International movement of children: law, practice and procedure
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bristol
Family Law LexisNexis
[2016]
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz333528468inh.htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029405565&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | ciii, 1261 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781846612466 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819319041825701888 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
FOREWORD V
PREFACE VII
TABLE OF CASES XXXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES LXXI
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS LXXVII
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS LXXXIII
TABLE OF FOREIGN LEGISLATION XCIX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO AND SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
INVOLVED IN CHILDREN S CASES WITH AN INTERNATIONAL ELEMENT 1
INTRODUCTION 2
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 2
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS COMMONLY INVOLVED IN CHILDREN S CASES 2
HOW INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ARE CREATED 3
INTERPRETING INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 5
TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES AND EXPLANATORY REPORTS 6
GUIDES TO GOOD PRACTICE 6
HOW INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS WORK - CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 7
SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS INVOLVED IN
CROSS-BORDER ISSUES CONCERNING CHILDREN 7
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 7
THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 8
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 8
THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 9
THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 10
THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL RETURN OF
CHILDREN 10
THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION 10
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON CONTACT CONCERNING CHILDREN 11
THE HAGUE INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION CONVENTION 11
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 11
THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION 12
OTHER PROCEDURAL CONVENTIONS 13
THE HAGUE SERVICE CONVENTION 13
THE EUROPEAN SERVICE REGULATION 13
THE HAGUE EVIDENCE CONVENTION 14
THE EUROPEAN TAKING OF EVIDENCE REGULATION 14
XIV INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
CHAPTER 2
JURISDICTION AND APPLICABLE LAW 17
JURISDICTION 17
INTRODUCTION 17
JURISDICTION AND POWER 18
ORIGINAL AND APPELLATE JURISDICTION 19
INHERENT POWERS 19
THE EXTENT OF INHERENT POWERS 20
CONFERRING SUBSTANTIVE JURISDICTION BY CONSENT 21
RULES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT JURISDICTION 21
LIMITS ON THE ABILITY TO HEAR DISPUTES AND MAKE ORDERS 21
STAYS, FORUM (NON) CONVENIENS AND US ALIBI PENDENS 22
VOLUNTARY LIMITS ON THE EXERCISE OF POWERS 22
OTHER LIMITS ON POWERS 23
URGENT AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES 23
APPLICABLE LAW 23
QUALIFYING CONNECTIONS AND BASES OF JURISDICTION 24
HABITUAL RESIDENCE 25
A V A AND SUBSEQUENT CASES 28
SUMMARY 31
THE AUSTRALIAN APPROACH TO HABITUAL RESIDENCE 34
CHAPTER 3
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, SCOPE
AND INTERPRETATION 39
INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION (COUNCIL REGULATION
(EC) 2201/2003) 39
BACKGROUND TO THE REGULATION 40
THE SCOPE OF THE REGULATION 43
INTERPRETATION 45
REFERENCES TO THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR A
PRELIMINARY RULING 48
RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 50
CHAPTER 4
JURISDICTION IN MATTERS OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN THE REVISED
BRUSSELS II REGULATION 51
THE BASIC RULES 51
SEISING A COURT 53
HABITUAL RESIDENCE OF CHILDREN 54
EXCEPTIONS TO THE BASIC RULE 54
CONTINUING JURISDICTION IN RESPECT OF ACCESS ORDERS 55
JURISDICTION IN CASES OF CHILD ABDUCTION 55
PARENTAL CHOICE - PROROGATION OF JURISDICTION 57
INTERPRETING ARTICLE 12 60
DISPLACED CHILDREN AND CHILDREN WITH NO HABITUAL RESIDENCE -
PRESENCE 62
RESIDUAL JURISDICTION 62
CONTENTS XV
PROVISIONAL AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES 62
LIS PENDENS AND DEPENDENT ACTIONS 64
TRANSFERRING A CASE 65
THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF ART 15 65
THE PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES 68
THE EU COMMISSION S REFORM PROPOSALS 70
CHAPTER 5
JURISDICTION AND APPLICABLE LAW IN CASES GOVERNED BY THE HAGUE
PROTECTION CONVENTION 73
INTRODUCTION 74
ORIGINS OF THE CONVENTION 75
THE OBJECTIVES AND FRAMEWORK OF THE CONVENTION 76
RATIFICATION AND ACCESSION ISSUES 78
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN RATIFICATIONS AND ACCESSIONS 78
LACK OF COMPETENCE OF INDIVIDUAL EU MEMBER STATES TO RATIFY/ACCEDE 79
RESERVATIONS 80
DENUNCIATIONS 81
CONVENTION NOT RETROSPECTIVE 81
THE POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 82
THE SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 83
THE MEANING OF CHILD 83
THE MEANING OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES 83
DURATION OF MEASURES 86
CO-OPERATION 88
CO-OPERATION VIA CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 88
SAFEGUARDING RIGHTS OF ACCESS 90
THE JURISDICTIONAL RULES 91
PRE-EMINENCE ACCORDED TO COURTS OF THE CHILD S HABITUAL RESIDENCE 92
THE MEANING OF HABITUAL RESIDENCE 92
AT WHAT POINT DOES HABITUAL RESIDENCE HAVE TO BE ESTABLISHED? 94
JURISDICTION BASED ON PRESENCE 94
REFUGEE AND DISPLACED CHILDREN ETC 94
JURISDICTION CONFERRED BY ARTS 11 AND 12 95
THE APPLICATION OF ART 11 96
TRANSFERRING JURISDICTION 101
JURISDICTION OF AUTHORITY SEISED OF MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS 103
THE POSITION WHERE THE CHILD S HABITUAL RESIDENCE CHANGES 104
COMMENTARY 105
COMPARISON OF JURISDICTIONAL RULES UNDER THE REVISED BRUSSELS II
REGULATION AND THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION 107
APPLICABLE LAW 110
THE GENERAL POSITION 110
THE POSITION WITH REGARD TO PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 111
THE POSITION UPON A CHANGE OF HABITUAL RESIDENCE 112
APPLYING ARTS 16-18 IN GENERAL 114
APPLICATION OF ARTS 16-18 IN THE UK CONTEXT 117
CONCLUDING REMARKS 118
XVI INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
CHAPTER 6
JURISDICTION UNDER THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 121
INTRODUCTION 122
THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 123
SOME PRELIMINARY POINTS 123
THE MEANING OF S L(L)(A) S L(L)(D) AND PART 1 ORDERS 125
MEANING OF CHILD 126
THE APPLICATION OF THE 1986 ACT TO QUESTIONS OF JURISDICTION WITHIN THE
UNITED KINGDOM ETC 126
THE COMMON JURISDICTIONAL RULES CREATED BY THE 1986 ACT 126
THE RELEVANT DATE 127
THE POWER TO GRANT A STAY 127
SOME GENERAL PROBLEMS 128
