Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska: = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Tschechisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Pardubice
Univ., Fak. Filozofická
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026870892&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026870892&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 312 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788073954734 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9788073954734 |9 978-80-7395-473-4 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Jílek, Jan |d 1981- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1045977373 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska |b = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |c Jan Jílek |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Pardubice |b Univ., Fak. Filozofická |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 312 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1-380 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bronzegefäß |0 (DE-588)4146675-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Mähren |0 (DE-588)4074432-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Niederösterreich |0 (DE-588)4075391-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Mähren |0 (DE-588)4074432-2 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Niederösterreich |0 (DE-588)4075391-8 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Bronzegefäß |0 (DE-588)4146675-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1-380 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026870892&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026870892&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026870892 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819367881746415616 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
¡.PŘEDMLUVA
.......................................................................................................................................7
2.
ÚVOD
....................................................................................................................................................8
3.
METODIKA
.........................................................................................................................................10
3.1.
Bronzové nádoby jako homogenní celek?
....................................................................................................10
3.2.
Problém „krátké a „dlouhé chronologie bronzových nádob
......................................................................12
3.3.
Ke stavu poznání výrobních oblastí bronzových nádob
................................................................................14
4.
NÁLEZOVÉ KONTEXTY MORAVSKÝCH A NADDUNAJSKO-DOLNORAKOUSKÝCH
BRONZOVÝCH NÁDOB
.................................................................................................................17
4.1.
Depoty
..........................................................................................................................................................17
4.1.1.
Depoty
(?)
ze Žárovic a Uherského Hradiště-Starého Města
............................................................18
4.2.
Nálezy získané z vodních toků
.....................................................................................................................19
4.3.
Hrobové nálezy
............................................................................................................................................19
4.3.1.
Žárové hroby
....................................................................................................................................19
4.3.2.
Kostrové hroby
.................................................................................................................................20
4.4.
Sídlištní nálezy
.............................................................................................................................................21
5.
ANALÝZA BRONZOVÝCH NÁDOB, TYPOLOGIE, CHRONOLOGIE, ROZŠÍŘENÍ
...................23
5.1.
Kotle
.............................................................................................................................................................23
5.1.1.
Polokulovitý kotel typu
E
8..............................................................................................................23
5.1.2.
Časný westlandský kotel typu
E
12..................................................................................................26
5.1.3.
Westlandský polokulovitý kotel typu NE
3......................................................................................28
5.1.4.
Mušovský honosný kotel
s
bustami Germánů
..................................................................................29
5.1.5.
Nález řetězu a závěsu kotle z Hanfthalu
...........................................................................................31
5.2.
Vědra
............................................................................................................................................................31
5.2.1.
Östlandská
soudkovitá vědra typu
E
39-42......................................................................................31
5.2.2.
Situlovitá vědra
s
maskovitými atašemi typu
E
24...........................................................................35
5.2.3.
Vědro typu
E
26
(typ Hagenow)
.......................................................................................................39
5.2.4.
Situlovitá a dvojkonická vědra
s
maskovitými atašemi typu
E
25/26
a E
27/28.....................................40
5.2.5.
Žlábkovaná vědra typu
E
44-49........................................................................................................44
5.3.
Mísy
.............................................................................................................................................................48
5.3.1.
Mísa
s
omegovitými držadly typu
E
99-100.....................................................................................48
5.3.2.
Mísa
s
pohyblivými držadly typu
E
92
(typ Poggendorf)
.................................................................50
5.3.3.
Mísa typu
E
70.................................................................................................................................51
5.3.4.
Cylindrické misky
s
konickou spodní částí a vyhnutým horizontálním okrajem
..............................52
5.3.5.
Mísy
s
horizontální rukojetí typu
E
154-155....................................................................................52
5.3.6.
Mísa se závěsnými kruhy typu
E
83.................................................................................................53
5.4.
Konvice
........................................................................................................................................................55
5.4.1.
Konvice
s
trojlístkovitým ústím typu
E
124-125..............................................................................55
5.4.2.
Konvice
s
úzkým hrdlem typu
Radnóti
71.......................................................................................57
5.4.3.
Konvice
s
dvojlístkovitým ústím typu
Tassinari
Dl
1
10/D21
1
Ic
.....................................................59
5.4.4.
