Cost-benefit analysis and the environment: further developments and policy use
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Paris
OECD Publishing
2018
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| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030605660&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 454 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9789264085152 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Abbreviations and acronyms....................................................................................... Executive summary...................................................................................................... 15 19 Chapter 1. Overview of main issues............................................................................ 21 Notes...................................................................................................................... References............................................................................................................. 29 29 Chapter 2. Environmental cost-benefit analysis: Foundations, stages and evolving issues.................................................................................................................... 2.1. Introduction: Why use CBA?............................................................................ 2.2. Basic stages of a CBA....................................................................................... 2.3. Recent developments in environmental CBA: Major themes of this volume .. 2.4. Conclusions.................................................................................................... 31 32 33 38 45 Notes...................................................................................................................... References............................................................................................................. 45 46 Annex 2.A1. Numerical
example............................................................................ Annex 2.A2. The welfare interpretation of costs and benefits............................... 48 50 Part I Methods of environmental valuation Chapter 3. Revealed preference methods..................................................................... 3.1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 3.2. Hedonic price method..................................................................................... 3.3. Travel cost method......................................................................................... 3.4. Averting behaviour and defensive expenditures method............................... 3.5. Conclusions.................................................................................................... References.................................................. Chapter 4. Contingent valuation method..................................................................... 4.1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 4.2. Conceptual foundation................................................................................... 4.3. Designing a contingent valuation questionnaire........................................... 4.4. Mean versus median willingness-to-pay........................................................ 4.5. Validity and reliability..................................................................................... 4.6. Recent
developments and frontier issues...................................................... 4.7. Summary and guidance for policy makers.................................................... COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018 55 56 57 66 72 78 79 85 86 88 88 101 102 112 117 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes............................................................................................................................. 118 References................................................................................................................... 118 Annex 4.A1. Hicks’s measures of consumer’s surplus for a price change............... 126 Chapter 5. Discrete choice experiments........................................................................... 5.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 5.2. Conceptual foundation........................................................................................ 5.3. Stages of a discrete choice experiment............................................................. 5.4. Relative strengths and weaknesses of discrete choice experiments............... 5.5. Recent developments and frontier issues.......................................................... 5.6. Conclusions......................................................................................................... 129 130 131 133 139 144 149 References................................................................................................................... 150 Chapter 6. Value transfer............... -.................................................................................. 6.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 6.2. Value transfer: Basic concepts and
methods...................................................... 6.3. How robust is value transfer?............................................................................... 6.4. Value transfer and spatial variability................................................................. 6.5. Value transfer databases and guidelines............................................................ 6.6. Concluding remarks............................................................................................ 157 158 159 163 166 167 169 Notes............................................................................................................................. 170 References................................................................................................................... 170 Chapter 7. Subjective well-being valuation..................................................................... 7.1. Subjective well-being............................................................................................ 7.2. Subjective well-being and the environment...................................................... 7.3. Subjective well-being valuation........................................................................... 173 174 178 181 References................................................................................................................... 190 Partii Core elements of cost-benefit analysis Chapter 8. Discounting....................................................................................................... 8.1.
Introduction......................................................................................................... 8.2. Discounting theory.............................................................................................. 8.3. Discounting and risk............................................................................................ 8.4. Declining discount rates...................................................................................... 8.5. Dual discounting.................................................................................................. 8.6. Empirics of the SDR.............................................................................................. 8.7. The empirics of declining discount rates............................................................ 8.8. Social discounting in practice............................................................................. 8.9. Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 197 198 201 206 211 214 215 219 219 220 Notes............................................................................................................................. 222 References................................................................................................................... 223 Annex 8.Al. Positive NPV using SDR increases social welfare................................. 228 Annex 8.A2. Fundamental equation of asset pricing and the Ramsey Rule............ 229 8 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 9. Uncertainty........................................................................................................ 9.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 9.2. Risk and uncertainty: Some definitions............................................................. 9.3. Welfare under uncertainty.................................................................................. 9.4. Certainty equivalence and risk premiums: Definitions.................................... 9.5. Certainty equivalence: Application in CBA........................................................ 9.6. Risk in the public sector: The Arrow-Lind theorem.......................................... 9.7. Sensitivity analysis.............................................................................................. 9.8. Monte Carlo Analysis............................................................................................ 9.9. Optimism bias...................................................................................................... 9.10. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 231 232 233 233 234 235 240 241 243 246 247 Notes............................................................................................................................. 247 References................................................................................................................... 248 Annex 9.A1. Risk