THE PRIMACY OF MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS OR CIVIL PARTNERSHIP
PROCEEDINGS 128
DIVORCE AND NULLITY PROCEEDINGS AND DISSOLUTION OR ANNULMENT OF
CIVIL PARTNERSHIP PROCEEDINGS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER
SEPARATION PROCEEDINGS 128
MEANING OF CONTINUING PROCEEDINGS 128
MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS AND CIVIL PARTNERSHIP PROCEEDINGS TAKE
PRECEDENCE WHENEVER INSTITUTED 130
THE POSITION WHERE TWO SETS OF MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS OR CIVIL
PARTNERSHIP PROCEEDINGS ARE BROUGHT 131
JURISDICTION IN NON-MATRIMONIAL OR CIVIL PARTNERSHIP PROCEEDINGS 133
PRIMARY JURISDICTION WHERE THE CHILD IS HABITUALLY RESIDENT 133
POSITION WHERE THE CHILD IS NOT HABITUALLY RESIDENT ANYWHERE
WITHIN THE UK ETC 134
THE EMERGENCY JURISDICTION 134
SUPERSEDING ORDERS 135
THE DISCRETION TO REFUSE OR STAY APPLICATIONS 138
THE DIFFICULTY OF ACCOMMODATING MIRROR ORDERS 141
COMMENTARY - THE NEED FOR REFORM 143
CHAPTER 7
WARDSHIP AND THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT 145
INTRODUCTION - WARDSHIP AND THE INHERENT JURISDICTION 146
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF WARDSHIP 147
THE NATURE OF WARDSHIP 147
THE ORIGIN OF WARDSHIP 149
WHO CAN BE MADE A WARD OF COURT? 149
APPLICATIONS MUST BE MADE IN RESPECT OF CHILDREN 149
JURISDICTION 150
THE GENERAL POSITION 150
THE POSITION WHERE THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION APPLIES 154
THE POSITION WHERE THE HAGUE ABDUCTION OR THE EUROPEAN
CUSTODY CONVENTIONS APPLY 155
THE DISCRETION TO EXERCISE JURISDICTION 156
WHO CAN APPLY TO WARD A CHILD? 156
CONTENTS XVII
THE PROCEDURE FOR MAKING APPLICATIONS 157
WHERE TO MAKE THE APPLICATION 157
URGENT APPLICATIONS 158
RESPONDENTS 159
DURATION OF WARDSHIP 160
WARDSHIP TAKING EFFECT UPON THE MAKING OF AN APPLICATION 160
WHEN WARDSHIP ENDS 161
THE AUTOMATIC EFFECTS OF WARDSHIP 161
REMOVAL FROM THE JURISDICTION 161
CHANGE OF WHEREABOUTS 162
CHANGE OF CARETAKER 162
THE COURT S POWERS 162
CONFIRMING OR DISCHARGING THE WARDSHIP 162
ORDERS THAT CAN BE MADE 163
THE STATUTORY POWERS 163
THE INHERENT POWERS 164
THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THE COURT ACTS 166
THE USE OF WARDSHIP IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 166
PRIVATE LAW USE 166
PUBLIC LAW USE 168
FINAL REMARKS 170
CHAPTER 8
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS UNDER THE REVISED BRUSSELS
II REGULATION 173
INTRODUCTION 174
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF ORDERS RELATING TO DIVORCE, LEGAL SEPARATION
AND MARRIAGE ANNULMENT 174
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS RELATING TO PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
175
APPLICATIONS RELATING TO THE RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS RELATING TO
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 175
GROUNDS FOR NON-RECOGNITION 175
EXCLUSIVITY OF THE GROUNDS FOR NON-RECOGNITION 176
THE PUBLIC POLICY EXCEPTION - ART 23(A) 176
CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES 177
THE APPLICATION OF ART 23(A) IN ENGLAND AND WALES 178
NOT GIVING THE CHILD AN OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD - ARTICLE 23(B) 178
DEFAULT OF APPEARANCE - ARTICLE 23 (C) 179
ENFORCING JUDGMENTS RELATING TO PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 180
PARTIAL ENFORCEMENT 181
APPLICATIONS IN ENGLAND AND WALES ABOUT JUDGMENTS GIVEN IN OTHER
MEMBER STATES 181
OVERVIEW 182
ORDINARY APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION, RECOGNITION OR
NON-RECOGNITION OF A JUDGMENT 182
SERVICE OF APPLICATIONS 183
REFUSAL OF AN APPLICATION FOR NON-RECOGNITION 183
XVIII INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
FAST TRACKING - APPLICATIONS FOR THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENTS RELATING TO ACCESS OR FOR THE RETURN OF A CHILD UNDER
ART 11(8) OF THE REGULATION 183
STAYS 184
APPEALS 184
PUBLIC FUNDING 184
ENFORCING A JUDGMENT GIVEN IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE IN ENGLAND AND
WALES 185
APPLICATIONS FOR THE DOCUMENTS NECESSARY TO ENFORCE AN ORDER MADE IN
ENGLAND AND WALES IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE 188
THE EU COMMISSION S REFORM PROPOSALS 188
CHAPTER 9
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS UNDER THE HAGUE
PROTECTION CONVENTION 193
THE BASIC SCHEME 193
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 194
RECOGNITION 194
ADVANCE RECOGNITION 195
ENFORCEMENT 197
THE CONVENTION SCHEME 197
COMMENTARY 198
REFUSING RECOGNITION OR ENFORCEMENT 199
THE PROCEDURAL POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 202
CHAPTER 10
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY
CONVENTION 205
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE CONVENTION 207
THE ORIGINS OF THE CONVENTION 207
OBJECTIVES 207
THE BASIC SCHEME 208
NEED FOR A COURT ORDER 208
POST-REMOVAL ORDERS UNDER ARTICLE 12 209
REFUSING RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT WHERE THERE HAS BEEN AN
IMPROPER REMOVAL 209
CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 210
EFFECT OF RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 212
SUMMARY OF THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY
CONVENTION AND THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 212
THE CONTRACTING STATES 213
THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION 215
WHEN THE CONVENTION APPLIES 215
A DECISION RELATING TO CUSTODY 215
A DECISION RELATING TO CUSTODY GIVEN IN A CONTRACTING STATE AND
WHICH IS ENFORCEABLE IN SUCH A STATE 217
CHILD 218
THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION TO IMPROPER REMOVALS 219
CONTENTS XIX
PRECEDENCE OF THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION AND THE HAGUE
ABDUCTION CONVENTION 222
THE CONVENTION OBLIGATIONS 223
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 223
APPLYING FOR RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 225
THE GENERAL SCHEME 225
SEEKING RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS RELATING TO
CHILDREN TAKEN FROM ENGLAND AND WALES TO ANOTHER
EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION COUNTRY 225
SEEKING RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF CUSTODY ORDERS RELATING TO
CHILDREN BROUGHT TO ENGLAND AND WALES FROM ANOTHER
EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION COUNTRY 226
REFUSING REGISTRATION OR ENFORCEMENT 227
PROCEDURAL EXCEPTIONS UNDER ART 9 229
SUBSTANTIVE EXCEPTIONS UNDER ART 10 230
THE DECISION IS NOT ENFORCEABLE IN THE CONTRACTING STATE WHERE IT
WAS MADE 236
THE EFFECT OF A REFUSAL 236
ADJOURNING RECOGNITION OR ENFORCEMENT 236
INTERIM POWERS 237
THE EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 237
VARIATION AND REVOCATION OF REGISTERED DECISIONS 238
CHAPTER 11
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS UNDER THE FAMILY LAW
ACT 1986 239
INTRODUCTION 239