Džbánek
s antropomorŕhím
obloukovitě
vyhnutým
držadlem
..........................................................60
5.4.5.
Džbán s
uchem zdobený ataší v podobě lidské nohy typu Boesterd
288..........................................60
5.4.6.
Členěný džbán typu
Radnóti 77/ND3
...............................................................................................61
5.4.7.
Konvice typu
Bolla
lb......................................................................................................................
62
5.4.8.
Konvice typu
Tassinari E5200/E5300
..............................................................................................63
5.5.
Soupravy naběraček a cedníků
.....................................................................................................................63
5.5.1.
Soupravy naběraček a cedníků
s
plochou rukojetí typu
E
160
a E
161.............................................63
5.5.2.
Soupravy naběraček a cedníků
s
úzkou rukojetí typu
E
162.............................................................67
5.6.
Pánve
........................................... ............70
5.6.1.
Pánev typu
E
13 Ís
rukojetí zakončenou kachními hlavičkami
........................................................70
5.6.2.
Pánev typu
E
151
(typ
Trau)............................................................................................................72
5.6.3.
Pánev typu
E
137-138
s
rukojetí zakončenou kruhovým terčem
s
půlměsícovitým otvorem
...........73
5.6.4.
Pánve typu
E
140/142
a E
139/142
s
rukojetí zakončenou kruhovým terčem
s
kruhovým otvorem
76
5.6.5.
Pánev typu
E
144
s
rukojetí zakončenou kruhovým terčem
s
kruhovým otvorem (typ
Gödåker)
.... 80
5.7.
Balsamaria...................................................................................................................................................
82
5.7.1. Baisamarium
typu
Radnóti
84..........................................................................................................82
5.7.2. Baisamarium
typu
Szabó
11............................................................................................................83
5.8.
Pyxidy
..........................................................................................................................................................85
5.8.1.
Pyxis
z Mistelbachu
.........................................................................................................................85
5.9.
Problematické nálezy
...................................................................................................................................86
5.9.1.
Závěsné poutko z Mušova
...............................................................................................................86
5.9.2.
Fragment koncového terče pánve z hrobu č.
8
v Šitbořicích
............................................................86
5.9.3.
Žárový hrob z Vracova
....................................................................................................................87
5.9.4.
Zlomek talíře
E
119 (?)
ze žárového hrobu č.
52
ve Velkých Hostěrádkách
....................................87
6.
PŘÍSUN BRONZOVÉHO NÁDOBÍ NA MORAVU A DO NADDUNAJSKÉ ČÁSTI DOLNÍHO
RAKOUSKA
......................................................................................................................................88
6.1.
Období pozdně tiberiovské-claudiovské
(14-54
n.
1.)...................................................................................88
6.2.
Období neronsko-flaviovské
(54-96/100
n.
1.).............................................................................................89
6.3.
Období traianovsko-hadrianské
(98/100-138)
a časně antoninské
(138 -161).............................................92
6.4.
Období pozdně antoninské
(161-192/200)...................................................................................................93
6.5.
Mladší -pozdní doba římská a počátek stěhování národů
(200 -410)..................................................................94
7.
FENOMÉN DĚDĚNÍ BRONZOVÝCH NÁDOB A JEHO DOKLADY NA SLEDOVANÉM ÚZEMÍ
96
7.1.
Soubor ze Schwechatu
............................................·....................................................................................96
7.2.
Mušovský královský hrob
............................................................................................................................96
8.
CHRONOLOGICKÁ CITLIVOST JEDNOTLIVÝCH TYPŮ NA SLEDOVANÉM ÚZEMÍ
...........98
9.
ZÁVĚR
...............................................................................................................................................100
10.
KATALOG BRONZOVÝCH NÁDOB Z DOBY ŘÍMSKÉ NA MORAVĚ A V NADDUNAJSKÉ
ČÁSTI DOLNÍHO RAKOUSKA
.....................................................................................................102
Popis systému katalogu:
..........................................................................................................................102
10.1.
Morava
.....................................................................................................................................................103
10.2.
Naddunajská část Dolního Rakouska
.......................................................................................................143
10.3.