premiums........................................................................................ 249 Annex 9.A2. The risk premium multiplier................................................................. 250 Annex 9.A3. Monte carlo simulation: STATA code and distribution......................... 251 Chapter 10. Quasi-option value.......................................................................................... 10.1. Some terminology.............................................................................................. 10.2. A model of QOV.................................................................................................. 10.3. How large is QOV?.............................................................................................. 10.4. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 255 256 257 261 263 Notes............................................................................................................................. 263 References................................................................................................................... 264 Annex 10.A1. Deriving the expected value of waiting.............................................. 265 Chapter 11. Distribution and cost-benefit analysis......................................................... 11.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 11.2. Equity and
CBA.................................................................................................... 11.3. Analysing the distributional impacts of projects within a cost-benefit framework................................................................................................................... 11.4. Distributional CBA and climate change........................................................... 11.5. Concluding remarks.......................................................................................... 267 268 269 270 278 280 Notes............................................................................................................................. 281 References................................................................................................................... 282 Annex 11.A1. A marginal utility of income weighting procedure............................. 283 Part III Selected issues in environmental cost-benefit analysis Chapter 12. Sustainability and natural capital................................................................. 12.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 12.2. What is sustainability?...................................................................................... 12.3. CBA and “weak sustainability”........................................................................... 12.4. Valuing natural capital...................................................................................... COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018 287 288 289 290 294 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS 12.5. CBA and (strong) sustainability......................................................................... 299 12.6. Cost-benefit analysis and precaution............................................................... 300 12.7. Concluding remarks.......................................................................................... 304 Notes............................................................................................................................. 305 References................................................................................................................... 305 Chapter 13. Ecosystem services and biodiversity............................................................ 13.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 13.2. Ecosystem services............................................................................................ 13.3. Valuing ecosystem services............................................................................... 13.4. Valuation and policy appraisal........................................................................... 13.5. Concluding remarks........................................................................................... 309 310 311 315 322 325 Notes............................................................................................................................. 326 References...................................................................................................................
327 Annex 13.A1. Marginal vs total valuation................................................................... 331 Chapter 14. The social cost of carbon............................................................................... 14.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 14.2. The social cost of carbon and the optimal carbon price: Some theory.......... 14.3. Estimating the SCC or SC-C02 using integrated assessment models (IAMs) .. 14.4. Uncertainty, catastrophic risk and Weitzman’s dismal theorem................... 14.5. Estimates of SCC from integrated assessment models................................... 14.6. The social cost of carbon: International experience......................................... 14.7. Other approaches to calculating the SCC.......................................................... 14.8. SCC: Global or domestic values?....................................................................... 14.9. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 335 336 338 342 351 354 357 361 364 365 Notes............................................................................................................................. 366 References................................................................................................................... 367 Annex 14.Al. Pindyck (2016) survey and model........................................................ 371 Chapter 15. Health
valuation.............................................................................................. 15.1. Introduction: the importance of health effects in CBA................................... 15.2. The global burden of air pollution..................................................................... 15.3. Valuing life risks: the VSL concept..................................................................... 15.4. VSL issues and debates...................................................................................... 15.5. Heterogeneity and VSL: An age-related VSL?.................................................... 15.6. Valuing morbidity.............................................................................................. 15.7. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 373 374 375 379 382 385 387 389 Notes............................................................................................................................ 390 References................................................................................................................... 391 Annex 15.A1. Deriving the value of a statistical life.................................................. 393 10 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS Part IV Cost-benefit analysis in practice Chapter 16. Current use of cost-benefit analysis............................................................. 16.1. Current use of cost-benefit analysis in ex ante assessments of public investment projects.................................................................................................... 16.2. Current use of cost-benefit analysis in assessments of public policies.......... 16.3. Cross-cutting comments.................................................................................... 399 400 411 418 Notes............................................................................................................................. 420 References................................................................................................................... 421 Chapter 17. Political economy of cost-benefit analysis.................................................. 17.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 17.2. CBA in reality: Use and influence revisited...................................................... 17.3. The politics of CBA.............................................................................................. 17.4. Incentives, behaviour and CBA......................................................................... 17.5. Improving the process of appraisal................................................................... 17.6.
