Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga: studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
2013
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026990830&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026990830&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Jómswikings from Wolin-Jómsborg Bibliogr. s. 301-343 |
| Umfang: | 355 s. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363760113 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Stanisławski, Błażej M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga |b studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie |c Błażej M. Stanisławski ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Ośrodek Badań nad Kulturą Późnego Antyku i Wczesnego Średniowiecza |
| 264 | 1 | |a Wrocław |b Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |c 2013 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Jómswikings from Wolin-Jómsborg | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 301-343 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Wikingowie / 10-11 w | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Wikingowie / Polska / Wolin |2 jhpk | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / 10-11 w | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / archeologia / 10-11 w | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Wolin |g Woiwodschaft Westpommern |0 (DE-588)5058838-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Wolin |g Woiwodschaft Westpommern |0 (DE-588)5058838-2 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Wikinger |0 (DE-588)4066083-7 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819376836231036928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
................................................................................................................ 7
Rozdział
1.
Normanowie w historiografii i archeologii
................................ 19
Rozdział
2.
Spór o Jómsborg
.......................................................................... 63
Rozdział
3.
Wolin we wczesnym średniowieczu
............................................ 81
3.1.
Kompleks osadniczy
................................................................................... 82
3.2.
Budownictwo
.............................................................................................. 88
3.3.
Produkcja żywności
.................................................................................... 106
3.4.
Wytwórczość rzemieślnicza
........................................................................ 111
3.5.
Szkutnictwo i żegluga
................................................................................. 126
3.6.
Wierzenia religijne
...................................................................................... 129
Rozdział
4.
Kontakty zewnętrzne wolinian
................................................... 139
Rozdział
5.
Elementy kultury skandynawskiej w Wolinie
........................... 153
Rozdział
6.
Proces przenikania kultury skandynawskiej
na ziemie polskie
.............................................................................................. 219
6.1.
Nadbałtycka strefa gospodarcza
................................................................. 220
6.2.
W dobie wczesnych osad handlowo-rzemieślniczych
................................ 226
6.3.
Rewolucja ideologiczna
.......................................................................... 231
6.4.
Wikingowie w Wolinie-Jómsborgu
............................................................ 241
6.4.1.
Kim byli wikingowie z Wolina?
.............................................................. 243
6.4.2.
Wikingowie na ziemiach domeny wczesnopiastowskiej
......................... 258
6.4.3.
Organizatorzy systemu społeczno-gospodarczego państwa
wczesnopiastowskiego?
..................................................................................... 269
6.5.
Ostatni akord
............................................................................................... 279
Rozdział
7.
Jómswikingowie
-
archeologia a tradycja sag
........................... 281
Podsumowanie
................................................................................................. 291
Bibliografia
........................................................................................................ 301
Jómsvikings
from
Wolin-Jómsborg
—
the diffusion of Scandinavian culture
on Polish territory. An archaeological study. Summary
.................................... 345
Jómsvikings
from
Wolin-
Jómsborg
the diffusion of Scandinavian culture
on Polish territory.
An archaeological study
SUMMARY
The Viking movement overseas was an essentials part of the cultural landscape of the
early medieval Europe. One of the areas of Scandinavian penetration and then expansion
was the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, including Polish territory. The discussion related
to the Scandinavian presence on that territory has resulted in a number of concepts, includ¬
ing an extreme idea that Vikings were the founders of the Polish state (Szajnocha
1858)
and Mieszko I was a Viking called Dago, known from the document called Dagome index
(Holtzmann
1918;
Schulte
1918).
Opponents, in turn, brought the Scandinavian phenom¬
enon to the level of short-term trade relations
(Łowmiański
1957;
Labuda 1961b;
Żak
1962;
1963a).
In the process of infiltration of Scandinavian culture on Polish territory the major role
was played by the stronghold in
Wolin.
This is due to several reasons.
(1)
At the
Dziwna
strait one of the largest assemblages
-
apart from
Janów Pomorski
(Jagodziński
2010) -
of artefacts of Scandinavian origin on Polish territory indicating
the physical presence of Scandinavians was discovered. That phenomenon took place in
the 2nd half of the 10th century
A.D.
and in the 1st half of the
1
1th century.
