Philosophy of science for scientists:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cham
Springer
[2016]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Springer undergraduate texts in philosophy
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028893986&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | xv, 257 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783319265490 9783319799704 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Philosophy of science for scientists |c Lars-Göran Johansson |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Springer undergraduate texts in philosophy | |
| 520 | 1 | |a This textbook offers an introduction to the philosophy of science. It helps undergraduate students from the natural, the human and social sciences to gain an understanding of what science is, how it has developed, what its core traits are, how to distinguish between science and pseudo-science and to discover what a scientific attitude is. It argues against the common assumption that there is fundamental difference between natural and human science, with natural science being concerned with testing hypotheses and discovering natural laws, and the aim of human and some social sciences being to understand the meanings of individual and social group actions. Instead examines the similarities between the sciences and shows how the testing of hypotheses and doing interpretation/hermeneutics are similar activities. The book makes clear that lessons from natural scientists are relevant to students and scholars within the social and human sciences, and vice versa. It teaches its readers how to effectively demarcate between science and pseudo-science and sets criteria for true scientific thinking. Divided into three parts, the book first examines the question What is Science? It describes the evolution of science, defines knowledge, and explains the use of and need for hypotheses and hypothesis testing. The second half of part I deals with scientific data and observation, qualitative data and methods, and ends with a discussion of theories on the development of science. Part II offers philosophical reflections on four of the most important concepts in science: causes, explanations, laws and models. Part III presents discussions on philosophy of mind, the relation between mind and body, value-free and value-related science, and reflections on actual trends in science | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819263365458952192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Philosophy of Science for Scientists
Autor: Johansson, Lars-Göran
Jahr: 2016
Contents
Part I What Is Science?
1 The Evolution of Science 3
1.1 Greece: The Dawn of Science 3
1.2 The Medieval Worldview 10
1.3 The Scientific Revolution 12
1.4 Theory of Science and Philosophy of Science 16
1.5 Summary 16
Further Reading 17
2 Knowledge 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Knowing That, Knowing How and Acquaintance 19
2.3 The Definition of Propositional Knowledge 21
2.3.1 PIsTrue 22
2.3.2 Good Reasons for P 27
2.3.3 What Does It Mean to Believe That P? 28
2.4 Can One Know Without Knowing that One Knows? 30
2.5 Reliabilism 30
2.6 Data, Information, Knowledge 31
2.7 The Philosopher s Versus the Sociologist s Concept
of Knowledge 34
2.8 The Expression It Is True for Me that... 35
2.9 Knowledge of Religious Beliefs 38
2.10 Summary 38
Further Reading 40
3 Hypotheses and Hypothesis Testing 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Unity of Science? 42
3.3 Hypothetical-Deductive Method 43
xi
xii Contents
3.4 Hypothesis Testing in the Social Sciences 48
3.5 Hypothesis Testing in History: The Wallenberg Affair 49
3.6 Statistical Testing of Hypotheses 53
3.6.1 Bayesianism 53
3.6.2 Statistical Inference -Neyman-Pearson s Method 54
3.7 Unacceptable Auxiliary Assumptions: Ad Hoc-Hypotheses.... 56
3.8 Summary 59
Further Reading 61
4 On Scientific Data 63
4.1 Measurement and Scales 63
4.2 Statistical Relations 65
4.3 Data, Observation, Observational Statement 69
4.4 On the Theory-Dependence of Observational Statements 72
4.5 Observations and History: On Source Criticism 77
4.6 Summary 79
Further Reading 80
5 Qualitative Data and Methods 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Intentionality and Meaning 82
5.3 Hermeneutics 86
5.4 Grounded Theory 88
5.5 The Intentionality of Observations 90
5.6 Are Quantitative Methods Better than Qualitative? 93
5.7 Objectivity and the Use of Qualitative Methods 94
5.8 Searle on Brüte and Social Facts 95
5.9 Social Constructions 99
5.10 Criteria for Correct Interpretations 100
5.11 Summary 102
Further Reading 102
6 Theories About the Development of Science 103
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Logical Positivism 103
6.3 Falsificationism 106
6.4 Normal Science, Scientific Revolutions