Soubory bronzových nádob
-
sbírky
........................................................................................................163
11.
APENDDC
1.
SOUBOR ANTICKÝCH KOVOVÝCH NÁDOB Z MUZEA KROMĚŘÍŽSKA
V KROMĚŘÍŽI
................................................................................................................................167
12.
SUMMARY
......................................................................................................................................169
13.
LITERATURA
.................................................................................................................................180
14.
SEZNAM ZKRATEK POUŽITÉ LITERATURY
...........................................................................205
15.
SEZNAM VYOBRAZENÍ A MAP
..................................................................................................207
16.
SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK
...............................................................................................212
17.
OBRAZOVÁ PŘÍLOHA
.................................................................................................................213
12.
Summary
ROMAN PERIOD BRONZE VESSELS IN MORAVIA AND IN LOWER AUSTRIA
NORTH OF THE DANUBE
It is already
42
years ago that Roman bronze vessels in Moravia and on the territory of Lower
Austria north of the Danube were comprehensively evaluated by
J. Tej
ral.
The finds to be treated
come from various types of archaeological contexts (settlements, graveyards, disturbed graves,
surface finds, hoards). One of our goals is to make a general evaluation of these archaeological
environments as known from the Middle
Danubian Barbaricum.
Archaeological contexts of bronze vessels discovered in Moravia and in Lower Austria
north of the Danube
Hoards
In the environment of free
Germania
the hoards including bronze toreutics are rather rare. On
the territory under review we know of three such deposits: from
Blučina
(Feature I),
Mušov
(Feature
10) und Hanfthal
(Figs.
23, 32, 33).
Artefacts from the
Blučina
hoard were deposited in
a barrel-shaped
E
40-type bucket. The
Hanfthal
depot was also found in a Germanic pit-house
but here, in contrast to
Blučina,
the inventory was deposited inside a pit. The hoards from
Germanic settlements at
Blučina
and
Hanfìhal
may be associated with the unsettled period of
Marcomannic Wars. Accepting this assumption could indicate that the hoards were buried at
a time when their owners were in immediate danger, and they would thus count among the so-
called
Angstdepots
(personal hoards buried for safety in times of unrest). The composition of
these deposits is heterogeneous, they normally contain household equipment and metal
fragments. From
Hanfthal
we know besides a whole
E í44-type
pan above all iron components
of buckets (iron hoops, handle attachments, handles) or cauldrons (chain and arc-shaped hanger).
These components may have served as either a source of high-quality iron, similarly to that from
the
Čataj
hoard which may have represented an imaginary reserve for some other unknown to
us production activities in crisis times, or as metal material intended for possible repairs.
Another group of
Angstdepots
can be traced back in the unsettled period at the end of the
Roman Era and the beginning of the Migration Period. From this time we know of a hoard from
Feature
10
in
Mušov,
which was discovered, the same way as the deposits in
Blučina
and
Hanfsthal, in
the settlement environment, more precisely in a hut of hexagonal arrangement. The
inventory of the hoard was deposited in a late-fashioned barrel-shaped
E
41
-type bucket.
169
Hoards
(?)
from
Žárovice
and
Uherské Hradiště-Staré Město
Now we will pay our attention to an unusual find from
Žárovice,
(Fig.
83)
which was
discovered in
1926
by the innkeeper from
Žárovice, A. Růžička.
The discovery was made in the
tract of land
Vinohrádky .
The find is now stored in a private collection; professional public has
only a cast at its disposal211. The assemblage consisted only of two artefacts
-
products of
Roman workshops:
a Szabó
11
-type balsamarium and a provincial-Roman knee fibula of A
247-
type. The brooch was deposited inside the balsamarium. The evaluation of these artefacts is a
little problematic, mainly due to absence of any other accompanying finds or precise information
on the archaeological context. It is thus hard to identify, which finding environment the relics
come from. The assemblage may have been lost by chance or buried as a hoard. Any critical
statement thus cannot be made under the current state of knowledge.
Another find, usually considered to be a hoard, is represented by a problematic assemblage of
artefacts from
Staré Město (Uherské Hradiště)
(Figs.
25-26).
