Verfügbarkeit: Introduction to biopsychology | Technische Universität München

Introduction to biopsychology:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteiligte Personen:	Pinel, John P. J. 19XX- (VerfasserIn), Barnes, Steven J. 1973- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Boston ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson 2014
Ausgabe:	9. ed., global ed.
Schlagwörter:	Psychobiology > Textbooks Physiologische Psychologie Lehrbuch
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027098464&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references (pages 498-532) and indexes
Umfang:	576 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 29 cm
ISBN:	9781292058917 1292058919

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Brief Contents Part One What Is Biopsychology? 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? 25 10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 257 Can the Brain Recover from Damage? 1 1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 283 How Your Brain Stores Information Part Two Foundations of Biopsychology 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 75 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission 100 How Neurons Send and Receive Signals 5 The Research Methods of Biopsychology 124 Understanding What Biopsychologists Do Part Three Sensory and Motor Systems 6 The Visual System 153 How We See 7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention 185 How You Know the World 8 The Sensorimotor System 212 How You Move Part Four Brain Plasticity 9 Development of the Nervous System 237 From Fertilized Egg to You Part Five Biopsychology of Motivation 12 Hunger, Eating, and Health 311 Why Do Many People Eat Too Much? 13 Hormones and Sex 338 What s Wrong with the Mamawawa? 14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms 365 How Much Do You Need to Sleep? 15 Drug Addiction and the Brain s Reward Circuits 392 Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure Part Six Disorders of Cognition and Emotion 16 Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain 417 The Left Brain and the Right Brain 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health 447 Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion 18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders 470 The Brain Unhinged Contents Prefac· To th· Student About th« Autbor 16 23 23 Part One What Is Biopsychology? 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience 25 What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time 27 Four Major Themes of This Text 27 What Is Biopsychology? 28 What Is th· Relation between Biopsychdogy and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience? 28 What types of Research Characterize the Biopsychdogical Approach? 28 Human and Nonhuman Subjects 29 Experiments and Nonexperiments 29 Pure and Applied Research 31 What Are the Divisions of BJopsydiology? 32 Physiological Psychology 32 Psychopharmacology 33 Neuropsychology 33 The Case of Mr R.. the Bram-Damaged Sfudenf Who Switched to Architecture 33 Psychophysiology 33 Cognitive Neuroscience 34 Comparative Psychology 35 Converging Operations: How Do Biopsycbologists Work Together? 36 SdentHk Inference: How Do BiopsychoJogists Study the Dnobsecvable Workings of the Brain? 37 Critical Thinking about Błopsychołogłcal Claims 38 Case I Jose and the Bull 39 Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and Prefrontal Lobotomy Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review Part Two Foundations of Biopsychology 39 41 42 42 42 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions 45 Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological? 45 Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned? 46 Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies 46 The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed 47 Case of the Chimps with Mirrors 47 The Case of the Thinking Student 48 Human Evolution 48 Evolution and Behavior 50 Course of Human Evolution 51 Thinking about Human Evolution 54 Evolution of the Human Brain 56 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding 57 Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology 58 Fundament«! Genetics 59 Mendelian Genetics 59 Chromosomes: Reproduction and Recombination ¿q Contents Chromosomes: Structure and Replication 61 J^J Major Structures of the Brain 89 Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits 62 Myelencephalon 89 Genetic Code and Gene Expression 62 Metencephalon 89 Mitochondrial DNA 64 Mesencephalon 90 Human Genome Project 65 Diencephalon 90 Modem Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics 65 Telencephalon 92 Epigenetîcs of Behavioral Development: Limbie System and the Basal Ganglia 94 Interaction of Genetic Factors and Themes Revisited 98 Experience 67 Think about It 98 Selective Breeding of Maze-Bright Key Terms 99 and Maze-Dull Rats 67 Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Quick Review 99 Disorder 68 Development of Birdsong 69 A ^AV Neural Conduction Genetics of Human Psychological Differences 70 and Synaptic 100 m Transmission 1 How Neurons Send Development of Individuals versus 1 and Receive Siqnals Development of Differences among Individuals 70 The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson s Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart 71 Disease 101 A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies 71 Q\| Resting Membrane Potential 102 Themes Revisited 73 Recording the Membrane Potential 102 Think about It 73 Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential 102 Key Terms 73 QQ Generation and Conduction я Quick Review 