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Neurobiology for dummies:

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Beteilige Person:	Amthor, Frank (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Hoboken, N.J. Wiley 2014
Schriftenreihe:	... for dummies
Schlagwörter:	Neurobiologie Einführung
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027292336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	XVI, 390 S. Ill. 24 cm
ISBN:	9781118689318 9781118691465

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adam_text	Titel: Neurobiology for dummies Autor: Amthor, Frank Jahr: 2014 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................. / About This Book..............................................................................................2 Foolish Assumptions.......................................................................................2 Icons Used in This Book.................................................................................3 Beyond the Book.............................................................................................3 Where to Go from Here...................................................................................4 Part I: Getting Started u/ith Neurobiology......................5 Chapter 1: Welcome to the World of Neurobiology................7 Introducing Neurons.......................................................................................8 Evolving cells on early earth................................................................8 Multicellularity: Sensing and moving..................................................9 Cellular motors.....................................................................................10 Coordinating responses in simple circuits.......................................11 Organizing the Nervous System..................................................................12 Movement basics: Muscles and motor systems..............................13 The spinal cord and autonomic nervous system............................13 The brainstem, limbic system, hypothalamus, and reticular formation...................................................................14 Basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor and premotor cortex, and thalamus....................................................................................15 The neocortex......................................................................................16 Perceiving the World, Thinking, Learning, and Remembering................17 Looking at vision and audition...........................................................17 Feeling, smelling, and tasting.............................................................18 Learning and memory: Circuits and plasticity.................................18 The frontal lobes and executive brain..............................................19 Language, emotions, lateralization, and thought............................19 Developmental, Neurological, and Mental Disorders and Treatments..................................................................................................20 Developing the brain and nervous system.......................................21 Movement disorders and symptoms................................................21 Neural dysfunctions and mental illness............................................22 Repair and enhancement with artificial brains................................22 Neurobiology For Dummies Chapter 2: Building Neurons from Molecules....................23 Getting into Genetics.....................................................................................23 Introducing inheritance......................................................................24 Greeting chromosomes and genes....................................................25 Replicating DNA and the cell life cycle.............................................26 Coding for proteins: RNA and DNA....................................................27 Regulating genes..................................................................................29 Meeting Cell Molecules: Important Ions and Proteins..............................31 Eyeing important ions.........................................................................32 Sizing up proteins................................................................................33 Going through membrane proteins...................................................33 Peeking at the Parts of a Cell........................................................................33 Cytoplasm and organelles..................................................................34 Nucleus..................................................................................................34 Secretion and hormones.....................................................................35 Setting Boundaries: Cell Membrane Lipids................................................36 Focusing on phospholipid chemistry................................................37 Seeing cells differences......................................................................39 Regulating Water and Cell Volume..............................................................40 Observing osmotic pressure..............................................................40 Responding to osmotic challenges....................................................40 Moving water with aquaporins..........................................................41 Knowing the Neuron: Not Just Another Cell.....................................................41 Noticing neuron anatomy...................................................................41 Understanding what neurons do.......................................................43 When Things Go Wrong: Genetics and Neurological Illness....................44 Mutations and transcriptional errors...............................................44 Modifying genes: Fixing or Frankenstein?.........................................46 Chapter 3: Gating the Membrane: Ion Channels and Membrane Potentials.........................................47 Looking at Membrane Channels..................................................................47 Talking about transporters.................................................................48 Checking out channels........................................................................48 Getting a Charge Out of Neurons.................................................................50 Pumping Ions for Information......................................................................50 Sodium-potassium pump....................................................................50 Other important pumps......................................................................52 Discovering Diffusion and Voltage..............................................................52 The Nernst equation............................................................................53 The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation..............................................54 Signaling with Electricity in Neurons..........................................................56 Exploring potential..............................................................................56 