Nascita di una minoranza: Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Italienisch |
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Fiume
Unione italiana
2012
Rovigno Centro di ricerche storiche Fiume Università popolare Trieste Università degli studi, Dispartimento studi umanistici |
| Schriftenreihe: | Etnia / Centro di ricerche storiche - Rovigno
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| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030323913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030323913&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030323913&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 446 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789537891046 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | INDICE Prefazione di Raoul Pupo....................................................................... pag. 9 Ringraziamenti........................................................................................ » 13 ........................................................................................... » 15 I. FIN DOVE ARRIVA LA MEMORIA...................................... 1.1. Dove cominciano le storie................................................. 1.2. Eredità della guerra............................................................. 1.3. La nebbia.............................................................................. » » » » 49 51 67 83 II. SPARNISAIESPASIMAI............................................................ IL 1. Sparnisai e spasimai............................................................. II.2. Partenze................................................................................ IL3. Pola ...................................................................................... II.4. Il labirinto delle opzioni .................................................... IL 5. Disgregazioni........................................................................ П.6. La colpa dell’abbandono.................................................... Lettere dal paradiso........................................................... IL7. Rimpiazzi, trasferimenti e arrivi ...................................... » » » » » » » » » 91 93 101 110 124 148 162 168 179 III. COMUNISTI................................................................................. III. 1.
Comunisti vecchi e nuovi .................................................. III.2. Nelle mani dell’Uprava....................................................... » » » 195 197 215 RESTARE....................................................................................... IV. 1. Per amore del lauro............................................................. IV. 2. Druže Tito, ljubičice bijela, dame piena la gamela! ... » » » 241 243 252 Introduzione IV.
IV........................................................................................................... .3. Bratstvo i jedinstvo 275 .pag. IV........................................................................................................... .4. Una generazione 289innocente .» 293 IV........................................................................................................... .5. Scuole e scolari .» 307 .» IV........................................................................................................... .6. Maestre e professori 324Lingue nazionali e IV........................................................................................................... .7. Il bosco e il vento. V......................................... . RADNA SNAGA-FORZA LAVORO . 333 » Contadini................................................................ Operai del sottosuolo, del maree delle industrie. Nate brave .............................................................. Mobilità................................................................... Magnar la gianda e marciar allagranda............... » » » » » 335 353 372 389 400 VI . SCHIARITE ....................................................................... » VI.l. VI.2. Aperture.............................................................................. Il trattore e l’automobile.................................................. » » 415 417 421 Riassunto Sažetak Povzetek Summary .......................................................................................
