Central Asia and the silk road: economic rise and decline over several millennia
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819349512981839872 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Central Asia and the Silk Road
Autor: Barisitz, Stephan
Jahr: 2017
Contents
Central Asia (CA) and the Silk Road (SR): Definitions and Traits.......... 1
1.1 Motivation and Structure of This Work............................ 1
1.2 Definitions and Borders of Central Asia........................... 2
1.3 Central Asian Natural Environment: Synopsis of Regional Geography
and Resources.............................................. 6
1.3.1 Geographical Zones.................................... 6
1.3.2 Resources and Economic Potential.......................... 9
1.4 Definition and Salient Traits of the Silk Road....................... 10
References..................................................... 11
From the Beginnings to the Emergence of the Silk Road (SR)............. 13
2.1 Early Development of Eurasian Economic and Political Dualism: Toward
Nomadism Versus Settled Existence (ca. 5000 BCE to 550 BCE)......... 13
2.1.1 Neolithic Revolution and Aeneolithic Period (Copper Age) in CA... 13
2.1.2 Bronze Age.......................................... 14
2.1.3 Iran Age............................................. 16
2.1.4 Central Asian Precursor to the Silk Road..................... 21
2.1.5 Encounter and Division of Labor Between Ancient Greeks
and Scyths........................................... 22
2.2 Central Asia (CA) Under the Sway of Major Empires of Early Antiquity:
Achaemenid, Alexander, and Xiongnu (ca. 550 BCE-150 BCE).......... 23
2.2.1 Participating in a Giant Sedentary State: Central Asian Oases
in the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire (550-330 BCE)............ 23
2.2.2 Cosmopolitism and Economic Expansion: Central Asian Oases
in the Empire of Alexander and the Hellenistic States
(330 BCE-ca. 150 BCE)................................. 26
2.2.3 East CA in the Xiongnu Empire: Initiation of Transcontinental
Silk Trade by the First Major Nomadic State Ruling the Eurasian
Steppe (from Around BCE 200)............................ 30
2.3 The Great Silk Road: Linking Roman and Chinese Empires
(150 BCE-350 CE).......................................... 31
2.3.1 China, Driven Primarily by Geopolitical Goals, Establishes
the Great Silk Road in CA (ca. 150 BCE-ca. 1 CE)............. 31
2.3.2 Apex: A Transcontinental Economic, Cultural, and Technological
Artery Linking Four Flourishing Sedentary Empires
(ca. 1 CE-200 CE)..................................... 40
2.3.3 Course of the Main Routes of the SR in Antiquity.............. 44
2.3.4 Decline Triggered by Internal Imperial Weaknesses and External
Nomadic Pressure (ca. 200 CE-ca. 350 CE)................... 45
References..................................................... 47
VII
viii Contents
3 From the Migration Period to the Pinnacle of Nomadic Power: The Mongol
Eurasian Empire............................................... 49
3.1 From Barbarian Invasions to the Turkic Empire, the First Transcontinental
Nomadic State (ca. 350-700 CE)................................ 49
3.1.1 From Instability and Turmoil to the Hephthalite Confederation
(ca. 350-550 CE)...................................... 49
3.1.2 The Turk Khaganate: Spanning from Europe to China and
Reanimating Trade (ca. 550-630 CE)........................ 52
3.1.3 Tang China and the Arab Caliphate Set the Stage for the
Second Heyday of SR Trade (630-Late Seventh Century)......... 58
3.2 Second Apex of Great Silk Road in the Era of the Caliphate and of the Tang
Dynasty (Late Seventh to Late Ninth Century)....................... 61
3.2.1 Breakthrough to New Climax of SR Trade (Around 675-750)...... 62
3.2.2 SR Trade Obstructed by Hostilities, but Arabs Transmit Key Chinese
Know-How (Paper, Compass) Westward (ca. 750-800)........... 66
3.2.3 Under Uighur Initiative, Eastem SR Trade Resumes, If on a More
Modest Level (ca. 800-875).............................. 68
3.2.4 Central Asian Economy Consolidates in Decentralizing Caliphate:
Western SR Regains Prosperity (ca. 800-875)................. 70
3.2.5 Some of the Most Important SR Products Traded
in the Tang-Caliphate Era................................ 75
3.2.6 Approximate SR Network in the Tang-Caliphate Era............ 75
3.2.7 China Turns Inward, the Caliphate Disintegrates, and Military Pressure
from the Eurasian Steppe Intensifies, Destabilizing the SR........ 75
3.3 Central Asia Passing from the Sway of Sedentary to Nomadic Dynasties
(Late Ninth to Early Thirteenth Century)........................... 76
3.3.1 Notwithstanding Weaker SR Exchange, Central Asian Intellectual
and Cultural Achievements in the Early Second Millennium
Boast World Renown................................... 76
3.3.2 The Post-Caliphate Era: CA Dominated by Traditional Sedentary
and Sedentarized States (Late Ninth-Tenth Centuries)........... 78
3.3.3 Post-Caliphate Muslim Faith: Expansion Throughout CA
and Increasing Dogmatization............................. 86
3.3.4 Turkic and Other Dynasties from the Eurasian Steppes Take Control
of CA (Mid-tenth-Mid-twelfth Centuries).................... 87
3.3.5 Reshuffling of Power on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion
(Mid-twelfth-Early Thirteenth Century)...................... 93
3.3.6 The Subdued SR in the Period Between the Demise of the Caliphate
and the Mongol Expansion............................... 95
3.4 From Large-Scale Devastation to the Third Climax of the Great Silk Road:
CA in the Mongol Empire (Early Thirteenth to Mid-fourteenth Centuries).... 95
3.4.1 Wide-Range Destruction and Empire Building (1206-1240s)...... 96
3.4.2 From Predatory Economic Policy to Reforms, Transcontinental Trade
Boom, and Centralized Imperial Heyday (1240s-1280s).......... 103
3.4.3 Internal Mongol Warfare and Interruption of Trade
Boom (1280s-1300s)................................... 113
3.4.4 Economic Reforms, New Transcontinental Trade Boom,
and Decentralized Imperial Heyday (1300s-1340s).............. 116
3.4.5 Some Characteristics, Advantages, and Shortcomings of Mongol
Silk Road Policy ..................................... 123
3.4.6 The Extensive SR Network in Mongol Times.................. 126
3.4.7 Political Instability, Disintegration, and Black Death (1330s-1368). . . 128
References..................................................... 133