74 of Postsynaptic Potentials 103 Anatomy of the Nervous System 75 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System General Layout of the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood-Bram Barrier Cells of the Nervous System Anatomy of Neurons Glia: The Forgotten Cells Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions Neuroanatomical Techniques Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System Spinal Cord Five Major Divisions of the Brain 76 76 77 78 80 80 80 85 85 86 88 88 Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials 103 Conduction of Action Potentials 106 Ionic Basis of Action Potentials 106 Refractory Periods 107 Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials 107 Conduction in Myelinated Axons 107 The Velocity of Axonal Conduction 108 Conduction in Neurons without Axons 108 The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective 109 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons 109 Structure of Synapses 109 Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules 110 Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules 111 Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules 111 Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling 113 Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission 114 Contents Neurotransmitters Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Monoamine Neurotransmitters Acetylcholme Unconventional Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides 116 116 116 117 117 118 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior 118 How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission 119 Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research 120 Themes Revisited 122 Think about It 122 Key Terms 123 Quick Review 123 The Research Methods of Biopsychology 124 Understanding What Biopsychologists Do The Ironic Case of Professor P. 125 PART ONE Methods of Studying the Nervous System Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain 126 Contrast X-Rays 126 Х -Ray Computed Tomography 126 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 127 Positron Emission Tomography 127 Functional MRI 128 Diffusion Tensor Imaging 129 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 130 Recording Human Psychophytiological Activity 130 Scalp Electroencephalography 130 Magnetoencephalography 132 Muscle Tension 132 Eye Movement 132 Skin Conductance 133 Cardiovascular Activity 133 lnv»»ive Physiological Research Methods 133 Stereotaxic Surgery 134 Lesion Methods 134 Electrical Stimulation 135 Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods 135 Pharmacological Research Methods 137 Routes of Drug Administration 137 Selective Chemical Lesions 137 Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain 137 Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain 137 Genetic Engineering 139 Gene Knockout Techniques 139 Gene Replacement Techniques 139 Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow 139 PART TWO Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology ЈДД Neuropsychological Testing 141 Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing 141 Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery 142 Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function 143 Frontal-Lobe Function 144 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience ! Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior Paradigms for Assessment of Species- Common Behaviors Traditional Conditioning Paradigms Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms Themes Revisited Think about К Key Terms Quick Review 145 146 146 147 148 150 150 151 152 Part Three Sensory and Motor Systems The Visual System 153 How We See The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer 754 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina 155 Pupil and the Lens 156 Eye Position and Binocular Disparity 157 Contents Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals 157 Cone and Rod Vision 159 Spectral Sensitivity 161 Eye Movement 162 Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals 163 From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex 164 Retinotopic Organization 165 The M and Ρ Channels 165 Seeing Edges 166 Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement 166 Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons 167 Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System 168 Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells 169 Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells 170 Organization of Primary Visual Cortex 170 The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited 171 Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Contextual Influences in Visual Processing 171 Seeing Color 171 Component and Opponent Processing 172 Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory 173 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness 175 Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion 176 The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear 1 76 Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas, Blindsight, and Conscious Awareness 176 The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Bľmdsight 177 Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex 177 Dorsal and Ventral Streams 178 The Case of O.P., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Concious/y See ISO The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw 180 Prosopagnosia 180 R.P, a Typical Prosopagnosic 181 Akmetopsia 181 Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia 181 Conclusion 182 Themes Revisited 182 Think about It 183 Key Terms 183 Quick Review 184 ■HV* Mechanisms of 1 ^l^ Perception: Hearing, tĚ WĚĚSí Touch, Smell, Taste, M ^Н and Attention 185 JP How You Know the World The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time 186 Principles of Sensory System Organization 186 Hierarchical Organization 187 The Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat 187 Functional Segregation 187 Parallel Processing 187 Summary Model of Sensory System Organization 188 Auditory System 188 The Ear 189 From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex 191 Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization 192 Auditory Cortex 192 Effects of Damage to the Auditory System 194 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain 195 Cutaneous Receptors 195 Dermatomes 196 Two Major Somatosensory Pathways 197 Cortical Areas of Somatosensation 198 Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex 199 Somatosensory System and Association Cortex 199 The Case ofW.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand 199 Somatosensory Agnosias 200 The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body 200 Rubber-Hand Illusion 201 Perception of Pain 201 The Case of Miss C, the Woman Who Felt No Pam 201 Neuropathic Pain 203 Contents Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Olfactory System Gustatory System Bram Damage and the Chemical Senses Broad Tuning vs. Narrow Tuning Selective Attention Change Blindness Neural Mechanisms of Attention Simultanagnosia Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 203 204 205 206 206 208 208 209 210 210 210 211 211 The Sensorimotor System 212 How You Move The Case of Rhonda, the Dexterous Cashier 213 Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function 214 The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized 214 Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input 214 The Case oř GO., the Man with Too Little Feedback Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control General Model of Sensorimotor System Function Sensorimotor Association Cortex Posterior Parietal Association Cortex The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned m Circles Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex Secondary Motor Cortex Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex Mirror Neurons Primary Motor Cortex Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind Cerebetkim and Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Descending Motor Pathway« Dorsolateral Corticospmal Tract and Dorsolateral Comcorubrospmal Tract 214 215 215 215 215 216 217 218 218 219 220 221 222 222 222 223 223 Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-Brainstem-Spinal Tract 223 Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways 224 Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Muscles Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles Stretch Reflex Withdrawal Reflex Reciprocal Innervation Recurrent Collateral Inhibition Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Central Sensorimotor Programs Are Capable of Motor Equivalence Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious Central Sensorimotor Programs Can Develop without Practice Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning The Case of Rhonda, Revisited Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 226 226 227 228 229 229 229 230 231 232 232 233 233 233 235 235 235 235 236 Part Four Brain Plasticity Development of the Nervous System 237 From Fertilized Egg to You The Case of Genie 238 Phases of Neurodevelopment 238 Induction of the Neural Plate 239 Neural Proliferation 239 Migration and Aggregation 240 Axon Growth and Synapse Formation 241 Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement 244 Contents Postnatal Cerebral Development ¡η Human Infants 245 Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain 245 Development of the Prefrontal Cortex 246 Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits 247 Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment 247 Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns 247 Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps 248 Experience Fine-Tunes Neurodevelopment 248 Neuroplasticity in Adults 249 Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals 249 Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex 250 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism and Williams Syndrome 251 Autism 251 The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock? 251 Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities 252 Williams Syndrome 253 The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities 253 Epilogue 254 Themes Revisited 255 Think about It 255 Key Terms 255 Quick Review 255 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 257 Can the Brain Recover from Damage? The Ironic Case of Professor P. 258 Causes of Brain Damage 259 Bram Tumors 259 Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes 259 Closed-Head Injuries 261 The Case of Jerry Quarry, Ex-Boxer 262 Infections of the Bram 262 Neurotoxms 263 Genetic Factors 263 Programmed Cell Death 263 Neurological Diseases 264 Epilepsy 264 The Subtlety of Complex Paďial Seizures: Two Cases 265 Parkinson s Disease 266 Huntington s Disease 267 Multiple Sclerosis 267 Alzheimer s Disease 268 Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases 270 Kindling Model of Epilepsy 270 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer s Disease 270 MPTP Model of Parkinson s Disease 271 The Cases of the Frozen Addicts 277 Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery 271 Neural Degeneration 271 Neural Regeneration 272 Neural Reorganization 274 Recovery of Function after CNS