................................. 296 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 297 Contens .......................................................................................................................................................... 309 / :--------------------- Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
SUMMARY The Early Mediaeval Cemetery in the North Sambia of Zaostrov’e-1 Michel Kazanskí, Edwin Zal’tsman, Konstantin Skvortsov with contributions by Maria Dobrovol’skaia, Andrei Zinov’ev, Irina Saprykina Introduction Historical and Geographic Characteristics of the Region and the History of Its Archaeological Research This publication is aimed at the introduction into the scholarship of the cemetery from the Great Migration and Merovingian Period, which was discovered in the Zelenograd administrative district of the Kaliningfard oblasť, in the northern area of the Sambia peninsula. It was discovered near the former hamlet of Schlakalken (district of Fischhausen, mentioned by the Livonian Order’s docu ments from the fourteenth century on), south of the modem settlement of Zaostrov’e, in the Spokoinaia river basin. Today small river of Spokoinaia with its minor tributaries flows into the Baltic Sea on the northern coast of the Sambia. The sites of the Sambian-Natangian Culture, to which the cemetery in question belongs, were for the first time registered in the Schlakalken area in the nineteenth century. In 2009-2011, the Sambian Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (headed by Aleksandr Khokhlov) conducted there large-scale researches, which dis covered several cemeteries from the Roman Period and the Early Middle Ages. The site under publication dates to the latest stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture, that is the Great Migra tion Period and the Early Middle Ages. Regarding the relative archaeological chronology,
in this study the antiquities of the Roman Period and the Early Great Migration are dated according to the generally accepted timeline of the Central European Barbaricum. In the case of the antiquities of the Western Balts from the period in question, they are dated according to the Western Balt chronological scheme. Chapter 1 Cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 (2010 Excavations). General Description of the Site The cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 is located between the right bank of the Spokoinaia river and the left bank of the Bezymiannyi rivulet (right tributary to the Spokoinaia), 1 km south of the southern edge of Zaostrov’e settlement. This site was investigated in 2010 by the division of the Sambian Archaeo logical Expedition supervised by Edwin Zal’tsman.
298 Раннесредневековый могильник Заостровье-1 в Северной Самбии According to Rudolf Grenz’s account, there was a cemetery from the Great Migration and Early Mediaeval Period located east of the hamlet of Schlakalken, north of the road to Kalkberg, and north-west of the village Lauknicken, west of the Spoko inaia, i. e. almost exactly where Zal’tsman’s works were conducted. In 1893, Carl Kretschmann and Heinrich Kemke did excavations near Schlakalken. These works are but briefly mention in the scholarship. Plausibly they happened at the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1. However, it is also possible that this hill housed two or more cemeteries from the Merovingian Period. The 2010 excavations uncovered the area of 4,392 m2. In the exca vated area there also were sites (pits and burials) from the Bronze and Early Iron Age. In total, 90 graves and pits related to the cemetery of the Sambian-Natangian culture were discovered. A great part of the burials was plundered. Burial assemblages comprised four groups. Chapter 2 Funeral Rite The cemetery was located on a hill, quite typically for the cemeteries of the Sambian-Natangian culture. These cemeteries are usually located at water sources, which corresponds to the location of the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1. All without distinction burisls in the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 are cremations, which rite was very widespread among the Eastern Prussia population in ancient times, from the Bronze Age on, and became predominant in the Roman Period. Cremated bones and remains of funeral pyre, typically for the Sambian-Natangian culture, were put into
circular or oval pits with aslant or straight walls. Oval pits were oriented mostly from the north-east to the south-west. Umless constructions which did not contain burials of horses measured 2.3 m in diameter, and graves with horses measured 0.9 to 2.0 m in length and 0.69 to 1.74 m in width. The number of cremated bones in burials is small. Umless graves are most typical of the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture, that is the Late Great Migration and the Merowingian Period. Today these graves do not have traces visible on the daily surface. Grave pits measured up to 1.5x2.15 m and 0.8 m in depth. There are cases of burial pits covered with accumulations of stones or single boulders. The stones covering graves are documented everywhere through the excavated area. Stone coverings of more or less circular form are typical of the sites of the Sambian-Natangian culture. A great deal of graves were “two-tier,” or having a horse body, often disarticulated or a part of it, on the bottom of the pit and remains of cremated human in the level of the grave, recorded as an accumulation or a lentil with cal cined bones, charcoals, and ashes. Such burials occurred everywhere in the excavated area. Two-tier graves were also widespread in the cemeteries from the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture. There is one case with horse’s burial apparently documented to the east of the cremation site. This is Grave 15.3 with the cremated burial destroyed by a nineteenth-century pit, and remains of a horse discovered to the east of it. It should be pointed out that in such cases
the cemeteries of the Sambian-Natangian culture had horses’ graves usually located to the west of cremated remains. Horses in graves of Western Balts occurred in the Early Roman Period and continued to the Middle Ages. They are considered to be related primarily to men’s burials, and in the Great Migration Pe riod, they were inalienable attribute of men’s graves. However, the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 has some horses’ burials (in at least four reliable cases) related to the graves interpreted as women’s according to palaeoanthropological research. There are few isolated graves of horses where no traces of funeral pyre have been documented. Isolated horse’s graves were rather widely distributed among the Balts in the wide chronological period.
