Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Cambridge
Royal Society of Chemistry
[2016]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Issues in toxicology
23 |
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| Links: | https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849737487 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029390628&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXXI, 643 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781849737487 9781782627388 |
| DOI: | 10.1039/9781849737487 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products |c edited by David A. Purser , Robert L. Maynard , James C. Wakefield |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819275677239607296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products
Autor: Purser, David A
Jahr: 2016
Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of Combustion Toxicology 1
David A. Purser and Robert L. Maynard
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Summary of the Main Aspects of the Subject Areas
Addressed in the Book 6
References 9
The Science of Combustion
Chapter 2 Fire Types and Combustion Products 13
David A. Purser
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Non-flaming and Smouldering Fires 19
2.2.1 Non-flaming Thermal Decomposition 19
2.2.2 Fluorocarbons 23
2.2.3 Fate of Phosphorus in Combustion Products 24
2.2.4 Brief Case Histories of Non-flaming Thermal
Decomposition Incidents 24
2.2.5 Smouldering 25
2.3 Well-ventilated Flaming Fires 26
2.4 Ventilation-controlled (Fuel-rich) Flaming
Fires 30
2.5 Continuous Ventilation-controlled Pre- and
Post-flashover Fires 33
2.6 Examples of Fire Incidents 35
Issues in Toxicology No. 23
Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products
Edited by David A. Purser, Robert L. Maynard and James C. Wakefield
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
xvii
xviii
Contents
2.7 Practical Aspects 39
2.7.1 Toxicity and Toxic Hazard 39
2.7.2 Acute Life-threatening Hazards in Building
or Transport Fires 40
2.7.3 Determination of Time-Concentration
Exposure Curves from Fire Incidents 42
2.7.4 Direct Measurement during Incidents or
Full-scale Incident Reconstruction 42
2.7.5 Generation and Measurement of
Combustion Product Effluents 45
References 50
Chapter 3 Estimating Yields and Quantities of Mass Releases of Toxic
Products from Fires 53
David A. Purser
3.1 Modelling Conditions during Fire Incidents 53
3.2 Fire Modelling Basics 54
3.2.1 Source Fire and Fire Size 55
3.2.2 Calculation of Burning Rates and Toxic
Product Releases from the Heat Release Rate 57
3.3 Calculation and Measurements of Product Yields
and Recovery Fractions 59
3.4 Using Individual Products as Markers for
Estimating Concentrations of Other Components 69
3.5 Validation of Fire Test Data for Application to Fire
Hazard Assessments 70
3.6 Estimation of Combustion Products Capable of
Causing Acute and Chronic Health Hazards or
Environmental Contamination 73
3.7 Environmental Contamination by Dioxins and
Furans from Halogenated Materials 75
References 76
Chapter 4 Products of Combustion and Toxicity from Specific Types
of Fires 79
James C. Wakefield
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Types of Fires 80
4.2.1 Effects of Thermal Breakdown Conditions 80
4.2.2 Pyrolysis 81
4.2.3 Smouldering 81
Contents xjx
4.2.4 Flaming Combustion, Well-ventilated 81
4.2.5 Flaming Combustion, Ventilation-controlled 82
4.2.6 Composition of Smokes 82
4.3 Common Toxic Combustion Products 83
4.3.1 Different Categories of Toxicants 83
4.3.2 Asphyxiant Gases 83
4.3.3 Irritant Gases 88
4.3.4 Complex Molecules 90
4.3.5 Health Issues for Vulnerable Groups 96
4.4 Hazardous Combustion Products Formed by Fuel
Type 97
4.4.1 General and Case Specific Considerations 97
4.4.2 Fires Involving Polymeric Materials 97
4.4.3 Fires Involving Wood 99
4.4.4 Fires Involving Rubber and Tyres 99
4.4.5 Fires Involving Oil and Petrol 100
