Praga, Wrocław i Kraków: przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
2014
|
| Series: | Złota Seria Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
8 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3553 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758909&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758909&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prague, Wrocław and Kraków : the public and private space at the time of the medieval transition Bibliogr. s. 217-245 |
| Physical Description: | 257 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788322934180 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | JERZY PIEKALSKI
Praga, Wrocław i Kraków
Przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna
w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu
WROCŁAW 2014
WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU WROCŁAWSKIEGO
Spis treści
Wstęp 7
ROZDZIAŁ I Początki struktur miejskich w środkowo-wschodniej Europie 15
1 Pojęcie średniowiecznego miasta 15
2 Problem przedlokacyjnych ośrodków protomiejskich w środkowo-wschodniej
Europie 21
a Praga 23
b Wrocław 40
c Kraków 54
3 Główne cechy protomiast wewnętrznej strefy środkowo-wschodniej Europy 61
ROZDZIAŁ II Miasta lokacyjne 64
1 Problem lokacji i nowa struktura miast 64
a Praga 66
b Wrocław 70
c Kraków 83
2 Główne cechy przełomu 88
ROZDZIAŁ III Organizacja przestrzeni działki mieszczańskiej 95
ROZDZIAŁ IV Dom 118
1 Dom kupca i rzemieślnika w zachodniej strefie środkowej Europy w XI-XII wieku 119
2 Drewniane i kamienne domy w Pradze 136
3 Wczesne domy Wrocławia 152
4 Domy krakowskie 174
ROZDZIAŁ V Konstrukcje ulic i stan czystości miast 187
ROZDZIAŁ VI Praga, Wrocław i Kraków — miasta nowej Europy Zakończenie 208
Bibliografia 217
Summary 247
Spis rycin 251
Prague,
Wrocław and Kraków.
The public and private space
at the time of the medieval transition
Summary
The aim of the book is to contribute to the discussion about medieval urbanisation of Central
and Eastern Europe, and the transformation of lifestyle that took place in the 12th—14th centuries.
It was expressed in a new organisation of the urban space, emergence of private plots of land and
new living conditions. The starting point for the present analysis is a thesis that the urban living
conditions were special, different from the conventions typical of rural areas and elite communities.
Life in urban areas went on in separate but overlapping public and private spaces. Both spheres were
necessary to the urban lifestyle, reconciling communal interests, economic objectives and private life.
The choice of Prague,
Wrocław
and
Kraków,
the most important urban centres in Bohemia, Silesia
and
Małopolska,
stems from the fact that these cities clearly illustrate the cultural breakthrough that
occurred in Central and Eastern Europe in the high Middle Ages. The breakthrough was based on the
adoption of a new model of the economy and its driving force was the influx of settlers from Western
Europe. The transformation of Central European proto-towns into communal towns was a process of
their adaptation to new economic challenges. The urban law and structure, too, were adapted to them.
The book tackles a number of threads and details questions
—
concerning the relation between
the early medieval proto-towns and legally regulated towns of the high Middle Ages, the course
of charter-based transformation and the organisation of urban plots. An important question for the
author is one concerning the beginning of the urban home in Central and Eastern Europe. To what
extent was it a phenomenon transferred from the West and to what extent did it evolve locally,
as the merchant home in early urban settlements, conditioned by the local needs? In addition, the
author examines the emerging infrastructure
—
technologies and devices associated with transport
and waste disposal. He examines local and
supraregional
features
—
what Prague,
Wrocław
and
Kraków
have in common and what elements make them different.
The common features of Prague,
Wrocław
and
Kraków
in the early urban stage include
the presence of a centre of secular power, a cathedral with the bishop s seat and settlement with
a non-agrarian economy as well as additional settlement components. All of them made up a loose,
polycentric structure, the topographic picture of which was determined by the local natural condi¬
tions. However, each of the analysed centres had its own rhythm of development. Prague, the centre
of the
Přemyslid
state, was the first
—
already in the 10th century
—
to become
a
supraregional
commercial centre. This economic success was reflected in the growth of the
Hrad
suburb. The
economic role of
Krakow
at the time is unclear. Its high economic position has been confirmed so
far only by the discovery in the
Okół
suburb of a huge deposit of iron ore weighing about
4
tonnes.
When it comes to
Wrocław,
we know that the burg had no significant artisan and commercial base
in the 10th—11th centuries.
The 12th century was marked by a considerable acceleration in the development of Prague,
reflected in a shift of craft- and commerce-based settlement to the right bank of the Vltava River,
248
summary
opposite the castle. From the mid-century at the latest, foreign merchants were settled there perma¬
nently. Their economic prosperity is evidenced by high-quality stone houses which began to be built
in the late 12th and early 13th century. Most of them were erected by the large market square and in
the irregular streets running near it. In
Wrocław
a craftsmen s settlement existed on the left bank of
the
Odra
in the
1
lth century, though it did not become significant until the turn of the 13th century.