Summary 299 Graves were accompanied with modest graves goods: hand-made pottery, pieces of amber, as well as knives, spiral rings, spindle whorls, and one crossbow brooch. These artefacts occurred both amidst the remains of cremations in the top tier of the grave or below them, in the infill. Graves of horses were often accompanied with elements of horse tack, particularly bits and buckles. An extraordinary find is metal fittings of drinking horns from Graves 3.3 and 18.3. Interesting is also Grave 46.2, which contained remains of bronze mounts of horse tack. Generally, there is no recog nizable regularity for the distribution of grave goods in particular types of graves. Generally, funeral rites in the cemetery in question resemble those well known in the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture according to studied in large areas cemeteries of Mitino, Dollkeim-Kovrovo, and others. Umless cremation graves in simple pits, often below stone pave ments and accompanied with horses’ burials, are typical of the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture. Moreover, the graves from the final stages of the Sambian-Natangian culture contained distinctively poorer grave goods than the graves from the Roman Period. However, this conclusion requires further corrections. Primarily, the Merovingian Period in Sambia and Natangia contained well-known “chieftain’s” graves accompanied with rich and prestigious grave goods. Furthermore, some of the sites from the Merovingian Period contained numerous burials which belonged, to the best of our knowledge, to the “middle class” persons,
containing ornaments and cloth fittings of relatively not expensive non-ferrous metals, as well as weapons. Therefore, it is quite plausible that the graves under publication belonged to a population group (clan? community?) relatively poor in relation to the others, or the site excavated in 2010, with its strict limitation by modem constmction works, corresponded to the least rich area of the site. Chapter 3 Grave Goods Although grave goods from the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 are relatively small in number, they are demonstrative enough, corresponding to the Sambian-Natangian cultural context from the Great Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages. Costume Details and Belt Fittings Crossbow Brooch. Although the brooch from Grave 73.3 could be related to Central European brooches from the Late Roman Period, it does not meet with direct analogies amidst them. Spiral Rings. 2010 excavations of the cemetery discovered, out of the archaeological context, a rather wide multiple-turn metal ring. Artefacts of the kind were widespread in the Baltic Area in the Roman Period and in the Early Middle Ages. Crosier-Shaped Pins. Bronze pin with curved “crosier-shaped” end was discovered in Grave 58.3. Crosier-shaped pins are well known in the Roman Period and in the Middle Ages among the Eastern Balts and Baltic Finns. Among the Western Balts, such pins from the Merovingian Period occurred in women’s and children’s graves only. Buckles. From the data in possession one cannot attribute these artefacts to belt and footwear fittings or horse tack, except for the cases when these finds
occurred in horses’ graves. Palaeoanthropological research shows that these buckles occurred in graves of both men and women. Moreover, there are many cases when the buckles, especially those in the form of the figure-of-eight, formed a part of horse tack. There are the following types of the buckles: those with В-shaped frame; buckles with rectangular frame; and elaborate-profile buckles.
