Research methods: the essential knowledge base
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston, MA
Cengage Learning
[2016]
|
| Ausgabe: | Student Edition |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028010630&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXII, 422 S. Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781133954774 1133954774 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Trochim, William M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methods |b the essential knowledge base |c William M. Trochim ; James P. Donnelly ; Kanika Arora |
| 250 | |a Student Edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston, MA |b Cengage Learning |c [2016] | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 422 S. |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Arora, Kanika |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028010630 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819270176100581376 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiü
1 Foundations of
Research Methods 3
1.1 The Research Enterprise 4
1.1a What Is Research? 4
1.1b Translational Research 6
1.1c Research Syntheses and Guidelines 7
1.1 d Evidence-Based Practice 9
1.1 e An Evolutionary Perspective on
the Research Enterprise 9
12 Conceptualizing Research 10
1.2a Where Research Topics Come From 10
1.2b The Literature Review 11
12c Feasibility Issues 12
13 The Language of Research 12
13a Research Vocabulary 13
13b Types of Studies 14
13c Time in Research 14
13d Types of Relationships 15
13e Hypotheses 17
13f Variables 19
13g Types of Data 20
1.3h The Unit of Analysis 21
131 Deduction and Induction 22
14 The Structure of Research 23
14a Components of a Research Study 24
15 The Validity of Research 26
Summary 30
Key Terms 30
Suggested Websites 31
Review Questions 31
Ethics 33
2.1 Foundations of Ethics
in Research 34
2.2 Historical Cases
of Unethical Research 35
2.2a Nazi Experimentation during WWII
and the Nuremberg Code 35
2.2b Stanley Milgram’s Obedience
Studies 36
2.2c The Thalidomide Tragedy 37
2.2d The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 38
2.3 Evolution of a Modern System of
Research Ethics 39
2.3a The Belmont Report 39
2.3b Related Guidelines on Human Subject
Participation 41
2.3c Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) 43
2.3d Ethics in Clinical Research:
Patient Protection versus Access 44
2.3e Ethics in Research with Animals 46
2.4 Ethics in the Production and Publication
of Scholarly Work 46
2.4a Honesty in Reporting 47
2.4b Conflict of Interest 49
2.4c Fairness in Publication Credit 49
Summary 50
Key Terms 52
Suggested Websites 52
Review Questions 52
3 Qualitative Approaches
to Research 55
3.1 Foundations of Qualitative Research 56
3.2 The Context for Qualitative
Research 57
3.2a Generating New Theories or Hypotheses 57
3.2b Developing Detailed Stories to Describe
a Phenomenon 58
3,2c Achieving Deeper Understanding
of the Phenomenon 59
3»2d Improving the Quality of Quantitative
Measures 59
3.3 Qualitative Traditions 60
3.3a Ethnography 60
3.3b Phenomenology 61
3.3c Field Research 61
3.3d Grounded Theory 62
3.4 Qualitative Methods 63
3,4a Participant Observation 63
3.4b Direct Observation 63
3,4c Unstructured Interviewing 63
3.4d Case Studies 64
3.4e Focus Groups 64
3.4f Unobtrusive Methods in Qualitative
Research 65
IX
X
CONTENTS
3.5 Qualitative Data 67
3.5a How Different Are Quantitative
and Qualitative Data? 68
3.6 Assessing Qualitative
Research 71
3.6a Credibility 72
3.6b Transferability 72
3.6c Dependability 72
3.6d Confirmability 72
Summary 73
Key Terms 74
Suggested Websites 74
Review Questions 74
Sampling 11
Sampling 79
4.1 Foundations of Sampling 80
4.2 Sampling Terminology 81
4.3 External Validity 83
4.3a Two Major Approaches to External Validity
in Sampling 83
4.4 Sampling Methods 85
4.5 Nonprobability Sampling 86
4.5a Accidental, Haphazard, or Convenience
Sampling 86
4.5b Purposive Sampling 87