THE APPLICATION OF THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 240
BACKGROUND TO THE 1986 ACT 240
RECOGNITION 240
ENFORCEMENT 242
STAGE 1 - APPLYING TO REGISTER THE ORDER 242
STAGE 2 - APPLYING TO ENFORCE THE ORDER 244
COMMENTARY - RETHINKING THE ENFORCEMENT PROCESS 250
CHAPTER 12
INTERNATIONAL CHILD CUSTODY JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 251
INTRODUCTION 252
THE INTERNATIONAL CASE: THE UCCJEA 252
CHILD CUSTODY JURISDICTION UNDER THE UCCJEA 252
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: HOME STATE 252
SIGNIFICANT CONNECTION JURISDICTION 253
EXCLUSIVE CONTINUING JURISDICTION 253
TEMPORARY EMERGENCY JURISDICTION 254
ABSTENTION FROM JURISDICTION 254
SIMULTANEOUS PROCEEDINGS OR LIS PENDIS 254
FORUM NON CONVENIENS 255
DECLINING JURISDICTION BECAUSE OF UNREASONABLE CONDUCT 255
XX INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
COMMUNICATION AND COOPERATION BETWEEN TRIBUNALS 255
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF CUSTODY DETERMINATIONS 256
HOW TO BE SURE THAT YOUR CHILD CUSTODY DETERMINATION WILL BE ENFORCED
IN THE UNITED STATES 256
PRE-DECREE ABDUCTIONS 256
ORIGINAL FILING IN A FEDERAL COURT 257
ORIGINAL FILING IN A STATE COURT 258
CHAPTER 13
INTERNATIONAL RELOCATION OF CHILDREN 263
INTRODUCTION 264
THE GENERALLY-ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO RELOCATION CASES 267
THE WASHINGTON DECLARATION 267
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE RECOMMENDATION 268
APPLY, DON T FLY , COSTS AND THE UNCERTAIN PROSPECTS OF SUCCESS 270
RELOCATION CASES IN ENGLAND AND WALES 271
RELOCATIONS WITHIN THE UNITED KINGDOM 271
SHORT VISITS OUTSIDE THE UNITED KINGDOM 271
LONG TERM RELOCATIONS OUTSIDE THE UNITED KINGDOM 272
HOW ENGLISH COURTS DECIDE RELOCATION CASES 273
THE ONLY AUTHENTIC PRINCIPLE 273
PRESUMPTIONS 274
THE WELFARE CHECKLIST - CHILDREN ACT 1989, S 1(3) 276
THE CURRENT GUIDANCE 276
CLASSIFICATION OF CASES 276
TEMPORARY REMOVALS 277
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CURRENT GUIDANCE 278
K V K - THE MODERN STARTING-POINT 283
RE F - THE HOLISTIC, CASE-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS 283
SUMMARY 285
RELOCATION CASES IN AUSTRALIA 286
HOW AUSTRALIAN COURTS DEAL WITH RELOCATION CASES 287
RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF PARENTS: FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND LIMITS ON
THE POWERS OF THE COURT 288
SUCCESS RATE OF APPLICATIONS 290
WHY APPLICATIONS ARE MADE 290
WHY APPLICATIONS FAIL 291
CHAPTER 14
PLACING CHILDREN ABROAD: THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 56 OF THE REVISED
BRUSSELS II REGULATION AND ARTICLE 33 OF THE HAGUE PROTECTION
CONVENTION 293
INTRODUCTION 294
ARTICLE 55(A) OF THE REGULATION 295
ARTICLE 56 OF THE REGULATION 295
HEALTH SERVICE EXECUTIVE V SC AND AC 296
DOES A PLACEMENT IN SECURE CARE FALL WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE
REGULATION? 297
CONTENTS XXI
WHAT OBLIGATIONS ARISE OUT OF ART 56 WITH REGARD TO THE
CONSULTATION AND CONSENT MECHANISM? 298
TO BE ENFORCEABLE IN THE REQUESTED STATE MUST AN ORDER FOR A
CHILD S COMPULSORY PLACEMENT IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE BE
RECOGNISED AND DECLARED ENFORCEABLE IN THAT STATE? IF SO,
DOES THE PLACEMENT ORDER HAVE LEGAL EFFECT PRIOR TO A
DECLARATION OF ENFORCEABILITY? 299
WHERE A COURT WHICH HAS ORDERED THE PLACEMENT OF A CHILD IN
INSTITUTIONAL CARE IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE FOR A SPECIFIED
PERIOD ADOPTS A NEW DECISION AIMED AT EXTENDING THAT
PERIOD, IS IT NECESSARY TO OBTAIN (A) FRESH CONSENT UNDER
ART 56 AND (B) A SEPARATE DECLARATION OF ENFORCEABILITY UNDER
ART 28? 300
THE APPLICATION OF ART 56 IN ENGLAND AND WALES 301
SOME UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF ART 56 303
THE EU COMMISSION S REFORM PROPOSALS 304
ARTICLE 33 OF THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION 306
COMPARING ART 33 WITH ART 56 307
THE POSITION WHERE THE REGULATION APPLIES 307
THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF ART 33 308
THE APPLICATION OF ART 33 IN ENGLAND AND WALES 308
SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 309
CHAPTER 15
PREVENTING INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION 311
INTRODUCTION 313
PREVENTING CHILD ABDUCTION 314
THE WARNING SIGNS 314
WHERE TO LOOK FOR HELP 315
PRACTICAL PRECAUTIONS 316
PASSPORTS 317
UK PASSPORT HOLDERS 317
UK PASSPORTS - COURT ORDERS 318
THE ENGLISH COURTS AND NON-UK PASSPORTS 318
US PASSPORTS 318
AUSTRALIAN PASSPORTS 319
NEW ZEALAND PASSPORTS 319
CANADIAN PASSPORTS 319
BIRTH CERTIFICATES 320
CHANGING A CHILD S NAME 320
THE RISKS OF ACCESS 320
ACCESS AFTER A RETURN ORDER HAS BEEN MADE 320
AUTOMATIC LEGAL RESTRAINTS ON REMOVAL 321
REMOVAL FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM BY ONE OF JOINT HOLDERS OF
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 321
REMOVAL FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM BY PERSONS NAMED IN A CHILD
ARRANGEMENTS ORDER AS SOMEONE WITH WHOM THE CHILD IS TO LIVE 322
REMOVAL FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM BY SPECIAL GUARDIANS 323
XXII INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
AUTOMATIC LEGAL RESTRAINTS ON REMOVAL FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM 323
CHILDREN IN CARE OR POLICE PROTECTION 323
PENDING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 323
WARDS OF COURT 324
PREVENTING ABDUCTION - STARTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 324
A REAL BUT NOT IMMEDIATE RISK 325
ORDERS EXPRESSLY PROHIBITING THE CHILD S REMOVAL OR RETENTION 325
EFFECT THROUGHOUT THE UNITED KINGDOM OF ORDERS RESTRICTING REMOVAL 326
A REAL AND IMMEDIATE RISK OF REMOVAL - APPLICATIONS WITHOUT NOTICE
AND POLICE ASSISTANCE 326
PROCEDURE 327
SECURING PASSPORTS 328
APPLICATIONS TO THE HIGH COURT 329
CUSTODY OF SURRENDERED PASSPORTS 330
POWER TO ORDER DISCLOSURE OF A CHILD S WHEREABOUTS 330
POWER TO ORDER A SEARCH FOR A CHILD, TAKING CHARGE OF A CHILD AND THE
DELIVERY OF A CHILD 330
POLICE ASSISTANCE - ARRESTING AN ABDUCTOR 330
STARTING INHERENT JURISDICTION (WARDSHIP) PROCEEDINGS IN ENGLAND AND
WALES 331
PORT ALERTS 333
UK ALL PORTS WARNING - A PORT ALERT 333
AUSTRALIA - THE WATCH LIST 334
ENSURING RETURN AFTER A TEMPORARY REMOVAL 335
ASSESSING RISK 335
ENGLAND AND WALES - CONDITIONS ON CHILD ARRANGEMENTS ORDERS
SPECIFYING A PERSON WITH WHOM THE CHILD IS TO SPEND TIME ETC 336
THE FORM OF THE ORDER 336
UNDERTAKINGS AND STIPULATIONS 337
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF ORDERS 337
ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS 337
MIRROR OR BACK-TO-BACK ORDERS 338
OTHER MEASURES 339
REQUIRING A BOND OR SECURITY 339
CRIMINAL LAW AND CONTEMPT 340
INTERPOL 341
CRIMINAL OFFENCES - THE UNITED KINGDOM 341
THE CHILD ABDUCTION ACT 1984 342
COMMON LAW OFFENCES: KIDNAPPING AND FALSE IMPRISONMENT 345
THE POSITION IN AUSTRALIA 347
CHAPTER 16
TRACING AN ABDUCTED CHILD 349
