Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století: = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Tschechisch Englisch Slowakisch |
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Praha
Centrum středoevropských studií, společné pracoviště vysoké školy CEVRO Institut
2015
Praha Masarykova ústavu a archivu AV ČR 2015 |
| Ausgabe: | Vydání první |
| Schriftenreihe: | Ediční řada Centra středoevropských studií
2 |
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| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 355 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9788087782507 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století |b = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |c Jan Rychlík, Lukáš Holeček, Michal Pehr (eds.) |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| 250 | |a Vydání první | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Centrum středoevropských studií, společné pracoviště vysoké školy CEVRO Institut |c 2015 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Masarykova ústavu a archivu AV ČR |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 355 Seiten | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Ediční řada Centra středoevropských studií |v 2 | |
| 546 | |a Beiträge teilweise englisch, teilweise slowakisch, teilweise tschechisch | ||
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung auf Englisch unter dem Titel: Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1850-2000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Agrarpolitik |0 (DE-588)4000771-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Rychlík, Jan |d 1954- |0 (DE-588)124696236 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Holeček, Lukáš |d 1985- |0 (DE-588)1031278117 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pehr, Michal |d 1977- |0 (DE-588)140545220 |4 edt | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819372965977915392 |
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| adam_text | Obsah
Üvodem..............................................................7
Historiografie ceskeho a slovenskeho agrärniho
politickeho hnuti: vysledky a mezery...............................14
(Josef Harna)
Rodina agrärnich politickych stran vcera a dnes ...................25
(Ladislav Mrklas)
Zemedelske strany a hnuti ve vlädäch stfedni
a vychodni Evropy mezivälecneho a raneho povälecneho obdobi........48
(Jan Rychlik)
Antonín Svehla.....................................................65
(Eva Broklovä)
Kdo je tady blizni? Jepici zivot Nadace Antonina Svehly
jako pfiklad iungoväni klientelistickych Struktur v agrarni strane.78
(Antonie Dolezalovä)
Usili agrarni strany o ziskäni politickeho vlivu mezi pestiteli
cukrovky v letech pfed prvni svetovou valkou v ceskych zemich......95
(Frantisek Capka)
Närodohospodäf Cyril Horäcek st...................................107
(Ilona Bazantovä)
JUDr. Karel Viskovsky (1868-1932): prezident SPÜ,
ministr a publicista .............................................116
(Lukas Kopecky)
Zrädci nebo zrazeni? Agrärnici ve vezenich
vpovälecnem Ceskoslovensku........................................134
(Jaroslav Rokosky)
Pohled Svateho stolce na osobnost Antonina Svehly
v dobe prvni Ceskoslovenske republiky.............................147
(Marek Smid)
Alternativa vuci Hradu? Zahranicne-politicke pfedsta y ceskych
a slovenskych agrärnikü v tficätych letech minuleho stoleti........157
(Miroslav Septak)
Zväz slovanskej agrärnej mlädeze (1924-1938)......................167
(Roman Holec)
Ziazd mladei aerarnei generacie vo Zvolene v roku 1933 ...........184
(Robert Arpas)
Rofnicka osveta: prispevok agrarnej strany
k vyskumu vidieka a sireniu vzdelanosti na Slovensku..............193
(Matej Hanula)
Anton Stefanek: vyznamny predstavitel agrarnej strany
na Slovensku (Nacrt cinnosti A. Stefanka v rokoch 1918-1925)......207
(Eubica Kazmerova)
Agrarni strana ve Svycarsku: nejvetsi lidova podpora,
nejmensi zastoupeni ve vlade......................................222
(Miroslav Novak)
Agrarni strany v severskych zemich: pribeh uspesne adaptace.......234
(Milos Brunclik a Vlastimil Havlik)
Theoretical and political struggles between agrarian experts
and the communist party in Hungary (1945-1948) ...................248
(Eva Cseszka)
„To use all opportunities“: Alternative Political Strategies
of Croatian Peasant Party (1918—1941).............................261
(Suzana Lecek)
European integration in the International
Peasants Union concepts...........................................281
(Piotr Swacha)
Attitude of the International Peasant Union
to Communism (1947—1989) .........................................295
(Stanislaw St^pka)
The Polish Peasant Party after the departure of Stanislaw Mikolajczyk
(its place on the political stage, the structures)
11.1947-11.1949 ..................................................306
(Tomasz Skrzynski)
Zaver........................................................... 318
Archivni prameny..................................................326
Seznam pramenu a literatury.......................................328
Resume............................................................338
Jmenny rejstrik .............................................. 346
Seznam nazvu politickych stran zmfnenych v prispevcich............353
338
Agrarianism in Central and Eastern Europe
in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Summary
The origins of the Czech agrarian movement lie in Moravia, where the
Czech-Moravian Farmer s Society for Moravia and Silesia was founded
in Olomouc on September 22th, 1883. Shortly thereafter, the agrarian
movement spread to the Czech lands, thanks to the efforts of Alfons Stastny
from Padarov. On February 8th, 1889, the Farmers Union was founded in
Prague. On January 6th, 1899, the independent Czech Agrarian Party was
founded. The Czech, Moravian and Silesian agrarian movements were united
in 1905. In the elections to the Imperial Council (the Austrian parliament)
in 1907, the party won 29 mandates and its representative, Karel Prasek,
became a Czech minister — compatriot (minister without a department).
