Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Rumänisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Brăila
Ed. Istros a Muzeului Brăilei
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Teze de doctorat : Istorie
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027268905&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027268905&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027268905&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The byzantine civilization and the society from extra-carpathian regions between the 6th - 8th centuries |
| Umfang: | 201 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9786066540810 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | THE BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION AND THE SOCIETY
FROM EXTRA-CARPATHIAN REGIONS
BETWEEN THE 6th- 8th CENTURIES
Summary
This paper aims to present some personal viewpoints and to
provide, where possible, new insights on how contemporary
historiography and archaeological literature of the 5th-10th centuries
reflects the ethnic realities of the Lower Danube region and particularly
those in the north part of this big river. At the same time, we have tried to
deepen or correct some interpretations and ideas insufficiently exploited
by those who have previously studied this matter.
To this end we have corroborated the historiographic information
with the archaeological, epigraphic, linguistic, numismatic and
sigillographic one. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective we
have focused on those infonnation which have both a higher level of
geographical and chronological accuracy and an increased credibility.
From a chronological point of view we have opted for written
sources recounting situations, events or observations falling between mid-
5th century AD and the end of the 10th century AD This interval
corresponds to the one between the rule of the great Hunnic Empire of
Attila in the Pannonian Plain and the return of Byzantine domination in
the Lower Danube, in 971 AD We have neither overlooked nor
insufficiently insisted on some infonnation which, though directly related
to the regions south of the Danube River, are also, indirectly and to a
greater or lesser extent, valid for the territories north of the Danube as
well. We have considered that it is more useful to present our
observations according to the categories of information provided by these
sources and not according to their nature (e.g. narrative, geographical,
legal, military, hagiographic etc.). Thus, knowing that most infonnation
derived from Byzantine historiography sources belong to the 5th -10th
centuries and are due to the frequent conflicts between the Empire and the
populations (who were, temporary or pennanently, settled in the Lower
161
Danube), it obviously results that the consequences of such military
actions were somewhat predictable on both sides.
In order to provide a more complete picture of the mosaic of
populations situated in the in the northern and southern territory of the
Danube River, we have also taken into consideration the information
provided by the Byzantine authors regarding the capturing of prisoners,
their deportation in the north or south of the Danube and the exchanges or
the ransoms they were subjected to.
These examples are often encountered in the literature of that
time, providing some interesting clues about the ethnic amalgam in the
Lower Danube in the second half of the 1st millennium AD The
phenomenon of transporting Roman or Romanic prisoners by some
migrants from the south to the north of the Danube, the deliberate
settlement, in a barbarian environment, of the fugitives coming from the
Byzantine provinces in the north of the river, the sales and the purchases
of prisoners and fugitives practiced by migrants for many centuries,
reveal the existence of a human factor continuously present on both sides
of the Danube.
In order to complete the picture of the events which occurred in
the region that concerns us, alongside the data provided by the reports
derived from written Byzantine sources, additional infonuation drawn
from the study of archaeological artifacts belonging to the chronological
interval we have studied, were also needed. Thus, we have reviewed the
main archaeological discoveries made in the extra-Carpathian territory,
and have presented, according to the regions, the current stage of research
and the new information introduced into the scientific circulation.
Therefore, most of the discoveries of possible Slavic origin made
in the Romanian extra-Carpathian regions date from the second half of the
6th century and early 7th century. The same time-frame interval applies to
the findings from: §ipot-Suceava, Boto§ana-Suceava, Ia§i-Crucea lui
Feren{, Dode§ti-Vaslui, Sarata Monteoru, Budureasa, Ciurel, Straule§ti,
Militari and Dulceanca. According to some researchers, the Slavic
penetration into the Danube regions was gradual and peaceful; according
to others, this phenomenon was violent, causing many trials and
tribulations in the live of local communities. At, the time of the arrival of
Slavs in the extra-Carpathian regions, the Roman material culture already
existed. The groups of Slavs who settled in the east and south of the
162
Carpathians were carriers of the cultures Jitomir-Korceak, Penkovka,
Kolocin and Praga.
