Water engineering: hydraulics, distribution and treatment
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2016
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Links: | http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470390986.jpg http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028169633&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIX, 806 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470390986 |
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| 020 | |a 9780470390986 |c hbk. |9 978-0-470-39098-6 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Shammas, Nazih K. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Water engineering |b hydraulics, distribution and treatment |c Nazih K. Shammas ; Lawrence K. Wang |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 806 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Lawrence K. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470390986.jpg |3 Cover image | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028169633&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028169633 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819348518144311296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Water engineering
Autor: Shammas, Nazih K
Jahr: 2016
Contents
PREFACE XVII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XIX
1 Introduction to Water Systems 1
1.1 Components of Water Systems 2
1.2 Required Capacity 2
1.3 Sources of Water Supply 3
1.4 Rainwater 4
1.5 Surface Water 5
1.5.1 Continuous Draft 5
1.5.2 Selective Draft 5
1.5.3 Impoundage 5
1.6 Groundwater 6
1.6.1 Springs 8
1.6.2 Wells 8
1.6.3 Infiltration Galleries 8
1.6.4 Recharging Devices 9
1.7 Purification Works 9
1.8 Transmission Works 12
1.9 Distribution Works 12
1.9.1 High and Low Services 14
1.9.2 Fire Supplies 14
1.9.3 Pressures 15
1.9.4 Capacity 15
1.9.5 Service to Premises 15
1.10 Water Systems Management 15
1.10.1 Municipal Supplies 15
1.10.2 Individual Small Supplies 16
1.11 Individual Water Systems 17
Problems/Questions 18
References 19
2 Water Sources: Surface Water 21
2.1 Sources of Surface Water 21
2.2 Safe Yield of Streams 24
2.3 Storage as a Function of Draft and
Runoff 24
2.4 Design Storage 25
2.5 Loss by Evaporation, Seepage, and
Silting 27
2.5.1 Water-Surface Response 27
2.5.2 Seepage 29
2.5.3 Silting 29
2.6 Area and Volume of Reservoirs 31
2.7 Management of Catchment Areas 32
2.7.1 Upland Areas 32
2.7.2 Lowland Areas 32
2.7.3 Quality Control 32
2.7.4 Swamp Drainage 32
2.8 Reservoir Siting 33
2.9 Reservoir Management 33
2.9.1 Quality Control 34
2.9.2 Evaporation Control 34
2.10 Dams and Dikes 34
2.10.1 Embankment Dams 34
2.10.2 Masonry Dams 35
2.11 Spillways 36
2.12 Intakes 37
2.12.1 River Intakes 3 7
2.12.2 Lake and Reservoir Intakes 37
2.12.3 Submerged and Exposed
Intakes 38
2.12.4 Intake Velocities and Depths 38
2.12.5 Intake Conduits and Pumping
Stations 38
2.13 Diversion Works 38
2.14 Collection of Rainwater 39
Problems/Questions 41
References 42
3 Water Sources: Groundwater 45
3.1 Porosity and Effective Porosity 45
3.2 Permeability 47
3.3 Groundwater Geology 47
3.4 Groundwater Situation in The United
States 48
3.5 Types of Aquifers 48
3.6 Groundwater Movement 49
3.7 Darcy s Law 49
3.8 Aquifer Characteristics 50
3.9 Well Hydraulics 52
3.10 Nonsteady Radial Flow 52
3.10.1 Confined Aquifers 52
3.10.2 Semilogarithmic
Approximation 56
3.10.3 Recovery Method 58
3.10.4 Unconfined Aquifers 59
3.10.5 Leaky Aquifers 59
v
vi Contents
3.11 Prediction of Drawdown 60
3.11.1 Constant Discharge 60
3.11.2 Variable Discharge 61
3.11.3 Intermittent Discharge 61
3.12 Multiple-Well Systems 63
3.13 Aquifer Boundaries 67
3.13.1 Recharge Boundaries 67
3.13.2 Location of Aquifer
Boundaries 69
3.14 Characteristics of Wells 70
3.14.1 Specific Capacity of a Well 70
3.14.2 Partial Penetration 70
3.14.3 Effective Well Radius 70
3.14.4 Measurement of Well
Characteristics 71
3.15 Yield of a Well 71
3.15.1 Maximum Available
Drawdown 71
3.15.2 Specific Capacity-Drawdown
Curve 72
3.15.3 Maximum Yield 72
3.16 Well Design 73
3.17 Well Construction 74
3.17.1 Dug Wells 75
3.17.2 Driven and Jetted Wells 75
3.17.3 Bored Wells 75
3.17.4 Drilled Wells 75