(2)
That place became legendary in the North in the Middle Ages. This found its re¬
flection in the fact that the stronghold on the
Dziwna
was mentioned in Scandinavian
sagas. The poems exalt the deeds of a brotherhood of warriors from a stronghold called
Jómsborg
-
identified with
Wolin,
located in Vendland
-
Slavs territory. The thread
has been mainly described in the text of
Jómsvikinga saga
and
Olaf Trygvasson
saga.
JÓMSVIKINGS
FROM
WOLIN-JÓMSBORG
It occurs, however, also in a number of other works belonging to the cultural heritage of
medieval Scandinavian tradition (Morawiec
2010; 2013).
(3)
Most likely oriental silver flown on the territory of Greater Poland/Wielkopolska in
several waves in the WSOs, 50S/60S and
708/85*
of the 10th
с
A.D.
was distributed
through
Wolin.
The occurrence of Arabic silver on the territories of the early
Piast
do¬
main has been considered as one of the three main factors ensuring about the process of
formation of the early
Piast
state at that time (Kara
2009).
Silver was distributed through
the Oriental-Baltic exchange chain by Scandinavians.
The Scandinavian element from
Wolin,
that stayed there in the 2nd half of the 10th cen¬
tury
A.D.
and in the 1st half of the 11th century manifested its identity in a symbolic way
using objects decorated in the
Borre
style of Scandinavian art. Numerous evidence supports
the idea that at
Dziwna
a workshop of a Scandinavian artist functioned, in which some of the
above mentioned Scandinavian artefacts may have been made (Duczko
2000; Stanislawski
2013a).
Objects decorated in
Borre
style were discovered also in other places in
Pomerania/
Pomorze (Kamień Pomorski, Szczecin, Żółte, Gdańsk)
and in the centres of early
Piast
domain in Greater Poland (Santok,
Gniezno, Giecz, Ostrów
Lednicki,
Ląd,
Lekno,
Mied¬
nica, Milicz),
in
Silesia/Śląsk (Wrocław, Opole),
also few relicts in Mazovia/Mazowsze.
W. Duczko
called them „the first art of the Piasts . The specific manner of ornamentation of
these objects indicates that they might have been owned by people who came to the South
from
Wolin.
As a result of more than
100
years of archaeological research carried out in
Wolin
its
image, history and culture was created.
Wolin
appears as a powerful Slavic centre of craft
production and trades
-
a seat of the Wolinian tribe. It was situated at the crossroads of trade
routes maintaining contacts with the East, the West, the North and the South.
It was a centre of pagan cults, where in the 2nd half of the
9*
century
A.D.
a sanctuary, the
so-called
Kącina
was erected and in the 2nd half of the next century the next one was built
The feature of the town might have been a network of streets with regular quarters of
buildings (Filipowiak, Gundlach
1992;
Filipowiak
2004).
W. Filipowiak, the leading re¬
searcher of
Wolin,
has estimated that the town population would have been between six to
nine thousand inhabitants. Its heyday was in lOth-1 lth century.
Most of the above findings, however, cannot withstand criticism in the light of recent
studies, that will be presented in the present publication.
The analyses of
Wolin
s
pottery production
(Stanislawski 2012)
was an introduction to
the recent studies that were conducted on the basis of artefact units found in the central part
of the stronghold
-
in the Old Town area, trench no.
6.
The settlement levels were uncov¬
ered there, spanning the periods from the beginning of
Wolin
until its decline. The subject
of the study were also vessels recovered from other trenches located in the Old Town and
in all the other studied sites included in the settlement complex of
Wolin.
The research was
accompanied by a study aimed at describing chronologically the individual settlement se-
346
Summary
quences. On that basis, it was found that the history of
Wolin
encompasses the period from
the establishment of the oldest settlement, at the end of the 8th
с
A.D.
or at the turn of the 8th
and 9th centuries
A.D.,
until
Wolin
s
decline, which happened at the end of the 12th century
as a result of a series of Danish raids. At that time, however, throughout about four centuries
-
a culture of the residents had been changing.
Based on the changes taking place in the
Wolin
s
pottery production, four semantic
models could be created as a reflection of the four
socio-cultural
systems of the early me¬
dieval inhabitants of
Wolin
on the material level. The first included the period from the es¬
tablishment of the oldest settlement at the end of the 8th century
A.D.
or at the turn of the 8th
and 9th centuries
A.D.
until the end of the 9th century
A.D.
The second
socio-cultural
system
lasted from the end of the 9th century
A.D.
until the end of the 1st half of the 10th century
A.D.
The third one is dated on the period from the 2nd half of the 10th century
A.D.
until
1043.