INTRODUCTION 350
POWER TO ORDER DISCLOSURE OF CHILD S WHEREABOUTS: STATUTORY POWERS 350
SECTIONS 33 OF THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 AND 24A OF THE CHILD
ABDUCTION AND CUSTODY ACT 1985 350
THE BASIC POWER 351
CONTENTS XXIII
THE REQUIREMENT TO DISCLOSE: SELF-INCRIMINATION 352
ORDERS DIRECTED TO THE POLICE 353
PROCEDURE 353
POWER TO ORDER DISCLOSURE OF CHILD S WHEREABOUTS: THE INHERENT
JURISDICTION 354
WARDSHIP AND THE EXERCISE OF THE INHERENT POWER 354
LEGAL PROFESSIONAL PRIVILEGE 354
VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE BY SOLICITORS 355
INFORMATION FROM AIRLINES 356
ASSISTANCE BY TELEPHONE COMPANIES AND INTERNET PROVIDERS 356
ASSISTANCE BY OTHER BODIES 356
INFORMATION FROM GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS 356
PUBLICITY 357
HIGH COURT ORDERS 358
COLLECTION ORDERS 358
LOCATION ORDERS 359
PASSPORT ORDERS 359
ARREST AND DETENTION 360
FORMS OF ORDER 361
FUNCTION OF THE TIPSTAFF 361
ABDUCTION WITHIN THE UNITED KINGDOM: STATUTORY POWER TO ORDER
RECOVERY AND DELIVERY OF A CHILD 362
CHILD IN CARE 363
THE CRIMINAL LAW: EXTRADITION 363
ACQUIRING THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO SECURE RETURN 364
SEQUESTRATION 364
PRESERVING THE PROPERTY FOR THE PURPOSES OF SEQUESTRATION 365
FORFEITURE OF A BOND OR SECURITY 365
COSTS 365
FIGHTING FUND 365
ASSISTANCE: PROCEDURAL AND PRACTICAL ADVICE 366
CHAPTER 17
HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 369
ORIGINS OF THE CONVENTION 371
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION 372
SECURING PROMPT RETURNS AND RESPECT FOR RIGHTS OF ACCESS 372
THE RELEVANCE OF THE CHILD S WELFARE 374
COMPATIBILITY WITH THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 375
COMPATIBILITY WITH THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 377
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 377
THE UK VIEW 378
THE NEULINGER RULING 379
X V LATVIA 379
THE FAILURE TO ACT EXPEDITIOUSLY 381
COMMENTARY 381
XXIV INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW OF THE CONVENTION 382
THE BASIC SCHEME 382
PROTECTING RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 382
PROTECTING RIGHTS OF ACCESS 383
WHEN THE CONVENTION APPLIES 383
NO APPLICATION TO UNBORN CHILDREN NOR TO THOSE AGED 16 OR OVER 384
CHILD MUST BE HABITUALLY RESIDENT IN A CONTRACTING STATE BEFORE
BREACH 385
WHO CAN INVOKE THE CONVENTION? 385
APPLICATIONS FOR THE RETURN OF THE CHILD 385
APPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS 386
HOW THE CONVENTION MAY BE INVOKED 386
APPLYING FOR A RETURN 386
APPLYING FOR ACCESS 388
THE ROLE OF CENTRAL AUTHORITIES AND OF THE PERMANENT BUREAU 388
INTERPRETING THE CONVENTION 389
THE APPLICATION OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 389
IMPORTANT AIDS TO INTERPRETATION 391
GOOD PRACTICE 391
THE CONTRACTING STATES 393
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN RATIFICATIONS AND ACCESSIONS 393
WHICH STATES CAN RATIFY? 394
THE NUMBER OF CONTRACTING STATES 394
HOW AND WHEN RATIFICATIONS, ACCESSIONS AND DECLARATIONS TAKE EFFECT 395
CONVENTION NOT RETROSPECTIVE 395
THE TERRITORIAL EXTENT OF RATIFICATIONS ETC 395
DURATION OF RATIFICATIONS AND ACCESSIONS AND DENUNCIATIONS 396
RESERVATIONS 397
IMPLEMENTATION BY THE UNITED KINGDOM 398
THE CONTRACTING STATES TO WHICH THE CONVENTION APPLIES 399
CONVENTION NOT RETROSPECTIVE 399
RESERVATION 400
JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES 400
INTER-RELATIONSHIP WITH THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 400
PRIORITY OVER THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION 401
IMPLEMENTATION BY AUSTRALIA 401
THE USE MADE OF THE CONVENTION 402
THE NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS 403
ABOUT THE ABDUCTORS 403
ABOUT THE CHILDREN 404
OUTCOMES 405
SPEED OF OUTCOME 405
ACCESS 406
COMMENTARY 406
LITIGANTS IN PERSON 407
MEDIATION 407
CONTENTS XXV
CHAPTER 18
HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION: CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 411
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 411
THE OBLIGATION TO ESTABLISH CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 413
LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 414
GENERAL OVERVIEW 414
THE POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 415
OBLIGATIONS, POWERS AND FUNCTIONS 417
THE OVERALL SCHEME 417
THE DUTY TO PROMOTE CO-OPERATION 418
RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING APPLICATIONS 419
LOCATING THE CHILD 420
PROVIDING INTERIM PROTECTION 423
VOLUNTARY RETURN 424
THE PROVISION OF INFORMATION 427
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS AND SECURING LEGAL AID AND LEGAL
REPRESENTATION 428
SECURING THE CHILD S SAFE RETURN 429
CHAPTER 19
HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION: CONVENTION CONCEPTS 433
INTRODUCTION 435
TERMS IN THE CONVENTION HAVE A CONVENTION MEANING 435
THE NECESSITY FOR A UNIFORM INTERPRETATION AMONGST CONTRACTING
STATES 436
A BROAD AND PURPOSIVE CONSTRUCTION 437
HOW THE CONVENTION WORKS - BREACH OF RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 438
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 439
WHERE AND WHEN MUST A RIGHT OF CUSTODY EXIST? 441
CUSTODY RIGHTS MUST ACTUALLY HAVE BEEN EXERCISED 442
DOES ACTUALLY ADD ANYTHING TO EXERCISED ? 443
RESTRICTIONS ON THE EXERCISE OF RIGHTS 444
DELEGATION OF CUSTODY RIGHTS 444
WHO DETERMINES RIGHTS OF CUSTODY ? 444
THE SOURCES OF RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 445
PROVING FOREIGN LAW 447
THE EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF CUSTODY ORDERS 448
THE MEANING OF RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 448
THE CONVENTION DEFINITION OF RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 448
PRESERVING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN RIGHTS OF CUSTODY AND RIGHTS OF
ACCESS 449
BEYOND LEGAL AND DOMESTIC RIGHTS 450
THE UNITED KINGDOM 451
AUSTRALIA 452
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY NEED NOT BE ENFORCEABLE 453
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY NEED NOT BE EXCLUSIVE 453
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY ARE HUMAN RIGHTS 453
XXVI INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
IDENTIFYING RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 453
IS THERE AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN RIGHTS OF CUSTODY? 453
THE RIGHT TO DETERMINE THE CHILD S PLACE OF RESIDENCE 455
RESTRICTIONS ON REMOVAL 455
RESTRICTIONS ON REMOVAL IN SUPPORT OF RIGHTS OF ACCESS 455
IMPLIED RESTRICTIONS ON REMOVAL 457
INCHOATE RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 457
WHICH QUESTION DOES A FINDING THAT SOMEONE HAS INCHOATE RIGHTS
ANSWER? 459
WHAT IS NOT A RIGHT OF CUSTODY 460
RIGHTS TO BE CONSULTED AND TO OVERSEE EDUCATION AND LIVING
CONDITIONS 460
THE RIGHT TO APPLY TO A COURT FOR AN ORDER 460
TO WHOM CAN RIGHTS OF CUSTODY BE ATTRIBUTED? 460