Controlling ion permeability: Gated channels.................................56 Table of Contents Vii Making Spikes with Sodium and Potassium Channels..............................57 Getting back to resting potential.......................................................57 Voltage-dependent channels..............................................................58 Reaching action potential...................................................................58 Cable properties of neurons: One reason for action potentials...............................................................................61 Insulating with Glial Cells.............................................................................65 Chapter 4: Sending Signals: Chemical Release and Electrical Activation...................................... — 67 Looking at Synaptic Transmission..............................................................67 Checking out chemical synapses and neurotransmitter release................................................................68 Eyeing electrical synapses at gap junctions.....................................72 Being Receptive to Neurotransmitter Receptors......................................74 Introducing ionotropic receptors......................................................75 Meeting metabotropic receptors and second messenger systems..........................................................................76 Making connections with the neuromuscular junction..................78 Dividing and Conquering: Interneurons and Circuits...............................79 Pooling sensory input.........................................................................80 Coordinating motor output................................................................81 Comparing brains to computers........................................................81 Part II: Neuroanatomy: Oryaniziny the Nervous System..........................................................S3 Chapter 5: Movement Basics: Muscles and Motor Neurons.......85 Making a Move: Muscle Types and What They Do....................................86 Processing with smooth muscle........................................................86 Striated muscle for hearts and limbs................................................86 Twitching fast and slow: Muscle composition.................................88 Pulling Your Weight: How Muscle Cells Contract.....................................88 Releasing acetylcholine.......................................................................89 Patterning muscle contractions.........................................................89 Alpha motor neurons..........................................................................90 The motor unit.....................................................................................90 Sliding filaments: Actin and myosin..................................................91 Controlling Muscle Contraction..................................................................92 Modulating firing rate..........................................................................93 Recruiting motor neurons..................................................................94 Knowing Where Your Limb Is Located.......................................................94 Muscle spindle and gamma motor neurons.....................................95 Golgi tendon organs............................................................................95 Joint receptors for position................................................................95 Neurobiology For Dummies Reflexing without Reflecting........................................................................96 Withdrawing a limb.............................................................................96 Staying put............................................................................................96 Seeing the spinal flexor reflex............................................................97 Keeping the spinal cord in the loop..................................................97 Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes.........................................97 Overriding a reflex...............................................................................98 Exercise and Aging........................................................................................99 Use it or lose it: The effects of exercise............................................99 Slowing down with age........................................................................99 Muscle mass in men and women.....................................................100 Chapter 6: The Spinal Cord and the Autonomic Nervous System—101 Segmenting the Spine..................................................................................102 Cervical nerves...................................................................................103 Thoracic nerves.................................................................................105 Lumbar nerves...................................................................................105 Sacral nerves......................................................................................105 Spinal membranes.............................................................................106 Spying on the Spinal Cord..........................................................................106 Dorsal inputs, ventral outputs.........................................................107 Reflecting on what hit you: The basic spinal reflex.......................109 Spinal pattern generators.................................................................110 Feeling and Acting: The Peripheral Nervous System..............................112 Getting stimulated by neural sensors.............................................112 Moving around: Neural effectors.....................................................113 Correcting Errors: The Cerebellum...........................................................114 Cerebellar structure..........................................................................115 Stepping in holes and what to do about it......................................116 Carrying the load: Feed-forward force calibration........................117 Cerebellar circuits.............................................................................118 Fighting or Fleeing: The Autonomic Nervous System.............................119 The two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system... 