The fourth system included the period from the 2nd half of the
1
1th and 12th centuries until the
decline of the city
(Stanislawski 2012).
The most important conclusions of the above study are the statements concerning cul¬
tural changes, the distinction of four chronological horizons (I-IV) in the history of the
settlement at
Dziwna
strait and the scientific observations that the most important period
in the history of
Wolin
lasted from the 2nd half of the 10th
с
A.D.
to the middle of the ll01
century and took place in the period of intensive Scandinavian activity at the mouth of the
Oder river. At that time
Wolin
reached its culminating point of development as a center of
production, trade and junction point.
The goal of this study is to answer the following questions:
1 -
How did the process of diffusion of Scandinavian culture in
Wolin
develop?
2 -
What kind of influence did the contacts with Scandinavians have on the organiza¬
tion of social-economic systems of Wolinians during individual periods of its history?
3 —
What role did
Wolin
play in the process of transmission of Scandinavian culture into
Polish territories?
4 -
Who were the people manifesting their identity through the use of objects decorated
in
Borre
style, in the area of mouth of the Oder river and deep down in the Polish ter¬
ritories?
5 —
What role could these people play in the process of creating the first Polish state?
6 -
Could the rich tradition of Scandinavian literature, exalting
Jómsvikings
history and
their relationships with the ruler of Vendland be inspired by true events? If that is the
case, then to what degree?
The study consists of
7
chapters. In the first chapter a dispute, that had been carried on
during one and a half centuries, concerning the Scandinavian presence in the Polish territo¬
ries was described and the role that Vikings might have played in the process of forming of
Polish state was discussed. This chapter reviews concepts that have attempted to explain the
presence of individual elements of Scandinavian culture in Polish territories. The essence
of chapter II is a discussion on
Jómsborg
and
Jómsvikings,
held by specialists dealing with
347
JÓMSVIKINGS
FROM
WOLIN-JÓMSBORG
both the written texts (historical sources and old Scandinavian literature texts) and archaeo¬
logical sources.
Chapter III is dedicated to the analysis of all available archaeological sources acquired
during the archaeological excavation carried out in
Wolin.
On this basis, different spheres
of Wolinian culture such as spatial organization of settlement complex, wooden architec¬
ture, food production, craft production, shipbuilding, navigation and religious beliefs were
characterized.
The aim of the aforementioned studies is to define the specificity of the local Slavic cul¬
ture of Wolinians in all periods of history at the
Dziwna
strait. The results of these research
formed the grounds for further discussion on the subject
-
which cultural elements are the
part of a local tradition and which ones are foreign in the local cultural environment.
Chapter IV is devoted to the examination of outside contacts of early medieval
Wolin.
Chapter V is based on the analyses of all archaeological sources, which can be identified
with the culture of the Scandinavians, through which the elements of Scandinavian culture
found in
Wolin
were defined.
The results described in chapters III, IV and V made the reconstruction of the dif¬
fusion process of Scandinavian cultural elements in
Wolin
possible. The study also ena¬
bled examining the influences of the Scandinavians on the organisation of social-economic
system of Wolinians in the four periods of their history. The four periods
-
chronological
horizons were divided on the basis of the configurations that occurred in the
Wolin
pottery
(Stanislawski 2012).
The research concerning the role of
Wolin
in the process of diffusion of Scandinavian
culture elements in the interior of Poland has been carried out. It encompasses a period from
the 2nd half of the
IO 1
century
A.D.
and the 1st half of the
1
1th century, when the Scandina¬
vian presence in
Wolin
reached its culminating point.
On the basis of the artefacts decorated in the characteristic manner of the Scandinavian
art a hypothesis was formulated, that the object discovered in the South (in Polish lands)
could be related to Viking culture from
Wolin.
This hypothesis constituted the grounds for further studies, which the aim was to answer
the following questions:
Who were people manifesting their identity with the artefacts decorated in a character¬
istic manner of the Scandinavian art, which were discovered in the centres of the early
Piast
domain? What role could they have played in the process of the formation of the Polish
state? This objective can be addressed through contextual studies of the analysis of the close
units of finds from
Wolin,
discovered within the particular buildings.
It was possible to define several concrete although anonymous individuals, the culture
representative for them, and a role they could have played in the communities inhabited
Wolin
and the centres of the early
Piast
domain.