3.17.5 Collector Wells 75
3.17.6 Pumps 75
3.17.7 Development 76
3.17.8 Testing 76
3.17.9 Sanitary Protection of Wells 76
3.17.10 Maintenance 76
3.18 Evaluation of Aquifer Behavior 77
3.18.1 Hydrologic Equation 77
3.18.2 Safe Yield of an Aquifer 77
3.18.3 Water Budget (Hydrologic
Budget) 77
3.19 Groundwater Quality Management 78
3.19.1 Biological Contamination 78
3.19.2 Subsurface Disposal of
Liquid Wastes 79
3.20 Groundwater Under the Direct Influence
of Surface Water 79
3.20.1 GWUDI Determination:
Source Screening Phase 79
3.20.2 GWUDI Determination:
Detailed Evaluation Phase 81
3.20.3 Hydrogeologic Assessment 81
3.20.4 Water Quality Assessment 82
3.20.5 Microscopic Particulate
Analyses 82
Problems/Questions 84
References 85
4 Quantities of Water Demand 87
4.1 Design Period 87
4.2 Design Population 88
4.2.1 Population Data 88
4.2.2 Population Growth 88
4.2.3 Short-Term Population Estimates 90
4.2.4 Long-Range Population Forecasts 91
4.2.5 Simplified Method for Population
Forecasts 92
4.2.6 Population Distribution and Area
Density 92
4.3 Water Consumption 92
4.3.1 Domestic Consumption 93
4.3.2 General Urban Water Demands 94
4.3.3 Industrial Water Consumption 95
4.3.4 Rural Water Consumption 96
4.4 Variations or Patterns of Water Demand 96
4.4.1 Domestic Variations 97
4.4.2 Fire Demands 98
4.5 Demand and Drainage Loads of
Buildings 104
Problems/Questions 106
References 106
Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and
Appurtenances 109
5.1 Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, and Water
Transmission 109
5.1.1 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 109
5.1.2 Transmission Systems 120
5.2 Fluid Transport 121
5.2.1 Rational Equation for Surface
Resistance 121
5.2.2 Exponential Equation for Surface
Resistance 134
5.2.3 Form Resistance 145
5.2.4 Hydraulic Transients 152
5.3 Capacity and Size of Conduits 152
5.4 Multiple Lines 154
5.5 Cross-Sections 155
5.6 Structural Requirements 155
5.7 Location 156
5.7.1 Line and Grade 156
5.7.2 Vertical and Horizontal Curves 157
5.7.3 Depth of Cover 157
5.8 Materials of Construction 159
5.8.1 Carrying Capacity 159
5.8.2 Strength 159
5.8.3 Durability 160
5.8.4 Transportation 160
5.8.5 Safety 160
Contents vii
5.8.6 Maintenance 160
5.8.7 Leakage 160
5.9 Appurtenances 160
5.9.1 Gate Valves 160
5.9.2 Blowoffs 162
5.9.3 Air Valves 162
5.9.4 Check Valves 162
5.9.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves 162
5.9.6 Pressure-Sustaining Valves 163
5.9.7 Pressure Breaker Valves 163
5.9.8 Flow Control Valves 163
5.9.9 Throttle Control Valves 163
5.9.10 Manholes 163
5.9.11 Insulation Joints 163
5.9.12 Expansion Joints 163
5.9.13 Anchorages 163
5.9.14 Other Appurtenances 163
5.10 Additional Hydraulics Topics 164
5.10.1 Measurement of Fluid Flow
and Hydraulic Coefficients 164
5.10.2 Forces Developed by Moving
Fluids 166
5.10.3 Impulse-Momentum
Principles 169
5.10.4 Drag and Lift Forces 171
Problems/Questions 172
References 178
6.8.2 Plumber Repairing a Water
Line Killed When Struck by a
Backhoe Bucket 199
6.8.3 Welder Killed Following a
100 ft (30 m) Fall from a Water
Tower 201
6.9 Practical Design and Analysis of Water
Distribution Systems 202
6.9.1 Minimum Design Period
Requirements 202
6.9.2 Water Pressure Requirements 202
6.9.3 Minimum Size Requirements 202
6.9.4 Velocity Requirements 203
6.9.5 Pipes and Valves Spacing
Requirements 203
6.9.6 Hydrant Spacing, Location,
and Fire Flow Requirements 203
6.9.7 Air Relief Valve Requirements 203
6.9.8 Depth of Cover Requirements 203
6.9.9 Separation of Water Mains
from Sources of
Contamination 203
6.9.10 Head Loss of Water System
Fittings 204
Problems/Questions 205
References 210
6 Water Distribution Systems: Components,
Design, and Operation 181
6.1 Distribution Systems 181
6.1.1 One- and Two-Directional
Flow 181
6.1.2 Distribution Patterns 181
6.1.3 Pipe Grids 181
6.1.4 High and Low Services 181
6.1.5 Service to Premises 182
6.2 System Components 183
6.3 System Capacity 185
6.4 System Pressure 185
6.5 Field Performance of Existing Systems 186
6.6 Office Studies of Pipe Networks 187
6.6.1 Sectioning 187
6.6.2 Relaxation (Hardy Cross) 190
6.6.3 Pipe Equivalence 194
6.6.4 Computer Programming 197