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY IN A PERSON 460
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY IN AN INSTITUTION OR OTHER BODY 461
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY IN A COURT 461
RIGHTS OF CUSTODY IN AN ENGLISH COURT 464
PROCEEDINGS WHICH MAY GIVE RISE TO A RIGHT OF CUSTODY IN AN
ENGLISH COURT 465
WARDSHIP PROCEEDINGS 466
CAN A COURT REALLY HAVE AND ENFORCE RIGHTS? 467
PRACTICAL ADVICE 468
BREACHING RIGHTS OF CUSTODY - WRONGFUL REMOVALS AND WRONGFUL
RETENTIONS 468
THE CONVENTION DEFINITION OF WRONGFUL 468
A REMOVAL MUST BE ACROSS AN INTERNATIONAL FRONTIER 469
A RETENTION MUST OUTSIDE THE STATE OF HABITUAL RESIDENCE 470
REMOVALS AND RETENTIONS OCCUR ON SPECIFIC OCCASIONS AND ARE
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE 471
REMOVALS AND RETENTIONS ARE WRONGFUL , NOT UNLAWFUL 472
ACTING IN GOOD FAITH AND ON LEGAL ADVICE 472
WHEN DOES A CHILD BECOME WRONGFULLY REMOVED OR WRONGFULLY
RETAINED ? 473
CONSENTING TO A REMOVAL OR RETENTION DOES NOT PRECLUDE A RETURN
ORDER 476
WRONGFUL REMOVAL AND STATE IMMUNITY 477
CHASING ORDERS AND AFTER ACQUIRED RIGHTS 477
RETENTION BY COURT ORDER 477
DOES THE DECISION NOT TO RETURN HAVE TO BE COMMUNICATED? 478
WHOSE RIGHTS HAVE TO BE BREACHED? 479
CHAPTER 20
HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION: DECLARATORY RELIEF 481
DECLARATORY RELIEF UNDER ARTICLE 15 OF THE HAGUE ABDUCTION
CONVENTION 481
DECLARATORY RELIEF IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 482
DECLARATORY RELIEF IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 484
CONTENTS XXVII
THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF DECLARATORY RELIEF 485
APPLICATIONS WITHOUT NOTICE 487
CHAPTER 21
HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION: THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN 489
ARTICLE 12(1) 489
WHEN THE OBLIGATION ARISES 490
COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS 490
THE DATE OF THE WRONGFUL REMOVAL OR RETENTION 490
WHEN DOES A WRONGFUL REMOVAL OR RETENTION COME TO AN END? 491
THE NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION 492
TO RETURN FORTHWITH 492
WHERE OR TO WHOM THE CHILD SHOULD BE RETURNED 494
ARTICLE 12(3) 495
CHAPTER 22
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN: THE ARTICLE 12(2) EXCEPTION 497
INTRODUCTION 498
THE ARTICLE 12(2) EXCEPTION 499
BACKGROUND TO THE EXCEPTION 499
THE TIMESCALE - WHEN DOES THE CHILD HAVE TO BE SETTLED ? 500
CONCEALMENT AND THE QUESTION OF TOLLING 502
SETTLED IN ITS NEW ENVIRONMENT 504
THE MEANING OF SETTLED 504
CONCEALMENT AND THE QUESTION OF SETTLEMENT 505
DOES SETTLEMENT HAVE TO BE LONG-TERM? 506
THE MEANING OF ENVIRONMENT 507
NEW ENVIRONMENT 507
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOUNGER AND OLDER CHILDREN 508
BURDEN OF PROOF 509
THE STANDARD OF PROOF 509
THE NATURE OF THE REQUIRED JUDICIAL INVESTIGATION 510
THE DISCRETION TO ORDER RETURN WHERE IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE
CHILD IS SETTLED 511
IS THERE A DISCRETION? 511
THE SOURCE OF THE DISCRETION 513
THE EXERCISE OF THE DISCRETION 515
CHAPTER 23
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN: THE ARTICLE 13(A) EXCEPTIONS 519
INTRODUCTION 520
THE NON-EXERCISE OF RIGHTS OF CUSTODY 521
CONSENT 523
BACKGROUND TO THE PROVISION 523
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION ISSUES 523
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONSENT AND ACQUIESCENCE 523
THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSENT AND WRONGFUL REMOVAL OR
RETENTION 524
XXVIII INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
THE MEANING OF CONSENT -526
TO WHAT MUST THERE BE CONSENT? 526
WHOSE CONSENT IS REQUIRED? 526
NEEDS TO BE REAL AND UNEQUIVOCAL BUT CAN BE INFERRED 527
MUST NOT BE BASED ON FRAUD OR MISUNDERSTANDING 528
CONTEMPORANEOUS OR ADVANCE? 529
THE CONSENT MUST BE OPERATIVE AT THE TIME OF REMOVAL OR
RETENTION BUT CAN BE WITHDRAWN BEFOREHAND 530
PROVING CONSENT 531
THE BURDEN OF PROOF 531
THE STANDARD OF PROOF 532
SATISFYING THE STANDARD OF PROOF 532
EXERCISING THE DISCRETION TO RETURN 533
ACQUIESCENCE 535
INTRODUCTION 535
THE ABANDONMENT OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACQUIESCENCE - THE RE H TEST 536
THE RELEVANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONVENTION 537
PROVING ACQUIESCENCE 538
THE NORMAL CASE 539
THE EXCEPTIONAL CASE 541
SEEKING COMPROMISES, VOLUNTARY RETURNS OR RECONCILIATION 542
THE EFFECT OF ACQUIESCENCE 543
ACQUIESCENCE CANNOT SUBSEQUENTLY BE WITHDRAWN 543
THE DISCRETION TO RETURN 544
CHAPTER 24
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN: THE ARTICLE 13(B) EXCEPTION 545
BACKGROUND TO THE PROVISION 546
THE PROPER APPROACH TO ARTICLE 13(B) 548
THE RESTRICTIVE APPLICATION OF THE EXCEPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 548
THE POSITION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 550
THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 13(B) 553
GRAVE RISK 553
EXPOSING THE CHILD TO PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM OR OTHERWISE
PLACING THE CHILD IN AN INTOLERABLE SITUATION 555
SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE TESTS 556
THE FUTURE ELEMENT IN ARTICLE 13(B) 558
THE SPECIFIC APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 13(B) 559
SEPARATION OF THE CHILD FROM THE PRIMARY CARE-GIVER 560
SEPARATING SIBLINGS 561
LIABILITY TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 563
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 564
THE ENGLISH CASES 564
THE POSITION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 567
SEXUAL ABUSE 569
THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE REFLECTION PAPER 570
MENTAL DISORDER ON THE PART OF THE WRONGED PARENT 571
LACK OF PROTECTION IN THE REQUESTING STATE 572
CONTENTS XXIX
ASYLUM ISSUES 574
UNDERTAKINGS, STIPULATIONS, SAFE HARBOUR ORDERS, MIRROR ORDERS AND
OTHER PROTECTIVE MEASURES 575
UNDERTAKINGS 575
SAFE HARBOUR ORDERS 579
MIRROR ORDERS 579
EXERCISING THE DISCRETION TO RETURN 580
COMMENTARY , 581
CHAPTER 25
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN: THE CHILD S OBJECTIONS
EXCEPTION 585
BACKGROUND TO THE PROVISION 586
THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP WITH ARTICLE 12 OF THE UN CONVENTION ON THE
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 588
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION ISSUES 590
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PARTS OF ARTICLE 13(B) 590
NO CHRONOLOGICAL THRESHOLD 590
THE MEANING OF OBJECTS 592
TO WHAT MUST THE CHILD OBJECT? 593
THE PROPER APPROACH TO THE CHILD S OBJECTION EXCEPTION 595
PUTTING THE EXCEPTION IN ISSUE 595
THE GATEWAY FINDINGS 596
FACTUAL MATTERS 596
ESTABLISHING THE GATEWAY 597
THE DISCRETION STAGE 598
THE NATURE OF THE DISCRETION 598
EXERCISING DISCRETION TO RETURN 599
THE POSITION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 602
ASCERTAINING CHILDREN S WISHES AND SEPARATE REPRESENTATION OF