The last chapter is devoted to a comparison of Scandinavian literature records with the
results of studies conducted on the basis of archaeological sources. It was possible due to
348
Summary
a comparison drawn between chronological frames of events described in the sagas and
chronology of Scandinavian artefacts units uncovered in
Wolin.
Two models of culture
were also compared. The first one reflects the culture of mythical
Jómsvikings
community.
It was created on the basis of the sagas analyses. The second model was constituted on the
grounds of archaeological sources and presents the culture of authentic Vikings community
that dwelled in
Wolin.
As a result of conducted research, setting the directions of interregional relations of
Wolin
s
inhabitants was possible. The analysis of the process of diffusion of Scandinavian
culture elements at the
Dziwna
strait, and further into the Polish inland was also carried out
thanks to the aforementioned study. They were closely connected with the functioning of
the Baltic economic zone.
Foreigners appeared in
Wolin
at the early beginning of the existence of the settle¬
ment at the end of the 8th c. A.D or at the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries
A.D. -
at the
beginning of the 9th century
A.D.
This period was characterized by contacts with the West, inidicated through finds of
Frisian provenance and pottery vessels characteristic for the Starigard/Oldenburg settlement.
It lacked any finds of Scandinavian provenance.
It happened in the period when early commercial and craft production settlements were
functioning. At that time in the neighbourhood there was an other commercial and craft
production centre in
Menzlin-Görke,
lying to the west of the mouth of the Oder river, hi the
east there was the
Bardy-Świelubie
complex on the Lower
Parsęta
river and settlement at
Janów Pomorski/Traso,
lying at the mouth of the Vistula river. In all of the above mentioned
places, in contrast to
Wolin,
visible traces of the Scandinavian presence were found.
The artefacts of Frisian provenance registered in the oldest settlements levels on the
Dziwna
strait, belonged to luxury goods, resulted from the exchange conducted in the Baltic
economic zone, hi contrast to the aforementioned centres, the market in
Wolin
established
contacts with the inhabitants of the Polish inland. It is proved by finds of Frisian combs reg¬
istered in other archaeological sites of West
Pomerania,
and even in Santok located on the
border of
Pomerania
with Greater Poland.
At that time settlement in
Wolin
due to the interregional contacts and redistribution of
goods was able to service its own economic base. The residents, however, didn t have their
own means of transport and exchange tools characterizing crucial points of Baltic economic
zone. In this respect they were completely dependent on the foreigners. Manufacturing was
also limited. There was a tribal system, which feature was relatively homogenous social
structure.
The discussed phenomenon was nevertheless short-term. Contacts with the Baltic eco¬
nomic zone was broken in the first decades of the 9th century
A.D.
The period of the ideol¬
ogy of isolationism came. Contacts with communities of the Baltic economic zone were
subject to a radical reduction during the last decades of the 9th century
A.D.
This results in
the occurrence of only single goods of Scandinavian origin, hi the 2nd half of the 9th century
349
JÓMSVIKINGS
FROM
WOLIN-JÓMSBORG
the fixed contacts with the communities inhabiting the basin of central Oder and
Warta
riv¬
ers had been cultivated
—
proved by finds of imported pottery of Tornov type, recorded in
Wolin.
At the end of the 9th century A.D or at the turn of the 9th and
IO*11
centuries A.D, in
the stronghold on the
Dziwna
strait a major social-economic change took place
-
the
ideological revolution
.
Large building investments were erected. The harbour was built, the development of
the settlement network was visible. There was also beginnings of the construction of the
sea means of transport. The development of craft, containing different branches of manu¬
facturing took place. The contacts with the communities of the Baltic economic zone were
re-established. They were maintained with the inhabitants of Northern Russia and with the
Baits, proven by the provenance of finds. There are also single goods of Scandinavian origin
dated to this period.
The relations with the inhabitants of the Northern Russia resulted in the flow of ori¬
ental precious metal from Eastern Europe to the mouth of the Oder river area. It is proven
by deposits uncovered on the Silver Hill and in the vicinity of
Wolin,
dated to the 40s
and 50s of the
IO*
century
A.D. -
wave III, stream
b
according to
W. Losiński
(1992,
pp.
145-146).
Via the stronghold on the
Dziwna
strait silver might have been re-distributed to Scan¬
dinavia. The relationships were also maintained with the communities of the Polish interior
-
with the inhabitants of the central Oder and
Warta
river basins. These contacts resulted in
deposits of silver, hidden in the Greater Poland region, and dated to the middle of the 10th
century
A.D.