119 The autonomic nervous system input and output........................121 Chapter 7: The Busy Brain: Brainstem, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation........................123 The Brainstem: Medulla, Pons, Midbrain.................................................124 Meeting the medulla..........................................................................125 Presenting the pons...........................................................................127 Mentioning the midbrain..................................................................128 Counting the Cranial Nerves......................................................................129 Controlling Your Motives: The Limbic System........................................131 Mesocortex and allocortex versus neocortex................................133 Organizing thoughts and activities: The cingulate gyrus.............133 Making memories: The hippocampus.............................................134 The amygdala.....................................................................................136 Table of Contents Regulating the Autonomic Nervous System: The Hypothalamus.........137 Sleeping and waking: Circadian rhythms........................................137 Hypothalamic body function regulation.........................................140 The insula (insular cortex)...............................................................141 Reading Up on the Reticular Formation...................................................142 Starting with the spine......................................................................142 Moving through the brainstem........................................................143 Continuing through the thalamus and cortex................................144 Chapter 8: Generating Behavior: Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, Motor Cortex, and Frontal Cortex....................145 The Basal Ganglia and Its Nuclei...............................................................146 Striatum inputs and output to the thalamus..................................147 The basal ganglia neural circuit.......................................................148 Controlling Muscles: The Primary Motor Cortex....................................148 The homunculus................................................................................149 Population coding..............................................................................149 Coordinating Muscle Groups: Central Control........................................150 The supplementary motor area and learned sequences..............150 Externally monitored performance and the premotor cortex.....151 The frontal eye fields and superior colliculus...............................151 The Thalamus . Gateway to the Neocortex...............................................152 Reaching all the senses.....................................................................152 Paying attention to the pulvinar......................................................154 Moving through motor pathways....................................................155 Reticular zones of the thalamus......................................................155 Focusing on Goals with the Prefrontal Cortex.........................................156 Making plans with the lateral prefrontal cortex............................156 Processing emotions with the orbitofrontal cortex......................157 Anterior and posterior cingulate cortex.........................................157 Knowing, or Not Knowing, Who s In Control...........................................158 Chapter 9: Topping It Off: The Neocortex.......................159 Looking Inside the Skull: The Neocortex and Its Lobes..........................159 Noticing uniform structure and circuits.........................................162 Communicating with the diencephalon and the rest of the nervous system...........................................................163 Getting to the Brain You Have Today: The Neocortex versus Your Reptilian Brain................................................................................165 Looking at how cortical areas developed.......................................167 Enlarging the frontal lobes for complex behavior.........................168 Setting and accomplishing goals.....................................................168 Making Decisions: The Lateral Prefrontal Cortex....................................170 Keeping it all in mind.........................................................................170 Changing your plans..........................................................................170 Dialing that number: Working memory...........................................171 Recalling that number: Long-term memory and executive control...........................................................................172 Neurobiology For Dummies Doing the Right Thing.................................................................................173 Responding with the orbitofrontal cortex and learned emotional reactions.........................................................173 Getting that bad feeling: The amygdala, emotional learning, and cortical connections..............................................174 Going with your gut...........................................................................175 Seeing Both Sides: The Left and Right Hemispheres..............................176 Specializing for language..................................................................177 Taking in the big picture: Spatial processing.................................178 Managing with two brains in one head...........................................178 Appreciating the style of each hemisphere....................................178 Gender and the Brain..................................................................................180 Sizing up the male and female brain................................................180 Zeroing in on certain areas...............................................................180 Lateralization......................................................................................180 Thinking in different styles...............................................................181 Knowing the role of hormones.........................................................181 Part III: Perceiving the World, Thinking, Learning, and Remembering...................................... 183 Chapter 10: Looking at Vision and Hearing.....................185 Imaging and Capturing Light: Vision.........................................................185 Making movies on the retina: Optics and eye movements...........186 Converting photons to chemical reactions: Photoreception.......187 Joining the Nervous System: Photoreceptor Output..............................190 Converting light to contrast: Bipolar and horizontal cells...........191 Making nerve pulses in the retina....................................................194 Sending the Message to the Brain.............................................................196 Relaying at the thalamus...................................................................196 Parallel processing in diverse visual centers.................................198 Fanning Out in the Occipital Lobe.............................................................198 Layering and concurrent processing in VI....................................198 Selecting for orientation and movement........................................199 Streaming the Message to the Temporal and Parietal Lobes................199 Seeing complex shapes and colors in the ventral stream............200 Seeing where and how-to in the dorsal stream..............................200 Communicating between dorsal and ventral streams..................201 Seeing without meaning: Agnosias..................................................201 Listening In: Capturing Sound Waves.......................................................202 Good vibrations: Gathering and