4.4.6 Fires Involving Hazardous Chemicals
(Chemical, Pesticide Manufacturer and
Storage) 100
4.4.7 Fires Involving Asbestos 101
4.5 Smoke Behaviour 101
4.6 Main Conclusions 102
References 103
Chapter 5 Generation, Sampling and Quantification of Toxic
Combustion Products 108
T. Richard Hull and Anna A. Stec
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Generation of Combustion Effluents 110
5.2.1 Assessment of Combustion Toxicity 111
5.2.2 Laboratory-scale Methods 113
5.2.3 Reference Data from Large-scale Fire Tests 119
5.3 Comparison of Yields from Laboratoiy-scale Tests
and Large-scale Reference Data 119
5.3.1 Comparisons Based on Equivalence Ratio 119
5.3.2 Comparisons Based on Generic Combustion
Conditions 123
5.3.3 Attempted Replication of Under-ventilated
Flaming in the Smoke Chamber 124
5.3.4 Problems with the Smoke Chamber for
Assessment of Fire Toxicity 125
XX
Contents
5.4 Sampling and Pre-concentration 126
5.4.1 Challenges 126
5.4.2 Materials 127
5.4.3 Heated Lines 127
5.4.4 Filtration 128
5.4.5 Pre-concentration 128
5.4.6 Solid-phase Micro-extraction 130
5.4.7 Particulates 130
5.5 Quantification 131
5.5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 131
5.6 Conclusions 135
References 135
Chapter 6 Dispersion of Fire Plumes in the Atmosphere 139
David. J. Hall and Angela M. Spanton
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Fire Plume Buoyancy Scaling and Basic Properties 141
6.3 Fire Plume Dispersion Scaling for Contaminant
Concentration 145
6.4 Effects of Source Buoyancy, Shape and Size on Fire
Plume Dispersion 146
6.5 Fire Plume Heat Release from Buildings 150
6.6 Buoyant Fire Plume Lift-off 153
6.7 Fire Plume Dispersion in Urban Areas 157
6.8 Particle Dispersion in Fire Plumes 158
6.9 Deposition to the Ground from Fire Plumes 163
6.10 Partitioning of Fire Plumes 166
6.11 Conclusions 166
Appendix 167
A Brief Introduction to Dispersion Modelling 167
References 170
The Toxicology of Combustion Products
Chapter 7 Application of Animal Models and Human Studies to
Prediction of Combustion Toxicity in Humans 175
David A. Purser
7.1 Introduction 175
7.1.1 General 175
7.1.2 Thermal Decomposition, Combustion and
Fire Effluents 176
Contents
xxi
7.1.3 Exposure Concentration, Time and Dose
Interactions for Combustion Product
Mixtures and Fractional Effective Dose
Methodology 177
7.2 Development of Toxic Hazards in Fires and Health
Hazards from Chronic Exposures 180
7.3 Identification of Toxic Species in Fire Effluents and
Assessment of Contributions to Toxic Hazards 182
7.4 Fire Incident Investigations, Associated Fire Tests
and Pathology Studies 182
7.4.1 Smoke Irritants 182
7.4.2 Asphyxiant Gases 183
7.5 Studies Using Animals in Conjunction with Bench-
scale and Large-scale Fire Toxicity Tests 186
7.5.1 Considerations Related to Fire Models and
Animal Models Used 186
7.6 Findings from Primate Exposure Studies 188
7.6.1 Summary 194
7.7 Estimates of Sensory Irritant Potency of the Products
of Combustion from Natural and Synthetic Polymers
under Different Fire Conditions using Rodents, and
the Contribution to Overall Irritant Potency from
Major Irritant Gases 196
7.7.1 Use of Rodents 196
7.7.2 Studies using the Rodent Respiratory Rate
Depression (RD50) Test 196
7.7.3 Findings from Combustion Irritancy Tests 201
7.7.4 Development Time and Concentration-
Dose Relationships of Sensory Irritant
Responses 205
7.8 Estimates of Lethal Toxic Potency for Natural
and Synthetic Polymers under Different Fire
Conditions using Rodents and Contribution to
Overall Toxic Potency from Major Toxic Gases 208
7.8.1 Small-scale Combustion Toxicity Tests
using Rodents 208
7.8.2 N-gas Models for Predicting Lethality
(LC50 Concentrations) in Rats Following a
30 minute Exposure 208
7.8.3 Application of LC50 N-gas FED Models to
Rat Lethality Data from Small-scale
Combustion Toxicity Tests 212
xxii
Contents
7.8.4 Comparison of Models and Confirmation of
Additive Toxicity 218
7.8.5 Contribution of Different Toxic Gases to