The cultural changes that occurred in
Wolin
from the end of the
9*
century until the
middle of the 10th century
A.D.
and the wide range of contacts that had been maintained with
the communities of Greater Poland, demonstrate the thorough transformation of the social-
economic system of Wolinians. Its distinguishing component was the character of exchange,
conducted by the centre on the
Dziwna
strait. At that time the community of
Wohn
pos¬
sessed means of transport, geographical knowledge, trading tools and craft production that
were necessary for the independent participation in exchange process conducted in the Bal¬
tic economic zone. Various directions and the character of the relationships
-
sea contacts
with the communities of eastern regions of the Baltic Sea and river relations conducted with
the inhabitants of central Oder and
Warta
basins prove, that the topographical advantages of
Wolin
were used. Thanks to aforementioned values
Wolin
became one of the most crucial
points of the Baltic economic zone.
Through the stronghold in
Wolin
exchange was conducted between communities of
the eastern regions of the Baltic Sea and the Oder and
Warta
basins. Additionally,
Wolin
could fulfil the role of the central point, useful in the redistribution of goods. This model
of exchange was strictly connected with the transformation of the social organization. Most
probably, an advanced process of forming the group of social leaders took place.
350
Summary
This system had been functioning in the period from the end of the 9th century
A.D.,
possibly from the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries
A.D.,
until about the middle of the 10th
century
A.D.,
when it was probably broken. Two catastrophes were the underlying reasons
for this crisis. The first one was ecological (the water level in the
Dziwna
strait had risen),
the second one
-
political (military raid against Mieszko I, under the leadership of the mar¬
grave Wichman, undertaken in the year
963,
that failed).
The next period in the history of the stronghold at the
Dziwna
strait begun at the
turn of the l$t and 2nd half of the Wh century A.D and lasted until the middle of the
11*
century.
At that time
Wolin
reached the apogee of its development, what was showed by the
intensive craft development, based also on the imported materials, a number of the building
investments and the increase in maintaining the external contacts. The majority of imported
goods are dated to this period. These are mainly goods and materials of Scandinavian prov¬
enance. Their character prove, that in the stronghold newcomers from the British Isles and
from Denmark dwelled. Contacts with the inhabitants of Northern Russia were maintained.
The Scandinavian came to
Wolin
in two waves: the first one after the year
966 A.D.
and
the second one after the year
980 A.D.
On the basis of the results of contextual analysis of the
artefacts units dated to the period after the year
966 A.D.,
their owners might be identified
mostly with merchants, whereas, the collections dated to the period after the year
980 A.D.,
indicate the presence of both merchants and craftsmen, and warriors as well. These conclu¬
sions correspond with the results of research of J. Morawiec and the texts of the old Scandi¬
navian literature. According to J. Morawiec, at the beginning of the
80s
of the 10th century
A.D.,
probably in the year
983 A.D.,
Wolin
might have fallen under the political control
of the Danish Kingdom. The described period was preceded by the previous presence of
Danish merchants and craftsmen
(2010,
p.
151).
Both categories of sources
-
archaeological
and written led to similar conclusions, therefore.
On the basis of the collections of the Scandinavian artefacts one can say, that the own¬
ers of these goods were active in many spheres. They were merchants, merchant
-
warriors,
merchant
—
craftsmen
—
sailors, craftsmen
—
warriors and warriors. Being a merchant was,
however, the most visible activity. A number of finds decorated in
Borre
style confirm the
presence of a Scandinavian artist.
However, the Viking artefacts always appeared within the archaeological context
of typical mass Slavic goods such as post-and-beam houses, ceramics and antler processing.
It might be interpreted as a demonstration of the globalization of culture at that time in
Wolin
in various spheres such as communication, art, symbolism and religion. As a result,
a significant part of local Slavic
élite
might have absorbed Viking style of living and their
culture. On the other hand, the Scandinavian could have taken over a number of cultural
elements from
Wolin.
The presence of the Scandinavian
élite,
the intense contacts with the inhabitants of the
other Baltic centres, as well as a ruling system, were the favourable conditions for the glo-
351
JÓMSVIKINGS
FROM
WOLIN-JÓMSBORG
balization.
Symbolic exchange of gifts was the fixed element of this system. As a result,
the mutual infiltration of various cultural spheres and entering into alliances took place.
A specific model of Viking culture was created, which united the multiethnic community of
Wolin
s
inhabitants.