6.7 Industrial Water Systems 197
6.8 Management, Operation, and
Maintenance of Distribution Systems 197
6.8.1 General Maintenance Person
Asphyxiated While Attempting
to Repair Water Leak 198
7 Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and
Computer Applications 213
7.1 Watergems Software 213
7.2 Water Demand Patterns 213
7.3 Energy Losses and Gains 214
7.4 Pipe Networks 215
7.4.1 Conservation of Mass 215
7.4.2 Conservation of Energy 215
7.5 Network Analysis 216
7.5.1 Steady-State Network
Hydraulics 216
7.5.2 Extended-Period Simulation 216
7.6 Water Quality Modeling 216
7.6.1 Age Modeling 216
7.6.2 Trace Modeling 217
7.6.3 Constituents Modeling 217
7.6.4 Initial Conditions 217
7.6.5 Numerical Methods 217
7.6.6 Discrete Volume Method 217
7.6.7 Time-Driven Method 218
7.7 Automated Optimization 218
7.7.1 Model Calibration 218
7.7.2 System Design 219
viii Contents
7.8 Practical Applications of
Computer-Aided Water Supply System
Analysis 232
Problems/Questions 233
References 240
8 Pumping, Storage, and Dual Water
Systems 241
8.1 Pumps and Pumping Stations 241
8.2 Pump Characteristics 241
8.2.1 Power Requirements and
Efficiencies of Pumps 244
8.2.2 Cavitation 245
8.2.3 Performance Characteristics 246
8.3 Service Storage 248
8.3.1 Equalizing, or Operating,
Storage 248
8.3.2 Fire Reserve 249
8.3.3 Emergency Reserve 249
8.3.4 Total Storage 249
8.4 Location of Storage 251
8.5 Elevation of Storage 251
8.6 Types of Distributing Reservoirs 251
8.7 Dual Water Supply Systems 257
8.7.1 Background 258
8.7.2 The Nature of the Problems with
Drinking Water Quality 258
8.7.3 The Pipes in the Distribution
Systems 258
8.7.4 Biofilms and the Problems They
Cause 259
8.7.5 The Proposed System 259
8.8 Raw Water Intake Structures and Raw
Water Pumping Wells 260
Problems/Questions 262
References 266
9 Cross-Connection Control 267
9.1 Introduction 267
9.2 Public Health Significance of
Cross-Connections 268
9.2.1 Human Blood in the Water
System 268
9.2.2 Sodium Hydroxide in the Water
Main 268
9.2.3 Heating System Antifreeze in
Potable Water 268
9.2.4 Salt Water Pumped into
Freshwater Line 269
9.2.5 Paraquat in the Water System 269
9.2.6 Propane Gas in the Water
Mains 270
9.2.7 Chlordane and Heptachlor at
a Housing Authority 271
9.2.8 Boiler Water Entered High
School Drinking Water 271
9.2.9 Car Wash Water in the Street
Water Main 272
9.2.10 Health Problems Due to
Cross-Connection in an
Office Building 275
9.3 Theory of Backflow and
Backsiphonage 276
9.3.1 Water Pressure 276
9.3.2 Siphon Theory 277
9.3.3 Backflow 280
9.4 Methods and Devices for the
Prevention of Backflow and
Backsiphonage 280
9.4.1 Air Gap 281
9.4.2 Barometric Loops 281
9.4.3 Atmospheric Vacuum
Breakers 281
9.4.4 Hose Bib Vacuum Breakers 282
9.4.5 Pressure Vacuum Breakers 283
9.4.6 Double Check Valves with an
Intermediate Atmospheric
Vent 283
9.4.7 Double Check Valves 284
9.4.8 Double Check Detector
Check 284
9.4.9 Residential Dual Check 285
9.5 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow
Preventer 285
9.6 Administration of a Cross-Connection
Control Program 289
9.6.1 Responsibility 289
9.6.2 Dedicated Line 290
9.6.3 Method of Action 290
9.7 Pressure and Leakage Tests of Water
Mains 291
9.7.1 Preparation for Pressure and
Leakage Tests 291
9.7.2 Pressure and Leakage Tests 292
Problems/Questions 293
References 295
10 Water Quality Characteristics and
Drinking Water Standards 297
10.1 Objectives of Water-Quality
Management 297
10.2 Natural Available Water Resources 297
Contents ix
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
Public Health Issues and Drinking
Water Treatment 298
Physical Characteristics and
Constituents 300
10.4.1 Color 300
10.4.2 Turbidity and Particle
Count 300
10.4.3 Taste and Odor 301
10.4.4 Temperature 301
10.4.5 Foamability 301
Chemical Characteristics and
Constituents 301
10.5.1 Metals 302
10.5.2 Anions 303
10.5.3 Alkalinity and pH 304
10.5.4 Hardness, Calcium and
Magnesium, Carbonate and
Bicarbonate 304
10.5.5 Total Dissolved Solids and
Conductivity 305
10.5.6 Dissolved Oxygen 305
10.5.7 Pesticides 305
10.5.8 PCBs, CFCs, and Dioxin 305
10.5.9 Asbestos 306
10.5.10 Residual Disinfectants 306