Overall Lethal Toxic Potency from Different
Materials 220
7.9 Dose-Effect Relationships and Extrapolation to
Humans 229
7.9.1 General 229
7.9.2 Effects of Allometric Relationships on Rates
of Uptake of Asphyxiant Gases and Time to
Incapacitation 230
7.9.3 AEGL Values for Irritant Gases Released in
Combustion Products 235
7.9.4 Effects of Differences in Body Structure 236
7.10 Conclusions 240
References 241
Chapter 8 Haber s Law and its Application to Combustion
Products 248
Robert L. Maynard and David A. Purser
8.1 Introduction 248
8.2 History of Haber s Law 249
8.3 Haber s Law 250
8.4 Further Developments of the Haber s
Law Model 252
8.5 Conclusions 258
References 258
Chapter 9 Carbon Monoxide 260
Robert L. Maynard, Isabella Myers and
John A S. Ross
9.1 Introduction 260
9.2 Physical Properties of Carbon Monoxide 261
9.3 Measuring and Reporting Concentrations of
Carbon Monoxide 262
9.3.1 Measurement of Carbon Monoxide in Blood
and Expired Air 263
9.4 Endogenous Production of Carbon Monoxide and
its Role in Normal Physiology 265
9.5 Uptake and Kinetics of Carbon Monoxide 266
9.5.1 Explicit, General Solution of the CFK
Equation 270
Contents ^
9.6 Toxicological Mechanisms of Action of Carbon
Monoxide 276
9.6.1 Binding of CO to Haemoglobin 278
9.6.2 Binding of CO to Myoglobin 280
9.6.3 Binding of CO to Other Haem Proteins 281
9.6.4 Recap 282
9.6.5 Goldbaum s Experiments 282
9.7 Carbon Monoxide, Free Radicals and Oxidative
Stress 284
9.7.1 Free Radicals 284
9.8 Clinical Features of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 287
9.8.1 Exposure-response Relationship 287
9.8.2 Effect of Short Duration Exposure to High
Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide 290
9.9 The Neurological Effects of CO Poisoning 296
9.9.1 Neuro-pathology 297
9.9.2 Neuro-imaging 298
9.9.3 Neuro-psychological Methods 298
9.10 Management of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in
Association with Smoke Inhalation 299
9.11 Summary 302
9.12 Abbreviations 303
References 304
Chapter 10 Hydrogen Cyanide—Physiological Effects of Acute
Exposure during Fires 310
David A. Purser
10.1 Introduction 310
10.1.1 Contribution of Hydrogen Cyanide to
Incapacitation and Death in Fires 310
10.2 Mechanism of HCN Toxicity and Interactions with
Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen 312
10.3 Physiological Effects of Acute HCN Exposure 314
10.4 Dose-Response Relationships for HCN
Incapacitation 317
10.4.1 Deviation from Haber s Rule 320
10.5 Lethal Doses of HCN, NaCN and KCN by Different
Routes of Administration 321
10.6 Relationship Between HCN Toxicity and Blood
Cyanide Concentration During and After Exposure 324
10.6.1 Blood Cyanide Uptake and Incapacitation
in Cynomolgus Monkeys 324
xxiv
Contents
10.6.2 Relationship Between Whole Blood
Cyanide and Clinical Condition 329
10.6.3 Effects of Hypocapnia 331
10.6.4 Cyanide Uptake from Inhaled Hydrogen
Cyanide and Pulmonary HCN Excretion 332
10.6.5 Partitioning Between Red Cell
Methaemoglobin and Blood Plasma 333
10.6.6 The Dynamics of Dispersal and
Partitioning of Cyanide between Plasma
and Other Body Fluid Compartments 336
10.6.7 Summary of Blood Partition and
Distribution Findings 345
10.6.8 A Calculation Model for Uptake and
Dispersal of Inhaled HCN in Cynomolgus
Monkeys and Humans 346
10.7 Cyanide Metabolism and Rate of Cyanide
Clearance from the Blood Post-exposure 349
10.8 Forensic Considerations with Respect to HCN
Exposure and Post-mortem Blood Cyanide 351
References 355
Chapter 11 Mechanism of Action of Combustion-derived
Nanoparticles 361
Ken Donaldson, Amanda Hunter, Craig Poland and
Steve Smith
11.1 Introduction 361
11.2 Health Impacts of CDNP 362
11.3 Toxicological Considerations in the
Physicochemical Composition of
Combustion-derived Nanoparticles 362
11.4 The Nature of Cellular Oxidative Stress 365
11.5 Oxidative Stress Caused by the Specific
Components of Combustion-derived Particles 367