Damage 275 Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage 276 Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for CNS Damage: Early Research 277 The Case of Roberto Garcia d Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant 277 Modern Research on Neurotransplantation 278 Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training 278 The Cases of Tom and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran 280 The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery 280 Themes Revisited 281 Think about It 281 Key Terms 282 Quick Review 282 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 283 How Your Brain Stores Information Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy 284 The Case or H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory 284 Formal Assessment of H.M. s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories 285 10 Contenti Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M. s Case Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia Semantic and Episodic Memories The Case or КС. the Man Who Can t Time Trave! The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory The Case ofR.B., Product of a Bungled Operation Amnesia of Korsakoff s Syndrome The Up-Your-Nose Case ofN.A. Amnesia of Alzheimer s Disease Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation Posttraumatic Amnesia Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation Hippocampus and Consolidation Reconsolidation Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory Monkey Model of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to Sample Test Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test for Rats ~ 295 Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object- Recognition Deficits Resulting from Medial Temporal Lobectomy 296 Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Two Tests of Rodent Spatial Memory Hippocampal and Entorhinal Grid Cells Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells 286 287 288 288 289 289 289 290 291 291 291 291 292 293 293 294 294 Where Are Memories Stored? Inferotemporal Cortex Amygdala Prefrontal Cortex The Case of the Cook Who Couldn t Cerebellum and Stnatum Synaptk Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Long-Term Potentiation Induction of LTP: Learning 297 298 299 300 301 301 302 302 303 303 303 304 304 305 Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall Variability of LTP Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You Infantile Amnesia Smart Drugs: Do They Work? Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory The Case oí RM., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M. Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 306 307 308 308 308 309 309 309 309 310 310 Part Five Biopsychology of Motivation Hunger, Eating, and Health 311 Why Do Many People Eat Too Much? The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat 373 Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization 313 Digestion 313 Energy Storage in the Body 313 Three Phases of Energy Metabolism 313 Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives 315 Set-Point Assumption 315 Glucostatic and Lipostatic Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating 315 Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating 317 Positive-Incentive Perspective 317 Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat 318 Factors That Determine What We Eat 318 Factors That Influence When We Eat 318 Factors That Influence How Much We Eat 319 Physiologkai Research on Hunger and Satiety 321 Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety 321 Contents 11 Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers 321 Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety 323 Hunger and Satiety Peptides 323 Serotonin and Satiety 325 Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable Hunger 325 Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A. 325 Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points 325 Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating 326 Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control 327 Human Obesity: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments 329 Who Needs to Be Concerned about Obesity? 330 Why Is There an Epidemic of Obesity? 330 Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not? 330 Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective? 331 Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat 331 The Case of the Child with No Leptin 333 Treatment of Obesity 333 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa 333 Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia 334 Anorexia and Positive Incentives 335 Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis 336 The Case of the Anorexic Student 336 Themes Revisited 336 Think about It 336 Key Terms 337 Quick Review 337 Hormones and Sex 338 What s Wrong with the Mamawawa? Men-Are-Men-and- Women-Are-Women Assumption 339 Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones 339 Classes of Hormones 340 Sex Steroids 341 Hormones of the Pituitary 341 Female Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Steady 342 Neural Control of the Pituitary 342 Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus 342 Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones 343 Regulation of Hormone Levels 344 Pulsatile Hormone Release 344 Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation 344 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body 344 Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics 347 The Neuroendocrine System Glands Gonads 339 340 340 Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior 348 Sex Differences in the Brain 348 Development of Sex Differences in Behavior 350 Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development 352 The Case of Anne S., the Woman Who Wasn t 352 The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy 352 The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis 353 Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule? 354 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults 354 Male Reproduction-Related Behavior and Testosterone 354 The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood 355 Female Reproduction-Related Behavior and Gonadal Hormones 355 Anabolic Steroid Abuse 357 Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior 358 Cortex and Sexual Activity 358 Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity 358 Amygdala and Sexual Activity 359 Ventral Stnatum and Sexual Activity 360 Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity 360 Sexual Orientation and Genes 360 Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones 360 12 Contants What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction? Is There a Difference in the Brains of Homosexuals and Heterosexuals? Sexual Identity Independence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity Them·« Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 361 361 361 362 363 363 363 364 Sleep, Dreaming, and Orcadian Rhythms 365 How Much Do You Need to Sleep? The Case oř the Woman Who Wouldn t Sleep 366 Stages of Sleep 367 Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep 367 Four Stages of Sleep EEG 367 REM Sleep and Dreaming 368 Testing Common Beliefs about Dreaming 369 The Interpretation of Dreams 369 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do? 370 Comparative Analysis of Sleep 370 Effects of Sleep Deprivation 371 Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem 371 Predictions of Recuperation Theries about Sleep Deprivation 372 Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies 372 The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students 372 The Case of Randy Gardner Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans Sleep-Deprivation Studies with Laboratory Animals REM-Sleep Deprivation Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep Orcadian Sleep Cydes Free-Running Orcadian Sleep-Wake Cycles Jet Lag and Shift Work A Orcadian Clock in the Suprachiasmalic Nuclei 372 372 373 374 375 376 376 377 378 Neural Mechanisms of Entrapment Genetics of Orcadian Rhythms The Case oí Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep Reticular Formation and Sleep Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei Drugs That Affect Sleep Hypnotic Drugs Antihypnotic Drugs Melatonin Sleep Disorders Insomnia Mr. ß., the Case of latrogenic Insomnia Hypersomnia REM-Sleep-Related Disorders The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction Differences Between Short and Long Sleepers Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep Conclusion Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review Drug Addiction and the Brain s Reward Circuits Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure The Case of the Drugged High School Teachers 378 378 379 379 379 380 381 382 382 383 383 384 384 384 385 386 386 386 386 387 387 388 388 389 389 390 390 390 391 392 393 Bask Principles of Drug Action 393 Drug Administration and Absorption 393 Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System 394 Mechanisms of Drug Action 394 Contents 13 Drug Metabolism and Elimination 394 Drug Tolerance 394 Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence 395 Drug Addiction: What Is It? 395 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance 396 Contingent Drug Tolerance 396 Conditioned Drug Tolerance 396 Thinking about Drug Conditioning 398 Five Commonly Abused Drugs 398 Tobacco 398 Alcohol 399 Marijuana 401 Cocaine and Other Stimulants 403 The Opiates: Heroin and Morphine 404 Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs 406 Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin 406 Early Biopsychological Research on Addictions 408 Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction 408 Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System 408 Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction 409 Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction 410 Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction 411 Initial Drug Taking 411 Habitual Drug Taking 412 Drug Craving and Addiction Relapse 413 Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration Paradigm 414 A Noteworthy Case of Addiction 414 The Case of Sigmund Freud 414 Themes Revisited 415 Think about It 415 Key Terms 416 Quick Review 416 Part Six Disorders of Cognition and Emotion 16 Latéralisation, Language, and the Spirt Brain 417 The Left Bram and the Right Bram Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia 419 and Apraxia 419 Tests of Cerebral Lateralization 419 Discovery of the Relation between Speech Laterally and Handedness 420 Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization 420 The Split Brain 421 Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry 421 Commissurotomy in Human Epileptics 423 Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently 424 Cross-Cuing 424 Doing Two Things at Once 425 The Z Lens 425 Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients 426 The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict 426 Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective 427 Differences between the Left and Right Hemispheres 427 Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function 428 What Is Lateralized — Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes? 429 Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain 430 Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization and Language 431 Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization 431 The Case ofW.L, the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language 432 When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve? 432 What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral Lateralization? 