It should have been discovered
before
1918
during a railway construction; detailed conditions at discovery are not known. This
group of relics has been classified as hoards both in older literature (RZEHAK
1918, 230-231,
238-239)
and in relatively new writings
(GALUSKA
2000, 69).
J. Tejral
in his evaluation of
bronze vessels from
1967
was rather sceptic towards this find. The collection of items from
Staré
Město
thus cannot be definitely regarded as a hoard, mainly due to considerable chrono-cultural
differences between individual items212 coming from different prehistoric periods. It is thus hard
to interpret the assemblage unequivocally. According to the information by V. Vokolek the
assemblage belongs to the so-called
Berger
Collection, and its conditions at discovery are
speculative. Basing on these detections we will consider the bronze vessels from
Staré Město
as
artefacts without any detailed context of discovery.
Cremation graves
Most artefacts under review from the territory of Moravia and from Lower Austria north of
the Danube come from cremation graves. One part of Moravian finds come from older
excavations, so that we have only a limited idea of the specific finding environment of studied
artefacts. Among the localities with not entirely clear context of discovery are:
Drásov, Měnín
and Skoronice. In the case with
Drásov
and Skoronice it is considered that relics from the
settlement and from cremation graves may have been mixed together.
In the items from
Měnín
it is hard to determine whether they come from cremation graves or
inhumation graves. The handle attachment of Dollerup B-type is not damaged by fire, in contrast
to the ladle fragments and the already untraceable crumpled cauldron described by
211
The cast is stored in the Museum of
Prostějov
Region in
Prostějov,
înv.
No.
N 96 070606.
My gratitude goes to
B.
Vesela
for lending me the cast for study.
212
As illustrated by the Tittmonig hoard from the territory of Noricum, the disturbance of graves from earlier
periods
(Hallstatt
Period) can be taken into account. The information value of the assemblage from
Staré Město
is
being complicated mainly due to its too large variability of individual artefacts (from Bronze Age to late Roman
Period).
170
I. L.
Červinka.
Thus, it is likely that at the above-mentioned locality both cremations and
inhumations have occurred, similarly as in Velatice and
Mikulov.
It is also likely that in some special cases only individual fragments of bronze toreutics were
laid into graves. These activities are indicated by the inventory from Grave No.
8
at
Šitbořice
and Grave No.
9
at Velatice.
Intentional deforming of bronze vessels deposited in cremation graves has usually been
considered a typical Germanic custom. Reasons for such activity can be sought in ritual customs
of Germanic communities, or in a more prosaic intention, namely a possible protection against
looting.
Another phenomenon associated with cremation graves is the use of bronze vessels as urns.
This funerary custom can be followed up already since the
late La Tene
Period in the Elbe
Germans and its reflection is evident during the whole Roman Period. Bronze vessels used as
urns were also registered on the territory of Bohemia during the whole early Roman Period
(Zdice, Dobrichov-Pičhora, Třebusice, Nepolisy, Holubice, Dušníky).
In the horizon of the
Kingdom of Maroboduus it is just here that we find richly equipped cremation graves in which
besides a bronze vessel (urn) also fragments of other metal containers are found. The custom of
burying cremation remains into bronze vessels is less frequent in the Middle Danube region, but
also here we can find classic examples such as cauldron burials from Mannersdorf an
der
March
and
Kostolná pri Dunaji
(Grave
35)
or a burial (No. Ill) in an
E 58-type
Hemmoor bucket from
Krakovany-Stráže.
In the case with grave units from
Kostolná pri Dunaji
and Mannersdorf an
der
March a possible connection to Bohemian archaeological environment is evident. It is maybe
a custom mediated into the Middle Danube region by Maroboduus and Catualda s retinues.
Inhumation graves
Inhumation graves offer an inventory of bronze toreutics with the highest information value.
Bronze vessels are in most cases intact. In the area under review this group of sites is represented
besides the royal tomb of
Mušov
also by the burials from Neuruppersdorf and
Mistelbach
(location Siechenhaus-Schottengrube). The disputed find from
Blučina213
most probably counts
among this group, too. Problematic is also a find from
Ladná,
which is being considered by
today s professional public as an inhumation grave. However, an opinion occurred that the
bronze pan would originate from the settlement environment. Handle attachments from barrel-
shaped buckets were found in graves
Nos.