Following this phenomenon, through the cohabitation between the
Romanic population and the Slavs, both of them became integrated and
assimilated in the second phase of the culture Ipoteşti-Cândeşti-Ciurel and
Botoşana II. At the same time, a transition was made, from the wheel-
made pottery to the handmade one, the latter being prevalent. Though the
first half of the 7th century saw the appearance of a hybrid type of vessels,
the type of both the dwelling and the oven continued the tradition of the
5th-6th centuries. During the 7th-8th centuries there was a major change in
the repertoire of wheel-made pottery especially in the forms and
ornaments. The Slavs gradually acquire the new fonns of culture and
civilization. There were no discoveries of exclusively Slavic complexes
unaltered by the presence of Romanic or other types of elements. The
process of assimilating the Slavs was generalized during the 8th century.
In general, it can be argued that starting with the 8th century, a process of
leveling the material culture across the whole area of Romanian
ethnogenesis was taking place, identified in areas as: Hlincea II, Lozna,
Suceava — Drumul Naţional, Spinoasa (in Moldova), Bucov, Dridu (in
Muntenia), Făcăi, Plopşor, Obârşia (in Oltenia). Trade relations with
Byzantine centers in the Danube area - periodically controlled by the
Imperial fleet from Constantinople - did not cease after 602 or 680 AD
Numerous Byzantine import objects have been found in localities such as:
Bucov, Sion, Chimogi (ceramic tubes for water adduction), Dodeşti,
Şendreni, Obârşia Nouă, Târgşor (amphorae), Bucov, Hlincea, Frăţeşti,
Sultana, Celei (pitchers, glazed mugs, some of them bearing the mark of
the workshop where they were produced).
The Proto-Bulgarian migration also produced echoes in the east
and south of the Carpathians around 679-680 AD, a fact referred to in the
numismatic and archaeological discoveries by the burial of hoards.
Overall, it can be concluded that in the 8th century, the leveling process of
the material and spiritual culture of the Romanic population in the north
of the Danube, the assimilation of the Slavs and the relations with the
southern Byzantine world, prepared the way for a large cultural synthesis
known as Dridu culture , Balkan-Danubian ,
Carpatho-Danubian or Carpathian-Balkan cultural complex etc.
163
In addition to discussions on local findings we believe that it is
necessary to draw attention to the imports found in the area concerned.
Thus, in the archaeological literature, the heading of imports generally
comprises, the objects considered as not belonging to a particular well-
studied cultural and economic region and whose occurrence in that area
can be solely justified on the basis of import trade which was occasionally
or permanently practiced by the people receiving these goods. However,
in reality, things are more complex, especially in the case of very widely
distributed products such as: certain fonus of ceramics (Roman-Byzantine
amphorae, oil lamps, etc.); ornaments and clothing pertaining to a specific
fashion of the time and even religious objects (crosses, chandeliers,
liturgical vessels, etc.). Among the products considered as imported we
notice the presence of pottery vessels, building materials (tiles, bricks),
jewelries (brooches, earrings, rings, mirrors ), iron tools, weapons and
anuament pieces etc.
At the same time, the accumulation of a relatively large number of
objects of a certain Byzantine artistic inspiration in the extra-Carpathian
regions as well as in those rich in other findings, such as molds for casting
small metal pieces, coins, small cult objects, raises the question of a
genuine craft indusUy at that time. The existence of products made by
local and itinerant craftsmen questions the consideration of certain
archaeological pieces with mediocre technical and artistic qualities, as
“imported products”. If, for the amphorae with Greek inscriptions
discovered in the Roman-Byzantine centers in southern Oltenia (including
Sucidava-Celei) we can admit that they are indeed containers comprising
imported products (oil, wine, resins, etc.) that arrived here via land or
maritime trade, the situation is more complicated as far as other objects
are concerned. Thus, new research carried out on clothing and jewelry
items confirm, beyond doubt, the massive spread of certain types of such
materials (buckles, earrings, brooches) across vast areas from the North
Caucasus and the Black Sea to Sicily and North Africa. Prototypes of
these objects often called imports were indeed creations of the
workshops in Constantinople or even those in Byzantium, North Africa or
Crimea.