10.5.11 Disinfectant By-products 306
10.5.12 Other Organic and
Inorganic Contaminants 306
Biological Characteristics and
Constituents 307
10.6.1 Bacteria 307
10.6.2 Protozoa (Including
Cryptosporidium and
Giardia lamblia) 307
10.6.3 Worms 308
10.6.4 Vimses, Fungi, and Algae 308
10.6.5 Coliform Indicator
Parameter 308
10.6.6 Heterotrophic Plate Count
(HPC) 309
10.6.7 Infections from
Water-Related Sources 310
10.6.8 Reduction of Infections by
Water Quality
Management 310
Radiological Characteristics and
Constituents 310
Drinking Water Quality Standards 311
Industrial Water Quality Standards 313
Bathing Waters 317
Fishing and Shellfish Waters 317
Irrigation Waters 319
Quality of Water from Various
Sources 319
Good Quality Water 320
Self-Purification and Storage 320
10.16 Objectives of Water Examination 321
10.17 Methods of Examination 321
10.18 Standard Tests 322
10.19 Expression of Analytical Results 322
10.20 Tapping a Source of Water 322
Problems/Questions 323
References 323
11 Water Treatment Systems 325
11.1 Purpose of Water Treatment 325
11.2 Treatment of Raw Water 325
11.3 Unit Operations and Unit Processes 328
11.4 Gas Transfer 330
11.5 Ion Transfer 330
11.5.1 Chemical Coagulation 330
11.5.2 Chemical Precipitation 331
11.5.3 Ion Exchange 331
11.5.4 Adsorption 332
11.6 Solute Stabilization 333
11.7 Solids Transfer 333
11.7.1 Straining 333
11.7.2 Sedimentation 333
11.7.3 Flotation 334
11.7.4 Filtration 337
11.8 Nutrient or Molecular Transfer and
Interfacial Contact 338
11.9 Disinfection 339
11.10 Miscellaneous Operations/Processes 340
11.11 Coordination of Unit
Operations/Processes 340
11.12 Selection of Water Treatment
Technologies 341
11.12.1 Treated Water
Requirements and Influent
Characteristics 341
11.12.2 Existing System
Configuration 341
11.12.3 Water Treatment Costs 341
11.12.4 Operation Requirements 341
11.12.5 Pretreatment and
Posttreatment Processes 341
11.12.6 Waste Management 342
11.12.7 Future Service Area Needs 342
11.13 Control of Turbidity, Color, and
Biological Contamination 342
11.14 Organic Contaminant Removal 343
11.15 Inorganic Contaminant Removal and
Control 345
11.15.1 Corrosion Controls 345
11.15.2 Inorganic Contaminant
Removal 345
11.15.3 Radionuclides Removal
and Risk Control 345
x Contents
11.16 Water Renovation 348
11.17 Treatment Kinetics 350
11.18 Monitoring Water Quality 351
11.19 Distribution to Customers 352
11.20 Glossary of Water Treatment
Systems 352
Problems/Questions 359
References 360
12 Chemicals Feeding, Mixing, and
Flocculation 363
12.1 Introduction 363
12.2 Handling, Storing, and Feeding
Chemicals 363
12.2.1 Points of Chemical
Addition 364
12.2.2 Chemical Metering
Equipment 364
12.3 Rapid Mixing 367
12.3.1 Mechanical Mixers
In-Line Static Mixers
In-Line Mechanical
Blenders 371
Jet Injection Blending
Coagulant Diffusers
Hydraulic Jumps 372
12.4 Rapid Mixing and Slow Flocculation
12.5 Flocculation 373
12.6 Mixing and Stirring Devices 373
12.6.1 Baffled Channels 373
12.6.2 Pneumatic Mixing and
Stirring 374
12.6.3 Mechanical Mixing and
Stirring 374
12.7 Flocculator Performance 391
12.7.1 Mixing 391
12.7.2 Flocculator Inlet and Outlet
Structures 392
12.7.3 Improving Basin Circulation
with Baffles 392
12.8 Costs 393
Problems/Questions 394
References 395
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12
12.3.2
12.3.3
12.3.4
12.3.5
12.3.6
369
370
371
372
Rates of Gas Absorption and
Desorption 400
Types of Aerators 402
13.5.1 Gravity Aerators 402
13.5.2 Spray Aerators 402
13.5.3 Air Diffusers 402
13.5.4 Mechanical Aerators 404
Factors Governing Gas Transfer 405
Design of Gravity Aerators 405
Design of Fixed-Spray Aerators 406
Design of Movable-Spray Aerators 406
Design of Injection Aerators 407
Mechanical Aerators 408
Oxidation for Removal of Dissolved
Iron and Manganese 408
13.12.1 Solubility of Fe and Mn
13.12.2 Redox Reactions of Fe and
Mn 409
13.12.3 Precipitation of Fe and Mn
13.12.4 Kinetics of Oxygenation
13.12.5 Engineering Management
of Oxidative Removal of
Iron and Manganese 409
408
409
409
13.13
13.14
372
Removal of Specific Gases
13.13.1 Methane 411
13.13.2 Carbon Dioxide
13.13.3 Hydrogen Sulfide
Removal of Odors and Tastes
Problems/Questions 414
References 415