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... » » » » 435 438 441 444 V V V V V . 1. .2. .3. .4. .5.
G. Nemec, Nascita di una minoranza, ETNIA XIV, 2012 441 POVZETEK “ROJSTVO MANJŠINE. ISTRA 1947-1965: ZGODOVINA IN SPOMIN ITA LIJANOV, KI SO OSTALI V ISTRI I NA KVARNERSKEM OBMOČJU” Vzporedno in v skladu s procesom oblikovanja države, ki je potekala v po vojni Jugoslaviji, je nastajala tudi metamorfoza italijanstva Istre, v smislu izgu bljene hegemonije v prehodu statusa. Italijani, ki so še naprej živeli na odstopnih ozemljih, majhni in periferni del “balkanskega laboratorija”, so se že leta 1947 udeležili ogromnega truda obnove nove socialistične države, s tem, da so to do življali iz strani tistih, ki potencialno, so imeli že imeli na razpolago alternativo. Dvojna manjšinska stanja in sicer, izbira eksodusa na eni strani in pripadnost nacionalni skupini na drugi, sta botrovali nastanku termina “rimasti”. Termin je povezan s populacijo brez razvoja, statični ostanek dogodka, ki jih je definiral enkrat za vselej, po katerem ni bilo nič več zanimivega za italijansko javno mne nje. V delu, družbeno-zgodovinska raziskava preide k središču preoblikovanja, z izpraševanjem tistih, ki so bili na različne načine v njej akterji. Spomini približno osemdesetih pripovedovalcev zgodb, ki danes živijo v ducat skupnostih, so sledili družinskim zgodbam najtežjega dvajsetletja. Tako kmečke kot pripovedi višjega sloja, so bogate in izrazite. Dajejo obliko izkušnjam, ki niso drugače dokumenti rane, vključene v širši kontekst zgodovinopisja ter kulture, ki ustvarijo množično zgodbo polno spremenljivk, ki se nanašajo na istrske mikrokozmuse. Ženske in moški, kmetje in meščani, strankarski
ali nestrakarski ljudje, delavci, ribiči, zapo sleni in učitelji, diplomirani in nepismeni, oni ki se niso nikoli preselili in oni ki so se vrnili z inozemstva, vsi rekonstruirajo večinske dinamike zgodb, ki so temeljna značilnost istrske realnosti, pogosto zakrite po nedvomnih definicijah. Z anali zo ustnih virov opazimo različne načine in pogoje spominjanja in posredovanih informacij. Na vrh privrejo težave, ki so jih imeli ti ljudje za predelavo učinkov kumulativnih žalosti in vojnih smrti, teritorialnih razdelitev in razpada skupnosti. Osrednji del raziskave družinskih zgodb temelji na esploraciji vezi in ostalih mikrofaktorjev, ki so privedli do zadržanja v teh teritorijih, kljub masovnemu eksodusu in pa razkolu družinskih vezi in generaciji ter utrpelih čezmejnih odno sov. Težave skozi labirint možnosti, ki so se pojavljale so primerljive s sodobnimi procesi integracije. V tej smeri so istro-italijani pričeli sistem kompleksnega pri lagodljivega procesa učenja ֊ jezikovni, politični, kulturni, med etnični odnosi. Prihajalo je do primerov implicitnih pravil in predpisov za izvajanje strategij za preživetje in stabilizacijo. Trajna percepcija družbenega nadzora je imela dramatičen vzpon po letu 1948, zlasti tam, kjer v resoluciji Kominforma je bil vpliv bolj nasilen: v centrih
442 G. Nemec, Nascita di una minoranza, ETNIA XIV, 2012 z visokimi koncentracijami zorenja antifašističnega delavskega razreda, kot so Rovinj, Pulj in Labin. Po vzorcu lekcije post-Komimforma, bi lahko druge krize vključile manjšine s sovpadom akutnega trenja z Italijo, kar je razvidno iz do godkov organov Unije Italijanov Istre in Reke. Čakajoč, da pridobi vlogo mostu med sosednjimi državami in pomembno kulturno izmenjavo, je zgodovina insti tucije strukturirana iz vojnih porazov in odmikov, ponovnega zajetja ozemlja, v okviru trajne ponovne legitimacije. Generacije, rojene v tridesetih let se osredotočijo na načine izobraževanja v šolah, univerzah in manjšinskih institucijah. Obujajo spomine oblik etničnih integraciji v povojnem obdobju, v prostovoljnih delovnih