It is known that the Byzantine law imposed serious prohibitions
concerning exporting certain expensive food products (wine, olive oil,
brine), raw iron and especially iron weapons to the barbarians. These acts
164
provide the confiscation of all possessions and capital punishment for the
violation of the laws.
Therefore the following question may be raised: how did these
products get into the barbarian environment? The fact that they arrived,
one way or another, from Danubian centers to the northern regions and
even beyond the Carpathian mountains, in Transylvania, is supported by
some discoveries, though not very numerous, in: Chiajna (Ilfov county),
Budureasca (Prahova county), Targu Secuiesc (Covasna county). Where
iron weapons or tools are concerned, though they are relatively well
represented (especially the latter), the explanation about their production
must be sought, in our opinion, in the numerous discoveries attesting to
the exploitation by the local people of the iron ore (whatever their nature)
and of the ore reduction furnaces.
It should be noted, however, the absence of metal weapons made
as such in the workshops of the empire. This absence may also be due to
the lack of research because, historiographical sources mention many
conflicts of the Byzantine armies with Kutriguri, Antes, Avars or SlavsT
north of the Danube river, in the 6th and 7lh centuries.
There is a quite different situation for the small artefacts of copper
or precious metal (more rarely). Though studies have been undertaken on
specific metal objects such as: star earrings, digitated fibulae, foot fibulae,
buckles, harness pieces, etc., as I have previously mentioned, not all of
these objects can be considered imports . In our opinion, the main
problem that arises in connection with these artifacts is that of purchasing,
by their manufacturers, of the necessary metal. As expected, these regions
coincide with those in which certain categories of population lived at a
certain moment. If it comes as no surprise the fact that in the region of the
major Byzantine centers in the south of the Danube or in that of the
politico-military barbarian elite (receiving subsidies in gold or silver) the
opulence, sometimes blatant, of the dishes, ornaments, clothing and
weapons came out through archaeological discoveries (hoards such as
those found in: Malaja Perescepina, in Ukraine; Cuciuru Mare, in
Bucovina, Sannicolaul Mare in Banat; and Erseke and Vrap, in Albania;
the island of Cyprus, in Turkey, in the Caucasus, etc.), it is as natural that
there were regions in the empire or in the vicinity of its borders where the
living standard of the communities at that time was, for various reasons,
quite low. As regards the possibilities of purchasing the metals for
165
manufacturing the artifacts in the Carpatho-Danubian region, it is known
that some migrants received imperial gifts consisting of gold and silver
vessels, various symbols of power, precious weapons etc. In addition to
these official gifts, they benefit from numerous subsidies paid in precious
metal coins. If we add to all these the exploitation of gold ore in
Transylvania, by the Gepids and Avars, then we have an almost complete
picture (in addition to the regular looting and the ransoming of prisoners
that took place in the empire) of the prosperity level of the tribal
aristocracy of the Turanic nomads or Germanic population in the Middle
and Lower Danube.
It would be an error to consider as imports all these pieces of
precious metal owned or purchased, in various ways, by the ruling groups
of migratory tribes. Therefore, we are yet to explain the provenance of
copper or bronze used by local or itinerant craftsmen who worked for
indigenous Romanic communities living among the Carpathians, Danube
River and Nister.
We believe that much of the common metal (copper, bronze), of
which the majority of Byzantine artifacts in the northern Danube were
made, came from the melting of the coins with low nominal value,
especially in the regions located at a considerable distance from the
Danube limes. This view, put forward decades ago by J. Wemer, seems
also valid for the Carpathian regions. In support of this theory we can
bring examples such as the treasure with coins and pieces of bronze sheet
discovered in Horgeşti (Bacău county) as well as the suggestive overlap
of the mapping points were isolated bronze coins, pieces of clothing,
jewelry and cult objects dated back to the 6th-8th centuries were found.