transmitting sound to the brain..........................................................................202 Toning up: Frequency transduction in the Organ of Corti...........204 Table of Contents Channeling Sounds to the Brain................................................................205 Comparing and relaying in the superior olive, inferior colliculus, and thalamus.................................................206 Analyzing sounds in the superior temporal lobe..........................206 Losing Hearing.............................................................................................208 Conductive versus neural hearing loss...........................................208 Eh? Aging, environment, and hearing loss.....................................208 Aiding hearing: Amplifying and replacing.......................................209 Ringing and tinnitus...........................................................................209 Balancing via the Vestibular System: Hearing the Fluid Sloshing in Your Head.............................................................................210 Chapter 11: Feeling, Smelling, and Tasting.....................211 Getting in Touch with the Skin..................................................................211 Feeling your way with mechanoreceptors.....................................212 Avoiding pain: Axonal endings for temperature and skin damage....................................................................................214 Locating your limbs with skin, muscle, and joint receptors........216 Spinal processing and cranial nerves..............................................217 Sending the message to the thalamus.............................................217 Recognizing What We Touch at Somatosensory Cortex........................218 Mapping senses with the homunculus............................................219 Specialized somatosensory areas....................................................219 Perceiving pain...................................................................................220 Sniffing Out the World around You...........................................................221 Nosing around: Olfactory receptors................................................222 Exploring the olfactory bulb.............................................................222 Reaching the cortex before the thalamus.......................................223 Smelling badly versus smelling bad................................................225 Communicating with pheromones..................................................225 Tasting Basics: Sweet, Sour, Salt, and Bitter Receptors.........................226 Coding for taste: Labels versus patterns........................................227 Understanding the umami problem................................................228 Tasting with the Brain.................................................................................229 Projecting taste to the thalamus......................................................229 Discriminating taste in the cortex...................................................230 Combining taste and smell for flavor..............................................230 Losing taste through injuries...........................................................231 Feeling full...........................................................................................231 Monitoring Internal Body Functions with Internal Chemoreceptors ...232 Chapter 12: Memory and Learning.............................233 Evolving with Adaptation and Instinct.....................................................233 Moving through evolution................................................................234 Going into development....................................................................234 Looking at learning............................................................................234 Neurobiology For Dummies Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memory..........................................................235 Getting used to habituation..............................................................236 Responding to sensitization.............................................................236 Preparing for priming........................................................................237 Conditioning classically and operantly...........................................237 Learning motor sequences: Procedural memory..........................239 The Long and Short of It: Immediate versus Permanent Memory........240 Sensory/iconic memory....................................................................241 Working/short-term memory...........................................................242 Explicit (declarative) memory.........................................................243 Memory Mechanisms and Brain Loci........................................................244 Associating context with results in the hippocampus..................244 Remembering pain with the amygdala............................................247 Learning by Changing Synaptic Strengths................................................247 Increasing response: NMDA receptor changes..............................247 Making presynaptic strength changes............................................248 Animal versus computer memory...................................................248 Forgetting It: Amnesia and Other Memory Loss......................................249 Losing yourself in amnesia...............................................................249 Damaging the hippocampus.............................................................250 Ignoring consequences: Frontal lobe damage................................250 Examining Alzheimer s disease........................................................250 Improving Your Learning............................................................................251 Studying hard versus studying well: Schedules.............................252 Traveling the path to better memory..............................................252 Chapter 13: The Frontal Lobes and Executive Brain..............253 Reflexes versus Conscious or Goal-Generated Action............................254 Turning ideas and goals into action................................................255 Representing actions at multiple levels..........................................256 Deciding How to Do It: The Frontal Lobes and Action Execution.........256 Originating abstract plans................................................................256 Converting plans to body control....................................................257 Initiating Action in the Basal Ganglia........................................................258 Preparing for action...........................................................................258 Patterning and oscillating.................................................................259 Coordinating through the Supplementary and Premotor Cortices......259 Feeding back to guide movement....................................................260 Learning motor sequences: Supplementary motor cortex...........260 Learning motor sequences...............................................................261 Mirroring