The development of Czech agrarianism and the Agrarian Party is
closely connected with Antonín Svehla (1873—1933), who was the head
of the party s executive body since 1909. Under his leadership, agrarians
transformed themselves from an interest group into the most powerful
Czech political party next to the Social Democratic Party. Antonín
Svehla himself was one of the five “men of October 28th who proclaimed
independence in the name of the National Committee. After the founding
of the Czechoslovak Republic, he was first Minister of the Interior and then,
between 1922-1928, three times Primes Minister. Svehla managed to unite
the Czech, Slovak and Ruthenian agrarian groups in the early days of the
republic and create a unified “Republican party of the agrarian and small
farming people, which was supported by Hungarian and Polish minorities.
Only Germans maintained their own independent agrarian party {Bund der
Landwirte) in Czechoslovakia.
Agrarians wanted to “grant equal rights to the framing class as well as
to other classes and ensure its due influence on the law-making power
and administration of the state.”This meant advancing apolitical agenda
for the protection of domestic agricultural production and support for its
export. The Czechoslovak agrarians most successful political act was the
land reform of 1919-1935. The land reform broke the influence of large
farms at the expense of large and mid-sized farmers. But Agrarianism as
an ideology never took hold in Czechoslovakia. During the economic
crisis of 1929, the Agrarian Party increasingly departed from the original
339
program of agrarianism. The economic and professional interests of various
members’groups (also reflecting its social differentiation) shifted from party
politics to professional and interest organizations affiliated with the agrarian
party, or rather its enterprises, such as collectives, associations, agricultural
businesses, etc. This process can be understood as an attempt to transform
the original professional-type party into a party that was trying to appeal to
a broader segment of society regardless of profession. The transformation of
the Agrarian Party into a party with national political aspirations occurred
in the Second Republic (October 6th, 1938 — March 14th, 1939), when
the agrarians formed the base of the National Unity Party in the Czech
lands. In Slovakia, the Agrarian Party had to merge with the ruling Hlinka
Slovak Peoples Party (HSLS). The Agrarian Party’s legal activities stopped
definitively when the Germans occupied the Czech lands on March 15th,
1939, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established. The
party participated in the activities of the Czechoslovak government-in-
exile in London, but under pressure from left-wing parties, especially the
Communists, it was forced to disband after 1945.
The agrarian movement in interwar Bulgaria was a similarly important
factor as in Czechoslovakia.There, the Bulgarian Agricultural Union (BZLS,
bulharsky: E bArapcKu 3eMegeACKU napogen cbic 3 / Balgarski zemedelski
naroden sajuz — BZNS) was the main political force shortly after the First
World War. The BZLS was founded in 1899. During the First World War,
it opposed Bulgaria’s participation in the war on the side of Germany and
Austria-Hungary. In 1918, the BZLS led by Alexander Stambolijski served
in government for the first time and from 1919 to 1923 it was the ruling
party. It ruled the country by itself since 1920. Alexander Stambolijski s
peculiar dictatorship was an attempt to practice agrarianism. The state
passed a land reform bill affecting plots larger than 30 ha, guaranteed and
regulated buying prices, taxed urban populations at higher rates to benefit
the countryside and made work mandatory. Urban middle classes were
dissatisfied with Stambolijsky s experiments. The “agricultural regime”
ended on June 9th, 1923, with Alexander Cankov’s bloody coup d’etat and
Stambolijski’s murder. On September 23rd the left wing of BZLS together
with the Communists revolted against the Cankov’s rule but the revolt was
supressed. In next three years Bulgaria faced repeated violence and political
instability. When peace was restored in 1926, the BZLS gained back some of
its ground. The state coup on May 19th, 1934 disbanded all political parties
and ushered in the so-called non-party regime, i.e. a regime without political
parties.The BZLS, split into several factions, managed to cooperate with this
regime to a certain extent and continued to be popular in the countryside.
During the Second World War, the BZLS was part of the legal (tolerated)
340
opposition, as well as the resistance against the germanophile regime that was
established in Bulgaria in 1939. The BZLS opposed Bulgaria s involvement
in the war on the side of Germany.
After the revolution in Bulgaria of September 9th, 1944, the country joined
the Allies and declared war against Germany. The main political power
in Bulgaria became the Patriotic Front (OmenecBen (ppornn, Otecestven front) y
an underground political group founded in 1942. The BZLS was a member
of this group. The BZLS originally participated in the government, but soon
crossed over to the opposition and became the main force that opposed the
emerging communists, who tried to break up the BZLS by creating a new,
left-wing BZLS out of the left-wing factions. The BZLSs second leader,
Nikola Petkov, met a tragic end. He was sentenced to death in a trumped-up
case and was executed on September 23rd, 1947. The BZLS was disbanded,
but the left-wing BZLS that collaborated with the communists was allowed
to continue its activities legally. However, it had no political influence.
In the Baltics, the agrarian movement was strongest in Latvia. There, the
leader of the Farmers Union ( Zemnieku savieniba), Karlis Ulmanis, was
elected Prime Minister eight times and, in 1936, he established a special
“agricultural regime”, which was in fact a dictatorship that leaned on the
Farmer s Union. In Estonia, the Estonian Union of Farmers {Esti Maarahva
Liit) participated in the government. Its leader, Konstantin Pats, ushered
in an authoritative regime in 1934, but unlike in neighboring Latvia,
his system was not based upon an agrarian ideology. In Lithuania, after
Antanas Smetonas putsch in 1926, the agrarians were reduced to utter
insignificance.