From that moment its growth became very dynamic, with at least some of the inhabitants coming
from the West. Like in Prague, they were Germans, Jews and people described as Latin. Krakow s
growth accelerated in the first half of the 13th century. Ethically foreign visitors came in the 1220s
at the latest. In each of the analysed urban centres they were granted judicial independence, but it
did not mean an urban settlement with a new borough charter.
The transformation of Prague,
Wrocław
and
Kraków
into a form regulated by new laws can be
seen as part of broader economic and social transformations in Europe in the high Middle Ages. They
resulted to a large extent from the dynamic development of territories situated west of the Elbe, where
economic growth brought about an intense population growth. The colonisation of Central and Eastern
Europe was one of its effects, and the granting of borough charters can be understood as a form of
its organisation and fiscal control. In each of the analysed cases the charter breakthrough was slightly
different. The intense and effective
—
in settlement terms
—
development of the proto-town limited
the scope of the charter-linked transformation. A lack of stability before the granting of the charter
resulted in a greater interference in the urban structure. In
1234
the proto-urban right-bank Prague
had a spatial structure so developed and so valuable that the borough charter contract concluded at
the time did not cause any drastic changes in the layout of the settlement. The existing stone buildings
petrified at least some of the plots, limiting the purpose of the charter to fiscal regulation. In
Wrocław
what should be regarded as the first chartered borough is a settlement added to the already existing
urban area. Its regular network of streets with a centrally located market square became one of the
three structures that were soon fortified. The other two were the pre-charter settlement and the plot
of ducal land on the
Odra.
A dynamic development of the new entity soon led to the absorption of
the old settlement and further territorial expansion. In Krakow the old
Okół
suburb was not covered
by the charter either. The new entity was located in a zone situated north of it. A regular urban layout
was fully developed there in a form dictated by fiscal objectives and adapted to commercial purposes,
but also a form that testified to the high skills of the surveyors. From our point of view, the layout of
Kraków
from the 13th-14th centuries can be regarded as a piece of urban planning art. The common
feature of the urban breakthrough was a considerable spatial limitation of the old settlement structure.
A loose, fragmented agglomeration was being replaced by an urban settlement with a clearly defined,
multifunctional centre. In all the analysed cities, its spatial form was that of a square, old one in Prague
and newly marked out in
Wrocław
and Krakow.
Was the model of urban plot transposed to Central and Eastern Europe as a ready-made
product, legally, fiscally and spatially developed in Western towns? In the light of the knowledge
we have at our disposal today, we have to assume that in Western towns this was not a one-off
invention. It evolved and was by no means uniform. In most towns in the 12th and early 13th
century plot layouts varied, determined as they were by the usually irregular street network. In
many urban centres functioning since the early Middle Ages, such layouts, quickly consolidated
by stone buildings, have survived to this day. This reality is reflected by the Old Town in Prague.
Many plots have irregular shapes there. We could say that the elongated rectangle layout did not
reach it on time. The town had developed before the legal regulations were introduced. On the other
hand, we will find rectangular plots equal in size and with a clear fiscal function in Wroclaw and
in
Kraków.
In both these cities they emerged in the 13th century
—
slightly later in
Kraków
than
in
Wrocław.
Decisions concerning the size of plots in both urban centres were made independently
and were adapted to the local needs.
In each of the analysed cities we can notice considerable liberty when it comes to the spatial
concepts of the home. However, in all cases they conform to the general idea of a merchant s or
summary
249
craftsman s house. In the 12th and 13th centuries wooden houses in Prague included houses with
a post-and-beam load-bearing structure. Their surface was greater than that of the local log houses,
with the interior being partially underground. A real sign of a new era in that city came in the form
of Romanesque stone houses. A lack of close analogies and, at the same time, their considerable
accumulation on the right bank of the Vltava suggest that they were designed locally, for the needs
of the local financial elite, which included wealthy merchants engaged in long-distance trade.
Wooden, post-and-beam structures found in Prague and other towns of Bohemia and Moravia
were not typical of Wroclaw and
Kraków.
Research carried out in
Wrocław
suggests that a techni¬
cally advanced frame system was used there from the first decades of the 13th century and houses
usually had two storeys, the first of which was partially underground. The stone houses of Prague
had no equivalents in
Wrocław
and
Kraków
either. Solutions adopted there were different, more
suited to the local needs and, especially, the local capabilities. While in Prague a stone house built
as part of a single construction venture was usually a complete, functioning whole, in
Wrocław
the construction process occurred in stages. People began with simple forms, subsequently adding
new segments or dividing the existing interiors into smaller rooms. Stone houses in
Wrocław
were
chronologically later than those in Prague, but older than those in
Kraków.
In
Kraków
stone hous¬
es appeared in the last few decades of the 13th century. In each of the three cities builders used
materials and technologies appropriate for the local conditions and existing stylistic conventions.