Typical masculine finds dominate within Scandinavian artefacts found in the settlement
levels of Wolin. There are hardly any visible traces of women stay. It lacks evidence of
a stay of a whole community of foreigners formed by men, woman and children.
The records of the Scandinavian sagas, exalting the history of Wolin and a brotherhood
of
Jómsvikings
relate also to the aforementioned period.
On the basis of the aforementioned conclusions a hypothesis can be formulated, that
Wolin was dominated by Vikings in the 2nd half of the
10*
century
A.D.
and in the 1st half of
the
11*
century. The craft production and commercial connections reached the apogee. It is
suggested, that the Vikings could have stimulated the economic development of the strong¬
hold. At that time Wolin was one of the crucial junction points of the Baltic economic zone.
It was characterised by a number of functions. It performed economic, transport, military,
settlement, political and social functions. Only a merchant
-
an organiser of the social-
economic life , whose competence exceeded the economic sphere was able to realize all the
aforementioned tasks.
In the 2nd half of the
10* A.D.
century the next wave of oriental precious metal had flown
from Eastern Europe to Wolin
-
a wave III, a stream c, according to
W. Losiński
(1992,
pp.
145-146).
The silver spread then to the areas of the early
Piast
domain via Wolin. Following
it or simultaneously, luxury and craft goods, characteristic for the Baltic economic zone,
were flowing to the South via Wolin.
At the same time the Scandinavian jewellery and warriors reached the South (Polish
inland). The most glaring symptoms of the expansion of the Viking culture to the areas of
the early
Piast
state are, however, the artefacts decorated in
Borre
style of the Scandinavian
art, found in the centre of
Gniezno
state. These artefacts were ornamented in the same way
as those, created in the workshop of the Scandinavian artist in Wolin.
The northwest direction of the inflow of the aforementioned goods and specific features
of the individual finds, and above all decorated goods, might indicate the presence of Viking
merchants and merchant-warriors
-
the organisers of the social-economic life from Wolin-
Jómsborg in
the key centres of the
Piast
state. The communication between the strongholds
situated in Greater Poland and in the Oder mouth and the Baltic economic zone was possible
due to the development of the means of water transportation and the use of the waterways,
which connected the
Warta
and
Noteć
rivers with the Oder river.
The presence of Scandinavian culture elements coming from the northwest direction,
was visible in the Greater Poland area in the formation period of the early
Piast
state. It was
a long process. Its first determinant was an inflow of silver to the Greater Poland region
-
the streams: the 2nd (the years 40s and 50s of the 10th century
A.D.)
and the 3rd (the years
50s and
60s
of the
10*
century
A.D.)
(Kara
2009,
pp.
256,261).
The second stream of silver
352
Summary
that had flown the Greater Poland region resulted in hoards hidden in the southwestern
part of the Greater Poland region and its western part as far as the
Poznań
surroundings.
The 3rd stream of silver flown to Poland is indicated by the deposits of this metal found in
the northern part of the Greater Poland region and in
Gniezno
state (Kara
2009,
p.
256,
fig.
89).
At the same time, building investments took place in the Greater Poland area, large
strongholds were erected in the
Gniezno
state, dendrochronologically dated to the period
from
920/930 A.D.
until about
940/950 A.D.
(Kara
2009,
pp.
254; 260-261).
The deliveries of silver stopped probably as the result of the two catastrophes
-
eco¬
logical (the water level in
Dziwna
had risen), the second one
—
political (military failed raid
against Mieszko I, under the leadership of the margrave Wichman, undertaken in the year
963,
that affected the Wolinians).
The transports of silver to Greater Poland region via
Wolin
was resumed in the years
70S-85S of the 10th century
A.D. -
the 2nd wave of the silver precious metal to the Greater
Poland area (Kara
2009,
p.
261).
At that time
Wolin
was dominated by the Scandinavians.
The other stage of the process of the diffusion of the Scandinavian culture to the areas of
the early Piast domain was the appearance of the Vikings elite. From
Wolin-Jómsborg
to the
Greater Poland came merchant and merchant-warriors, who manifested their identity with
objects decorated in
Borre
style. The artefacts ornamented in this specific way occurred only
in the political centres in the heart of the early Piast state. This process was accompanied
by an inflow of luxury goods, jewellery and warriors.
The objects decorated in
Borre
style could be interpreted as a sign revealing the iden¬
tity of the inhabitants of the stronghold. The inflow of silver and elements of the Scandi¬
navian culture to the territory of the early Piast domain can be treated as the trace of their
activity.