411
411
411
414
14 Coagulation 417
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
13 Aeration, Gas Transfer, and
Oxidation 397
13.1 Sources of Gases in Water 397
13.2 Objectives of Gas Transfer 397
13.3 Absorption and Desorption of Gases 398
Introduction 417
The Colloidal State 417
14.2.1 Electrokinetic Properties of
Colloids 417
14.2.2 Hydration 418
14.2.3 Tyndall Effect 418
14.2.4 Brownian Movement 418
14.2.5 Filterability 418
Colloidal Structure and Stability of
Colloids 418
Destabilization of Colloids 421
14.4.1 Double-Layer
Compression 421
14.4.2 Adsorption and Charge
Neutralization 422
14.4.3 Entrapment of Particles in
Precipitate 422
14.4.4 Adsorption and Bridging
between Particles 422
Contents xi
14.5 Influencing Factors 423
14.5.1 Colloid Concentration 423
14.5.2 Alkalinity and pH 423
14.5.3 Coagulant Dosage and pH 423
14.5.4 Zeta Potential 424
14.5.5 Affinity of Colloids for Water 424
14.5.6 Anions in Solution 425
14.5.7 Cations in Solution 425
14.5.8 Temperature 425
14.6 Coagulants 425
14.6.1 Aluminum Salts 426
14.6.2 Iron Salts 427
14.6.3 Sodium Aluminate 430
14.6.4 Magnesium Coagulant 430
14.6.5 Polymeric Inorganic Salts 430
14.6.6 Organic Polymers 431
14.6.7 Coagulant Aids 432
14.7 Coagulation Control 432
14.7.1 Jar Test 433
14.7.2 Zetameter 433
14.7.3 Streaming Current Detector 434
14.7.4 Colloid Titration for
Polyelectrolyte Determination
and Coagulation Control 434
Problems/Questions 435
Special Reference 436
References 436
15 Screening, Sedimentation, and
Flotation 439
15.1 Treatment Objectives 439
15.2 Screening 439
15.3 Sedimentation 439
15.4 Types of Sedimentation 439
15.4.1 Settling Velocities of Discrete
Particles—Class 1
Clarification 440
15.4.2 Hindered Settling of Discrete
Particles—Class 2
Clarification 443
15.4.3 Settling of Flocculent
Suspensions—Zone Settling 445
15.4.4 Compression Settling 446
15.5 Settling Basins 447
15.5.1 Efficiency of Ideal S ettling
Basins 447
15.5.2 Reduction in Settling
Efficiency by Currents 448
15.5.3 Short-Circuiting and Basin
Stability 449
15.5.4 Scour of Bottom Deposits 450
15.5.5 Elements of Tank Design 451
15.6 Upflow Clarification 451
15.7 General Dimensions of Settling
Tanks 455
15.8 Sludge Removal 456
15.9 Inlet Hydraulics 456
15.10 Outlet Hydraulics 459
15.11 Sedimentation Tank Loading,
Detention, And Performance 459
15.11.1 Sedimentation Tank
Performance 459
15.11.2 Regulations and Standards 460
15.12 Shallow Depth Settlers 462
15.12.1 Theory of Shallow Depth
Settling 462
15.12.2 Tube Settlers 463
15.12.3 Lamella Separator 464
15.13 Gravity Thickening of Sludge 464
15.14 Natural Flotation 467
15.15 Dissolved Air Flotation Process 468
15.15.1 Process Description 468
15.15.2 Process Configurations 468
15.15.3 Factors Affecting
Dissolved Air Flotation 469
15.15.4 Dissolved Air Flotation
Theory 469
15.15.5 Flotation Design,
Operation, and
Performance 474
15.15.6 Municipal Potable Water
Plants 475
Problems/Questions 480
References 482
16 Conventional Filtration 485
16.1 Granular Water Filters 485
16.2 Granular Wastewater Filters 487
16.3 Granular Filtering Materials 488
16.3.1 Grain Size and Size
Distribution 488
16.3.2 Grain Shape and Shape
Variation 489
16.4 Preparation of Filter Sand 490
16.5 Hydraulics of Filtration 491
16.5.1 Hydraulics of Stratified
Beds 492
16.5.2 Hydraulics of Unstratified
Beds 493
16.6 Hydraulics of Fluidized Beds—Filter
Backwashing 494
16.7 Removal of Impurities 497
16.8 Kinetics of Filtration 497
xii Contents
16.9 Filter Design 498
16.9.1 Bed Depth 498
16.9.2 Underdrainage Systems 500
16.9.3 Scour Intensification 503
16.9.4 Washwater Troughs 503
16.9.5 Filter and Conduit
Dimensions 505
16.10 Filter Appurtenances and Rate
Control 505
16.11 Length of Filter Run 506
16.12 Filter Troubles 507
16.13 Plant Performance 508
16.13.1 Bacterial Efficiency 508
16.13.2 Removal of Color,
Turbidity, and Iron 509
16.13.3 Removal of Large
Organisms 509
16.13.4 Oxidation of Organic
Matter 509
Problems/Questions 509
References 510
17 Alternative and Membrane
Filtration Technologies 513
17.1 Introduction of Filtration
Technologies 513
17.1.1 Filtration Overview 513
17.1.2 Filtration Applications 513
17.2 Direct Filtration 514