11.5.1 Oxidative Effects of the Carbon Core 368
11.5.2 Oxidative Effects of Transition Metals 368
11.5.3 Oxidative Effects of Organic Electrophiles 369
11.6 Oxidative Stress Signalling Causing Inflammation 371
11.7 Mechanism of Cardiovascular Effects Following
Inhalation of CDNP 372
11.7.1 Inflammation 372
11.7.2 Translocation 372
11.7.3 Autonomic Nervous System 373
Contents
11.8 Wood Smoke 373
11.9 Health Effects of Wood Smoke 373
11.10 Summary of Mechanisms of Action of
Combustion-derived Particles 375
References 376
Chapter 12 Dioxins and Other Carcinogens 382
David A. Purser
12.1 Introduction 382
12.2 Carcinogens Identified in Combustion
Products 384
12.2.1 Classification and Identification of
Carcinogenic Substances in Combustion
Products 384
12.2.2 Fuels Containing Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen 386
12.2.3 Fuels Containing Nitrogen 388
12.2.4 Fuels Containing Halogens 389
12.2.5 Fuels Containing Phosphorus 389
12.2.6 Metals 390
12.2.7 Mineral Fibres 390
12.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans 391
12.3.1 Range of Different Substances and
Toxicity 391
12.3.2 Daily Intakes from Different Sources 395
12.3.3 Toxic Effects of Dioxins and Recommended
Maximum Daily Intake Levels 397
12.3.4 Exposure Limits and Guidelines 397
12.3.5 Environmental Contamination by Dioxins
and Furans Resulting from Combustion of
Halogenated Materials 398
12.3.6 Trends in Dioxin Sources and Levels of
Environmental Contamination 400
12.3.7 Extent to Which the Exposure of People to
Combustion Products from PVC and
Materials Containing Halogenated Fire
Retardants During and After Fires in
Buildings Constitutes a Risk to their
Long Term Health 401
12.4 Conclusions 406
References 406
xxvi
Contents
Chapter 13 Irritant Gases 411
James C. Wakefield
13.1 Introduction 411
13.2 Inorganic Acid Gases 414
13.2.1 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 415
13.2.2 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) 415
13.2.3 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 416
13.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SOz) 417
13.2.5 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOr) 417
13.2.6 Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2Os) 418
13.3 Organic Irritants 419
13.3.1 Formation of Organic Irritants 419
13.3.2 Acrolein 419
13.3.3 Formaldehyde 420
13.4 Other Inorganic Irritants 421
13.4.1 Ammonia (NH3) 421
13.4.2 Chlorine 422
13.4.3 Phosgene (COCl2) 422
13.5 Conclusions 423
References 424
Chapter 14 Acute Effects of Combinations of Toxicologically Active
Substances and Heat on Fire Victims in Buildings and
during Exposures to Outdoor Smoke Plumes 428
David A. Purser
14.1 Introduction 428
14.2 Fractional Effective Dose Methods and
Application to Fire Hazard Analysis 433
14.2.1 Fire Effluent Mixtures and the Fractional
Effective Dose Hazard Analysis 433
14.2.2 The Basis of ASET Analysis and the FED
Method 434
14.2.3 Application of FEC and FED to Full-scale
Compartment Fire Data 436
14.3 Assessing the Effects of Exposure to Typical Fire
Smoke Containing Irritant Particulates and
Vapours 443
14.3.1 Movement Speed in Smoke 444
14.4 Tenability Limits and Fractional Irritant
Concentrations for Sensory Irritants 447
14.5 Post-exposure Lung Inflammation and Survival 449
Contents xxvjj
14.6 Tenability Limits and Hazard Calculations for
Asphyxiant Gases 452
14.6.1 General FED Expression for Mixed
Asphyxiant Gases 452
14.6.2 Carbon Monoxide 454
14.6.3 Hydrogen Cyanide 456
14.6.4 Low Oxygen Hypoxia 456
14.6.5 Effect of Ventilation at Different Activity
Levels and Inhaled Carbon Dioxide 457
14.6.6 Contribution of Lung Irritants to
Asphyxia 459
14.7 Tenability Limits and Hazard Calculations for
Radiant and Convective Heat 460
14.8 Worked Example of a Fire FED Analysis 462
14.9 Application and Validation of FED Methods in
Fire Incident Investigation 465
14.10 Direct Application of Toxic Potency Data from
Small-scale Tests to Hazard Analysis 470