The newcomers
-
using objects decorated in
Borre
style
-
were descended from the
Viking community structure, which was organized as a ruling system, ruled by the jarls from
Jómsborg.
It s not impossible that these people established several years earlier the admin¬
istrative authority, that was controlling
Wolin
in the period when the stronghold was under
the political and administrative control of Denmark. Due to this experience these people
could have been conscious of the state idea. The newcomers were perfectly prepared to fulfil
the tasks of creating and developing the apparatus of the state. They might have constituted
its administrative structure
-
to create the management system. It was shown through the
contextual analyses.
The Vikings from
Wolin
were active participants of the exchange process conducted
in the Baltic economic zone, and thanks to that they were able to service the trade of the
early Piast state. They were able to provide luxury goods to
Gniezno,
to conduct slave-trade
and to supply the ruler with silver metal, which reached the Greater Poland territory as an
equivalent for slaves.
The Vikings from
Jómsborg
were experts in sailing on waterways. They possessed
ships. The newcomers could have controlled and serviced the
Noteć-Warta
riverway, con-
353
JÓMSVIKINGS
FROM
WOLIN-JÓMSBORG
necting
Greater Poland territory with
Wolin
and Baltic economic zone. It potentially enabled
them to take care of the delivery of silver to Greater Poland. The Vikings from
Jómsborg
knew also the off-economic significance of silver, used for symbolic-political manifesta¬
tion of the position of the ruler. They had knowledge concerning the organisation of the
immigration and settlement processes. They knew the organizational models of controlling
of the new territories.
The newcomers from
Wolin
could have enlisted the Vikings warriors to the
Piast
army
in the Oder mouth. They might have also dealed with the import of the Scandinavian weap¬
ons for the
Piast
troops.
The Vikings had also the political knowledge regarding the individual states, dynasties
and the significance of the relationships and alliances between dynasties. Their contacts,
deeds and political points of view could have contributed to the dynastic alliances with the
Scandinavian rulers.
The described exclusive group of the organisers of the social-economic life of the
state could have been used by the Piasts to the analogical tasks on the border of Greater
Poland and Silesia in
Milicz,
in
Wrocław
and in
Opole
at the time of forming Polish state in
these territories. It is possible that they might have fulfilled the same role in
Pomerania
dur¬
ing the expansion of the Polish rulers in the Oder estuary direction. They did not participate,
however, in military actions against Mazovia and Smaller
Poland/Małopolska.
The chronological parallels drew between the presence of the Scandinavian objects
from
Wolin
and Greater Poland and the events described in sagas concerning
Jómsborg
and also between the two models of culture (the first one constructed on the basis of the ar¬
chaeological sources and the second one on the ground of the sagas) enable us to identify the
aforementioned
élite
group with the
Jómsvikings.
It was an authentic Viking community,
ethnically mixed, whose history was converted into a legend and inspired the authors of the
Scandinavian literature.
Jómsvikings
were not, however, the only foreign
élite
community in
Gniezno
state. At the
same time another group stayed there, which culture might have been deeply rooted in Scan¬
dinavian culture. This group of people came to the Polish territory from the East. The com¬
munity could be recognized by the chamber graves. It is possible that the inflow of this second
community was an element of the above described process. As in the case of the newcomers
from the northwest, their arrival had been proceeded by the inflow of silver from the East
-
the
1st silver stream of the 1st wave (the years
ЗОѕМОѕ
of the
IO 1
century
A.D.).
These two phenom¬
ena are separated, however, by the timehole
-
approximately the four decades. The process of
the inflow of the silver precious metal and the elites from the East was not so fluent as it was
in the case of the another process concerning the northwest direction.
It is possible then, that Greater Poland area was the territory of clashes between two
foreign
élite
communities, rooted in the Viking tradition in the
10*
century
A.D.
The divi¬
sion of the Greater Poland into two provinces visible in the 1st half of the 10th century
-
the
eastern one controlled by the Piasts and the western one controlled by their rivals might be
354
Summary
reflected by these events. It is probable that it might have been continued also in the last
three decades of the 10th century
A.D.
On the basis of the archaeological sources concerning
this period not only the direction of the arrival of their rivals can be define, but also their
identity. These two options could be represented by two
élite
groups staying in the proximity
of the ruler
-
Jómsvikings
and the community that came from the
Rus
territories, who buried
their members in the chamber graves. The physical traces of the presence of these groups are
not visible until the end of the 1st half of the
10*
century
A.D.