17.2.1 Process Description 514
17.2.2 System Performance 516
17.3 Slow Sand Filtration 516
17.3.1 Process Description 516
17.3.2 System Performance 516
17.3.3 System Design
Considerations 517
17.3.4 Operation and
Maintenance 518
17.4 Package Plant Filtration 518
17.4.1 General Process
Description 518
17.4.2 Conventional Filtration
Package Plants 519
17.4.3 Tube-Type Clarifier
Package Plants 519
17.4.4 Adsorption Clarifier-Filter
Package Plant 519
17.4.5 Dissolved Air
Flotation-Filtration
Package Plant 520
17.4.6 Operation and Maintenance
of Package Plants 522
17.4.7 General System Performance
of Package Plants 522
17.5 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration 524
17.5.1 Process Description 524
17.5.2 Operation and Maintenance 525
17.6 Cartridge Filtration 526
17.6.1 Cartridge Filtration
Applications 526
17.6.2 Operation and Maintenance
of Cartridge Filtration 526
17.7 Membrane Filtration 527
17.7.1 Process Description 527
17.7.2 System Design
Considerations 527
17.7.3 Operation of Membrane
Filtration 531
17.7.4 Maintenance of Membrane
Filtration Systems 537
17.7.5 Membrane Filtration
Applications 538
17.7.6 System Performance of
Membrane Filtration 539
17.7.7 Potential Problems of
Membrane Filtration 540
17.8 Selecting the Appropriate Filtration
Treatment System 540
17.8.1 Steps in an Evaluation 540
17.8.2 Need for Pilot Studies 540
17.8.3 Flocculation, Sedimentation,
and Flotation Studies 541
17.8.4 Filtration Studies 541
Problems/Questions 541
References 542
18 Disinfection and Disinfection By-products
Control 545
18.1 Purpose of Disinfection 545
18.2 Pathogens, Disinfection, and
Disinfectants 545
18.3 Disinfection by Heat 546
18.4 Disinfection by Ultraviolet Light 546
18.5 Disinfection by Chemicals 546
18.5.1 Oxidizing Chemicals 546
18.5.2 Metal Ions 547
18.5.3 Alkalis and Acids 547
18.5.4 Surface-Active Chemicals 547
18.5.5 Advanced Oxidation
Processes 547
18.6 Theory of Chemical Disinfection 548
18.7 Kinetics of Chemical Disinfection 549
18.7.1 Time of Contact 549
18.7.2 Concentration of
Disinfectant 551
Contents xiii
18.7.3 Temperature of
Disinfection 551
18.7.4 Ct Values for Disinfection
Process Control 552
18.8 Disinfection by Ozone 554
18.9 Disinfection by Chlorine 556
18.10 Free Available Chlorine and Free
Chlorination 556
18.11 Combined Available Chlorine and
Chloramination 558
18.12 Breakpoint Reactions of Ammonia
18.13 Dechlorination 559
18.14 Disinfection by-Products 560
18.14.1 Formation of Disinfection
By-products 560
18.14.2 Strategies for Controlling
Disinfection By-products
18.15 Chemical Technology of
Disinfection 562
18.16 Operational Technology of
Chlorination 562
18.16.1 Water Chlorination
Applications 564
18.16.2 Additional Chlorination
Applications 566
18.16.3 Manageable Variables in
Halogenation 566
18.17 Operational Technology of Sodium
Hypochlorination 567
18.17.1 Equipment Costs 567
18.17.2 Operating and Maintenance
Costs 567
18.17.3 Chemical Costs 568
18.18 Operational Technology of Calcium
Hypochlorination 570
18.19 Operational Technology of Chlorine
Dioxide Disinfection 570
18.20 Operational Technology of
Ozonation 571
18.20.1 Process Description 572
18.20.2 System Design
Considerations 573
18.21 Operational Technology of UV
Disinfection 574
18.21.1 UV Disinfection System
Design Considerations 574
18.21.2 UV Lamp Designs 575
18.21.3 Factors Affecting the
Design of the UV
Disinfection System 576
18.21.4 UV Transmittance 577
18.21.5 U V Equipment
Configuration 577
18.21.6 U V Lamp Age and Quartz
Sleeve Fouling 577
18.21.7 UV System Operating and
Maintenance
Considerations 577
18.21.8 Operation and Maintenance
of UV Lamps 578
18.21.9 Operation and Maintenance
of the Reactor 578
18.22 Recent Developments in Disinfection
Management—Log Removal/
Inactivation Credits of Drinking
559 Water Treatment Processes 582
18.22.1 Introduction 582
18.22.2 Surface Water Treatment
Rule and Long Term 2
Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule 582
560 18.22.3 Ground Water Rule and
Total Coliform Rule 588
Problems/Questons 589
References 591
19 Chemical Precipitation and Water
Softening 593
19.1 Chemical Precipitation 593
19.2 Description of Precipitation Process