4.5c Modal instance Sampling 87
4 5d Expert Sampling 88
4.5e Quota Sampling 89
4.51 Heterogeneity Sampling 90
4.5g Snowball Sampling 90
4.5h Summary of Nonprobability
Methods 92
4.6 Probability Sampling; Theory 92
4.6a The Sampling Distribution 92
4.6b Sampling Error 94
4.6c The Normal Curve in Sampling 94
4.7 Probability Sampling:
Procedures 96
4.7a Initial Definitions 97
4.7b Simple Random Sampling 97
4.7c Stratified Random Sampling 98
4.7d Systematic Random Sampling 100
4.7e Cluster (Area) Random
Sampling 101
4.7f Multistage Sampling 102
4.7g How Big Should the Sample Be? 103
4.7h Summary of Probabilistic Sampling 103
4.8 Threats to External Validity 103
4.9 Improving External Validity 104
Summary 104
Key Terms 106
Suggested Websites 106
Review Questions 106
5 Introduction to
Measurement m
5.1 Foundations of Measurement 112
5.1 a Levels of Measurement 113
5.2 Quality of Measurement 115
5.2a Reliability 115
5.2b Theory of Reliability 119
5.2c Types of Reliability 121
5.2d Validity 127
5.2@ Construct Validity and Other Measurement
Validity Labels 129
5„2f Threats to Construct Validity 135
5.2g The Social Threats to Construct Validity 138
5.3 Integrating Reliability and Validity 140
Summary 140
Key Terms 141
Suggested Websites 141
Review Questions 142
6 Scales, Tests, and Indexes 145
6.1 Foundations of Scales, Tests, and
Indexes 146
6.2 Scales and Scaling 146
6.2a General Issues in Scaling 147
6.2b Purposes of Scaling 148
6.2c Dimensionality 148
6.2d Unidimensional or Multidimensional? 149
6.3 Tests 157
6.3a Validity, Reliability, and
Test Construction 159
6.3b Standardized Tests 160
6.3c Test Fairness 161
6.3d How to Find a Good Test 161
6.4 Indexes 162
6.4a Some Common Indexes 162
6.4b Constructing an Index 164
Summary 166
Key Terms 167
Suggested Websites 167
Review Questions 168
7 Survey Research 171
71 Foundations of Survey Research 172
7.2 Types of Survey Research 172
7.2a Questionnaires 173
7.2b Interviews 174
73 Selecting the Survey Method 176
7.3a Population Issues 176
7.3b Sampling Issues 178
7.3c Question Issues 179
7.3d Content Issues 179
7.3e Bias Issues 180
7.3f Administrative Issues 181
7.4 Survey Design 181
74a Types of Questions 182
7.4b Question Content 185
74c Response Format 187
74d Question Wording 190
7.4e Question Placement 192
7.4f The Golden Rule 193
75 Interviews 193
75a The Role of the Interviewer 193
7.5b Training the Interviewers 194
75c The Interviewer’s Kit 196
75d Conducting the Interview 196
75e Obtaining Adequate Responses—The
Probe 198
7.5f Recording the Response 199
75g Concluding the Interview 199
Summary 200
Key Terms 200
Suggested Websites 200
Review Questions 201
8 Introduction to Design 205
8.1 Foundations of Design 206
8.2 Research Design and Causality 206
8.2a Establishing Cause and Effect
in Research Design 207
8.2b Internal Validity 209
8.3 Developing a Research Design 219
8.4 Types of Designs 221
8.4a Expanding on Basic Designs 222
Summary 224
Key Terms 225
Suggested website 225
Review Questions 225
9 Experimental Design 229
9.1 Foundations of Experimental Design 230
9.2 Introduction: The Origins of Experimental
Design 230
9.2a Distinguishing Features of Experimental
Design 232
9.2b Experimental Design and Threats
to Internal Validity 234
9.2c Design Notation for a Two-Group
Experimental Design 235
9,2d Difference between Random Selection
and Assignment 235
9.3 Classifying Experimental
Designs 236
9.4 Signal Enhancing Designs: Factorial
Designs 237
9.4a The Basic 2x2 Factorial Design 237
9.4b Benefits and Limitations of Factorial
Designs 242
9.4c Factorial Design Variations 242
9.5 Noise-Reducing Designs: Randomized
Block Designs 248
9.6 Noise-Reducing Designs:
Covariance Designs 249
9.7 Hybrid Designs: Switching-Replications
Experimental Designs 250
9.8 Limitations of Experimental
Design 252
Summary 253
Key Terms 253
Suggested Websites 253
Review Questions 254
10 Quasi-Experimental
Design 257
10.1 Foundations of Quasi-Experimental