The aforementioned actions from the northwest direction via
Wolin
were the part of the
process of formation of the early
Piast
state. The initial stage of the process was the phenom¬
enon of the inflow of several streams of the precious metal. The link between the Baltic-ori¬
ental trade and the process of creation of the states in Eastern Europe had been noted earlier.
The specific role was played by the political centres stimulated by the exchange process. The
increase of wealth resulted from trade activity caused the growth of activity of the
élite
both
in the military as well as in the state formation spheres (Adamczyk
2002,
p.
85).
The crea¬
tion of the network of strongholds, the occurrence of silver deposits as well as burials with
weapons were recognized as the signs of the process of forming the state by M. Kara
(2009).
On the other hand, S.
Moździoch
(2011)
suggested that the newcomers proved by the two
horizons of inflow of the Arabic coins might have been the builders of the
Gniezno
state
and initiated the establishing of the strongholds in the
Gniezno
land. It can be stated, that
the arguments presented in this study justify the conception that the local dynasty with the
contribution of the foreign
élite
had formed the early
Piast
state. One of the group stayed in
the proximity of the ruler were merchants and merchant-warriors manifesting their identity
with objects decorated in the
Borre
style
-
Jómsvikings
from
Wolin.
They had possibilities,
knowledge, contacts and experiences, which predisposed them towards playing the role of
the organisers of the social-economical system of the early
Piast
state.
The last piecework of the Scandinavian presence in the Polish territory took place
in the 12th century.
The text of the Knytlinga saga, describing the Danes raids leaded by the King
Waldemar
and the bishop Absalon, invading the strongholds in the Oder mouth supply particularly
reach information. It lacks, however, any archaeological artefacts of the Scandinavian prov¬
enance from that period. The only objects were discovered in Szczecin. There are few known
artefacts decorated in the
Borre
style found in Szczecin and
Gdańsk.
Their late chronological
parameters are controversial.
The Danish raids, which took place at the end of the 12th century, caused the decline
of
Wolin.
There was a paradox that the Norsemen closed the book of the history of the
stronghold being the main gate to the interior of Polish territories. Through the same gate
their ancestors came to the hub of the future Polish state, contributed to the creation of its
culture, which was preserved in the tradition and the literature of the people from the North
forever.
__________
f
Bayerische )
Staatsbibliothek
I
l^üh
j
l^^ünchen
j
355
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Stanisławski, Błażej M. |
| author_facet | Stanisławski, Błażej M. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Stanisławski, Błażej M. |
| author_variant | b m s bm bms |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041544942 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873405462 (DE-599)BVBBV041544942 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / 10-11 w Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / archeologia / 10-11 w Wolin Woiwodschaft Westpommern (DE-588)5058838-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / 10-11 w Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / archeologia / 10-11 w Wolin Woiwodschaft Westpommern |
| id | DE-604.BV041544942 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:48:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363760113 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026990830 |
| oclc_num | 873405462 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 355 s. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Stanisławski, Błażej M. Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie Wikingowie / 10-11 w Wikingowie / Polska / Wolin jhpk Wikinger (DE-588)4066083-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066083-7 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)5058838-2 |
| title | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie |
| title_auth | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie |
| title_exact_search | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie |
| title_full | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie Błażej M. Stanisławski ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Ośrodek Badań nad Kulturą Późnego Antyku i Wczesnego Średniowiecza |
| title_fullStr | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie Błażej M. Stanisławski ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Ośrodek Badań nad Kulturą Późnego Antyku i Wczesnego Średniowiecza |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie Błażej M. Stanisławski ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Ośrodek Badań nad Kulturą Późnego Antyku i Wczesnego Średniowiecza |
| title_short | Jómswikingowie z Wolina-Jómsborga |
| title_sort | jomswikingowie z wolina jomsborga studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie |
| title_sub | studium archeologiczne przenikania kultury skandynawskiej na ziemie polskie |
| topic | Wikingowie / 10-11 w Wikingowie / Polska / Wolin jhpk Wikinger (DE-588)4066083-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wikingowie / 10-11 w Wikingowie / Polska / Wolin Wikinger Archäologie Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / 10-11 w Wolin (woj. zachodniopomorskie) / archeologia / 10-11 w Wolin Woiwodschaft Westpommern |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026990830&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026990830&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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