Others: Mirror Neurons............................................................263 Defining mirroring behaviors...........................................................264 Imitating others as a function of mirroring....................................264 Chapter 14: Language, Intelligence, Emotions, and Consciousness..........................................265 Adapting Our Brains for Language............................................................265 Knowing how the brain is organized...............................................266 Thinking thanks to the neocortex....................................................266 Table of Contents xiii Sensory processing in occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes.... 268 Specializing for memory...................................................................268 Following Thought through Sensory Pathways and Hierarchies..........269 Relaying to the thalamus and cortex...............................................269 Projecting back to the thalamus......................................................270 Gating and integrating functions.....................................................272 Speaking Your Mind: Language, Vision, and the Brain Hemispheres... 272 Comparing communication and language......................................273 Locating language in the brain.........................................................273 Losing language from neural dysfunction......................................274 Examining visual processing asymmetries.....................................275 Considering where consciousness lives.........................................275 Defining Intelligence....................................................................................276 Math, language, and social intelligence..........................................276 Intelligence components for decisions, abstract thinking, problem solving..............................................................................277 Investigating intelligence factors.....................................................278 Emotional Intelligence................................................................................278 Feeling the basic emotions...............................................................279 Reacting quickly.................................................................................280 Understanding Consciousness..................................................................281 Learning language instinctually.......................................................282 Developing internal language and consciousness.........................282 Part W: Developmental, Neurological, and Mental Disorders and Treatments...............................283 Chapter 15: Developing the Brain and Nervous System..........285 Dividing and Differentiating after Conception.........................................285 Meiosis, gametes, and zygotes.........................................................286 Partitioning the body: Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.............288 Descending from the ectoderm into the nervous system............290 Covering the brain with meninges: Dura, arachnoid, and pia......292 Polarizing the Brain: Ganglia versus Brains.............................................293 Basic body plan..................................................................................293 Differentiating the spinal cord from the brain proper..................293 Differentiating into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain........294 Layering the Neocortex..............................................................................294 Migrating along radial glia and other glial roles............................295 Differentiating at journey s end.......................................................297 What s so magic about six layers?...................................................299 Forming neurons: Dendrites and axons..........................................300 Cortical maps.....................................................................................300 Neurobiology For Dummies Developmental Neural Disorders..............................................................303 Tracing genetic development using mice.......................................304 Known single mutation disorders....................................................304 Multi-locus mutation disorders........................................................305 Birth defects.......................................................................................305 Aging effects over the lifespan.........................................................306 Aging and brain dysfunctions..........................................................307 Chapter 16: Movement Disorders..............................309 When the Wheels Come Off: Motor Disorders.........................................309 Major early developmental disorders.............................................310 Injuries and diseases.........................................................................310 Lifespan motor disorders.................................................................311 Failing Forces: Muscle Diseases.................................................................312 Muscular dystrophy..........................................................................312 Inflammatory myopathies.................................................................313 Neuromuscular Junction Disorders..........................................................313 Myasthenia gravis..............................................................................313 Lambert-Eaton syndrome................................................................314 Toxins..................................................................................................314 Motor Neuron Damage................................................................................315 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis..........................................................315 Multiple sclerosis...............................................................................316 Viral infections...................................................................................316 Hijacking pinocytosis........................................................................317 Basal Ganglia and Other Diseases.............................................................317 Parkinson s disease...........................................................................317 Huntington s disease.........................................................................319 Neuropathies: Losing peripheral sensation...................................319 Strokes and Injuries.....................................................................................320 Suffering a stroke...............................................................................320 Injuring the brain...............................................................................322 Spinal cord injuries............................................................................322 Substituting machines: Motor prostheses......................................324 Chapter 17: Brain Dysfunction and Mental Illness...............325 