593
19.2.1 Metals Removal 593
19.2.2 Removal of Fats, Oils, and
Greases 594
19.2.3 Phosphorus Removal 594
19.2.4 Removal of Suspended
Solids 595
19.2.5 Additional Considerations 595
19.3 Applicability 596
19.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 596
19.5 Design Criteria 596
19.6 Performance—J ar Testing 597
19.7 Operation and Maintenance 597
19.8 Costs 598
19.9 Precipitation of Hardness and
Carbonates—Water Softening 598
19.10 Recarbonation After Water Softening 602
19.11 Recovering Lime After Water
Softening 602
Problems/Questions 603
References 603
20 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 605
20.1 Adsorption Processes 605
20.2 Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibria 605
20.2.1 Adsorption Kinetics 605
xiv
Contents
20.2.2 Conditions of Equilibrium 606
20.2.3 Interpretation of Adsorption
Isotherms 608
20.3 Characteristics of Adsorbents 608
20.3.1 Silica Gel 608
20.3.2 Activated Carbon 608
20.3.3 Polymeric Adsorbents 609
20.3.4 Carbon Properties Relating
to Adsorption 609
20.4 Adsorption of Odors and Tastes 610
20.5 Pilot Carbon Column Tests 612
20.6 Breakthrough Curve 613
20.7 Process Technology 614
20.7.1 Types of Contact Beds 614
20.7.2 Design Criteria of Carbon
Beds 615
20.7.3 Design of an Adsorption
Bed 617
20.7.4 Carbon Regeneration
Systems 622
20.8 Ion Exchange 624
20.8.1 Advantages and
Disadvantages of Ion
Exchange 624
20.8.2 System Performance 625
20.9 Ion Exchangers 626
20.9.1 Synthetic Ion Exchangers 626
20.9.2 Activated Alumina and
Zeolite 626
20.10 The Ion Exchange Process 628
20.11 Ion Selectivity 630
20.12 Kinetics of Ion Exchange 631
20.13 Ion Exchange Technology 632
20.14 Water Softening by Ion Exchange 633
20.15 Demineralization 634
20.16 Concentration of Ions 635
20.17 Ion Exchange Membranes and
Dialysis 635
20.18 Modular Treatment Units for
Removal of Radionuclides 636
20.19 Case Study I: Nitrate Removal:
McFarland, CA 636
20.20 Case Study II: Fluoride Removal in
Gila Bend, AZ 637
Problems/Questions 637
References 639
21 Chemical Stabilization and Control of
Corrosion and Biofilms 641
21.1 Chemical Stabilization
21.2 Corrosion 643
641
21.3 The Corrosion Reaction 644
21.3.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion 646
21.3.2 Corrosion Indices 646
21.3.3 Consumer Complaints 647
21.3.4 Scale or Pipe Surface
Examination 647
21.3.5 Measurement of Corrosion
Rate 647
21.4 Control of Corrosion 648
21.5 Lead and Copper Corrosion 650
21.5.1 Health Effects 650
21.5.2 Occurrence as a Corrosion
By-product 650
21.5.3 Diagnosing and Evaluating
the Problem 651
21.5.4 Sampling and Chemical
Analysis 651
21.6 Lead Corrosion Control 651
21.6.1 Distribution and Plumbing
System Design
Considerations 652
21.6.2 Water Quality Modifications 652
21.6.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 654
21.6.4 Cathodic Protection 655
21.6.5 Coatings and Linings 655
21.7 Biofilm Control 655
21.7.1 Factors That Favor Biofilm
Growth 657
21.7.2 Biofilm Control Strategies 657
Problems/Questions 659
References 660
22 Residues Management, Safety, and
Emergency Response 661
22.1 Management of Residues 661
22.2 Types of Residuals 662
22.3 Applicable Regulations 663
22.4 Residual Solids Treatment 663
22.5 Residuals Disposal 664
22.5.1 Underground Injection 664
22.5.2 Direct Discharge to Surface
Waters 664
22.5.3 Discharge to Sewers and
WWTP 664
22.5.4 Landfilling 665
22.5.5 Land Application 665
22.6 Selection of Management Plans 666
22.7 Safety and Accident Prevention 670
22.7.1 Safety in Valve Vault Design 670
22.7.2 Safety in Chemical Handling 671
22.7.3 Safety in the Placement of
Valves 671
22.7.4 Safety in Water System
Perimeter Fall Protection 672
22.8 Emergency Response Plan 673
22.9 Actions Prior to Developing an ERP 674
22.10 Emergency Response Plan Core
Elements 675
22.10.1 System-Specific
Information 675
22.10.2 CWS Roles and
Responsibilities 675
22.10.3 Communication
Procedures (Who, What,
and When) 675
22.10.4 Personnel Safety 676
22.10.5 Identification of Alternate
Water Sources 676
22.10.6 Replacement Equipment
and Chemical Supplies 677
22.10.7 Property Protection 677
22.10.8 Water Sampling and
Monitoring 677
22.11 Putting the ERP Together and ERP