Contents
4 Brushed Aside by Outside Progress: From Relative Decline to Colonization. . . 137
4.1 From Tamerlane to the Dzungar Empire: CA Moving from the Heart
to the Periphery of the World Economy (ca. 1350-1750)............... 137
4.1.1 Fragile Recovery of CA and the SR (ca. 1350-Sixteenth Century)... 137
4.1.2 Aspects of the C Asian Oasis and Steppe Economies from the
Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries........................ 163
4.1.3 Gradual Loss of Prominence and Move to the Sidelines
of the Increasingly European-Dominated World Economy
(Sixteenth Century-1750)................................ 168
4.1.4 Long-Term Factors Explaining CA s Economic and Political Decline
from the Sixteenth Century............................... 203
4.1.5 From Dynamic Transcontinental Trade to Declining SR Due
to Numerous Factors.................................... 208
4.1.6 The Post-Mongol SR Trade Networks (Fourteenth to Eighteenth
Centuries): Where Did They Run and Until When Were They Still
Important?........................................... 214
4.2 From Subject to Object: Twilight and Collapse of Nomadic and Khanate
Power-CA Colonized by Its Big Neighbors (1750s-1880s)............. 215
4.2.1 Following Chinese Conquest of Dzungar Empire: CA Witnesses
Recovery and Temporary Stabilization (Mid-eighteenth to Second
Quarter of Nineteenth Century)............................ 216
4.2.2 West Turkestan: Russian Conquest Brings Upheavals and Incipient
Inclusion into Modern Capitalist World Economy
(Second Quarter tili Late Nineteenth Century)................. 240
4.2.3 East Turkestan: Weakening Chinese Rule and Unrest Trigger
Instability and Stagnation (Second Quarter tili Late
Nineteenth Century).................................... 258
References..................................................... 265
5 Some Lessons and Findings of this Study............................. 271
5.1 CA: A Unique Global Region of Historie Nomadic-Sedentary Interaction . . . 271
5.2 The SR: A Transcontinental Trade Network for Almost 2000 Years
Featuring Three Heydays...................................... 273
5.3 CA s Political/Mercantile Centrality in Eurasia up to the Fifteenth Century,
Followed by Lengthy Decline................................... 276
5.4 From Domestic Modernization Attempts to European Colonization....... 278
5.5 China s Pivotal Importance..................................... 278
Bibliography and Sources of Maps.................................... 281
Index........................................................... 283
|
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/978-3-319-51213-6 |
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| geographic | Asien Seidenstraße (DE-588)4054299-3 gnd Zentralasien (DE-588)4079487-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Asien Seidenstraße Zentralasien |
| id | DE-604.BV044291750 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:59:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783319512136 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029695848 |
| oclc_num | 986223301 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-859 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-1043 DE-Aug4 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-861 DE-523 DE-1049 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-1051 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-92 DE-824 DE-2070s DE-573 DE-M347 DE-703 DE-706 DE-739 DE-634 DE-188 DE-83 |
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| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 287 Seiten) Illustrtation, Karten |
| psigel | ZDB-2-ECF ZDB-2-ECF_2017 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Studies in Economic History |
| spellingShingle | Barisitz, Stephan Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia Asia / History Economic geography Economic history Asia / Economic conditions Economics Economic History Asian History Economic Geography Asian Economics Geschichte Wirtschaft Wirtschaft. Geschichte Entwicklung (DE-588)4113450-3 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Altertum (DE-588)4001480-0 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Fernhandel (DE-588)4154026-8 gnd Wirtschaftskrise (DE-588)4066466-1 gnd Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113450-3 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4001480-0 (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4066527-6 (DE-588)4154026-8 (DE-588)4066466-1 (DE-588)4129108-6 (DE-588)4054299-3 (DE-588)4079487-8 |
| title | Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia |
| title_auth | Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia |
| title_exact_search | Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia |
| title_full | Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia Stephan Barisitz |
| title_fullStr | Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia Stephan Barisitz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Central Asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia Stephan Barisitz |
| title_short | Central Asia and the silk road |
| title_sort | central asia and the silk road economic rise and decline over several millennia |
| title_sub | economic rise and decline over several millennia |
| topic | Asia / History Economic geography Economic history Asia / Economic conditions Economics Economic History Asian History Economic Geography Asian Economics Geschichte Wirtschaft Wirtschaft. Geschichte Entwicklung (DE-588)4113450-3 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Altertum (DE-588)4001480-0 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Fernhandel (DE-588)4154026-8 gnd Wirtschaftskrise (DE-588)4066466-1 gnd Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Asia / History Economic geography Economic history Asia / Economic conditions Economics Economic History Asian History Economic Geography Asian Economics Geschichte Wirtschaft Wirtschaft. Geschichte Entwicklung Altertum Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftswachstum Fernhandel Wirtschaftskrise Mittelalter Asien Seidenstraße Zentralasien |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51213-6 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029695848&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT barisitzstephan centralasiaandthesilkroadeconomicriseanddeclineoverseveralmillennia |