The Polish agrarian movement was known as the “people s movement”
(ruch ludozuy). Its roots also reached back to the period before the First
World War, when it was strong in Galicia in particular, i.e. in Austria
occupied Poland. The People s Party (Stronictwo ludowe — SL), founded in
Rzeszow in 1895, split into several factions prior to the First World War:
the original SL, Polskie stronictwo ludowe - Lewica and Polskie stronictwo
ludowe - “Piast.”The “Piast” faction, led by the Galician representative in
the provincial council Wincenty Witos, was the strongest. In the Russia
occupied territory, various agrarian groups emerged that united into a single
party during the German occupation of the Russian Polish territories
(1915-1918), and since 1918 it was known as the Polskie stronictwo ludowe
— “Wyzvolenie” (Liberation).
In restored Poland, “Piast” was a centrist party, while “Wyzvolenie” was
center-left. The Polish People s Party — “Piast” (PSL — Piast) became the
ruling party. Witos was elected Prime Minister several times between
1920-1926. On May 12th, 1926, marshal Jozef Pilsudski, a hero of Poland s
341
struggle for independence, marched on Warsaw with his loyal troops and on
May 15th, 1926, Wincent Witos s coalition government was forced to step
down. Witos became one of the leaders of the opposition groups that were
centrist and left-wing and could legally exist. In 1931, Witos was falsely
accused and incarcerated. He emigrated to Czechoslovakia in 1933, where
he remained until 1939. Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World
War, he returned to Poland, where he was amnestied.
During the Second World War and the German occupation of Poland,
Stronnictzuo ludovoe (SL) fully participated in the resistance.The People’s Party
established its own armed squads — farmer’s battalions (Bataliony chlopskie),
which in the end became part of the Polish Home Army (Armija krajovoa
— AK), controlled by the government-in-exile in London. The People’s Party
was also part of the Polish government-in-exile. Witos remained in Poland
and died shortly after the war in 1945. The younger Stanislaw Mikolajczyk
became the leader in exile. On September 3rd, 1941, he first became
a Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior and then in July,
1943, Prime Minister. In this capacity, he tried to reach an agreement with
the USSR about the eastern border. Although Mikolajczyk was willing to
compromise with the USSR, his efforts to keep at least Lvov (Polish: Lvoovu,
Ukrainian: Lviv) within the Polish border were not successful. At the time,
Moscow was determined to install its own government in Warsaw led by
the Soviet-founded Polish National Liberation Committee (Polski komitet
voyzzoolenia narodovoego — PKWN), with whom it was negotiating the new
border. Mikolajczyk’s willingness to make compromises with Moscow was
criticized by Polish politicians in London and he subsequently stepped
down in the fall of 1944. In the summer of 1945, Mikolajczyk took part in
new negotiations in Moscow on the Polish border and, under pressure from
Great Britain and the USA, he agreed to participate in the provisional Polish
government of the National Unity Party based on the PKWN. Mikolajczyk
became the Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Agriculture. He
founded a new Polish people’s party {Polskiestronnictvuo ludovje — PSL), while
the original name of SL was used by the left-wing groups collaborating with
the Polish Worker’s Party {Polska partija robotri icza — PPR), as the Polish
communist party was now called. After the rigged elections of January 1947,
Mikolajczyk became the leader of the anti-communist opposition. But the
communists created a new party, “PSL-lewica”, out of the left-wing faction
of the PSL, which was willing to collaborate with them. Thus they broke
the original PSL. Mikolajczyk was threatened with arrest, and saved himself
by running away to the West. PSL-lewica became the foundation of the
communist-controlled satellite Unified People’s Party, which was formally
created by uniting all of the groups in the agrarian movement at the end of
342
1949 (TLjednoczone stronnictwo ludowe — ZSL).This party was then part of
the Polish version of the national front during socialism.
The situation in interwar Yugoslavia, which until 1929 was called
the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata
i Sloveneca — SHS), was complicated because farmers tended to organize
themselves according to their nationality A mass agrarian-type party was
only formed in Croatia - the Croat Republican Farmer’s party {Hrvatska
republikanska seljacka stranka — HRSS). The originally small party formed
prior to the First World War became a massive organization under Stjepana
Radies leadership at the beginning of the 1920s. The HSS demanded the
federalization of Yugoslavia and Croatian autonomy. On July 20th, 1928, the
Serbian radical representative Punisa Racic shot HSS representatives Pavle
Radic and Djuro Basaricek in the Belgrade parliament building. He also
shot the party leader, Stjepan Radic, who died two months later as a result
of his wounds. King Alexandr used the bloody conflict in parliament as an
excuse to dissolve parliament and disband all political parties on January
6th, 1929, and he established his personal Royal dictatorship. The HSS thus
lost its legal status, but, in fact, it continued to exist. Under the new leader,
Vlatko Macek, it actually gained strength. In April, 1939, Macek started
negotiations with the new Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, Dragisa Cvetkovic.
The negotiations resulted in the agreement to create a special Croat territory
on August 26th, 1939, i.e. an autonomous Croat territory containing some
parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.The HSS became the ruling, and the only
allowed, party of this territory. The fall of the HSS went hand in hand with
the German attack on Yugoslavia on April 6th, 1941. On April 10th, 1941,
the Independent Croatian State (Nezavisna drzava Hrvatska — NDH)
under German patronage was proclaimed in Zagreb by the Croat Ustasa
(Insurgent) fascist organization. The Ustasa leader (poglavnifi,), Ante Pavelic,
disbanded the HSS and had Macek interned.