Conclusions........................................................................................................ 423 424 425 428 431 433 436 Notes............................................................................................................................. 437 References................................................................................................................... 437 Chapter 18. CBA and other decision-making approaches.............................................. 18.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 18.2. A (select) gallery of additional procedures........................................................ 18.3. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 441 442 443 451 Notes............................................................................................................................. 452 References................................................................................................................... 452 Annex 18.A1. Multi-criteria analysis and the “do nothing” option........................... 453 Tables 2.1. 2.A1.1. 2.A2.1. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. Techniques of environmental valuation for ecosystem services - an overview .. CBA - A simple example...................................................................................... Compensating and equivalent variation
measures.......................................... Overview of revealed preference methods......................................................... Implicit prices for key environmental amenities in England........................... Per trip values for game reserves of KwaZulu-Natal........................................ Hicksian compensating and equivalent surplus measures of welfare............. Examples of possible valuation topics and potential problems....................... Translating intended actions into WTP estimates............................................ Examples of common elicitation formats......................................................... Elicitation formats - some stylised facts........................................................... Payment card in CV study of improvements in Scottish coastal waters.......... A scope test for mortality risks........................................................................... WTA/WTP for different types of goods............................................................... Stages of a discrete choice experiment............................................................. Attributes and levels of the choice experiment.................................................. Attributes and attribute levels in choice model experiment............................. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018 40 48 51 56 60 70 88 90 93 96 99 100 109 110 133 134 137 Ц
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 6.1. 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 11.1. 11.2. 11.3. 11.4. 12.1. 13.1. 13.2. 13.3. 14.1. 14.2. 14.3. 14.4. 14.5. 14.6. 14.7. 15.1. 15.2. 15.3. 15.4. 15.5. 15.6. 17.1. 17.2. 17.3. 18.A1. Economic welfare values under differing management options..................... Sample Contingent Ranking Question from Pesticide Survey........................... Comparison of test failures................................................................................. German Federal Environment Agency “Look-up” values................................... Sector level betas.................................................................................................. Numerical example of Weitzman’s declining certainty-equivalent discount rate.. Estimates of the elasticity of marginal utility.................................................... Survey results for intergenerational discounting.............................................. Discounting guidance in several OECD countries.............................................. The state-dependent project payoffs and incomes............................................ The welfare change and risk premiums of the flood defence project.............. Flood risk example: Payoff matrix, expected values and certainty equivalents .. Parameter values for Monte Carlo simulation.................................................... Distributional weights and CBA - illustrative example..................................... Example choice card from Cropper et al.
(2016)................................................ Distribution and the social cost of carbon - Principles and practice............... Estimates of the social cost of carbon for the United States............................. Costs and benefits of establishing a sovereign wealth fund............................. Classification of ecosystem services................................................................... Summary of economic valuation methods used in ecosystem service valuation.. Summary of monetary values for each service by biome................................. Social cost of carbon from different IAMs.......................................................... Social cost of carbon under certain assumptions.............................................. Social cost of carbon under different assumptions........................................... Social Cost of carbon dioxide under different scenarios and discount rates .. Traded and non-traded carbon costs................................................................... Example of expert responses for the Pindyck (2016) survey............................. Parameters for the simple SCC expression in equation [14.18]......................... The health burden of ambient PM2.5 by selected countries............................. The economic burden of air pollution by region................................................ Selected VSL Studies in Sweden from 2005 to 2010 ........................................... Mean VSL across
studies...................................................................................... Proposed unit values in for selected morbidity end-points............................... Health impacts and ambient air pollution in The People’s Republic of China in 2003 ................................................................................................................... Policy appraisal across selected European jurisdictions................................... Examples of motives underlying the usage of assessment tools..................... Percentage of assessments which had to be resubmitted................................. Weighted input data for an MCA: cost weighted at unity................................. 139 142 143 168 210 212 218 218 220 237 238 239 244 276 277 279 280 293 313 316 319 354 355 356 358 360 362 364 377 378 381 382 388 389 426 429 434 453 Example of a payment card sliding scale from an on-line survey................... Pictorial elicitation mechanism........................................................................... Hicks’s four consumer’s surpluses for a price fall.............................................. Example of a choice set........................................................................................ Tanzanian fishers’ choice set example................................................................ Example of a Best-Worst Scaling set................................................................... 97 97 127 135 138 148 Figures 4.1. 4.2. A4.1. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 12 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4. 6.1. 6.2. 7.1. 7.2. 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.A3.1. 9.A3.2. 10.1. 13.A1. 14.1. 14.2. 14.3. 14.4. 14.5. 14.6. 15.1. 15.2. 16.1. 16.2. 16.3. 16.4. 16.5. 16.6. 16.7. 16.8. 16.9. 16.10. 16.11. 16.12. 16.13. 16.14. 16.15. 16.16. 16.17. 16.18. 16.19. Example of discrete choice experiment sets................................................. 149 Continuum of decision settings and the required accuracy of a value transfer .. 165 Recreational values arising from a change in land use............................... 167 Average subjective well-being in the United Kingdom................................. 177 Published articles in absolute numbers........................................................ 178 Risk premium multiplier................................................................................. 240 The cash flows of a nuclear power plant....................................................... 242 Sensitivity analysis: Discount rate................................................................ 243 Sensitivity analysis: Decommissioning costs............................................... 243 NPV with negatively correlated discount rate and decommissioning costs (r = -0.7)............................................................................................................ 245 NPV with positively correlated discount rate and decommissioning costs (r = +0.7)............................................................................................................ 246 Distribution of decommissioning