brigadah, v vojaškem stažu in poklicnih izkušnjah. Oblikujejo se bujna razmišljanja o mladostnem valu upanja o konkretnem aktivizmu z navdihom ideologije bratstva, ki ima sposob nost vzbuditi pozabo lakote in strahu, žalovanja ter družinskih razkolov v duhu in projekciji k socialistični prihodnosti, ki je bila za vogalom, močno želena in zasledena s skupnimi močmi. Ključni dejavnik družinske prenove in premagovanja povojne revščine so produktivne dejavnosti, ki se izvajajo fleksibilno na prožen način za spreminjanje programske linije političnega in gospodarskega načrtovanja. Logike sodelovanja so ponovno sestavile stare stroke in na nekaterih področjih je bilo videti izvedljive napredke. Razlastitve, valovi agrarnih reform in komasacije (od prisilne kolekti vizacije do Kombinatov) so strukturirali izkušnje in
spomine pretežno kmetijske skupnosti, kot so Vodnjan, Bale, Motovun, Tar in Vižinada. Pretresi podeželskih družin so bili odvisni zgolj zaradi prekinitve položajev družin in kompleksnih tradiciji s precej daljšim časovnim obdobjem, kot je bila sprememba režima ali kombinirani učinki depopulacije in vnos delovne sile iz drugih regij Jugoslavije. Razredčitev italijanske delovne sile je prišlo v mobilnem kontekstu za kva lificirane delavce tudi v rudnikih, tovarnah, tobačni manufakturi, ladjedelništvu, industriji konzerv in malih ter srednjih podjetij, v na novo opredeljenih migra cijskih procesov in procesov usposabljanja. Medtem ko prakse samoupravljanja v začetku petdesetih let se pojavljajo le marginalno, večina pripovedih govori o povečanju produktivnosti. Pomembni so z vidika socialne zgodovine, ker odpi rajo dragocen vpogled na pogoje istrske delovne sile vključene v “občutek soci alistične konkurence” skozi preobremenitve nalog, stahanovizma, brigadirskega in prostovoljnega dela. To so bili način splošnega odgovora na pomanjkljivosti tehnologije in spretnosti, na krizo preoblikovanja, rokodelstva med protislovjem skupne delovne sile in prisilnim delom brez pravic ter velikodušno mladinsko ponudbo in ločevanja dolžinskih ekip. Proučevanje dinamike spolov je omogočilo vpogled v preoblikovanju žen skih vlog in izkušenj v nove institucionalne okvire zlasti za tiste generacije, ki so
G. Nemec, Nascita di una minoranza, ETNIA XIV, 2012 443 prišle same po sebi v družbeni kontekst, kot pismene in neutrudljive proizvajalke. Kliše, ki je opisoval istrske ženske, kot močne delavke je po vojni imel široko paleto potrditev in dokazov. S tem lahko uvidimo trdo delo sprave med različnimi načrti dejavnosti. Akterke mediacije med ohranitvijo tradicionalnih in družbeno sprejemljivih vedenj, so ženske postale skrbnice materialne kulturne zasnove, kot močan element identitete, ki ohranja raznolikost in povezanost nacionalne skupine. Ustanovile so nove meje izvajanja tradicij (tako kulinarične, kot religio zne), s ponovnim pogajanjem jih povezovale z integracijo in večkulturnostjo, ki je prehajala v družine z mešanimi porokami. Večina zgodb postavi izhod iz trdih časov v sredino šestdesetih let, ko se je dozdevalo, da se bodo uresničile zaobljube o boljši prihodnosti z dostopom do možnih svobod do poklicnih in geografskih mobilnosti do porab kot, pokazatelji modernizacije. Medtem ko so tudi na celinskih območjih beneficirali z razvojem turizma na obali, družine so lahko začele z majhnimi projekti poslovanja in s pridobitvijo koristi od nekaterih članov, ki so delali v tujini. Tok zahodnih obisko valcev, poletne vrnitev izgnanih, izdaja potnih listov, vzajemnost čezmejnih trgo vinskih je ublažil predstavo zaprte in družbeno zavrte države. Nastalo podnebje je napovedovalo, da odnosi z Italijo ne bodo več rezultat improvizacije in pro stovoljni, ampak bodo temeljili na načrtovanju oblikovanja, ki naj bi prizadeval k institucionalizaciji odnosov v čeprav kontrastnem
odnosu z Ljudsko univerzo v Trstu. V življenju zasebnih državljanov v Uniji vrata, ki so se odpirala je bilo potrebno počasi in previdno prestopiti kajti čeprav se je zdelo, da upada kontrola stranke ni bila zapuščena praksa previdnosti, ki so jo Italijani dolgo izvajali.