14.11 Estimation of Outdoor Environmental Fire
Hazards and Health Effects 470
14.11.1 Outdoor Hazards 470
14.11.2 Outdoor Hazards from Fires 472
14.11.3 Odours and Irritants in Outdoor Smoke
Plumes 477
14.12 Conclusions 484
References 485
Clinical Toxicology and Management of Combustion
Product Exposures
Chapter 15 Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning Associated with Fires 491
Timothy C. Marrs
15.1 Introduction 491
15.2 General Measures and First Aid 492
15.3 Antidotes 492
15.3.1 Sulfur Donors and Rhodanese 493
15.3.2 Complexation with Heavy Metals 495
15.3.3 Keto and Allied Compounds 502
15.3.4 Miscellaneous Substances Studied in the
Experimental Treatment of Cyanide
Poisoning 502
15.3.5 Comparison of Cyanide Antidotes 502
xxviii
Contents
15.4 Treatment of Hydrogen Cyanide Poisoning
Pre-hospital 503
15.5 Oxygen in Cyanide Poisoning 503
15.6 Conclusion 503
References 504
Chapter 16 Acute Lung Injury Following Inhalation of Irritant
Products of Combustion 514
David J. Baker
16.1 Introduction 514
16.2 Definitions 515
16.3 Classification of Inhaled Products of
Combustion 515
16.3.1 Asphyxiant Gases 516
16.3.2 Irritant Gases 516
16.4 Actions of Irritant Products of Combustion on the
Lung and Respiratory Tract 516
16.4.1 Immediate Actions 516
16.4.2 Delayed Actions 519
16.5 Respiratory Failure Following Inhalation of
Products of Combustion 519
16.6 Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome 519
16.6.1 Clinical Features of ALI 520
16.6.2 Pathophysiology of ALI 521
16.6.3 Cellular Mechanisms of ALI 521
16.7 Clinical Presentation of Patients Following
Inhalation of Irritant Products of Combustion 522
16.7.1 Sensory Irritation 522
16.7.2 Pulmonary Irritation 522
16.8 The Management of Patients who are Affected by
Irritant Products of Combustion 523
16.8.1 Immediate Management 523
16.8.2 Emergency Airway Management 524
16.8.3 Emergency Artificial Ventilation 524
16.9 Assessment of Damage and Identification of
Patients at Risk from Developing ALI and ARDS 525
16.10 Therapeutic Measures for the Management of
Inhalation of Irritant Products of Combustion 525
16.10.1 Continuing Artificial Ventilation for ALI 526
16.10.2 Rationale for the Ventilation Strategy
in ALI 526
Contents ^
16.11 Pharmacological Support Following Inhalation
Injury by Irritant Gases of Combustion 527
16.11.1 Steroids 528
16.11.2 Beta Agonists 528
16.11.3 Diuretics 528
16.11.4 New Research Directions in the
Management of ALI 528
16.12 Cyanide Poisoning: the Use of Hydroxocobalamin 528
16.13 A Summary of Therapeutic Strategies in the
Management of ALI from Inhalation of Products
of Combustion 529
16.14 Conclusions 530
References 531
Chapter 17 Health Effects in Groups Exposed to Wildland and
Urban Fires 535
Jamie L. McAllister
17.1 Introduction 535
17.2 Occupational Exposure: Fire Service and Fire
Investigation Professionals 536
17.3 Environmental Exposures 543
17.3.1 Emergency Workers and the General
Public during Large-scale Fire Incidents 543
17.3.2 Emergency Workers and the General
Public Exposed during Wildland Fires 545
17.3.3 Gulf War Veterans Exposed during the
Kuwait Oil Fires 547
References 549
Examples of Unusual Conflagrations
Chapter 18 Buncefield Fire 555
Thomas Waite, Catherine Keshishian and Virginia Murray
18.1 The Buncefield Oil Depot 555
18.2 Circumstances of the Explosion and
Subsequent Fire 556
18.2.1 The Fire and Aftermath 557
18.3 Estimation of Emissions and Pollutants 558
18.4 Public Health Response 560
18.5 Environmental Impact Findings 560
18.5.1 Air Quality Monitoring and Modelling 560
XXX
Contents
18.5.2 Atmospheric and Plume Dispersion
Modelling 561
18.5.3 Air Quality Monitoring 561
18.5.4 International Impact 564
18.6 Health Impact Findings 564
18.6.1 Outcomes of Three Studies of Public
Health Impact 564
18.6.2 Emergency Department Case Note Review 564
18.6.3 Occupational Health Surveillance 565
18.6.4 Buncefield Follow up Population Survey 566
18.7 Discussion 567
18.7.1 Lack of Major Acute or Chronic Health