Activation 677
22.12 Action Plans 678
22.13 Next Steps 681
Problems/Questions 681
References 682
23 Prevention through Design and System
Safety 683
23.1 Introduction to System Safety 683
23.2 Nature and Magnitude of Safety and
Health Problems 685
23.3 Risk Assessment Matrix 687
23.3.1 Description 687
23.3.2 Procedures 688
23.3.3 Advantages and
Limitations of the Risk
Matrix 693
23.4 Failure Modes, Effects, and
Criticality Analysis 693
23.4.1 Description 693
23.4.2 Application 693
23.4.3 Procedures 693
23.4.4 Advantages and
Limitations 698
23.5 Engineering and Design for Safe
Construction 698
23.5.1 Construction Failures 698
23.5.2 Causes of Construction
Failures 699
Contents XV
23.5.3 Classification of Causal
Factors 699
23.6 Construction Safety and Health
Management 703
23.6.1 Safety and Health Program
Elements 703
23.6.2 Project Safety Rules 704
23.6.3 Training and Worker
Orientation 704
23.6.4 New Worker Orientation 704
23.6.5 Accident Investigation and
Recordkeeping 706
23.6.6 Safety Budget and Audits 706
23.7 Requirements for Safety in
Construction Projects 706
23.7.1 Falls 706
23.7.2 Excavation and Trenching 707
23.7.3 Confined Space Entry 708
23.7.4 Heavy Construction
Equipment 709
23.8 Occupational Diseases 710
23.8.1 System Approach 710
23.8.2 Complexity of the Issues 711
23.8.3 Scientific Factors 711
23.8.4 Occupational Disease as a
Process 712
23.8.5 Potential Hazards 712
23.8.6 Modes of Entry 712
23.8.7 Body Processes and
Defenses 713
23.8.8 Elimination 714
23.9 Ergonomics 714
23.9.1 The Worker and Work 714
23.9.2 Adverse Effects Caused by
Workplace Conditions 715
Problems/Questions 715
References 716
24 Engineering Projects Management 717
24.1 Role of Engineers 717
24.2 Steps in Project Development 717
24.2.1 Community Action 717
24.2.2 Engineering Response 718
24.3 The Engineering Report 718
24.4 Feasibility Studies 719
24.5 Alternatives 719
24.6 Plans and Specifications 720
24.7 Sources of Information 720
24.8 Standards 720
24.9 Design Specifications 721
24.10 Project Construction 721
24.10.1 Notice to Bidders 721
Contents
24.10.2 General Conditions 721
24.10.3 Special Provisions 722
24.10.4 Detailed Specifications 722
24.10.5 The Proposal 722
24.10.6 The Contract 722
24.11 Project Financing 723
24.12 Methods of Borrowing 725
24.12.1 General Obligation Bonds 725
24.12.2 Revenue Bonds 725
24.12.3 Special Assessment Bonds 725
24.13 Rate Making 725
24.13.1 WaterRates 725
24.13.2 Fire Protection 726
24.13.3 Peak-Flow Demands
24.13.4 Sewer Service Charges
24.14 Systems Management 726
Problems/Questions 727
References 727
APPENDIXES 729
INDEX 797
|
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| author | Shammas, Nazih K. Wang, Lawrence K. |
| author_facet | Shammas, Nazih K. Wang, Lawrence K. |
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| discipline | Soziologie Bauingenieurwesen |
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| id | DE-604.BV042738742 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:18:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470390986 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2016 |
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| publisher | Wiley |
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| spellingShingle | Shammas, Nazih K. Wang, Lawrence K. Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment |
| title | Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment |
| title_auth | Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment |
| title_exact_search | Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment |
| title_full | Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment Nazih K. Shammas ; Lawrence K. Wang |
| title_fullStr | Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment Nazih K. Shammas ; Lawrence K. Wang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water engineering hydraulics, distribution and treatment Nazih K. Shammas ; Lawrence K. Wang |
| title_short | Water engineering |
| title_sort | water engineering hydraulics distribution and treatment |
| title_sub | hydraulics, distribution and treatment |
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