CHILDREN IN AUSTRALIA 604
PROBLEMS OF ENFORCEMENT 605
CHAPTER 26
HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION: EXCEPTIONS TO THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN:
THE ARTICLE 20 EXCEPTION 607
BACKGROUND TO THE PROVISION 607
THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 20 608
THE RELEVANCE OF THE CHILD S BEST INTERESTS 611
THE ROLE OF COMITY 613
APPLYING ARTICLE 20 - THE RULING IN X V LATVIA 614
THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 20 IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 614
NON-IMPLEMENTATION BY THE UNITED KINGDOM 614
THE RELEVANCE OF ARTICLE 20 DESPITE ITS NON-INCORPORATION 615
THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 20 IN CONTRACTING STATES OUTSIDE THE UNITED
KINGDOM 617
THE DISCRETION TO ORDER A RETURN WHEN ARTICLE 20 IS SATISFIED 622
FINAL REMARKS 623
XXX INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
CHAPTER 27
ENFORCEMENT 625
INTRODUCTION 626
THE ENFORCEMENT PROCESS 629
THE LEXICON OF ENFORCEMENT 630
RECOGNITION 630
EXEQUATUR, DECLARATIONS OF ENFORCEABILITY AND REGISTRATION 631
ENFORCEABILITY , 632
ENFORCEMENT 633
ENFORCEMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 633
GUIDES TO ENFORCEMENT 634
THE BORRAS REPORT 634
THE PRACTICE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE REVISED BRUSSELS II
REGULATION 635
THE HAGUE CONFERENCE GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE UNDER THE HAGUE
ABDUCTION CONVENTION, PART IV - ENFORCEMENT 636
THE LAGARDE REPORT 637
THE HAGUE CONFERENCE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK ON THE OPERATION OF THE
HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION 637
REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS RELATING TO PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
638
DOMESTIC LEGISLATION RELATING TO FOREIGN JUDGMENTS GENERALLY 638
DOMESTIC LEGISLATION SPECIFICALLY PROVIDING FOR THE REGISTRATION OF
FOREIGN ORDERS RELATING TO CHILDREN 639
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PROVIDING FOR THE REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN
ORDERS RELATING TO CHILDREN 640
REGISTERING ORDERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND DEPENDENT TERRITORIES 640
REGISTERING ORDERS MADE WITHIN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND DEPENDENT
TERRITORIES 640
REGISTERING ORDERS MADE IN FOREIGN FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 641
ORDERS TO SECURE COMPLIANCE 641
COERCIVE ORDERS AVAILABLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES 642
ORDERS RELATING TO CONTEMPT OF COURT 643
COMMITTAL TO PRISON 643
SEQUESTRATION 643
HABEAS CORPUS 644
ORDERS AVAILABLE IN FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 645
ORDERS UNDER THE INHERENT JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT 645
ORDERS UNDER THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 645
ORDERS UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 646
ENFORCEMENT ORDERS 646
COMPENSATION FOR FINANCIAL LOSS 648
ORDERS AVAILABLE IN AUSTRALIA 649
LOCATION AND RECOVERY ORDERS 650
COERCIVE ORDERS 650
VARIATION OF THE ORDER 653
STANDARD OF PROOF 653
CONTEMPT 654
CONTEMPT - PROCEDURE 655
CONTENTS XXXI
SEQUESTRATION 655
POWERS OF ARREST 655
WARRANTS UNDER THE FAMILY LAW (CHILD ABDUCTION CONVENTION)
REGULATIONS 1986 656
PROBLEMS OF ENFORCEMENT 656
SELF-HELP 658
CHAPTER 28
THE APPLICATION OF THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION TO INTERNATIONAL
CHILD ABDUCTION 659
INTRODUCTION 659
BACKGROUND TO THE CURRENT PROVISIONS 660
THE BASIC SCHEME UNDER THE REGULATION 661
APPLYING ARTICLES 12 AND 13 OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION IN COMPLIANCE
WITH THE REGULATION 661
THE APPLICATION OF ART 11(2) - HEARING THE CHILD 661
THE APPLICATION OF ART 11(5) - HEARING THE APPLICANT 663
THE APPLICATION OF ART 11(3) - THE TIMING OBLIGATION 664
THE APPLICATION OF ART 11(4) - DETERMINING ART 13(B) PLEAS MADE
UNDER THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 667
THE APPLICATION OF ART 11(6)*(8) - THE POSITION FOLLOWING A REFUSAL
TO RETURN UNDER ART 13 OF THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 669
THE GENERAL SCHEME 669
SCRUTINY OF ART H(6)-(8) BY THE CJEU 672
THE ENGLISH DECISIONS 675
COMMENTARY 679
THE EU COMMISSION S REFORM PROPOSALS 680
CHAPTER 29
THE APPLICATION OF THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION TO INTERNATIONAL
CHILD ABDUCTION 685
INTRODUCTION 685
THE APPLICATION OF THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION WHERE NO OTHER
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENT APPLIES 686
THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 687
THE APPLICABLE LAW PROVISIONS 687
THE IMPACT OF ARTICLES 7 AND 13 OF THE PROTECTION CONVENTION 689
THE USE OF PROTECTIVE ORDERS 690
INVOKING CENTRAL AUTHORITIES CO-OPERATIVE DUTIES 692
THE PROS AND CONS OF INVOKING THE PROTECTION CONVENTION RATHER
THAN THE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 692
THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP WITH THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 693
THE MEANING OF ART 61 OF THE REGULATION 693
THE APPLICATION OF THE APPLICABLE LAW PROVISIONS 694
THE POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF ART 11 694
THE POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF THE CO-OPERATION PROVISIONS 695
THE EU COMMISSION S REFORM PROPOSALS 695
XXXII INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
CHAPTER 30
RECOVERING CHILDREN BROUGHT TO ENGLAND AND WALES FROM A
NON-CONVENTION COUNTRY 697
INTRODUCTION 698
CHILDREN BROUGHT TO ENGLAND AND WALES FROM A NON-CONVENTION
COUNTRY 698
ISSUES OF JURISDICTION 698
CHOICE OF DOMESTIC JURISDICTION 698
DECIDING HOW TO EXERCISE JURISDICTION 699
THE BASIC DILEMMA 700
THE DEVELOPING RESPONSE TO CHILD ABDUCTION 700
THE HISTORICAL POSITION 700
THE LAW AS SETTLED BY RE ] 707
THE RELEVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS 710
HEARING THE CHILD 711
THE NEED TO ACT URGENTLY 712
CHILDREN BROUGHT TO ENGLAND AND WALES FROM PAKISTAN 712
CHAPTER 31
RECOVERING CHILDREN TAKEN FROM ENGLAND AND WALES TO A
NON-CONVENTION COUNTRY 715
CHILDREN TAKEN FROM ENGLAND AND WALES TO A NON-CONVENTION COUNTRY 715
BRINGING PROCEEDINGS IN THE FOREIGN JURISDICTION AND TAKING OTHER
PRACTICAL STEPS 715
CONSULAR ADVICE 717
FUNDING PROCEEDINGS 718
DOMESTIC REMEDIES 718
THE ADVANTAGE OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES 718
THE FORM OF ORDER 719
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 721
CHAPTER 32
THE ROLE OF CHILDREN IN ABDUCTION PROCEEDINGS 723
INTRODUCTION 723
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 724
UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 724
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE EXERCISE OF CHILDREN S RIGHTS 727
THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 728
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 729