The coins are one of the categories of Byzantine discoveries best
represented on the Romanian territory. Due to the control system of the
coin (which often showed signs of weakness), the Byzantine solidus
became, for more than 500 years, the only credible and acceptable coin
not only on the markets in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, but
also in the barbarian world in the northern Germany and Anglo-Saxonia,
in the north Pontic steppes, Caucasus, the Persian Empire and the Arab
world.
The territories in the north of the Danube were no exception in
this regard, especially since here the Byzantine coin was the successor of
the one from the Roman period and from the period following the
166
departure from Dacia of the Roman officials. Similar to the situation in
the south of the Danube, the penetration of bronze, silver or gold coin is
well enough documented for most regions of the Carpathian-Danube area,
from Tisa to the Nister, from Danube to the Northern Bukovina. Of
course, the presence of these coins, either in chance discoveries of
isolated coins, in hoards or during archaeological excavations must be
explained according to the economic, social and military-political
conditions specific to the 6th-8th centuries.
Until now, the numismatic research proved itself extremely
helpful in clarifying certain issues related to: economic relations between
the regions located in the north and south of the Danube, military-political
significance of burying the hoards, reports concerning the connecting
links or the interruptions in monetary circulation in the northern part of
the Danube, the Byzantine limes in the Lower Danube that ceased to be
operational in the first part of the 7th century, and - especially ֊ the
demonstrative role of the Byzantine monetary presence in the matter of
Daco-Roman and Romanic continuity in the north of the Danube. For the
Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic region, the period of the three centuries of
interest to us, represents, as in other parts of Europe, the end of a world
that belonged to the Greco-Roman classical antiquity and the beginning
of a new one based on other ethnic, social, political and spiritual
structures.
Copper coins are found in the largest number of localities with
isolated discoveries in the 6th —8th centuries, namely in 166 points. Most
of them (137) date from the 6th century. Most of the gold coins appear in
only 43 points within the chronological interval in question and date from
the 6th century. The isolated silver coins, specific to the 7th century, are
surprisingly few compared to their massive presence in hexagram hoards.
They appear in only 5 points with discoveries, 4 of which representing the
7th century.
The 8th century is the most poorly represented; from this century
we have only 5 points with discoveries, 3 of which with copper coins.
This period represents, from a numismatic point of view, a time of acute
shortage of coins, up to the 0 limit (5 specimens, 3 of which made of
copper, 1 of silver and 1 of gold). However, the situation is not surprising,
as a similar one was recorded in other areas as well, for example in
167
Dobrogea, after 679-681 AD and on the north-west shore of the Black
Sea.
In relation to the numerical order of the coins distributed
according to the issuing centers (mints), there is a great similarity with the
situation in Dobrogea during the same period: 1. Constantinople, 2.
Nicomedia, 3. Thessaloniki, 4. Cyzic, 5. Antiochia. In this respect we can
say that the Byzantine coin penetrating in the north of the Lower Danube
was mostly issued by the Empire s eastern mints. We can note some
exceptions, such as some pieces from Obar§eni hoard which are monetary
issues from the North Africa (Carthage and Alexandria) or from Sicily.
We believe that this is the way we must see the Romanized or
Romanic population in the north part of the Lower Danube, the main
beneficiary of the small coin of copper. The persistence of the Byzantine
economic, political and military power along the Danube until the first
half of the 7th century, has fueled and guided in a somewhat traditional
way the rural communities with low economic level in the north of the
Danube, especially those in the extra-Carpathian regions where, as
mentioned above, the copper coin is very well represented. Though this
copper coin could not function as an exchange instrument on very large
distances along the Danube due to the fact that in some regions the level
of confidence in it was either insufficient or completely absent, we must
admit that even its mere absorption by the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic
production of small artifacts, turns this (often) expressionless part of the
Byzantine into an everlasting symbol.
