Sociology: a biosocial introduction
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boulder ; London
Paradigm Publishers
[2010]
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030045527&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | xxxiii, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781594518010 1594518017 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Preface for Students and Teachers: Integrating Biology into Sociology-
Sociology for the 21st Century xxvii
About the Author xxxiii
Part I Introduction 1
1 What Do Sociologists Do? 3
Part II Fundamentals of Sociology 21
2 Biology · One Human Nature 23
3 Culture · Socialization, Norms, and Roles 45
4 Social Groups · Social Networks, Kin Groups, Classes, Organizations,
Status Groups, and Political Groups 67
5 Institutions * The Architecture of Society 85
6 Demography 101
Part III Topics in Sociology 117
7 Microsociology 119
8 Sociology of the Family 139
9 Social Stratification 163
10 Global Inequality 187
11 Contemporary Gender Inequality 195
12 Race and Ethnicity 211
13 Sociology of Religion 239
14 Crime and Violence 253
15 Biosociology of Health 269
16 Economic Sociology 287
17 Sociology of the Environment 303
18 Political Sociology and Social Movements 323
Name Index 339
Subject Index 345
vii
Preface for Students and Teachers: Integrating Biology into Sociology—
Sociology for the 21st Century xxvii
About the Author xxxiii
PARTI INTRODUCTION 1
1 WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO? 3
The Scientific Method and Sociological Investigation 4
The Role of Theory 6
Theories and Beliefs 7
Sociological Theories at Different Levels of Analysis 7
Methods 8
Conclusions and Generalization 9
Positivism 9
Pitfalls of Studying Ourselves 10
The Postmodern Critique 11
A Response to the Postmodernist Critique 12
The Need for Comparative Research 12
Reactivity 13
Values and the Effects of Social Research 13
Ethics and Social Research 14
The Sociological Perspective 15
Why Study Sociology ? 17
Organization of the Book 18
References 18
PART II FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY 21
2 BIOLOGY
ONE HUMAN NATURE 23
Evolution of the Human Species 23
Evolved Predispositions 25
Selfish Behavior 25
Reciprocal Altruism 27
Kin-Based Altruism 28
Gender Asymmetry in Parenting 28
Implications of Gender Asymmetry: Sex Differences
in Mate Choice and Family Roles 30
Individual Differences 32
Hormones and Behavior 32
The Importance of the Situation 34
Other Evolved Predispositions 34
Religion and Magic 34
Dislike of Out-Groups and Ethnocentrism 35
Male Sexual Jealousy 36
Violent Aggression in Males 38
Deference Behavior 40
Free Will and the Naturalistic Fallacy 41
Conclusion 42
References 42
CULTURE
SOCIALIZATION, NORMS, AND ROLES 45
Biological Bases of Cultural Learning 47
Language Acquisition 47
Social Interaction and the Development of the Self 48
Development of the Self 49
Roles 51
Goffman: Performing Social Roles 52
Mirror Neurons and Empathy 54
Societal Differences in Roles and Culture 55
The Importance of Subsistence Technology 55
Ascribed versus Achieved Statuses 59
Industrial and Postindustrial Societies 59
Norms and Technology 60
Culture 61
Culture Shock 61
Why Do Cultures Differ, Even among Societies That
Are Technologically Similar? 62
CONTENTS j xi
Socialization 63
Conclusion 64
References 64
4 SOCIAL GROUPS
SOCIAL NETWORKS, KIN GROUPS, CLASSES, ORGANIZATIONS,
STATUS GROUPS, AND POLITICAL GROUPS 67
Social Networks 67
Small World Syndrome 68
Efficacy of Weak Ties and Structural Holes 70
Density and Longevity 71
Why Your Friends Are More Popular Than You 71
Families, Clans, and Tribes 72
Classes and Companies 73
Classes 73
Companies 75
Rise of Bureaucracy 76
Status 78
Party 80
Conclusion 82
References 82
5 INSTITUTIONS
THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOCIETY 85
Institutions as Systems of Rules 85
GREEF: The Five Basic Institutions 86
Hunters and Gatherers: IKung of the Kalahari 86
Horticulturalists: Daní of Western New Guinea 89
Agrarian Society: Japan during the Edo Period 91
Industrial Society: Contemporary United States 96
Effects of Institutions 98