In Greece in the 1930s there were two small agrarian parties, one ofwhich
was part of the ruling, and the other of the opposition, bloc. Greece also
had the left-wing Agricultural Party (AypoxiKo KOjifia EXXaboq / Agrotiko
komma Elados - AKE), which gravitated towards the Communist Party of
Greece. On August 4th, 1936, general Ioannis Metaxas, with the permission
of King George (in Greek: Georgios) organized the state overthrow and
ruled as a dictator. Parliament was dissolved; political parties as well; the
political opponents of the new regime were interned. The regime tried to
lean on the countryside and implemented several measures that benefitted
farmers. Metaxas granted himself the title “First Farmer” (npoxoc; aypoxic;
/ Protos agrotis),but the dictatorship did not achieve more support for the
farmers. Metaxas’s dictatorship ended with German aggression during the
343
Second World War. On October 28th, 1940, the Italian army launched an
attack on Greece from Albania, but the Greeks fended it off. After half a year
of fruitless battles, Mussolini had to ask Hitler for help. In April, 1941, the
German army attacked Yugoslavia and Greece, and occupied both countries.
Within the left-wing resistance to Germany and their Italian occupiers,
the Agricultural Party (AKE) became active, and in September, 1941, it
entered into the communist-controlled National Liberation Front (jEOviko
aneXs(j 0BpoxiKO psxono / Ethniko apeleftherotiko metopo — EAM). After
the war, AKE became a mere wing of the Communist Party of Greece and
did not play a part in the civil war of 1946—1949.
In interwar Romania, there was the influential Agrarian and Farmer’s
Party (Partidul Taranesc), labeled as “caranists” not only in Romania, but also
abroad. This party was founded in 1918 by Ion Mihalache, and Iuliu Maniu
later became a long-term leader. The party leaned on a Romanian version of
agrarianism. It considered the farmer and farming culture to be the foundation
of the Romanian state. It was against the urban bourgeoisie and, politically,
against the ruling liberals. It demanded state support for agriculture. Since the
land reform in 1918 in Romania demands for land did not lessen, and caranists
called for a new, more broad, reform. Caranists merged with the Transylvanian
National Party, which created the National Caranist Party (.Partidul National
Taranesc). It was a powerful opponent of the ruling National Liberal Party
(Partidul National-Liberal), representing urban middle and upper classes.
In November, 1928, the National Caranist Party became the ruling party
in Romania and Iuliu Maniu became the Prime Minister. Caranists built
infrastructure in the countryside and passed certain measures to protect
farmers, primarily tax and debt deferral. The Caranist government also
passed reforms that benefited the lower urban classes, primarily collective
contracts and creating a system of social security. In 1934, it was forced back
into the opposition. However, caranists maintained strong positions in the
local administrations.
At the end of February, 1938, King Carol II. turned Romania into
a dictatorship of the monarchy in the style of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The
new constitution of February 27th, 1938, gave him the authority to control
legislative and executive power. On March 30th, 1938, all political parties
were disbanded, including the National Caranist Party, by royal decree. But
the party continued unofficially and Caranists remained in contact. During
the Second World War, in which Romania fought alongside Germany,
Maniu was in touch with dictator Ion Antonescu, as well as the anti-fascist
opposition, the British and Americans.
The anti-fascist overthrow of August 23rd, 1944, which swept Antonescu
away and brought Romania into the Allied camp, raised Maniu and the
caranist parties back up. In postwar Romania, Maniu symbolized the
opposition against the coming communist regime. In June, 1947, he was
arrested and one month later the National Caranist Party was disbanded. In
October, 1947, Maniu was sentenced to life in prison during a trumped-up
trial. He died in prison in 1953.
In Hungary, a party that was focused on farmers began to form after the
so-called Aster Revolution (October 23th — October 31st, 1918), which
swept away the Habsburgs. The Small Holders Party (Kisgazdasagi Part)
began to take shape, but its founding was interrupted by the formation
of the Hungarian Republic of Councils and the Bolshevik government of
Bela Kun on March 21st, 1919. Hungarian farmers, who were traditionally
conservative, soon turned away from the Bolshevik government. The military
defeat of the Hungarian Republic of Councils at the hands of Czechoslovak
and Romanian troops led to the fall of Bela Kun within 133 days, who fled to
Austria. The Small Holders party later formed itself during the “white terror”
of Istvan Friedrichs government, which was created on August 6th, 1919.
The party spoke out against Hungarian right-wing efforts to completely
do away with the land reform and abolish universal suffrage. During the
elections of January 25 th and 26th, 1920, the Small Holders Party merged
with the Christian and National Unity Party, and they won, occupying 150
of the 218 seats in parliament. On January 29th, 1920, the Small Holders
Party entered into the coalition cabinet of Sandor Simonyi-Semadam. Two
years later, the Small Holders Party became part of the newly founded Unity
Party (Egyseges Part), which Prime Minister Istvan Bethlen was leaning on.
The Small Holders thus participated in the consolidation of the conservative
Hungarian regime, led by the imperial administrator, admiral Miklos
Horthy.