costs........................................................ 252 Distribution of the discount rate.................................................................... 253 A decision tree................................................................................................. 258 Stylised costs and benefits of ecosystem service provision........................ 331 Global Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuels and Growth of Carbon Emissions ... 337 Optimal path of a carbon tax.......................................................................... 341 Probability density function for equilibrium climate sensitivity................ 345 The implications of temperature change for climate damages.................. 350 The probability distribution of consumption................................................. 353 The cumulative probability, survivor and probability density functions..... 362 The relationship between PM exposure and mortality risk.......................... 377 Risk and willingness-to-pay............................................................................ 380 Are there clear criteria for how to do CBAs of investment projects?........... 401 What is the share of cases in the last 3-5 years that have been CB-analysed? ... 401 Are there clear criteria for how to include GHGs in CBAs?.......................... 402 Which share of CBAs in the last 3-5 years has included impacts on GHG emissions?......................................................................................................... 403 For how many countries have monetary carbon values
been reported?..... 404 Monetary carbon values used in the transport sector.................................. 404 Monetary carbon values used in the energy sector..................................... 405 Unweighted average of reported monetary carbon values.......................... 405 Which other environmental impacts are typically included in the assessments? .. 406 Are future costs and benefits to be discounted?........................................... 407 Real discount rates applied in the transport sector..................................... 408 Do the CBAs normally include estimates of the distribution of costs and benefits?................................................................................................... 408 Are the CBAs generally made publicly available?......................................... 409 Is the public invited to provide comments on CBAs?.................................... 410 What is typically the impact of CBAs on the political decisions finally being made?..................................................................................................... 410 Have there been any changes in the impacts of CBAs over the last 10-15 years? .. 410 Are there clear criteria for how to do ex ante or ex post CBAs of public policies? .. 411 What is the share of policies in the last 3-5 years that have been CB-analysed?... 412 Are there clear criteria for how to include GHGs in CBAs of public policies? .. 412 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.20. Which share of CBAs in the last 3-5 years has included impacts on GHG?.... 16.21. How many countries have reported monetary carbon values for policy assessments?........................................................................................................ 16.22. Monetary carbon values used in ex ante policy assessments........................... 16.23. Monetary carbon values used in ex post policy and project assessments........ 16.24. Unweighted average of reported monetary carbon values............................... 16.25. Which other environmental impacts are typically included in the policy assessments?........................................................................................................ 16.26. Are future costs and benefits to be discounted in policy assessments?.......... 16.27. Real discount rates applied in ex ante policy assessments............................... 16.28. Do the CBAs normally include estimates of the distribution of costs and benefits?........................................................................................................ 16.29. Are the CBAs of public policies generally made publicly available?................. 16.30. Is the public invited to provide comments on CBAs of public policies?.......... 16.31. What is typically the impact of CBAs on current or future political decisions?... 16.32. Have there been any changes in the impacts of CBAs over the last 10-15 years? .. 412 413 413 414 414 415 415 416 416 417 417 418 418 Follow OECD Publications on: http://twitter.com/OECD_Pubs
http://www.facebook.com/OECDPublications http://www.linkedin.com/groups/OECD-Publications-4645871 http://www.youtube.com/oecdilibrary http://www.oecd.org/oecddirect/ 14 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND POLICY USE © OECD 2018
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| author | Atkinson, Giles 1969- Braathen, Nils Axel Groom, Benjamin Mourato, Susana |
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| author_facet | Atkinson, Giles 1969- Braathen, Nils Axel Groom, Benjamin Mourato, Susana |
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| id | DE-604.BV045216977 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:21:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789264085152 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030605660 |
| oclc_num | 1047742449 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-188 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-188 DE-739 |
| physical | 454 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | OECD Publishing |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Atkinson, Giles 1969- Braathen, Nils Axel Groom, Benjamin Mourato, Susana Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (DE-588)4032589-1 gnd Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032589-1 (DE-588)4061638-1 (DE-588)4061644-7 |
| title | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use |
| title_auth | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use |
| title_exact_search | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use |
| title_full | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use Giles Atkinson, Nils Axel Braathen, Ben Groom, and Susana Mourato |
| title_fullStr | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use Giles Atkinson, Nils Axel Braathen, Ben Groom, and Susana Mourato |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use Giles Atkinson, Nils Axel Braathen, Ben Groom, and Susana Mourato |
| title_short | Cost-benefit analysis and the environment |
| title_sort | cost benefit analysis and the environment further developments and policy use |
| title_sub | further developments and policy use |
| topic | Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (DE-588)4032589-1 gnd Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse Umweltökonomie Umweltschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030605660&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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