and Paradigm Shifts 109
6.5 Lakatos Theory of Research Programmes 112
6.6 Methodological Anarchism: Anything Goes 115
6.7 Summary of the Debate 116
6.8 The Rationality of Science: A Model 118
Further Reading 121
Contents xiii
Part II Philosophical Reflections on Four Core Concepts
in Science: Causes, Explanations, Laws and Models
7 On Causes and Correlations 125
7.1 Causes Are INUS Conditions 125
7.2 Cause-Effect and Order in Time 129
7.3 Causes and Statistical Correlations 129
7.4 Risk Factors and Conditional Probabilities 134
7.5 Direct and Indirect Causes 136
7.6 Causes as Physical Effects 137
7.7 Cause and Effect in History 138
7.8 Summary 140
Further Reading 141
8 Explanations 143
8.1 Explanation and Prediction 143
8.2 What Is Explained? 144
8.3 The D-N Model 146
8.3.1 Problems with the D-N Model 147
8.4 Causal Explanations 149
8.5 Explanation as Unification 150
8.6 Statistical Explanations 151
8.7 Action Explanations 154
8.8 Pragmatic Explanations 156
8.9 Summary 158
Further Reading 159
9 Explanation in the Humanities and Social Sciences 161
9.1 Methodological Collectivism Versus Methodological
Individualism 161
9.2 Explanations of Historical Events 164
9.3 Explanation of Social Phenomena 166
9.4 Functional Explanations 168
9.5 Summary 170
Further Reading 171
10 Scientific Laws 173
10.1 Introduction 173
10.2 Empirical Generalizations: Fundamental Laws 174
10.3 Deterministic and Statistical Laws 175
10.4 The Extension of the Concept of a Natural Law 176
10.5 Laws and Accidental Generalisations 177
10.6 van Fraassen s Alternative 181
10.7 A Proposal: Some Laws Are Implicit Definitions
of Quantities 182
10.8 Summary 187
Further Reading 187
I
xiv Contents
11 Theories, Models and Reality 189
11.1 Introduction 189
11.2 Structural Similarity as a Mapping of Relations 191
11.3 Mathematical Models 191
11.4 Wave-Particle Dualism 193
11.5 Can One Measure Structural Similarity? 195
11.6 Ontology and Structural Similarity 195
Further Reading 196
Part III Some Auxiliaries
12 The Mind-Body Problem 199
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 Substance Dualism 200
12.3 Property Dualism 201
12.4 Monism 202
12.5 Monistic Theories 203
12.6 Three Important Problems for Reductionists 205
12.7 Mental Causes 210
12.8 Speculations 212
12.9 The Science of Man 213
Further Reading 216
13 Science and Values 217
13.1 Values and Their Role in Science 217
13.2 Value-Free and Value-Laden 219
13.3 Is Science Valuable? 220
13.4 Feminist Critique: Hidden Values in Science 222
13.5 Research Ethics 224
Further Reading 226
14 Some Recent Trends in Science 227
14.1 The Impact of University Mass Education 227
14.2 Publish or Perish: The Value of a Research Paper 228
14.3 Research Funding and Planning 229
14.4 Big Science 230
14.5 The Scientific Attitüde and the Search for Meaning 231
Appendix: Logical Forms 233
Introduction 233
Logical Form 1: Sentences 234
Variables 236
Predicates 237
Logical Form 2: Argument 238
Some Common Valid Argument Forms 238
Some Invalid Argument Forms 239
Contents xv
The if.. .then Construction 241
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 244
Further Reading 244
Definitions of Some Core Concepts 245
Literature 249
Index 255
|
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| discipline | Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft Philosophie |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:37:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783319265490 9783319799704 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028893986 |
| oclc_num | 948733276 |
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| physical | xv, 257 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2016 |
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| publisher | Springer |
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| series2 | Springer undergraduate texts in philosophy |
| spellingShingle | Johansson, Lars-Göran 1950- Philosophy of science for scientists Wissenschaftsphilosophie (DE-588)4202787-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4202787-1 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Philosophy of science for scientists |
| title_auth | Philosophy of science for scientists |
| title_exact_search | Philosophy of science for scientists |
| title_full | Philosophy of science for scientists Lars-Göran Johansson |
| title_fullStr | Philosophy of science for scientists Lars-Göran Johansson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Philosophy of science for scientists Lars-Göran Johansson |
| title_short | Philosophy of science for scientists |
| title_sort | philosophy of science for scientists |
| topic | Wissenschaftsphilosophie (DE-588)4202787-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wissenschaftsphilosophie Einführung |
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