The original Small Farmers Party practically fell apart in 1930. Most
representatives went on to found the Independent Small Farmers Party,
which ended up in opposition. In 1931, Istvan Bethlen resigned and the
Small Holders did not get into Gyuly Karoly s new government. During
the Second World War, the so-called legal opposition was formed from the
ranks of the Independent Smallholders Party. The final blow to all political
parties, and therefore to the Independent Smallholders Party, was the fascist
putsch by Ferenc Szalasi s Arrow Cross Party on October 15th, 1944, which
the Germans orchestrated. After the putsch all political parties except
Ferenc Szalasi s Arrow Cross Party were banned.
After 1945, the Small Holders Party was renamed the Independent Small
Holders, Agricultural Workers and Municipal Citizens Party (Fuggetlen
Kisgazda, Foldmunkas es Polgari Part — FKGP). It tried to address all of the
voters who did not agree with communism. The FKGP won the election
345
of November 4th, 1945, during which it won 57% of all votes and 245
mandates out of 421. Party members Zoltán Tildy became Prime Minister
and Ferenc Nagy head of parliament (in February, Tildy became president
and Ferenc Nagy replaced him as Prime Minister). Although the Hungarian
Communist Party lost the election, the Soviet occupation administration
forced it to remain in the ruling coalition, and a communist became
Minister of the Interior. Due to subsequent police harassment, communists
first weakened the FKGP then divided it and in the end destroyed it. At
the beginning of 1947, the leading party representatives were accused of
participating in a anti-government “fascist” conspiracy. Many were arrested.
Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy was spared because he was in Switzerland at the
time. The party leadership was gradually taken over by the left-wing faction
of Lajos Dinnyes, who was willing to collaborate with the communists. The
elections of August 31st, 1947, were marred by open repressions and the
FKGP lost. It finished third and gained only 68 mandates. Within the next
year, the FKGP lost its political influence, although Dinnyes became the
Prime Minister and on June 30th, 1948, the President, because Zoltán Tildy
was forced to abdicate.
If we look at the development of agrarian parties and movements in
interwar Eastern Europe, we can see that, with the exception of Bulgaria,
Latvia and Czechoslovakia, they were not able to push through their
program, even if they sometimes participated in government (caranists in
Romania, HSS in Yugoslavia, PSL in Poland). At the end of the interwar
period, it was clear that conditions were no longer ideal for parties focused
solely on farmers and the countryside, and that a modern party, if it wants
to be successful, must try to address the urban classes and adapt their
program accordingly. The development of the agrarian parties during the
Second World War and shortly after it is interesting: they participated in
the resistance in all countries, albeit with varying degrees of intensity. In the
German satellite countries, they usually became part of various underground
anti-fascist fronts that took over in 1944-1945. After the Second World
War, agrarian parties in Eastern Europe became the basis of the opposition
against the coming communist regimes, although they never managed
to stop its establishment in any country. After the fall of the communist
regimes, it seemed that agrarian parties belonged to the past, because they
never managed to be considered a relevant political force.
346
Jmenny rejstrik
Adamovä, Karolina 19
Alexandr L Karadjordjevic 57,262,
266,279,322,342 ‘
Alexandr Veliky 117
Antall, Jözsef 38
Antonescu, Ion 61,323,343
Arany, Bälint 251
Arata, Antonio 151,153,154
Arter, David 31
Babic, Ljubo 275
Babski, Boleslaw 173
Barankovics, Istvän 251
Bartlovä, Alena 19,204
Bartos, Rudolf 87
Basaricek, Djuro 57,322,342
Basek, Vladimir 81, 84
Benes, Edvard 11,71-73,128,131,
136,139,140,147,149-154,156,
157,159-163,196
Benko, Jan 189
Beran, Rudolf24,81,82,84-90,130,
136-142,145,161,165
Beranovä, Marie 138
Bethlen, Istvän 62,324,344
Beyme, Klaus von 25,26,42
Büy, Frantisek 217
Bläha, Inocenc Amost 171
Blaha, Pavel 22,70,195,199
Blocher, Christoph 36,46,222,224,
225,227,231,232
Böhr, Josef 73
Borgongini Duca, Francesco 152
Borten, Per 241
Botto, Jan (= pseud. Krasko, Ivan)
197,200
Bradäc, Bohumir 130-133