Understanding Mental Illness as Neural Dysfunction.............................325 Building brains...................................................................................326 Developing while growing.................................................................326 Turning thoughts into synapses......................................................327 Exploring the Genetic Causes of Brain Dysfunction...............................327 Mutations at single locations...........................................................328 Down syndrome.................................................................................329 Autism.................................................................................................329 Knowing How the Nervous System Can Be Damaged in Utero..............329 Fetal alcohol syndrome.....................................................................330 Maternal stress and infections.........................................................330 Table of Contents Mixing Genetic and Developmental Components...................................330 Depression and mania.......................................................................331 Schizophrenia.....................................................................................335 Obsessive compulsive disorder.......................................................337 Post traumatic stress disorder........................................................338 Epilepsy...............................................................................................338 Eating and Drinking for Brain Function....................................................339 Naturally occurring psychoactive substances...............................339 Feeding the brain properly...............................................................339 Looking at commonly abused drugs...............................................340 Chapter 18: Making Better Brains.............................341 Fixing the Brain with Surgery, Electricity, and Magnetism....................341 Lobotomies and other brain surgery..............................................342 Electroconvulsive therapy................................................................342 Deep brain stimulation......................................................................343 Transcranial magnetic stimulation..................................................343 Transcranial direct current stimulation.........................................344 Meditation, lighting, and soothing sounds.....................................344 Repairing Brain Damage.............................................................................345 Genes and growth factors.................................................................345 Stem cells............................................................................................346 Brain-Machine Interfaces...........................................................................347 Inputting information to the brain...................................................347 Reading the brain s output code......................................................348 Augmenting Brain Function........................................................................348 Stimulation and function enhancement..........................................349 Genetic modification.........................................................................350 Simulating Brain Function on Computers................................................350 Comparing brain and computer power...........................................350 Crunching the numbers by computer and human brain..............351 Downloading the Brain...............................................................................352 Reading out what s in your brain.....................................................352 Inserting knowledge and memories into the brain........................353 Is the singularity near? Is super-machine intelligence about to occur?..............................................................................354 Part V: The Part of Tens............................................355 Chapter 19: The Ten Most Important Brain Circuits..............357 The Reticular Formation in the Brainstem...............................................357 The Spinal Reflex.........................................................................................358 The Thalamic Relay to the Cortex.............................................................359 Cerebellar Modulation of Motion Sequences...........................................359 Hippocampal Reciprocal Activation with the Cortex.............................360 Neurobiology For Dummies The Amygdala Orbitofrontal Cortex Loop................................................360 The Spinal Pattern Generator....................................................................361 The Conscious Triangle: Frontal and Sensory Cortex with the Thalamus...................................................................................362 The Basal Ganglia Thalamus Loop............................................................363 The Anterior Cingulate and Pulvinar Central Executives.......................363 Chapter 20: Ten Technologies Revolutionizing Brain Science — 365 Cytogenetics: Controlling Neurons with Light........................................365 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.................................................................................366 Genetic Disease Models: Knockouts and Knockins.................................367 Brain Imaging: Optical, Magnetic, and Electrical.....................................367 Interfacing Brains with Computers...........................................................368 Deep Brain Stimulation...............................................................................369 Multi-Electrode Array Recording...............................................................370 Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy...................................................370 Advances in Electrophysiological Recording..........................................371 Tissue Culture and Brain Slices.................................................................372 Index.......................................................................373
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publishDateSearch	2014
publishDateSort	2014
publisher	Wiley
record_format	marc
series2	... for dummies
spellingShingle	Amthor, Frank Neurobiology for dummies Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4041871-6 (DE-588)4151278-9
title	Neurobiology for dummies
title_auth	Neurobiology for dummies
title_exact_search	Neurobiology for dummies
title_full	Neurobiology for dummies Frank Amthor
title_fullStr	Neurobiology for dummies Frank Amthor
title_full_unstemmed	Neurobiology for dummies Frank Amthor
title_short	Neurobiology for dummies
title_sort	neurobiology for dummies
topic	Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd
topic_facet	Neurobiologie Einführung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027292336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT amthorfrank neurobiologyfordummies

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