Squares and streets constituted the basic part of the public space in medieval towns and the
way in which they were used differed from the way people used plots and houses. They combined
technical, social and symbolic functions. They provided a venue for economic activity and, on the
other hand, expression of group identity and place within the internal hierarchy of the group. They
were used as places to meet and exchange information, and the way in which people behaved there
was controlled. The usefulness of squares and streets in daily transport and communication was
determined by their technical condition. There were different pavement hardening technologies used
in the analysed urban centres. However, there were some common tendencies, mainly an evolution
from ad hoc and structurally simple solutions to permanent stone pavements built through com¬
munal investments. In each of the analysed cities the structure of archaeologically analysed street
layers reflects growing public problems and responses to them. The condition of the pavement was
improved depending on the current function of the street as well as existing technical potential and
financial resources of the burghers. In the early stages of urban development, when the level of
disturbance of the natural character of the environment was not high, such road investments and
repair works were not large-scale enterprises. Increasing negative changes prompted organised
interventions of the community to reduce the nuisance. The initially liberal policy pursued by the
municipal council with time became more active or even restrictive with regard to the owners of
plots adjacent to streets.
The same can be said of actions taken to keep the urban space clean. They were permanent,
focused on removing the threats as they appeared, with an increasingly regulatory and controlling
role being played by the local government. The accumulation of layers of rubbish in the streets and
squares of Prague, Wroclaw and
Kraków
led to mandatory cleaning and removal of waste outside.
However, sanitary problems increased with the growth of the population. It seems that until the
14th century, i.e. in a period that is of the greatest interest to us, townspeople s efforts to keep their
towns clean brought results that were satisfying to them. However, in the late Middle Ages and the
early modern period the situation deteriorated significantly.
The transformation of Prague, Wroclaw and
Kraków
in the
Шп-1
4th centuries was part of
a broader process of urbanisation in Central and Eastern Europe. It occurred as part of a complex
phenomenon of economic and social change. It consisted in a reorganisation of the network of
central sites, which became denser, sites an important function of which was non-agrarian economic
activity, understood as one of the elements of exploitation of a territory subordinated to a feudal
lord. Various parts of the continent were affected by the process, with its rhythm varying and with
250
SUMMARY
considerable qualitative differences existing between the regions. One of the issues examined as part
of the problem of the commercialisation of the continent is the relation between the old post-Car-
olingian zone, i.e. old Europe, and areas incorporated into Western civilisation in the lOth—13th
centuries. Given the current state of research and discussion, we can say that the acceleration in
the urbanisation of Central and Eastern Europe stemmed not so much from the will of the political
and ecclesiastical elites at the time, but from economic and social processes as well as population
growth characteristic of the territories west of the Elbe in the
12111-1
3th centuries. The economic
prosperity of Western towns translated through commerce into a development of towns in the new
Europe. There was a widespread tendency to unify large areas of the continent as part of a new
urban civilisation. This also concerned phenomena studied by archaeologists
—
urban lifestyle,
increased consumption and transformations of material culture.
|
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| geographic | Kraków (Polska) / początki jhpk Praga (Czechy) / początki jhpk Wrocław (Polska) / początki jhpk Breslau (DE-588)4008216-7 gnd Prag (DE-588)4076310-9 gnd Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kraków (Polska) / początki Praga (Czechy) / początki Wrocław (Polska) / początki Breslau Prag Krakau |
| id | DE-604.BV042322004 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T17:07:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322934180 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027758909 |
| oclc_num | 903119339 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-255 DE-B220 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-255 DE-B220 DE-M457 |
| physical | 257 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Złota Seria Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Złota Seria Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spellingShingle | Piekalski, Jerzy 1956- Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu Złota Seria Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Domy mieszkalne / Europa Wschodnia / średniowiecze jhpk Miasta średniowieczne / Europa Środkowa jhpk Miasta średniowieczne / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Proksemika jhpk Przestrzenie publiczne / Europa Wschodnia / średniowiecze jhpk Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002851-3 (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4008216-7 (DE-588)4076310-9 (DE-588)4073760-3 |
| title | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu |
| title_alt | Prague, Wrocław and Kraków : the public and private space at the time of the medieval transition |
| title_auth | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu |
| title_exact_search | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu |
| title_full | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu Jerzy Piekalski |
| title_fullStr | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu Jerzy Piekalski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu Jerzy Piekalski |
| title_short | Praga, Wrocław i Kraków |
| title_sort | praga wroclaw i krakow przestrzen publiczna i prywatna w czasach sredniowiecznego przelomu |
| title_sub | przestrzeń publiczna i prywatna w czasach średniowiecznego przełomu |
| topic | Domy mieszkalne / Europa Wschodnia / średniowiecze jhpk Miasta średniowieczne / Europa Środkowa jhpk Miasta średniowieczne / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Proksemika jhpk Przestrzenie publiczne / Europa Wschodnia / średniowiecze jhpk Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Domy mieszkalne / Europa Wschodnia / średniowiecze Miasta średniowieczne / Europa Środkowa Miasta średniowieczne / Europa Wschodnia Proksemika Przestrzenie publiczne / Europa Wschodnia / średniowiecze Architektur Stadt Kraków (Polska) / początki Praga (Czechy) / początki Wrocław (Polska) / początki Breslau Prag Krakau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758909&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758909&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035247551 (DE-604)BV004668106 |
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