432 Evolution of Human Language 433 Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model 434 Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke- Geschwind Model 434 The Wernicke-Geschwind Model 435 Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence 436 Effects of Cortical Damage on Language Abilities 437 14 Contint» 438 Effects of Electrical Stimulation to the Cortex on Language Abilities Current Status of the Wermcke-Geschwind Model 440 Cognitiv· Neuroscience of Language Functional Bram Imaging and the Localization of Language Cognitiv· Nturosdence of Dyslexia Developmental Dsylexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms Developmental Dyslexia and Culture Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia The Case of N.I. , the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere Them·* Revisited Think about ft Key Terms Quick Review 440 441 442 442 443 443 444 444 445 445 445 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health 447 Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction 448 Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion 448 The Mind-Blowmg Case of Phineas Gage 448 A Human Case of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome 451 Emotions and the Autonomie Nervous System 452 Emotions and Facial Expression 452 Fear, Defense, and Aggression 455 Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors 455 Aggression and Testosterone 456 Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning 457 Amygdala and Fear Conditioning 457 Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus 458 Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning 458 Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion 459 Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion 459 Amygdala and Human Emotion 460 The Case of S P. the Woman Who Couldn t Perceive Feat 460 Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion 460 Lateralization of Emotion Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives Stress and Health The Stress Response Animal Models of Stress Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain Early Experience of Stress Stress and the Hippocampus Conclusion The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper Themes Revisited Think about It Key Terms Quick Review 461 462 462 462 463 463 464 466 467 467 467 468 468 469 469 Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders 470 The Brain Unhinged Schizophrenia 471 The Case of Lena, the Catatonic Schizophrenic 471 What Is Schizophrenia? 472 Causal Factors in Schizophrenia 472 Discovery of the First Antischizophrenic Drugs 473 Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia 473 Schizophrenia: Current Research and Treatment 475 Conclusion 477 Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania 477 The Case of P.S., the Weeping Widow 478 Major Categories of Affective Disorders 478 Causal Factors in Affective Disorders 479 Discovery of Antidepressant Drugs 479 Brain Pathology and Affective Disorders 481 Theories of Depression 482 Treatment of Depression with Brain Stimulation 482 Conclusion 483 Anxiety Disorders 483 The Case of MR., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out 484 Five Classes of Anxiety Disorders Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Animal Models of Anxiety Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders Tourette Syndrome The Case of R.G. — Barking Mad What Is Tourette Syndrome? Neuropathology of Tourette Syndrome Treatment of Tourette Syndrome The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette Syndrome Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs Clinical Trials: The Three Phases Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials Contents 1Ь 484 Effectiveness of Clinical Trials 491 484 Conclusion 492 The Case of 5. В., the Biopsychology 485 Student Who Took Control 492 485 Themes Revisited 493 486 Think about It 493 486 Key Terms 494 486 Quick Review 494 487 487 488 Epilogue 495 Appendixes 496 488 Glossary 502 References 522 489 Credits 557 489 Name Index 559 490 Subject Index 566
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spellingShingle	Pinel, John P. J. 19XX- Barnes, Steven J. 1973- Introduction to biopsychology Psychobiology Textbooks Physiologische Psychologie (DE-588)4076126-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4076126-5 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Introduction to biopsychology
title_auth	Introduction to biopsychology
title_exact_search	Introduction to biopsychology
title_full	Introduction to biopsychology John P. J. Pinel ; Steven J. Barnes
title_fullStr	Introduction to biopsychology John P. J. Pinel ; Steven J. Barnes
title_full_unstemmed	Introduction to biopsychology John P. J. Pinel ; Steven J. Barnes
title_short	Introduction to biopsychology
title_sort	introduction to biopsychology
topic	Psychobiology Textbooks Physiologische Psychologie (DE-588)4076126-5 gnd
topic_facet	Psychobiology Textbooks Physiologische Psychologie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027098464&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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Inhaltsverzeichnis