444 G. Nemec, Nascita di una minoranza, ETNIA XIV, 2012 SUMMARY “BIRTH OF A MINORITY. ISTRIA 1947-1965: HISTORY AND MEMORY OF THE ITALIANS WHO STAYED BEHIND IN THE ISTRIAN AND QUARNERO (KVARNER) AREA” Parallel to and in accordance with the process of State building, ongoing in post-war Yugoslavia, the Istrian Italianity metamorphosis took place, in terms of troubled transition from the lost hegemonies to the national minority status. As a small and peripheral part of the great “Balkan Laboratory”, the Italians continued to live in the territories assigned already in 1947 took part in the immense effort of reconstruction within a new kind of socialist state, but from the side of those who lived it - potentially ֊ had had an alternative. The double minority status, compared to the choice of the Exodus and as a national group, were summarized under the term “stayed behind”, an evocative of subjects without development, a remaining static for an event that had determined them once and for all, after which there was nothing in it for the Italian public opinion. In this volume, the social-historical research gets to the heart of this trans formation, questioning those who were actors in different ways. Memories of eighty storytellers, living in a dozen communities, have traced the family his tories of twenty hard years: popular voices and “high” voices - both often of rare eloquence and expressiveness - give shape to experiences not otherwise documented; included in a broader historiographical and cultural context create a plural story and one full of variables, relating to the
many Istrian microcosms. Women and men, farmers and citizens, and non-party people, workers, fisher men, employees and teachers, graduates and illiterate, never moved or returned after periods abroad, reconstruct the multiple dynamics of stories that constitutes the fundamental feature of Istrian reality, often obscured by unambiguous defini tions. The analysis of oral sources contemplates various conditions of remember ing and modalities of transmitting; brings out all of the hard-working practices intended to absorb the cumulative effects of mournings and war damage, the territorial divisions and community disruptions. The central part of the survey of family histories consists of exploration of multiple constraints and microfactors that led to the persistence, despite the abandonment of mass, the later drippings, the lacerations of relatives and genera tions, the suffering cross-border relations. The difficulties of going through the maze of options, from which stronger deterrents emerge, appear in the fundamen tal relationship with the contemporary processes of integration. In this direction, the Istrian-Italians inaugurated complex systems of adaptive type, faced learning processes ֊ linguistic, political-cultural, of the inter-ethnic relationship - experi-
G. Nemec, Nascita di una minoranza, ETNIA XIV, 2012 445 encing instances of legislations and implicit rules in order to implement strategies for survival and stabilization. The enduring perception of social control tips touched dramatic peaks af ter 1948, particularly where the impact was more violent with the Cominform Resolution: in the centres of strong antifascist maturation with concentrations of the working class, such as Rovigno-Rovinj, Pola-Pula, Albona-Labin. After the model post-Cominform lesson, other crises could involve the minority to coin cide with moments of acute friction with Italy, as documented by the events of his of its more representative body, the Italian Union of Istria and Rijeka. Waiting to acquire a role of bridge between the neighboring countries and of an important cultural exchange, the history of the institution seems to be structured as a war of defeats and setbacks, won battles and reconquered territories, in a context of perpetual re-legitimation. The generations born in the ’30s dwell on the educational modalities, in schools, universities and minority institutions; they evoke interethnic integra tion forms in the post-war associations, the voluntary work brigades, the military service and the vocational experiences. Significant reflections take shape on the exuberant youthful surge of hope, the real activism inspired by the ideology of brotherhood, able to make one forget hunger and fears, the mournings and famil iar lacerations in the same way as private miseries, mishaps, in the projection to wards a socialist future that was
around the corner, intensely desired and pursued with collective strength. A key factor of the family-planning and the overcoming of the desolate mis ery of the postwar period ֊ narrated by several voices in its concrete materiality ֊ were productive activities, undertaken in a flexible manner to changing pro grammatic lines of political and economic planning. The logic of cooperation recombined the old professionalism and in some areas did see viable progress. Expropriations, waves of agricultural reform and land consolidation - from the forced collectivization to kombinat - structured the experience and the memory of the predominantly agricultural community ֊ as Dignano-Vodnjan, Valle-Bale, Montona-Motovun, Torre-Tar, Visinada-Vižinada. The upheavals of rural fami lies depended on the discontinuation of old familiar relevancies and a complex of traditions of much longer duration than the changes of regime, of the combined effects of depopulation and the graft of workforce originating from other regions of Yugoslavia. Even in the mines, tobacco factories, shipbuilding, canning industries and small-medium businesses, the dilution of the Italian workforce occurred in a mo bile context for the skilled workers, redefined by the migration and training proc esses. While self-management practices inaugurated in the early ’50s appear on the margin, most narrated result the forms of the increased production: these as-