20
and
29
on a biritual graveyard in
Mikulov.
From
the late Roman Period comes a disputable grave from
Horní Dunajovice,
whose context of
discovery can be only hardly reconstructed today.
In comparison to Slovakia, princely tombs from Bl and B2 stages are so far missing in
Moravia. The B2/C1 stage only includes the royal tomb of
Mušov.
The number of finds from the
late Roman Period is again much lower than in Slovakia. Possible inhumation grave from
Horní
Dunajovice would hardly approach with its inventory the graves from
Krakovany-Stráže,
Ostrovany
and Cejkov. To the Moravian environment also applies that the grave goods in
213
The recovered pan does not bear any fire marks.
171
possible inhumation graves
from
Ladná, Blučina and Horní
Dunajovice do not outclass in any
way the funerary equipment of contemporary cremation graves.
The inhumation grave from Neuruppersdorf in Lower Austria contains inventory similar to
those in Zohor and
Vysoká
pri
Morave
and all these graves count among the generation of post-
Vannian sumptuous graves .
Settlement finds
Many settlement finds come mainly from Lower Austria north of the Danube. This condition
is connected above all to activities of amateur archaeologists, who often lay focus on Roman
Period settlements.
On the territory of Moravia we dispose of several fragments of bronze vessels from localities
occupied during the Roman Period. Herewith we mean the fragments of bronze sheets from
Krhovice in
Znojmo
region,
Dubňany
in
Hodonín
region,
Jevíčko-Předměstí
3
(Fig.
81: 1, 4, 5),
and bronze handle attachments from
Josefov
in
Hodonín
region and Chlupice in
Znojmo
region
(Fig.
64).
Fragments of bronze sheets bear marks of reparation techniques similar to those, which
can be documented already since the Bronze Age. Repairs are represented above all by mending
of the metal sheet. These patches were fastened by rivets with flat-hammered heads.
Inflow of bronze vessels to Moravia and to Lower Austria north of the
Danube
In this part of the text we will try to classify the accumulated evidence chronologically and
identify periods, in which it has reached the barbarian territory under review. The presented
phases refer to the time when the artefacts became part of funerary equipment. In selected
examples we will draw attention to possible chronological complications. We will also sort out
types which occur only in some of the prospective phases, and those being in wide use during
a longer time span.
LATE TIBERIAN-CLAUDIAN PERIOD (AD
14-54)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
E
ІЗ
l/Tass. G
5300
(?),
E
8,
E
92,
E
124/125,
E
138,
Ra
84.
This period of time corresponds to
Blb
stage after T.
Kolník
(1971, 514;
id.
1977, 154),
who has
delimited it by the years
25/30
and
50.
The types of bronze vessels identified correspond to
specimens occurring in the
1st
(E
92)
and
2nd
(E
131,
E
8,
E
124,
E
151)
phases of incidence of
bronze vessels in military features from the first half of the
1st
century
(VÖLLING
2005, 196-197).
172
From among grave units we can assign to this chronological period the cremation graves
discovered in
1930
(E
131)
(Fig.
51:6-15)
and
1988
(E
8,
E
131/Tass.
G
5300?)
(Figs.
20, 52:2)
in Mannersdorf an
der
March as well as the cremation grave No.
7
(E
138)
(Fig.
49: 14)
and
maybe also cremation grave No.
12
(E
124/125)
from
Mistelbach (Fig. 49: 1).
From among the outcomes of field walks carried out at Germanic settlements we assign to
this period a handle attachment from an
E
92-type bowl (Fig.
86: 6)
and a handle fragment from
an aryballos-shaped balsamarium of Ra 84-type (Fig.
85: 4)
from
Drösing.
This oldest group of Roman products (except the Ra 84-type balsamarium) finds analogies
above all in the inventory of
В
1
stage, mainly in the horizon of the Kingdom of Maroboduus
(DROBERJAR
2006, 652;
id.
2007, 43-44).
The incidence of the discussed types of bronze vessels (mainly
E
131,
E
8,
E
92)
in finding
assemblages is being associated with relocation of Maroboduus and Catualda s retinues to the
area between the rivers Maras and Cusus. The retinue members who have moved together with
their families thus brought the valuables, acquired in the time of Maroboduus, into their new
homeland.