зоо Раннесредневековый могильник Заостровье-1 в Северной Самбии Horse Tack In the cemetery under study, horse tack comprised mostly bits, but also mounts and buckles. Bits. All the bits documented in this cemetery belonged to the same group, of the bits with ring cheek-pieces. Among the finds are two- and three-partite bits. Such bits were widely distributed in Europe as early as in the Roman Period, and continued to exist throughout the Early Middle Ages. They are also well known among the antiquities of the Sambian-Natangian culture from the fifth to seventh centuries. Mounts. Grave 46.2 contained metal shield-boss-shaped mounts discovered at the horse’s head. The most close chronological and functional parallel to them is horse tack mounts in the form of shields from the well-known “princely” grave of Untersiebenbrunn in Lower Austria, which dates from the first half of the fifth century Daily Life Artefacts and Working Tools This category comprises a small number of finds. Especially attractive is bronze drinking horn fittings from Graves 3.3 and 18.3, a relatively rare find in the Sambian-Natangian culture from the Great Migration Period (see: Appendix 3). Drinking horns with metal fittings occurred in the circum-Baltic area as early as the Late La Tene and the Roman Periods, and continued to exist there in the Great Migration Period. In the period of interest, they occurred in Sambia and Mazuria, in Lithuania and Poland, in Gotland Island and Southern Norway, in Middle Sweden and Finnish Ostrobothnia. The finds of drinking horns usually appear in privileged graves.
Other artefacts, such as knives, spindle whorls, or whetstones, form mass categories of finds. Ceramic Ware Shards of ceramic vessels appeared in many graves and in other obj ects related to the cemetery. All of them are hand-formed. There are several forms of ceramic vessels with the most impressive Form 1, or high bi-conical vessels of elongated shape, with high neck, rounded or carinated body flaring below. They are typical of the Sambian-Natangian culture from the Merovingian Period. Chapter 4 Chronology and Spatial Pattern of the Cemetery The chronology of the cemetery in question has been determined by grave goods and radiocar bon dating. The earliest graves in the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 possibly date from the Late Roman Period. This way, the crossbow brooch from Grave 73.3 probably dates from Phase C2-C3 of the European Barbaricum timeline, that is 250/260-350/370 AD. Perhaps the Great Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages is the date of Grave 46.2 with shield-boss-shaped mounts of horse har ness, which optimal date in Phase D2-E1 of the Western Balt chronology, that is 375/400-520 AD. Grave 18.3, containing drinking hom fitting, which exact date residing within Phases D-E has not been established yet, possesses rather wide chronology. The same refers to other elements of horse tack - bits and mounts - which date generally cor responds to the fifth-seventh centuries. This chronology coincides with the radiocarbon dating of Graves 14.1 and 21.1 (see: Appendix 4).
Summary ЗОЇ From vessels of Form 1 with stamped decoration there are reasons to determine a group of graves from to Phase E, that is 450-650/675 AD. This ware also occur in Grave 14.1 from Phase F (650-750 AD). Apart from the graves from the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period, the cemetery con tained a small group of burials from the Viking Age (Phase G): Grave 18.1 (869-1017 AD), Grave 34.2 (806—899 AD), and Grave 40.2 (862—988 AD). Their chronology has been determined by the radiocarbon dating only, since in the other aspects these graves used usual ritual and contained usual goods. Obviously this data are not enough to outline the spatial development of the cemetery. How ever, it is possible to mark out that the earliest burials were in groups of graves located on the cem etery edge. Later “patchwork ware” was found in the northern half of the cemetery. In the central cemetery area there was the concentration of objects with radiocarbon dating from the mid-seventh to the mid-eighth century. The graves with their radiocarbon dating corresponding to the Viking Age (Phase G) concentrated in the southern excavated cemetery area. Generally, the chronological frames of the site are from the fifth to ninth or tenth centuries. As it has already been said, the graves formed four compact groups. The first group of burials was oriented from the south-east to the north-west and occupied the north-western area of excava tion. The second group stretched from the south-west to the north-east and occupied the central and north-eastern parts of the excavated area. The third,