Where Do Institutions Come From? 99
History 99
Power 99
Conclusion 99
References 99
xii I CONTENTS
6 DEMOGRAPHY 101
Population Trends in History 101
Improvements in Public Health 102
Better Nutrition 103
Advances in Health-Related Knowledge 104
Fertility Decline 104
The Demographic Transition 105
Contemporary Demography 107
The Rich and Poor World Divide 107
Population Pyramids 108
Implications of Demography for Society 109
Age Structure 109
Urbanization and Population Density 112
Age and Sex Stmdure in Smaller Groups 113
How Many People Can the World Bear? 113
Immigration 114
Demography and the Democratic Process 114
Conclusion 115
References 115
PARTIN TOPICS IN SOCIOLOGY 117
7 MICROSOCIOLOGY 119
Social Effects on Individuals 121
Milgram ’s Obedience Studies 121
Asch’s Conformity Studies 122
Studies of Helping Behavior 123
Conclusion 124
Symbolic Interactionism 125
Exchange Processes 127
The Power-Dependence Principle 127
The Prisoner’s Dilemma 128
Solutions to the Prisoner’s Dilemma 129
Trust and Reputation 130
Status Processes 132
Conclusion 134
References 135
CONTENTS I xiii
8 SOCIOLOGY OF THE FAMILY 139
Preindustrial Marriage Patterns 139
Bridewealth versus Dowry 142
Rules of Descent and Marital Residence 142
Control of Women’s Sexuality 143
Infibulation and Glitoridectomy 145
Menstrual Taboos 146
Sex and the Double Standard 147
Families and Children 147
Modernization and Change in Marriage Patterns 148
The Divorce Revolution 149
Modem Love 151
Contemporary Marriage 152
The Contemporary Family in the United States 154
Monbiological Families 155
Late-Life Families and Fertility 156
Violence in the Family 156
Child Abuse 157
Conclusion 158
References 159
9 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 163
Stratification in Preindustrial Societies 164
The Caste System of India 168
Stratification in an Advanced Industrial Society: The United States 169
Income Inequality 169
What Is the Median Income? 171
How Many People Live in Poverty ? 173
Wealth Inequality 175
Status Inequality in the United States 176
Social Mobility 180
Income and Wealth Inequality in Comparative Perspective 180
Conclusion 184
References 185
I CONTENTS
10 GLOBAL INEQUALITY 187
The Nature of Global Inequality 187
Rural Poverty 190
Is Global Inequality Getting Better or Worse? 191
Theories of Global Inequality 192
Modernization Theory 192
Dependency Theory 193
Conclusion 194
References 194
11 CONTEMPORARY GENDER INEQUALITY 195
Comparative Gender Inequality 195
What Causes Improvements in Women’s Position in Society? 199
Gender Inequality in the United States 200
Why the Gender Difference in Income? 202
Do Evolved Sex Differences Influence Work Behavior? 203
Workplace Harassment 204
Leadership Style 204
Language Use 205
Deference Behaviors 205
How Does the United States Compare to Other Developed Societies? 206
Conclusion 206
References 207
12 RACE AND ETHNICITY 211
The African Diaspora and the Emergence of Human Phenotypes 211
Race 211
Ethnicity 212
Contemporary Race and Ethnic Relations throughout the World 212
Racial and Ethnic Conflict 212
Economic Divergence 212
The Role of Immigration 214
Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States 215
Native Americans 216
Early Contacts 217
Indmn Removal and the Trail of Tears (1838) 219
Slavery and Race in North America 220
CONTENTS | xv
History of Immigration and Immigration Law in the United States 222
Japanese A?nerican Internment during World War II 225
The 1965 Amendments 226
Status of Race and Ethnic Groups in the United States Today 227
Prejudice and Discrimination 229
Us and Them 230
Why Prejudice? 231
Why Discrimination ? 233
Conclusion 235
References 236
13 SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION 239
Religious Universals 239
Churches, Sects, and Cults 240
Religion in the World Today 242
Why Is the United States So Religious in Comparison
to Other Developed Societies? 245
Sex Differences 245
Why Do People Join a Religion? 246
Religious Capital 246
Social Networks 247
Effects of Religion 248
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 248
Does Religion Make You Happier? 248
Does Religion Make You Healthier? 248