Impacts 567
18.7.2 Public Health Impact 567
18.7.3 Potential Air Pollution Health Impacts
under Alternative Meteorological
Scenarios 568
18.7.4 Public Health Lessons Identified 569
18.7.5 Vapour Cloud Incidents of Note from
Around the World 570
18.8 Conclusions 570
References 571
Chapter 19 The World Trade Centre Disaster 574
Michaela Kendall, Mitchell Cohen and Lung-Chi Chen
19.1 Introduction 574
19.2 WTC Dust Emissions 575
19.2.1 WTC Dust and Smoke Release 575
19.2.2 Immediate Characterisation and
Evaluation of WTC Smoke and Dust 576
19.2.3 Detailed Characterisation of Deposited
WTC Dust 580
19.3 Toxicology of Deposited WTC Dust 588
19.3.1 Inflammatory Effects 588
19.3.2 Long-term Effects 589
19.4 Health Impacts of WTC Dust and Smoke
Exposures 590
19.4.1 Human Exposures to WTC Dust and
Smoke 590
19.4.2 Initial Evidence of WTC Dust Health
Impacts 592
Contents xxxi
19.4.3 Diseases Linked to Exposures of WTC Dust 592
19.4.4 The WTC Health Registry 594
19.5 Lessons Learned 595
19.6 Conclusions 596
References 597
Public Health Aspects of Fire Management
Chapter 20 Providing Advice to those Exposed to Combustion
Products 605
Virginia Murray
20.1 Introduction 605
20.2 Current HPA (now PHE) Shelter and Evacuation
Guidance 608
20.3 Incident-related Evidence 611
20.4 Discussion 616
20.4.1 Epidemiological Surveillance 617
20.4.2 Communication 618
20.4.3 Compliance with Advice on Sheltering and
Evacuation 619
20.4.4 Education 619
20.4.5 Vulnerability of Patients and Health Care
Workers during Sheltering 620
20.5 Conclusion 621
Appendix 20.1 Draft Information Leaflet for those
People being Evacuated (HPA, 2009) 623
References 623
Subject Index 628
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Purser, David |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | d p dp |
| author_facet | Purser, David |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043982221 |
| collection | ZDB-1-RSEK ZDB-10-MMN |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)946880652 (DE-599)HBZHT018792322 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1039/9781849737487 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| id | DE-604.BV043982221 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:50:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781849737487 9781782627388 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029390628 |
| oclc_num | 946880652 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| physical | XXXI, 643 Seiten |
| psigel | ZDB-1-RSEK ZDB-10-MMN |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Royal Society of Chemistry |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Issues in toxicology |
| spellingShingle | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products Combustion products Toxicology |
| title | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products |
| title_auth | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products |
| title_exact_search | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products |
| title_full | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products edited by David A. Purser , Robert L. Maynard , James C. Wakefield |
| title_fullStr | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products edited by David A. Purser , Robert L. Maynard , James C. Wakefield |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products edited by David A. Purser , Robert L. Maynard , James C. Wakefield |
| title_short | Toxicology, survival and health hazards of combustion products |
| title_sort | toxicology survival and health hazards of combustion products |
| topic | Combustion products Toxicology |
| topic_facet | Combustion products Toxicology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849737487 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029390628&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT purserdavid toxicologysurvivalandhealthhazardsofcombustionproducts |