Bräf, Albin 108-110,115,118
Brdlik, Vladimir 141
Bujak, Francizsek 172
Caesar, Julius 117
Cablkjän 195
Cankov, Alexandr 50,319,339
Cavour, Camillo Benso 117
Cihläf, Vaclav 143
Ciriaci, Pietro 156
Coudenhove, Karl Maria 121
Cvetkovic, Dragisa 57,270,322,342
Cyzjan 173
Czech, Ludwig 73
Czettler, Jenö 250
Capek, Karel 66
Cechurovä, Jana 150
Cermak, Karl 73
Cerny, Jan 128,131
Cemyjosef 81,82,84,133,138,141
Daskalov, Rajko 50,181,182
Daszyhski, Ignacy 182
Demel, Jan Rudolf 17,99
Derer, Ivan 70,131,142,165,187
Dimitrov, Georgi Mihov 51,169,
173,291,293,296
Dinnyes, Lajos 63,324,325,345
Dobi, Istvän 253
Dobiäs, Jindfich 80
Dobrovsky, Josef 117
Dolansky, Josef 125,149,152,153
Dolezal, Josef 129,148,155
Dostäl, Vladimir 18,23
Drtina, Frantisek 211
Dürich, Josef 17
Eckhardt, Tibor 63
Ehrenfeld, Petr 9
347
Elias, Alois 142
Englis, Karel 71,129,131
Fajnor, Stefan 199
Fälldin, Thorbjörn 242
Farsky, Karel 148,148
Feierabend, Ivo K. 19
Feierabend, Ladislav K. 12,141,145
Fiedler, Frantisek 109,119
Frank, Karl Hermann 138
Frankenberger, Otakar 9,16,23,172
Friedrich, Istvan 62,324,344
Fucik, Bedrich 145
Gallagher, Michael 25,26,41,42
Gandhi, Mahatma 265
Gasparri, Pietro 151,153
Gavazzi, Artur 274
Gavrilovic, Milan 56,296
Gazik, Marek 154
Gillette, John Morris 171
Gladstone, William Ewart 117
Goga, Octavian 60
Goll, Jaroslav 72
Gomulka, Wladyslaw 299,302
Gottwald, Element 17,142,143
Grabski, Wladyslaw 52
Gruber, Josef 107
Gubec, Matija 277
Güldener, Bernard 119
Habrman, Gustav 211
Halik, Rudolf 137,142
Halla, Jan 220
Halon, Matej 22
Harminc, Milan Michal 221
Harna, Josef 20
Havlicek, Karel Borovsky 117
Herceg, Rudolf 278
Heumos, Peter 18
Heydrich, Reinhard 137
Hitler, Adolf41,59,136,142,145,
322,343
Hlinka, Andrej 12,49,152,154,192,
205,211,319,339
Hodac, Frantisek 113
Hodza, Milan 17,20-22,81,82,87,
126,128-130,142,158,161-163,
166-170,172,173,185,189,190,
194,196-199,203,204,220,282,
286,291
Holec, Roman 19
Honzik, Antonín 119
Honzikova, Ruzena 119
Honzikova, Vilemina 119
Horajan 136
Horacek, Cyril 72,107-115
Horcicka, Josef 81,82, 84,85,87-89,
93
Horthy, Miklos 62,255-257,324,
344
Houdek, Fedor 195,197,199
Hrabik, Martin 141
Hrabik-Samal, Mary 18,19
Hruban, Moric 150
Hruby, Adolf 137,145
Hus, Jan 152,153,156
Husek, Karol 198
Chirac, Jacques 230
Chlebounova, Anna 203
Chloupek, Antonín 143
Chruscov, Nikita Sergejevic 302
Chvalkovsky, Frantisek 158,161,
162,166,172
Ihrig, Karoly 250
Janda, Herman 119
Jansak, Stefan 199
Jaroch, Jaroslav 91
Jaros, Jan 98
348
Jelinek, Hanus 77
Jelinek, Karel 220
Jesensky, Jan 200
Jifi (Georgios) IL Reeky 58,59,322,
342
Johannesen, Kaj Leo 33
Jovanovic, Jovan M. 55
Jungmannjosef 117
Juriga, Ferdis 198
Jurkovic, Dusan 215
Kafka, Bruno 73
Kahanek, Ferdinand 165
Kaizl, Josef 118
Kalfus, Josef 87,88
Karel (Carol) IL Rumunsky 61,323,
343
Kârolyi, Gyula 63,324,344
Kârolyi, Mihâly 61,62
Karvas, Imrich 199
Kekkonen, Urho Kaleva 31,242,245
Kepka, Josef 145
Kiss, Elemér 257,258
Kiss, Ferenc 257,258,260
Klima, Stanislav 217
Klindera, Ferdinand 82,90,138
Klofâc, Vaclav 119
Konstantin I. Reeky 58
Kopcsak, Peter J. 252
Kordac, Frantisek 126,153,155
Kordos, Pavel 186,187,189
Korosec, Anton 55
Kovacs, Béla 251,283,296
Kovijanic, Risto 203
Krajcovicova, Natalie 19
Kramaf, Karel 71,73,125,211
Krejci, Jaroslav 137
Krofta, Kamil 166,172
Kroiher, Frantisek 149
Krousky, Otakar 72
Kren, Jan 18,65
Kfepek, Franz 73
Kfizek,Jurij 18,96
Kubicek, Josef Otakar 16,23
Kubr, Stanislav 17,98,103
Kucera, Eduard 17
Kucerova, Zdefika 17
Kuldik, Jan 22
Kun, Béla 62,323,324,344
Kunduriotis, Pavlos 58
Kurz, Vilém 119
Kutnar, Frantisek 23
La Rochefoucauld, François de 233
Landner, Andreas 229
Lang, Hynek 120
Laver, Michael 26
Lednar, Frantisek 188
Lemberg, Hans 18
Lénârd, Ödön 251
Le-Pen, Jean-Marie 230
Le-Pen, Marine 230
Lettrich, Jozef 188,198-200
Lichard, Daniel 199
Lichnerjan 142
Lipset, Seymour Martin 25,235
Loevenstein, Karel 132
Lodgman, Rudolf 73
Lukas, Filip 274
Lupu, Nicolae 60
Macek, Vladko 57,265,266,270,
277,278,296,322,342
Machar, Josef Svatopluk 150
Machnik, Frantisek 87,132,133,
137,138
Mair, Peter 26,41,235,236,247
Malypetr, Jan 81,87,129,132,137,
188
Maniu, Iuliu 60,61,283,296,323,
343,344
Marcha, Jaroslav 105
349
Marinkovic, Vojislav 55
Marmaggi, Francesco 152,153
Marx, Karel 66
Masaryk, Jan 69,130
Masaryk, Tomás Garrigue 22,66,
68,69,71,72,74-76,108,116,
-118,123-126,128-131,140,147,
149-152,154,156,157,161,188,
196,219
Mastnÿ, Vojtéch 161,162