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 729
APPLICATION OF ART 11(2): THE POSITION IN NON-EU ABDUCTION CASES 731
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES 732
JOINING A CHILD AS PARTY 732
INQUIRING INTO THE CHILD S VIEWS 735
CHAPTER 33
INTERNATIONAL ABDUCTIONS: PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES
739
INTRODUCTION 741
CONTENTS XXXIII
INCOMING ABDUCTIONS FROM A MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, A
HAGUE ABDUCTION OR A HAGUE PROTECTION OR A EUROPEAN
CONVENTION COUNTRY 743
WHO CAN APPLY? 743
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 743
THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION 744
THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 744
THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION 745
THE INHERENT JURISDICTION 745
APPLICATIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION AND CONTACT UNIT 745
THE ICACU PRACTICE 747
THE CHILD CARE PANEL 748
APPLYING FOR PUBLIC FUNDING 749
APPLICATIONS TO THE HIGH COURT 752
THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 752
THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION 752
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION AND THE HAGUE PROTECTION
CONVENTION 753
NON-CONVENTION CASES 753
THE NATURE OF THE PROCEEDINGS 753
THE APPLICATION 754
RESPONDENTS TO THE APPLICATION 756
THE POSITION OF THE CHILD 757
THE AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT 758
OTHER PENDING PROCEEDINGS 758
THE STATUTORY STAY 759
LIFTING THE STAY AFTER A RETURN ORDER 760
DIRECTIONS 760
FINDING THE CHILD AND SECURING THE POSITION - THE FIRST WITHOUT NOTICE
HEARING 761
COLLECTION AND LOCATION ORDERS 762
OTHER ORDERS 765
SEARCHING FOR THE CHILD 765
TRANSFER OF PROCEEDINGS WITHIN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND DEPENDENT
TERRITORIES 766
POWER TO MAKE WITHOUT NOTICE APPLICATIONS AND ORDERS 766
THE FIRST ON NOTICE HEARING 768
ACTING FOR THE RESPONDENT 768
THE STATEMENT OF DEFENCE 769
EVIDENCE - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 770
INTERIM POWERS 771
WITHDRAWALS AND THE POWER TO STRIKE OUT OR DISMISS APPLICATIONS 772
THE FINAL HEARING 772
BURDEN OF PROOF 772
FOREIGN LAW 773
PROCEDURE AT THE FINAL HEARING 774
ORAL EVIDENCE 775
XXXIV INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
THE RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTING AFFIDAVIT AND OTHER NON-ORAL
EVIDENCE 777
SPECIAL RULES OF EVIDENCE UNDER THE HAGUE AND EUROPEAN
CONVENTIONS 777
THE ORDER 778
EFFECT OF CONVENTION ORDERS 780
COSTS 781
CHILD ABDUCTION AND THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF PROCEEDINGS 782
APPEALS 784
THE RETURN OF THE CHILD: ENFORCEMENT OF RETURN ORDERS 785
DISCHARGE OF A RETURN ORDER 786
APPLICATIONS FOR THE REGISTRATION OR RECOGNITION OF A JUDGMENT UNDER
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 788
LEGAL AID 789
APPLICATIONS FOR RECOGNITION OR REGISTRATION 790
CHAPTER 34
INTERNATIONAL ACCESS 795
INTRODUCTION 796
THE REVISED BRUSSELS II REGULATION 797
INTRODUCTION 797
THE MEANING OF RIGHTS OF ACCESS 797
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS CONCERNING RIGHTS OF
ACCESS 798
THE GENERAL SCHEME 798
THE CERTIFICATE 799
THE PROCEDURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES 800
THE COURT S POWERS ON AN ENFORCEMENT APPLICATION 800
THE POSITION WHERE ACCESS IS REFUSED 801
THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REGULATION AND OTHER
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 801
COMMENTARY 802
THE HAGUE PROTECTION CONVENTION 802
GENERAL APPLICATION TO RIGHTS OF ACCESS 803
ENFORCING ACCESS ORDERS 804
ADVANCE RECOGNITION 805
SEEKING CO-OPERATION 806
THE HAGUE ABDUCTION CONVENTION 807
A BASIC OBJECTIVE TO RESPECT RIGHTS OF ACCESS 807
THE MEANING OF RIGHTS OF ACCESS 808
THE PREREQUISITES OF APPLYING FOR ACCESS 810
THE CONVENTION OBLIGATIONS 811
INTERPRETING THE PROVISIONS - THE ENGLISH POSITION 812
THE POSITION IN SCOTLAND 815
THE POSITION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 818
SOME FINDINGS OF THE STATISTICAL SURVEYS 818
GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE 819
COMMENTARY 820
CONTENTS XXXV
THE EUROPEAN CUSTODY CONVENTION 822
INTRODUCTION 822
PROCEDURE FOR SEEKING TO ENFORCE ACCESS DECISIONS 822
THE COURT S POWERS 823
GRANTING OR REFUSING REGISTRATION 823
MODIFYING ORDERS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 11(2) 825
THE POWERS UNDER ARTICLE 11(3) 826
THE 2003 EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON CONTACT CONCERNING CHILDREN 827
OBJECTS AND SCOPE 827
THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES 828
PROMOTING AND IMPROVING TRANS-FRONTIER CONTACT 831
CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 831
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 831
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF TRANS-FRONTIER CONTACT ORDERS 831
MODIFYING ORDERS 832
RETURN OF THE CHILD 833
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 833
COMMENTARY 833
CONCLUSION 834
CHAPTER 35
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF ADOPTION 835
INTRODUCTION 836
THE 1993 HAGUE CONVENTION ON INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION 838
ORIGINS OF THE CONVENTION 838
THE INFLUENCE OF THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 839
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION 840
INTERPRETING THE CONVENTION 841
THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 841
AIDS TO INTERPRETATION 841
THE CONTRACTING STATES 842
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN RATIFICATIONS AND ACCESSIONS 842
RESERVATIONS 843
DENUNCIATIONS 843
THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF THE 1993 CONVENTION 844
THE CONVENTION IS NOT A UNIFORM LAW OF ADOPTION 844
TO WHAT AND TO WHOM THE CONVENTION APPLIES 844
TWO GENERAL POINTS 846
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES: CENTRAL AUTHORITIES AND ACCREDITED BODIES
ETC 846
CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 846
ACCREDITED BODIES 848
APPROVED (NON-ACCREDITED) PERSONS AND BODIES 850
THE CONVENTION PROCEDURE 851
APPLYING TO ADOPT A CHILD IN ANOTHER CONTRACTING STATE 851
THE ARTICLE 16 REPORT 852
THE ARTICLE 17 AGREEMENT 853
GENERAL PROHIBITION OF CONTACT DURING THE MATCHING STAGE 854
XXXVI INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
TRANSFERRING THE CHILD 854
RECOGNITION AND EFFECTS OF A CONVENTION ADOPTION 855
THE ART 23 CERTIFICATE 855
REFUSING RECOGNITION 855
THE EFFECT OF RECOGNITION 856
POST-ADOPTION ISSUES 857
PRESERVATION OF INFORMATION ETC 857
COUNSELLING AND POST-ADOPTION SERVICES 858
POST-ADOPTION REPORTS 858
THE POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 859
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION 859
CENTRAL AUTHORITIES AND ACCREDITED BODIES 859
PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES WHEN ACTING AS THE
RECEIVING STATE 860
PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES WHEN ACTING AS THE
STATE OF ORIGIN 863
RECOGNITION AND NON-RECOGNITION OF ORDERS MADE UNDER THE
CONVENTION 865
MODIFICATION OF AN ADOPTED CHILD S STATUS 865
EFFECT OF AN ADOPTION ORDER MADE UNDER THE CONVENTION 866
OVERSEAS ADOPTIONS 866
ADOPTION ORDERS MADE IN OTHER PARTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 868
DOMESTIC ADOPTIONS OF FOREIGN CHILDREN 869
DOMESTIC ADOPTION OF FOREIGN NATIONAL CHILDREN 869
FOREIGN CHILDREN BROUGHT TO THE UNITED KINGDOM FOR ADOPTION 869
REMOVING A CHILD FROM THE BRITISH ISLANDS FOR ADOPTION 870
CHAPTER 36
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF SURROGACY 873
INTRODUCTION 873
IDENTIFYING THE CHILD S PARENTS 879
PARENTAGE - APPLICABLE LAW 881
THE POSITION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 881
THE POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 883
THE POSITION IN GREECE 885
THE POSITION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 885
THE ROUTE TO PARENTAGE 886
THE POSITION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 887
THE POSITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 887
PARENTAL ORDERS 887
PAYMENTS 889
CONSENTS 890
DEATH OF AN APPLICANT 891
PARENTAL REPORTS 891
INDIVIDUAL APPLICANTS 891
DOMICILE AND HOME 892
ENFORCEABILITY 892
RECOGNITION 893
CONTENTS XXXVII
PRACTICAL ADVICE 894
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS 895
APPENDIX 1
LEGISLATION 897
UK LEGISLATION 898
CHILD ABDUCTION AND CUSTODY ACT 1985 898
FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 924
ADOPTION (INTERCOUNTRY ASPECTS) ACT 1999 953
ADOPTION AND CHILDREN ACT 2002 955
FAMILY LAW ACT 1986 (DEPENDENT TERRITORIES) ORDER 1991,
SI 1991/1723 962
FAMILY PROCEDURE RULES 2010, SI 2010/2955 965
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
(INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS) (ENGLAND AND WALES AND NORTHERN
IRELAND) REGULATIONS 2010, SI 2010/1898 1017
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
(INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS) (SCOTLAND) REGULATIONS 2010,
SSI 2010/213 1026
AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION 1032
FAMILY LAW ACT 1975 1032
FAMILY LAW (CHILD PROTECTION CONVENTION) REGULATIONS 2003,
SR 2003/66 1053
FAMILY LAW REGULATIONS 1984 1064
FAMILY LAW (CHILD ABDUCTION CONVENTION) REGULATIONS 1986,
SR 1986/85 1067
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 1083
HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD
ABDUCTION 1083
EU BRUSSELS II REVISED 2201/2003 1094
COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF
DECISIONS CONCERNING CHILDREN AND ON RESTORATION OF CUSTODY OF
CHILDREN 1980 1132
HAGUE 1996 CONVENTION ON JURISDICTION, APPLICABLE LAW, RECOGNITION,
ENFORCEMENT AND CO-OPERATION IN RESPECT OF PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY AND MEANS FOR PROTECTION OF THE CHILD 1143
HAGUE CONVENTION ON PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND CO-OPERATION IN
RESPECT OF INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION 1993 1159
COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION ON CONTACT CONCERNING CHILDREN 2003 1169
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 1989 1180
EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 1950 1199
TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 1199
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA
PROVIDING FOR THE RECIPROCAL RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGEMENTS IN CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS (CANBERRA, 23
AUGUST 1990) 1200
XXXVIII INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF CHILDREN
APPENDIX 2
WEBSITES 1207
APPENDIX 3
PROTOCOLS AND GUIDANCE 1211
PREVENTING AND RESOLVING DISPUTES ON CHILD RELOCATION 1211
INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL CONFERENCE ON CROSS BORDER FAMILY RELOCATION
WASHINGTON, DC, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1228
COMMUNICATING WITH THE HOME OFFICE IN FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 1231
PRESIDENT S GUIDANCE - COMMUNICATING WITH THE HOME OFFICE IN
FAMILY PROCEEDINGS (APRIL 2013) 1236
UK-PAKISTAN CHILD ABDUCTION PROTOCOL (JANUARY 2003) 1238
INDEX 1241
|
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| author | Lowe, Nigel 1947- Nicholls, Michael |
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| author_variant | n l nl m n mn |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)973171014 (DE-599)BSZ333528468 |
| dewey-full | 345.0254 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 345 - Criminal law |
| dewey-raw | 345.0254 |
| dewey-search | 345.0254 |
| dewey-sort | 3345.0254 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043997532 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:50:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781846612466 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029405565 |
| oclc_num | 973171014 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | ciii, 1261 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Family Law LexisNexis |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Lowe, Nigel 1947- Nicholls, Michael International movement of children law, practice and procedure Europäische Union Brüssel-IIa-Verordnung (DE-588)4782677-0 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Kindesentziehung (DE-588)4163868-2 gnd Elterliche Sorge (DE-588)4070784-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4782677-0 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4163868-2 (DE-588)4070784-2 |
| title | International movement of children law, practice and procedure |
| title_auth | International movement of children law, practice and procedure |
| title_exact_search | International movement of children law, practice and procedure |
| title_full | International movement of children law, practice and procedure Nigel Lowe, Michael Nicholls |
| title_fullStr | International movement of children law, practice and procedure Nigel Lowe, Michael Nicholls |
| title_full_unstemmed | International movement of children law, practice and procedure Nigel Lowe, Michael Nicholls |
| title_short | International movement of children |
| title_sort | international movement of children law practice and procedure |
| title_sub | law, practice and procedure |
| topic | Europäische Union Brüssel-IIa-Verordnung (DE-588)4782677-0 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Kindesentziehung (DE-588)4163868-2 gnd Elterliche Sorge (DE-588)4070784-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Brüssel-IIa-Verordnung Rechtsvergleich Kindesentziehung Elterliche Sorge |
| url | http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz333528468inh.htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029405565&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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