Design 258
10.2 The Nonequivalent-Groups
Design 259
10.2a Reaching Cause-and-Effect Conclusions
with the NEGD 259
10.3 The Regression-Discontinuity
Design 264
10.3a The Basic RD Design 264
10.3b The Role of the Comparison Group in RD
Designs 266
10.3c The Internal Validity of the RD
Design 267
XI І CONTENTS
10.3d Statistical Power and the RD
Design 267
10.3e Ethics and the RD Design 268
10.4 Other Quasi-Experimental
Designs 268
10.4a The Proxy Pretest Design 268
10.4b The Separate Pre-Post Samples
Design 269
10.4c The Double-Pretest Design 270
10.4dThe Switching-Replications
Design 270
10.4e The Nonequivalent Dependent
Variables (NEDV) Design 270
10.4f The Regression Point Displacement (RPD)
Design 272
Summary 273
Key Terms 274
Suggested Websites 274
Review Questions 275
11 introduction to Data
Analysis 279
11.1 Foundations of Data Analysis 280
11.2 Conclusion Validity 281
11.2a Threats to Conclusion Validity 282
11.2b Improving Conclusion Validity 285
11.3 Data Preparation 287
113a Logging the Data 287
11.3b Checking the Data for Accuracy 287
11.3c Developing a Database Structure 288
113d Entering the Data into the
Computer 288
113@ Data Transformations 290
114 Descriptive Statistics 291
114a The Distribution 292
114b Central Tendency 293
114c Dispersion or Variability 294
1l4d Correlation 295
Summary 301
Key Terms 301
Suggested Websites 301
Review Questions 302
12 Inferential Analysis 305
12.1 Foundations of Analysis for Research
Design 306
12.2 Inferential Statistics 306
12.3 General Linear Model 308
12.3a The Two-Variable Linear Model 309
12.3b The “General” in the General Linear
Model 310
12.3c Dummy Variables 311
12.3d The i-Test 312
12.4 Experimental Analysis 318
12.4a The Two Group Posttest-Only
Randomized Experiment 318
12.4bFactorial Design Analysis 319
12.4c Randomized Block Analysis 319
12.4d Analysis of Covariance 320
12.5 Quasi-Experimental Analysis 320
12.5a Nonequivalent Groups Analysis 321
12.5b Regression-Discontinuity Analysis 321
12.5c Regression Point Displacement
Analysis 322
Summary 322
Key Terms 324
Suggested Websites 324
Review Questions 324
13 Research Communication 327
13.1 Research Communication 328
13,1a Research Communication and the
Research-Practice Continuum 328
13.1 b General Considerations
for Research Communication 329
13.2 The Written Report 329
13.2a Key Elements and Formatting
of a Research Paper 330
13.3 Other Forms of Research
Communication 338
13.3a Presentations 338
13,3b Posters 341
Summary 342
Key Terms 342
Suggested Websites 342
Review Questions 343
Appendix A: Sample Research Paper in
АРА Format 345
Review Questions Answer Key 373
Glossary 391
References 407
Index 411
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:14:59Z |
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| isbn | 9781133954774 1133954774 |
| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Trochim, William M. Donnelly, James P. Arora, Kanika Research methods the essential knowledge base Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4232139-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Research methods the essential knowledge base |
| title_auth | Research methods the essential knowledge base |
| title_exact_search | Research methods the essential knowledge base |
| title_full | Research methods the essential knowledge base William M. Trochim ; James P. Donnelly ; Kanika Arora |
| title_fullStr | Research methods the essential knowledge base William M. Trochim ; James P. Donnelly ; Kanika Arora |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methods the essential knowledge base William M. Trochim ; James P. Donnelly ; Kanika Arora |
| title_short | Research methods |
| title_sort | research methods the essential knowledge base |
| title_sub | the essential knowledge base |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Quantitative Methode Lehrbuch |
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