minor group of burials was discovered in the western area of the excavated territory. Finally, the fourth group was in the southern area of exca vation. Perhaps this spatial pattern reflects specific areas or groups of (family? clan?) graves with specific grave goods and funeral rituals. Group 1 included Graves 3.3 and 18.3, which contained striking drinking horns. Grave 46.2 with bronze bridle elements was in the southern part of the ex cavation, in Group 4. It is possible to determine more aspects of the spatial pattern of the cemetery. The graves of horses concentrated in the western and central area of excavation, in Groups 2^1, though they are totally absent in Group 1. However, the burials accompanied with horses scattered throughout the entire excavated space. Chapter 5 Gender Markers and the Stratification of Graves in the Sambia Peninsula from the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period Gender Indicators Palaeoanthropological research ofthe cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 discovered 11 graves of women, seven of men, and 13 of children and teenagers. They are scattered, more or less evenly, throughout the cemetery area. Researches of the cemeteries of Mitino, Zaostrov’e-1 and Schlakalken-5 uncov ered few patterns of distribution of grave goods, depending on the sex-and-age of the deceased on the cemeteries in the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture. The correlation of archaeologi cal and palaeoanthropological evidences discovers that the set of goods accompanying children’s graves was the same, as well as the funeral rite, as those of adult’s graves. The
number of men’s and women’s graves with no grave goods subjected to palaeoanthropological analysis is comparable. A great deal of grave goods is common for the three categories of burials and occurred in graves of women, men, and children. However, the number of finds with such artefacts is not equal all the times, allowing one to find out some trends in the composition of grave goods. Among the features
302 Раннесредневековый могильник Заостровъе-1 в Северной Самбии and artefacts common for the men’s, women’s, and children’s graves of the Sambian-Natangian culture are the presence of one or two brooches, few beads, buckles, knives (buckles and knives were more popular in adult’s graves), and pieces of rough amber. It comes out that men’s graves in the Sambian-Natangian culture are distinguished by the occurrence of spurs, belt-ends, bracelets, and the accompanying burials of horses. The presence of knife among the grave goods is more often in men’s graves. The features of women’s graves are not so pronounced. However, it could be sup posed that thee crossbow brooches, pins, and ceramic spindle whorls are most likely indicators of graves of women. In the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 with its poor grave goods, apart from the graves where gender of the deceased was interpreted by palaeoanthropology, there should be mentioned the find of a spindle whorl in child’s Grave 73.2, which is normally typical of women’s graves. The cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 contained remains of horses in one men’s grave (no. 66.3) and five graves more that could be tentatively attributed as men’s by palaeonthropological materials (nos. 4.1, 12.1, 17.1, 5.3). Moreover, burials of horses accompanied four graves of women (nos. 3.1, 14.1, 59.3, 11.3), and possibly Graves 1.3, 17.3, 18.3, and 19.3, where skeletal remains were tentatively attributed to women, and also children’s Grave 37.3 and possibly Graves 6.3 and 58.3. Social Stratification Archaeology of North European barbarians long since uses the method
of determining social determination by the richness of grave goods, their rarity and prestige, and features of the funeral rite. Naturally, one should not use archaeological material as a direct reflection of the social scale uncovered by written sources: the correlation of different disciplines accounts needs fUrther re search. However, written sources from a later period directly indicate the connection between the social and property status of the dead and the richness of goods used in funeral rituals in this or that way. The use of wide circle of monuments from the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture, the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 in particular, uncovers three base layers of graves established by the sig nificance of grave goods and some details of the funeral rite. However, which groups stand behind this gradation is a question, discoverable only by written sources which are missing in this case. Level 1. Privileged graves. In the Barbaricum of the Great Migration and the Early Merovin gian Period, privileged were isolated graves or small cemeteries with distinctive unusual and rich in a local comparison ֊ grave goods, featuring, in rare cases, specific funeral rites, and in some in stances with specific geographic location. Level la, or the so-called royal and princely graves and hoards, distinctive by both extraordi nary grave goods and specific funeral rituals, as well as “status” artefacts, or insignia, has not been found so far in the Sambian-Natangian culture area. Level lb, or the so-called chieftain’s graves, distinguished by rich grave goods and
in some cases specific location (area) in the cemetery, are known in the Sambian-Natangian culture area from the fifth to seventh centuries. In the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 such graves are absent. Level 2. Graves of the “middle class.” European archaeology describes this “popular” level, corresponding to a considerable part of the population, or the so-called “middle class” of the bar barian society, as ordinary graves with relatively inexpensive metal ornaments and costume details. This level is largely presented with the cemeteries of the Sambian-Natangian culture from the fifth to seventh centuries. The set of grave goods divides these graves into three strata: Level2a. Graves with prominent goods, such as drinking horns in the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 in Graves 3.3 and 18.3. According to palaeoanthropological research, this grave could belong to a woman.
