Expanding job opportunities in Ghana:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
World Bank Group
[2016]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Directions in development. Human development
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029250778&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029250778&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | xiii, 145 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 1464809410 9781464809415 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Abbretnations xiii
Overview 1
Jobs Matter for Ghana 1
Challenges and Constraints to Expanding Job Opportunities 4
Priorities and Possible Solutions 7
Note 11
References 11
Chapter 1 The Context for Job Creation in Ghana 13
Main Messages 13
The Ghana Success Story: Two Decades of High
Growth and Significant Poverty Reduction 13
New Challenges: Less Inclusive Growth and
Macroeconomic Imbalances 17
Growing Working-Age Population and
Significant Urbanization 18
Labor Productivity and Job Creation in Ghana:
Quality versus Quantity of Jobs 22
Notes 30
References 31
Chapter 2 A Profile of Jobs in Ghana: Where and
How Do People Work? 33
Main Messages 33
What Is a Good Job? 33
The 2012 Snapshot of Jobs 36
Who Are the Jobless? 49
Who Lacks Access to Better Jobs? The Challenges
of Creating More Inclusive Jobs 51
The Transformation of the Landscape of Jobs in Ghana 55
Notes 67
References 67
Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana · http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0941-5
Contents
Chapter 3 Transitions into Work and the Role of Skills 69
Main Messages 69
Education, Skills, and Jobs 69
Transitions into Work 70
Skills Development for Labor Markets 77
Note 87
References 87
Chapter 4 Where Are Jobs Created? 89
Main Messages 89
Jobs and the Private Sector 89
Mapping Jobs to Formal Nonagricultural Firms 91
The Profile of Informal Off-Farm Household Enterprises
and Jobs 100
What Prevents Microenterprises from Transforming to
Job-Creating Firms? 109
Notes 116
References 117
Chapter 5 Jobs for Development in Ghana: What Can Policy Do? 121
How Many Jobs and What Kind of Jobs? 122
Policy Options to Foster More Productive Jobs 127
Notes 143
References 143
Boxes
1.1 Opportunities and Challenges of Urbanization 21
1.2 The Role of Agriculture in Structural Change and Poverty
Reduction in Africa 26
1.3 Separating Out the Drivers of Growth 28
2.1 Sources of Data for the Profile of Labor Status 34
2.2 Definitions of Labor Market Indicators 34
2.3 Estimating Informality in Ghana’s Labor Markets 45
2.4 International Migration from Ghana 64
3.1 Child Labor in Ghana 74
3.2 Results from the STEP Household Survey on Education,
Skills, Employment, and Productivity 81
4.1 Firm-Level Data Used 90
4.2 What Is an Off-Farm Household Enterprise? 100
4.3 The Challenges of Street Vending in Ghana 102
5.1 Jobs for Development: Some Messages from the
World Development Report on Jobs 125
5.2 Harnessing Digital Technologies to Address
Information Asymmetries 136
Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana · http://dx.d0i.0rg/l0.1596/978-1-4648-0941-5
Contents vii
53 Labor Market Regulations and Institutions 139
5.4 Improving Existing Skill Development and Active Labor
Market Programs to Facilitate the Transition of Youth
to Productive Jobs in Ghana 141
Figures
1.1 Economic Growth in Ghana as Compared with Its African Peers 14
1.2 Natural Resources as Drivers of Growth 15
13 Economic Structure and Contribution to Growth, by Sector 15
1.4 Decline in Poverty Rates in Ghana 16
1.5 Ghana’s Population, by Age and Gender 19
1.6 Growth of Urban and Rural Populations 20
1.7 Urban and Rural Population, by Age and Gender, 2010 20
1.8 Ghana’s Employment-Growth Elasticity Compared with
Other Lower-Middle-Income Countries 24
1.9 Total Employment Creation, by Economic Sector, 2005-12 27
1.10 Value Added per Worker, by Economic Sector and Year 27
2.1 Labor Status of the Population in Ghana, 2012 37
2.2 Employment-to-Population Ratios, by Age Group, Gender,
and Region 39
23 Employment 40
2.4 Jobs Skills and Educational Attainment 42
2.5 Median Monthly Earnings, by Sector of Work 43
2.6 Job Security and Benefits, by Sector of Work 44
2.7 Hours Worked per Week in Primary Activity, by Sector
of Work 47
2.8 Household Diversification across Farm and Off-Farm Sectors 48
2.9 Composition of the Jobless Population 49
2.10 Inactivity Types and Levels of Economic Activity, by Gender 50
2.11 Sector of Employment, by Age Group and Gender 52
2.12 Regional and Educational Disparities in Sectors of Work 53
2.13 Wage Distribution by Worker and Job Characteristics 54
2.14 Earnings in Relation to Years of Schooling 54
2.15 Relationship of Poverty to Sector of Work 55
2.16 Participation of Working-Age Population in the Labor Force 56
2.17 Transformation of the Labor Market over Time,
by Sector of Work 57
2.18 Increase in Aggregate Income over Time, by Sector of Work 58
2.19 Level of Education, by Sector of Work 60
2.20 Beneficiaries of Job Creation, by Sector of Work 60
2.21 Job Opportunities, by Region 62
2.22 Internal Migration, by Region and Motive 63
B2.4.1 International Migration from Ghana to OECD 65
3.1 School-to-Work Transition, by Age Group and Gender 71
Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana · http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-t-4648-0941-5
viii
Contents
3.2 School-to-Work Transition, Urban Boys and Rural Girls,
by Age Group 72
3.3 Sector of Work, by Age Group and Gender 72
3.4 Marriage and Family Formation in Ghana 73
B3.1.1 Incidence of Child Labor in Ghana Compared with
Other Countries and Regions 76
3.5 Highest Level of Education Completed, by Age Group
and Gender 78
3.6 Access to Education and Dropout Rate, by Poverty and
Socioeconomic Status 79
3.7 Literacy and Numeracy Rates in Youths and Adults 80
3.8 Education Levels by Sector of Work 83
3.9 Vocational Training and Traditional Apprenticeships in Urban
and Rural Areas, by Age Group, Gender, and Sector of Work 84
3.10 Participation in Apprenticeship in Relation to Education Levels 85