The relationships between the Byzantine state as an important
economic and military-political power of the Eastern Europe in the 7th-8Ith
centuries and the Roman civilization in the Carpathian-Danubian regions
as inheritor of the traditions, language and culture of the Roman Empire
were exclusively based on the Byzantium interests in the Danube region.
These relationships were dictated by cultural and religious affinities
which were exploited and speculated by the political power in
Constantinople in order to preserve and enhance the activities intended to
bring direct and substantial benefits for the decisional environment in the
capital of the empire. All these factors spurred the interest of Byzantium
in maintaining its Danubian possessions.
The attitude of the local population towards the Byzantine
challenges occurring in the economic-commercial, military-political
168
and spiritual fields can be considered as one of acceptance and permanent
assimilation of some civilizing elements. This will contribute, in the
centuries following, to the completion of ethno-cultural synthesis that we
call, using a generic term, Dridu Culture or Balkan-Carpathian-Danubian
culture having as ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious expression the
Romanian people living on both sides of the Danube.
169
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176
CUPRINS
Scurtă notă asupra ediţiei............................................ 7
Cuvânt înainte........................................................ 9
Capitolul I.
Izvoarele scrise greceşti şi latineşti privind realităţile nord -
dunărene în secolele VI — VIII................................... 13
I. 1. Istoriografia română şi semnificaţia problemei.. 13
I. 2. Expunere de intenţii............................... 15
I. 3. Situaţia din secolele V-VIII reflectată în izvoarele
bizantine................................................ 17
I. 4. Scurte observaţii privind evenimentele din
secolele VIII -X......................................... 45
I. 5. Câteva consideraţii generale....................... 50
Capitolul II.
Dovezi arheologice privind civilizaţia populaţiei autohtone din
regiunile extracarpatice în a doua jumătate a mileniului I p.Chr. 53
Capitolul III.
Despre importurile bizantine la est şi sud de Carpaţi în secolele
VI ֊ VIII........................................................... 67
Capitolul IV.
Circulaţia monedelor bizantine la nordul Dunării de Jos în secolele
VI ֊ VIII şi semnificaţia ei........................................ 79
IV. 1. Introducere.................................... 79
IV. 2. Observaţii cu caracter general.................... 81
IV. 3. Observaţii privind tezaurele monetare............. 85
IV. 4. Observaţii privind descoperirile de monede
izolate.................................................. 95
IV. 5. Scurt comentariu numismatic şi istoric............ 98
Câteva concluzii.................................................... 113
Repertoriul selectiv al descoperirilor bizantine................. 117
1. Repertoriul descoperirilor monetare bizantine din
secolele VI-VIII la nordul Dunării de Jos....... 117
A. Descoperiri de monede izolate.................. 120
B. Tezaure monetare............................... 136
2. Repertoriul selectiv pieselor de vestimentaţie şi de
podoabă, de origine sau influenţă bizantină,
descoperite la est şi sud de Carpaţi şi aparţinând
secolelor VI - VIII............................... 141
A. Fibule romano-bizantine.................... 141
B. Fibule digitate ........................... 144
C. Catarame cu placa fixă..................... 149
D. Cercei cu pandantiv stelat................. 151
E. Miscellanea................................ 152
Listă ilustraţii................................................. 157
Summary.......................................................... 161
Abrevieri şi bibliografie selectivă.............................. 171
Ilustraţii....................................................... 177
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| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:55:50Z |
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| spellingShingle | Chiriac, Costel 1955- Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1024661784 (DE-588)4009256-2 |
| title | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII |
| title_auth | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII |
| title_exact_search | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII |
| title_full | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII Costel Chiriac |
| title_fullStr | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII Costel Chiriac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII Costel Chiriac |
| title_short | Civilizaţia bizantină şi societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale României în secolele VI - VIII |
| title_sort | civilizatia bizantina si societatea din regiunile extracarpatice ale romaniei in secolele vi viii |
| topic_facet | Rumänien Südost Byzantinisches Reich |
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