Summary 303 Level 2b. Graves with rather stable set of goods or its components. They are often accompanied with graves of horses. In the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1, this stratum comprised Grave 46.2, accom panied with horse’s burial which contained horse tack elements other than often found bits, and Grave 73.3 with a brooch and a spindle whorl. Level 2c. Graves with a few artefacts other than pottery, and horse’s graves with no goods (with bits and girth buckles or without them). In the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 this group comprises Graves 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1, 21.1, 25.1, 27.1, 28.1, 29.1, 34.1, 37.1, 38.1, 40.1, 43.1, 44.1, 48.1, 33.2, 40.2, 1.3, 5.3, 6.3, 8.3, 11.3, 13.3, 15.3, 17.3, 19.3, 37.3, 48.3, 49.3, 51.3, 52.3, 55.3, 58.3, 59.3, 61.3, 66.3, 72.3, and 73.3. Level 3. Graves of the “lower” social strata. This level comprises graves with no goods apart from pottery and no accompanying burials of horses. Level 3 of the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 com prises Graves 33.1, 36.1, 39.1, 41.1, 42.1,46.1, 34.2, 35.2, 41.2, 42.2, 43.2, 45.2, 47.2, 2.3, 4.3, 8.3, 9.3.14.3.27.3, 32.3 (?), 35.3,42.3, 43a.3,45.3, 46.3, 47.3, 56.3, 57.3, 57a.3, and 71.3. These graves also often occurred in other cemeteries of the Sambian-Natangian culture. Obviously, the quantity of graves belonging to different levels does not reflect the true percent age of hypothetical groups of population occupying these levels. Some society members could be buried in the other place or with archaeologically untraceable rite, or were not buried at all. The comparison of materials from
different burial monuments of the Sambian-Natangian cul ture discovers uneven distribution of rich grave goods. This difference becomes especially obvious from the comparison of Mitino and Zaostrov’e-1 on the one hand and the cemetery of WamikamPervomaiskoe on the other. Most likely, different wealth of grave goods richness would appear at various areas within the same cemetery, which belonged to different groups (families or clans). However, the monuments from the final stage of the Sambian-Natangian culture have never been subject of such analysis. The large-scale excavations of the sites from the final stage of the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period in the Sambian-Natangian area, such as Mitino and Zaostrov’e-1, uncover their “poorer” appearance in comparison with the cemeteries from the Roman Period and the initial stage of the Great Migration. However, the conclusion of the “poverty” of Sambian-Natangian culture from the Merovingian Period remains tentative. Quite plausibly, this feature is typical of the said sites and not to the culture as a whole. Anyway, today the number of “poor” graves of the SambianNatangian culture in the cemeteries of the Merovingian Period is certainly bigger than those from the preceding Roman Period. One is under the impression that the contrast between the “poor” and “rich” graves deepened from the fifth to seventh centuries. Conclusion The Cultural and Historical Context of the Sites in the Sambia from the Great Migration and the Merovingian Periods The cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 belongs to the latest phase of the Sambian-Natangian
culture. This culture already existed in the Roman Period, in Phase B2 of the “Barbarian” Timeline, that is in the 70s AD, and continued at least to the mid-seventh century AD. There is every reason to sup pose that the Sambian-Natangian culture people were the Aestii accounted to by Tacitus, Jordanes, and Cassiodorus as the dwellers of the Baltic Sea coast east of the Vistula. The site under publication is located in the northern half of the Sambia Peninsula, which was rather densely populated in the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period. According to the
304 Раннесредневековый могильник Заостровье-1 в Северной Самбии recent state of research, the cemeteries of the Sambian-Natangian culture in this peninsula in the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period split into two spatial groups, the northern and the southern, divided by the ridge of the Sambian Elevation. The cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 certainly be longs to the northern group. More complicated task is to draw the borderline between other groups of the Sambian-Natangian culture discovered in the Kaliningrad oblasť. The number of known sites there is smaller, so the mapping of the finds uncovers only tentative zones. Generally, in the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period, the sites of the Sambian-Na tangian culture, disregarding their geographical location, demonstrated stable set of features of the funeral rite and material culture. Everywhere there were cemeteries, sometimes extraordinary big, comprising graves without visible outer markers, with predominant outside cremations with subsequent rimerai of the remains in a pit. There were constructions of stones; graves were often accompanied with a burial of horse and comprised two tiers, with the corpse of a horse or its part placed on the bottom of the grave pit and the remains of cremation in the upper part of the pit. The material culture always had typical artefacts, such as brooches, buckles, scramasaxes, and pots with “patchwork” decoration. Quite probably, this cultural homogeneity reflected some economical, eth nic, linguistic, or confessional unity, though this hypothesis needs extra arguments which