3.11 Firms Providing Training to Staff, by Size and Sector 86
4.1 The Formal Private Sector, by Size of Firm 92
4.2 The Formal Private Sector, by Age of Firm 93
4.3 Formal Employment, by Contract Type and Firm Size 95
4.4 Aggregate Formal Employment Creation and Contraction
between 2010 and 2012 97
4.5 Employment and Labor Productivity Growth, by Firm Size
and Sector, 2010-2012 98
4.6 Exporting Status and Foreign Ownership, by Firm Size 99
B4.2.1 Household Enterprises Play a Greater Role in Absorbing
Off-Farm Employment in Africa than in Asia and
L atin America 101
4.7 Household Enterprises Distribution, by Number of Workers 103
4.8 Owners of Household Enterprises, by Age and Gender 104
4.9 Household Enterprises Distribution, by Years of Operation 104
4.10 Household Enterprises, by Sector and Location 105
4.11 Household Enterprises, by Size, Sector, and Education of the
Owner 106
4.12 Household Enterprises Workforce Composition, by Type of
Worker and Firm Size 107
4.13 Median Monthly Salaries, by Education of Owner 109
4.14 Internet Use among Microenterprises and SMEs 112
4.15 Obstacles to Investment and Business in Ghana 113
4.16 Ghana s Distance to Doing Business Frontier 114
4.17 Formal Firms Offering Training to Workers, by Size
and Economic Sector 115
4.18 Major Obstacles to Doing Business, by Firm Size 116
5.1 Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy 122
5.2 Projected Annual Growth Rates in Population in Ghana,
by Age Group and Geographical Area, 2015-40 124
Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana · http://dx.doi.org/l0.1596/978-l-4648-0941-5
Contents x
B5.1.1 How Jobs Drive Development 125
Map
2.1 Public and Private Wage Workers, Share of Total Employment,
by District 45
Tables
1.1 Social Indicators in Ghana as Compared with Middle-Income
Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa 17
1.2 Value Added and Employment, by Economic Sector 24
1.3 Growth Decomposition in Ghana, by Sector 29
2.1 Activity and Employment Rates, by Age Group 38
2.2 Percent of the Employed Holding a Second Job, by
Sector of Work 47
2.3 Employment Mobility through Migration 66
2.4 Labor Force Participation through Migration 67
4.1 The Formal Private Sector, by Economic Sector 94
4.2 Firm Dynamics during Their Life Cycle 96
4.3 Job Creation and Contraction Rates, by Firm Size
and Age, 2010-12 98
4.4 Median Monthly Salaries Paid by Household Enterprises 108
4.5 The Majority of Firms Operate without Access to
External Finance 111
5.1 Sector Policies and Cross-Cutting Policies 128
Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana · http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0941-5
After years of achieving high growth and impressive poverty reduction, Ghana is now facing major
challenges in diversifying its economy, sustaining growth, and improving inclusivity. Most of the new
jobs created in the past decade have been in low-earning, low-productivity trade services. Furthermore,
macroeconomic instability, limited diversification, and growing inequities in Ghana s labor markets make
it harder for the economy to create more and, particularly, better jobs.
The current fiscal and economic crisis is heightening the need for urgent reforms while limiting
maneuverability and increasing the need to carefully prioritize policy actions. Going forward, Ghana will
need to consider an integrated jobs strategy that addresses barriers to the business climate, deficiencies in
skills, lack of competitiveness within job-creating sectors, problems with labor mobility, and the need for
comprehensive labor market regulation.
Ghana needs to diversify its economy through productivity gains in sectors such as agribusiness,
transport, construction, energy, and information and communications technology services. Productivity
gains are also needed in agriculture in order to increase the earnings potential of the many poor people
who still work in that sector. Ghana s youth and women, in particular, need help connecting to jobs
through skills development and by gaining access to information about job opportunities. More
productive and inclusive jobs will help Ghana move to a second phase of structural transformation and
develop into a modern middle-income economy.
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| geographic | Ghana (DE-588)4020949-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ghana |
| id | DE-604.BV043840232 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:46:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1464809410 9781464809415 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029250778 |
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| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | World Bank Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Directions in development. Human development |
| spellingShingle | Honorati, Maddalena Silva, Sara Johansson de Expanding job opportunities in Ghana Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Arbeitsbeschaffung (DE-588)4002647-4 gnd Arbeitsmarkt (DE-588)4002733-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4002647-4 (DE-588)4002733-8 (DE-588)4020949-0 |
| title | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana |
| title_auth | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana |
| title_exact_search | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana |
| title_full | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana Maddalena Honorati and Sara Johansson de Silva |
| title_fullStr | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana Maddalena Honorati and Sara Johansson de Silva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana Maddalena Honorati and Sara Johansson de Silva |
| title_short | Expanding job opportunities in Ghana |
| title_sort | expanding job opportunities in ghana |
| topic | Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Arbeitsbeschaffung (DE-588)4002647-4 gnd Arbeitsmarkt (DE-588)4002733-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Arbeitsbeschaffung Arbeitsmarkt Ghana |
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