446 G. Nemec, Nascita di una minoranza, ETNIA XIV, 2012 pects are significant in terms of a social history, which open up valuable insights on the conditions of the Istrian working class involved in the “sense of social ist competition” through overload of tasks, stakhanovism, assault and voluntary work. These were the generalized modalities of response to the shortcomings of the technologies and skills, to the crisis of conversion, the labor turnover, the contradictions existing between the general workforce and the forced one without rights, between the generous youthful offer and the segregation of the obliged teams. The attention to gender dynamics has also allowed a glimpse of transforma tion roles and of female experiences within new institutional frameworks, partic ularly for those generations that came in its own right in the social body as a pro ducing and indefatigable literates. The cliché (commonplace) that described the Istrian women as strong workers, had a wide field of confirmation and application during the post war period: different evidences allow us to see the commitment to reconciliation between different plans of action. The protagonists of mediation between the preservation of traditional and socially acceptable behaviours, wom en became custodians of a material culture conceived as a strong identifying ele ment, which maintained the diversity and cohesion of the national group; estab lished new boundaries of the exercise of customs - culinary as well as religious - they renegotiated them combining them with the necessities of integration and a
multiculturalism that entered the families through mixed marriages. Most stories put the output from the hardest times in the mid ’60s, when the promises of a better future seemed to materialize themselves through access to possible freedom, to professional and geographical mobility, to the consump tions felt as indicators of modernization. While inland areas also benefited from the impetus given by the tourism on the coast, families could start small business projects, benefit from some members working abroad. The stream of Western visitors, the summer return of the refugees, the granting of passports and the reciprocity of the cross-border trade, were fading the representation of a closed and socially locked country. The climate that predicted that relations with Italy would never again be the result of improvisation and voluntarism, but based on a planning that sought to institutionalize itself in the contrasting relationship with the University of Trieste. In the lives of private citizens as the one in the Union, the opened gates were crossed with great caution, however: if the party seemed to loosen control the practice of prudence, which the Italians had long exercised, was not abandoned. Bavsrische Staaisbbnothek Munchen
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| author | Nemec, Gloria 1954- |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1947-1965 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kvarner (DE-588)4328628-8 gnd Istrien (DE-588)4027824-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kvarner Istrien |
| id | DE-604.BV044930845 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:14:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789537891046 |
| language | Italian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030323913 |
| oclc_num | 1378492869 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 446 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Unione italiana Centro di ricerche storiche Università popolare Università degli studi, Dispartimento studi umanistici |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Etnia / Centro di ricerche storiche - Rovigno |
| spellingShingle | Nemec, Gloria 1954- Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina Italijanska manjšina / Istra / Kvarner / 1947-1965 Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd Italiener (DE-588)4027835-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039409-8 (DE-588)4027835-9 (DE-588)4328628-8 (DE-588)4027824-4 |
| title | Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina |
| title_alt | Nastanak jedne manjine Rojstvo manjšine Birth of a minority |
| title_auth | Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina |
| title_exact_search | Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina |
| title_full | Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina Gloria Nemec |
| title_fullStr | Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina Gloria Nemec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nascita di una minoranza Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina Gloria Nemec |
| title_short | Nascita di una minoranza |
| title_sort | nascita di una minoranza istria 1947 1965 storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell area istro quarnerina |
| title_sub | Istria 1947-1965: storia e memoria degli italiani rimasti nell'area istro-quarnerina |
| topic | Italijanska manjšina / Istra / Kvarner / 1947-1965 Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd Italiener (DE-588)4027835-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Italijanska manjšina / Istra / Kvarner / 1947-1965 Nationale Minderheit Italiener Kvarner Istrien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030323913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030323913&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030323913&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010606792 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nemecgloria nascitadiunaminoranzaistria19471965storiaememoriadegliitalianirimastinellareaistroquarnerina AT nemecgloria nastanakjednemanjine AT nemecgloria rojstvomanjsine AT nemecgloria birthofaminority |