would be not related to archaeological sources. Perhaps the territorial isolation of the groups established above reflects their social and po litical apartness. In other words, they could form relatively secluded collectives occupying clearly delimited territories with no-man’s-lands in between, the situation has been repeatedly addressed by ancient and mediaeval sources describing barbarians. This is also suggested by the distribution map for prestige graves, since every considerable group of sites corresponded to a certain number of “princely” graves. Perhaps spatial groups of the Sambian-Natangian culture corresponded to the so-called minor barbarian kingdoms, well-known in other European regions in the Great Migration and the Merovingian Period. Appearing under specific condition of advanced military tension, these minor kingdoms were built up as military units, with the organization based on strict subjection to the king (leader) of the clans (families) forming the kingdom and individual warriors united in the king’s retinue. The subjects, at least at the initial stage, often elected their leader, most likely from the “nobles,” charismatic families, and reserved their right to dethrone or kill the king if unsuccess ful. Under this, the king was basically the military leader, with his other functions second-graded. He was the figure to unite the others, who collected the retinue of warriors of different origins as the real pillar of his authority. As isolated collectives, different territorial groups of the Sambian-Natangian culture still not were totally secluded
societies. The finds of artefacts of foreign origin testify to the contacts be tween the Sambian-Natangian culture people and the rest of Europe, both the neighbouring groups of the Balts on the one hand and Scandinavia, Middle Danube, and Western Europe on the other hand. The main bulk of imported artefacts and their imitations in the Sambian-Natangian culture sites is connected either to the southern contacts with the Danube area or the maritime contacts of the Aestii made along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and towards the Scandinavian islands. Perhaps this “maritime” orientation of the Sambian-Natangian population reflected in Jordanes’ and Cassiodorus’ accounts of the Aestii as the people living on the shore of the Ocean. The latest cemeteries of the Sambian-Natangian culture are generally poorer than the cemeter ies of the preceding Roman Period. Perhaps the reason is in the events that enveloped the whole Baltic Sea basin. The period of military stress in the Southern Baltic Area lasted to ca. 500 AD: the offering sites of clearly warrior’s appearance uncover that in the fourth and fifth centuries this crisis enveloped the Jutland, the Danish islands, Bornholm, Öland, Scania, as we can see. In the early sixth century, a new economic and military-political situation developed in the Baltic Area. From the fifth century on, the centre of economic contacts on the Baltic Sea was on the Bornholm,
Summary 305 Scania, Öland, Gotland, and Uppland. The situation changed again by the mid-sixth century, when some important changes happened and reflected in the hoards of gold ware. In this period, there was not only the known plague of the age of Justinian I but also severe winters, often sun eclipses, crop failures, and starvation, which caused higher mortality of the North European population. Quite plausibly, it was the consequence of a natural catastrophe in 536 AD. Perhaps these dismal events were the reason behind large-scale offering sites. One can assume that the “impoverishment” of the Aestii, the people of the Sambian-Natangian culture, had some relation to this sixth-century crisis. A relatively long post-crisis period continued to the Viking Age, as one can see from the latest burials in the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1, which did not differ from those from the previous period. Simul taneously, the nature of these late finds uncovers relative stability of the Aestian society as long as the ninth century. Description of Graves This catalogue has been compiled against the background of the “Excavation Report of the Cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1”, with the use of extra field documentation. There is no account of the finds from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages, as well as of the pits of later origin (nineteenth-century pits, crater of shell explosions, and so on). The palaeoanthropological attributions are made by Ma ria Dobrovol’skaia (see: Appendix 1). Appendix 1 Maria Dobrovol’skaia Cremations in Graves of the Cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 All the graves in the cemetery of