Religion and Violence 249
Conclusion 250
References 250
14 CRIME AND VIOLENCE 253
Crime and Violence across Human Societies 253
Which Societies Have the Most Crime? 253
Who Is Most Likely to Commit Crime? 255
The Young Male Syndrome 258
What Keeps Young Men on the Straight and Narrow? 260
Contemporary Patterns of Crime in the United States 261
Why Has Crime Decreased Recently ? 262
How Does the United States Compare to Other Countries? 263
xvi I CONTENTS
Why Do People Commit Crime? 264
Where You Live: Social Disorganization 264
Who You Hang Out With 264
What Do You Have to Lose? 265
Conclusion 265
References 265
15 BIOSOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH 269
Effects of Both Genes and Environment on Health 269
Diseases in Different Areas of the World 270
Differences across Developed Countries 271
Sex Differences in Death and Disease 271
Race and Ethnic Differences in Death and Disease 274
Sex Differences in Mental Health 276
Social Status Influences Health 277
Physical Health 277
Mental Health 281
Health Influences Social Status 281
Height and Social Status 281
Lack of Deformity, Disability, and Status 282
Beauty and Status 282
Conclusion 283
References 284
16 ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY 287
Economies from Simple to Complex 288
The Salt and Spice Trades 290
The Emergence of Complex Economies 290
Institutional Creation of the Market 291
The Soviet Experiment 292
Contemporary Economies 293
Differences between the United States and Europe 293
Development of a Global Economy 294
Organizations and Work 296
In Which Organizations Are Co-workers Most Supportive? 298
Organizational Ecology 299
Women in Organizations 299
CONTENTS
Conclusion 300
References 301
17 SOCIOLOGY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 303
Current Environmental Concerns 303
Climate Change 303
Which Places Produce the Most COf? 307
Water Shortages 311
Deforestation and Decline in Biodiversity 314
The Tragedy of the Commons 315
Possible Solutions to Climate Change 317
What about Carbon Trading as a Solution to Climate Change Problems? 318
Environmental Organizations as Public Goods 319
Conclusion 321
References 322
18 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 323
Human Polities throughout History 323
Polities in Preindustrial Societies 323
Moore’s Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 324
Democracy in the World Today 326
Theories of the Contemporary State 327
Social Movements 329
Civil Rights Movement 329
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe 330
Islam and the Iranian Revolution 334
Fundamentalist Muslim Organizations as Sponsors of Terrorism 334
Why Do Social Movements Occur? 335
When Do Social Movements Succeed? 336
Conclusion 336
References 337
I xvn
Name Index 339
Subject Index 345
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| indexdate | 2024-12-20T18:07:59Z |
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| isbn | 9781594518010 1594518017 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2010002191 |
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| physical | xxxiii, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
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| spellingShingle | Hopcroft, Rosemary L. 1962- Sociology a biosocial introduction Includes bibliographical references and indexes Sociology Sociobiology Soziobiologie (DE-588)4069490-2 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
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| title | Sociology a biosocial introduction |
| title_auth | Sociology a biosocial introduction |
| title_exact_search | Sociology a biosocial introduction |
| title_full | Sociology a biosocial introduction Rosemary L. Hopcroft |
| title_fullStr | Sociology a biosocial introduction Rosemary L. Hopcroft |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sociology a biosocial introduction Rosemary L. Hopcroft |
| title_short | Sociology |
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| topic_facet | Sociology Sociobiology Soziobiologie Soziologie Lehrbuch |
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