Masek, Frantisek 220
Masin, Frantisek 103
Masata, Frantisek 10
Matthey, Francis 226
Matula, Antonín 172,207
Maurer, Ueli 227
Mecif, Karel 158,161,169,172,175
Medvecky, Karol A. 215
Medvecky, Eudovit 185,186
Meissner, Alfred 71,73
Metaxas, Ioannis 59,322,342
Metzler, Ruth 225,227
Micara, Clemente 148,149,151
Michal (Mihail) I. Rumunsky 61
Mihalache, Ion 59,60,323,343
Mihalovics, Zsigmond 251
Mikolaj, Ján 204
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw 54,281,283,
285,287,291,293,296,299,303,
306-317,321,341
Milkowski, Stanislaw 173
Miller, Daniel E. 19,23,65
Mindszenty, József251,254,256,
258,260
Minger, Rudolf 223
Mittelhauser, Eugène 125
Moravcik, Vladimir 187,192
Mudde, Cas 41
Múdry, Michal 18
Mussolini, Benito 59,322,343
Nagy, Ferenc 63,251,256,283,296,
304,324,345
Napoleon I. Bonaparte 117,125
Nazor, Vladimir 58
Nebesky Josef 142
Necas, Jaroslav 9
Nejedlÿ, Zdenëk 17
Nëmecek, Frantisek 92
Nemecek, Jan 22
Niecko, Jözef 308
Nosek, Frantisek 153
Novak, Miroslav 36
Novotny, Jiri 18
Obrtel, Frantisek 16
Okanik, Eudovit 195
Orbän, Viktor 38
Ossipow, William 232
Osusky, Stefan 162
Palacky, Frantisek 117,182
Palecek, Antonín 18,207
Pangalos,Theodoros 58
Pasic, Nikola 55,56
Päts, Konstantin 34,51,320,340
Paulova, Milada 69
Pavelic, Ante 57,322,342
Pawlak, Waldemar 40
Pechâcek, Jaroslav 18
Peidl, Gyula 62
Pekaf, Josef 69
Peknik, Miroslav 22
Perek, Vaclav 100
Perneczky, Béla 251,254,257,260
Peroutka, Ferdinand 17,66,69,136
Petkov, Nikola 51,283,296,320,340
Petr, Alois 142
Petrovic, Jan 198
Pfeiffer, Gyözö 251
Pilsudski, Jözef 11,39,53,182,320,
340
350
Pisecky, Ferdinand 220
Pilât, Rudolf 217
Placek, Stëpân 136
Plicajân 169,173
Pluhar, Bohumil 220
Pokomÿ, Bedrich 136
Pokornÿ, Jan Vladimir 100
Poniatowski, Juliusz 172
Pospisil, Jan 100
Prâsek, Karel 8,10,98,100,113,119,
120,124,318,338
Precan, Leopold 125,126
Precan, Vilém 18
Preiss, Jaroslav 113
Prokop, Josef 109
Prokûpek, Adolf 17,122
Prokupek, Vaclav 143
Pfikryl, Ondrej 100
Racic, Punisa 57,177,322, 342
Radie, Antun 277,278
Radie, Pavel 56,57,322
Radie, Stjepan 56,57,169,173,265,
266,268,277,278,321,322
Râkosi, Mâtyâs 254,255,258
Randa,Jan Streng Antonín 118
Rapant, Daniel 199,206
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh 33
Rasin, Alois 69,70,72, 111, 112
Rasticovâ, Blanka 20
Ratkovic, Stjepan 274
Rechcigl, Miloslav 141
Rezek, Antonín 118
Rieger, Lukas 37
Richter, Karel 100
Rokkan, Stein 25,28,235
Rokosky, Jaroslav 14,23,24
Rothermere, Lord 258
Rotnagl, Josef 217
Rozkosnÿ, Jan 17
Ruman, Ludovit 186-188
Rüütel, Arnold 35
Rychlik, Jan 20
Saenger, Samuel 150
Samohyl, Ladislav 100
Sander, Fritz 72
Sedlacek, Jozef 217
Sedlmayerova, Oldra 185
Seliger, Josef 73
Sharp, Gene 262,270
Schiezsl, Josef 128
Schlumpf, Leon 227
Schmid, Samuel 227,231
Sibelka-Perleberg, Artur 251
Siegfried, André 233
Simonyi-Semadam, Sândor 62,324,
344
Sipilä, Juha 47
Skopalik, Frantisek 17
Skrzyriski, Aleksander 53
Slavik, Juraj 132,188
Slezâk, Lubomir 20
Sliva, Leopold 141
Smetona, Antanas 35,51,320,340
Soini, Timo 47
Sonntag, Kunes 17,104,105,112,
124
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 172
Soukup, Frantisek 70
Spaho, Mehmed 55
Spina, Franz 131
Srdinko, Otakar 124,128,194
Stalin, Josif Vissarionovic 143,295
Stambolijski, Alexandr 11,50,169,
176,181,319,339
Stanëk, Frantisek 8,17,83,130,133
Starostik,Jan 100
Stocky, Jan 133
Stojadinovic, Milan 267
Stoupal, Viktor 82, 83,132,142
Strânsky, Adolf 99
351
Stribrny, Jin 70
Stfizek, Augustin 119
Stunda, Stefan 199
Suchy, Oldrich 143
Sulyok, Dezsö 251,258
Svoboda, Karel 88
Szälasi, Ferenc 63,256,324,344
Sämal, Premysl 71,125,129,142
Senoa, Milan 274
Simkovic, Jan 215
Skvor,Jan 133
Sousa, Jiff 18,20,116,172
Sramekjan 125,131,139,147,149,
151-153,155
Srobär, Vavro 22,70,132,194,195,
208,212-217
Stajf, Jin 20
Stastny, Alfons 8,16,17,109,120,
_ 318,338
Stefänek, Anton 22, 70,131,172,
185,186,194,195,197,199,201,
^ 206-221
Stefänik, Milan Rastislav 179
Subasic, Ivan 58
Suffiay, Milan 274
Svehla, Antonín 8,9,11,13,20,22,
23,65-94, 98,100-103,120,123,
124,127-130,133,134,139,140,
158,159,167,173,181,188,197,
^ 282,286,318,338
Svehla, Antonín (otec) 98
Svehla ml., Antonín (syn) 144,145
Svehla, Stanislav (bratr) 81, 82,
^ 84—86,89,90,93,120
Svehlovä, Marie 89
Täborsky, Frantisek 217
Tajovsky, Jozef Gregor 200
Thun-Hohenstein, Frantisek 121
Tildy, Zoltán 63,324,325,345
Tiso, Jozef 155
Tito, Josip Broz 58,253
Tlusty, Vaclav 144
Tobolka, Zdenek 16