Zaostrov’e-1 contained a single burial or a burial of cremated bones of a person and an animal. Seven of 75 skeletal remains under investigation are attributed to men. Generally, bones in this series are distinctively smaller in comparison for example to the bones from the formerly investigated cemetery of Mitino. However, it should be underlined that no technique of such comparative analysis has been developed so far. Rare occurrence of individuals with high degree of massiveness markers is an indirect argument for the difference between the ap pearance of the Zaostrov’e-1 population and that of the Mitino cemetery. We have also discovered eight female individuals and 13 children and teenagers. One object (29.1) probably did not contain any human remain but rather animal’s bones. The age structure of humans in the graves is different. With a high degree of probability, one might assume that there were no newborns among the deceased. Standard light gray colour of the remains in the rest of graves most probably comes from a small number of cremated bones put into burials, so rare dark-coloured sections were not put into graves. The charcoal dust and cinder occur ring in almost every grave could not survive if the bones were washed or separate fragments were collected from funeral pyre, as it was foreseen for example by the Classical tradition. Strain cracks indicate that the bodies were cremated just after the death. Quite often, the accumulations contained relatively big fragments of vertebrae, as well as fragments of finger bones and foot bones. This al lows one to
imagine the position of the body on the funeral pyre. The preservation of the vertebrae fragments is most likely determined by rather restricted accession of oxygen when firing, perhaps because of the position on the back on the pyre surface. The preservation of foot and finger bones is related to the small size of soft tissues in these parts of the body and, consequently, to faster burning at lower temperature. In case when the hands of the deceased were placed on the chest, there is a
Раннесредневековый могильник Заостровье-1 в Северной Самбии 306 higher probability that they will fall into the zone of burning at higher temperature and the prob ability of surviving of finger bones is minimised. Therefore, one can suppose that the position of the dead did not foresee the placing of the hands on the chest. The weight of bones in cremation varied from 1 to 845 grams, perhaps in relation to the individual features of the burial ceremony. Appendix 2 Andrei Zinov’ev Burials of Horses in the Cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 The rite of burying horses has been practiced in Europe for a long time. Although artefacts ac companying many horses’ graves are described in detail, only a few publications provide data on the horses’ physical appearance. Our research illustrates physical appearance of the horses from the Baltic Region in the Late Roman Period and the Early Middle Ages. The study is based on the extensive osteological collection from the cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1. The age and size of the buried horses varies, probably due to the different fimeral rites performed by different ethnoi. The cemetery of Zaostrov’e-1 is unique by showing the predominant use of young colts, not adult enough for riding. Appendix 3 Irina Saprykina Non-Ferrous Metal Ware in the Cemetery of Zaostrov’e- 1 : Some Remarks on the Chemical Composition and Manufacturing Technique of the Artefacts of the Sambian-Natangian Culture The technique of non-destructive standardless X-ray phase analysis enveloped metal of two shield-boss-shaped mounts, the crossbow-shaped brooch, and several fragments of
drinking horn fittings. The analysis discovered two types of copper-based alloys: triple bronze (CuSnPb) and multi-component alloy of zinc, tin, and lead up to 10%. The zinc alloy was used to make shieldboss-shaped mounts (Grave 46.2) produced with lathe-turning technique, and the cast crossbow shaped brooch (Grave 73.3). Researches of the chemical composition of zinc alloys in the Roman Period has shown that already in the third century AD the contents of zinc decreased to less than 10%. Numerous finds of crucibles of the forms untypical to the Roman Period suggest that zinc alloys were made not only throughout the Roman imperial territory but also in some areas of the Barbaricum. Most likely, the crossbow brooch and the shield-boss-shaped mounts from the Zaostrov’e-1 collection were made in local workshops in the period no later than the third and fourth century AD. The analysis has documented the high percentage of tin in metal of two drinking horn fittings, with the tin measuring 11-12% for two drinking horn fittings and 20-22% for two drinking horn fit tings more. In the period in question, there are very few accounts of sources concerning the sources whence the tin was obtained, since in the Late Roman Period many of known tine mines were exhausted. That is the reason why analytical selections of metals from the Great Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages contained a great deal of alloys with high percentages of lead. So far it could be considered proved that in the early Middle Ages tin mines worked in Britain and Gallia (Bretagne).
Summary 307 Appendix 4 Results of radiocarbon research OF ZaOSTROV’ E-1 BURIAL GROUND of archaeological objects Today there are available radiocarbon dating of two objects, provided by the Laboratory of the Institute of Environmental Geochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine: Pit 22.1 (group 2, southern area) and Pit 23.3 (group 2, northern area). They date, with 2a-probability, to 420-570 AD and 430-620 AD respecting, and with Ισ-probability to 435^455 AD and 530-610 AD. Moreover, the Isotope Geochemistry and Geochronology Laboratory of the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences discovered, with 2a-probability, the date for nine objects more located in Areas 1 and 2. There are Sites 4.1 (657-675 AD), 14.1 (661-712 AD), 18.1 (869-1017 AD), 21.1 (648-721 AD), 27.1 (688-771 AD), 33.1 (674-780 AD), 37.1 (437-594 AD), 34.2 (806֊ 899 AD), and 40.2 (862-988 AD). Translatedfrom Russian by Nikita Khrapunov
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kazanski, Michel 1953- Zalʹcman, Ėdvin Borisovič 1964- Skvorcov, Konstantin Nikolaevič 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1022953133 (DE-588)1033331937 (DE-588)1201388570 |
| author_facet | Kazanski, Michel 1953- Zalʹcman, Ėdvin Borisovič 1964- Skvorcov, Konstantin Nikolaevič 1966- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Kazanski, Michel 1953- |
| author_variant | m k mk ė b z ėb ėbz k n s kn kns |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046061065 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1135448329 (DE-599)BVBBV046061065 |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:42:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16122783-1 |
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| language | Russian |
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| physical | 307 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne |
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| publishDate | 2018 |
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| series | Materialy spasatelʹnych archeologičeskich issledovanij |
| series2 | Materialy spasatelʹnych archeologičeskich issledovanij |
| spellingShingle | Kazanski, Michel 1953- Zalʹcman, Ėdvin Borisovič 1964- Skvorcov, Konstantin Nikolaevič 1966- Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia Materialy spasatelʹnych archeologičeskich issledovanij Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018537-0 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4400718-8 |
| title | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia |
| title_alt | The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia |
| title_auth | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia |
| title_exact_search | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia |
| title_full | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia Institut archeologii Rossijskoj akademii nauk ; M.M. Kazanskij, Ė.B. Zalʹcman, K.N. Skvorcov ; pri učastii M.V. Dobrovolʹskoj, A.V. Zinovʹeva, I.A. Saprykinoj |
| title_fullStr | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia Institut archeologii Rossijskoj akademii nauk ; M.M. Kazanskij, Ė.B. Zalʹcman, K.N. Skvorcov ; pri učastii M.V. Dobrovolʹskoj, A.V. Zinovʹeva, I.A. Saprykinoj |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia Institut archeologii Rossijskoj akademii nauk ; M.M. Kazanskij, Ė.B. Zalʹcman, K.N. Skvorcov ; pri učastii M.V. Dobrovolʹskoj, A.V. Zinovʹeva, I.A. Saprykinoj |
| title_short | Rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik Zaostrovʹe-1 v Severnoj Sambii |
| title_sort | rannesrednevekovyj mogilʹnik zaostrovʹe 1 v severnoj sambii the early mediaeval cemetery of zaostrov e 1 in the north sambia |
| title_sub | = The Early Mediaeval Cemetery of Zaostrov'e-1 in the North Sambia |
| topic | Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Friedhof Gräberfeld Oblast Kaliningrad |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031442381&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031442381&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV045386212 |
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