Tolstoj, Lev Nikolajevic 265
Tomek, Vaclav Vladivoj 118
Topoli, Jozef 205
Torgyan, Jozsef 38
Torn, Cenek 141
Tresky, Karol 199
Tsaldaris, Panajis 58
Tumlirova, Marie 203
Tusar, Vlastimil 73, 111
Udrzal, Frantisek 9, 99,120,121,
129-133
Uhlir, Dusan 18
Ulmanis, Karlis 34,51, 320,340
Ursiny, Jan 82, 86,142,143,169,170,
173,177,198
Uzunovic, Nikola 55, 56
Vaca,Jan 100
Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru 60
Varsik, Branislav 199
Veber, France 172,173
Venizelos, Eleftherios 7, 58
Vennamo, Veikko 242
Verbik, Antonín 18
Viestova, Darina 203
Virolainen, Johannes 240
Viskovska, Marta 119
Viskovsky, Josef 117
Viskovsky, Karel 116—133
Vlcek, Jaroslav 217
Vojnar, Josef 144
Vojtassak,Jan 151,205
Voroshilov, Kliment 249
Votruba, Frantisek 198,217
Vozenilek,Jan 126
Vrany, Josef 124,130,132,166
352
Vrhel, Frantisek 121
Vresky, Frantisek 199
Vukicevic, Velimir 56,57
Vychodil, Josef 8,99,100
Washington, George 117
Weber, Max 79
Widmer-Schlumpf, Eveline 227,231
Wilson, Woodrow 76
Witos, Andrzej 316
Witos, Wincenty 11,39,52,53,169,
173,182,320,321,340,341
Wycech, Czeslaw 308
Zadina, Josef 81,84, 87
Zahradnik, Isidor 120,123
Zal^ski, Zygmunt 169,177
Zambrowski, Roman 314
Zat’ko, Peter 179,191
Zogu, Ahmet 49
Zuberec, Vladimir 18
Zdarsky, Josef 103
Zilka, Jindfich 81,82,84,145,161,
^164—166
Zläbek, Josef 80, 81
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Rychlík, Jan 1954- Holeček, Lukáš 1985- Pehr, Michal 1977- |
| author2_role | edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | j r jr l h lh m p mp |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124696236 (DE-588)1031278117 (DE-588)140545220 |
| author_facet | Rychlík, Jan 1954- Holeček, Lukáš 1985- Pehr, Michal 1977- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043353915 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)944015424 (DE-599)BVBBV043353915 |
| edition | Vydání první |
| era | Geschichte 1850-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1850-2000 |
| format | Book |
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code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Personenregister</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028773337</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV043353915 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:34:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087782507 |
| language | Czech English Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028773337 |
| oclc_num | 944015424 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 355 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Centrum středoevropských studií, společné pracoviště vysoké školy CEVRO Institut Masarykova ústavu a archivu AV ČR |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ediční řada Centra středoevropských studií |
| series2 | Ediční řada Centra středoevropských studií |
| spellingShingle | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries Ediční řada Centra středoevropských studií Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd Bauernpartei (DE-588)4237422-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000771-6 (DE-588)4237422-4 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| title_alt | Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| title_auth | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| title_exact_search | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| title_full | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries Jan Rychlík, Lukáš Holeček, Michal Pehr (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries Jan Rychlík, Lukáš Holeček, Michal Pehr (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries Jan Rychlík, Lukáš Holeček, Michal Pehr (eds.) |
| title_short | Agrarismus ve střední a východní Evropě 19. a 20. století |
| title_sort | agrarismus ve stredni a vychodni evrope 19 a 20 stoleti agrarism in central and eastern europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| title_sub | = Agrarism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| topic | Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd Bauernpartei (DE-588)4237422-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agrarpolitik Bauernpartei Ostmitteleuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028773337&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042661435 |
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