It is fit to remark that some Roman products may have also been acquired by trade contacts
between the Kingdom of Vannius and the Roman Empire. This assumption can be applied to
artefacts, which have been manufactured since the Augustan Period, but whose production ended
as late as in the Claudian Period. Herewith we mean of course the
E
137-
and
E 138-type
pans,
and the Ra 84-type balsamarium. The presumed suppliers of bronze vessels may have been the
manufactories in Campania and in North Italy.
It is supposed that the source of wealth to the ruling class in the Kingdom of Vannius may
have been the mediation of Roman goods to northern tribes along the Amber Road. The wide
occurrence of Roman products in cremation graves may also be explained by the loyalty of
Vannius towards the Roman power.
The distribution of finds indicates two significant accumulations: one in the river basin of
Morava
and the other on the
Trnava
Plateau. Here we can search for the assumed centres of the
Kingdom of Vannius.
NERONIAN-FLAVIAN PERIOD (AD
54-96/100)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
E
25/26,
E
39-40,
E
99-100,
E
125,
E
139/142,
E
140/142,
E
154-155,
E
160,
E
162,
Ra
71.
The period
under
review corresponds to
Ble
stage and the early B2a stage after
T. Komík
(1977, 159;
id.
1971)
or to Blc stage after J. Tejral
(1986, 105).
The typological range of vessels
corresponds to examples from the
3rd
(E
139-143,
E
155)
and 4th (E
162,
E
99-100)
phases of
incidence in military features after Th. Veiling
(2005, 197-198).
From among cremation graves we should name Grave
9
from Velatice
(JÍLEK
-
KUCA -
SOJKOVÁ
2011) (Fig. 27),
containing
an
E
139/142-type
pan, remnants of two buckets of
E
39-
40-type, and fragments of an
E 160-type
strainer. Another significant representative of this
173
period
is a possible cremation grave
(?)
from
Mušov,
location U sv.
Jana (Fig. 30),
containing
two buckets of
E 39-40-type
and an
E 125-type
jug. From among other isolated cremation graves
we should name the examples from
Břeclav
(E
140/142
and fragments of an indeterminate
strainer) (Fig.
57),
Drásov
(E
140/142) (Fig. 56: 1)
and
Vracov
(E
160-162?) (Fig. 79).
The incidence of inhumation graves containing Roman bronze vessels is less frequent. We
can name an
E
140/142-type pan from
Ladná
(Fig.
55:1)
and a specimen with problematic
context of discovery from
Blučina
(Fig.
55:2).
In this group stands out an extraordinarily rich
inhumation grave from Neuruppersdorf (Ra
71,
E
39-40,
E
154-155) (Fig. 31).
The disturbed
graves from
Měnín214
(Fig.
81:4)
yielded a mask-shaped handle attachment of Dollerup B-type,
an unspecified deformed bucket (today missing) and a rim fragment of an
E 160-162-type
ladle
(?).
To this period of time also belong artefacts from disturbed cremation graves in
Mistelbach
(Eckesteinandgrube-Galgengrund) (E
125,
E
99-100,
E
40,
E
70-71?,
E
137-140?,
E
140/142,
E
160)
(Figs.
45-48).
The graves from
Neuruppersdorf and Rothenseehof (E
160,
E
25/26,
handle attachment
Dollerup
В, Е
154-155) (Fig. 53:2, 3)
and those from
Mistelbach (Siechenhaus-Schottengrube)
(E
162) (Fig. 50: 1)
may also be dated to B2a stage. The graves from Zohor (Grave No.
5)
and
Vysoká
pri
Morave
should be considered the same way; they are dated both to Blc stage
(TEJRAL
1983, 92;
KOLNIK
1971, 519, 522)
and to B2a stage (TEJRAL
1986, 106).
It is fit to
remark in this place that the typological variety of Roman bronze vessels on the territory of
barbarian Middle Danube region in the Neronian-Flavian Period does not differ in any
significant way from the typological range of the first half of the
2nd
century (TEJRAL
1983,
91).
It can neither be excluded that the relics discussed may have also been buried into the earth
after some interval of time, i.e. after the turn of the
ist
and
2nd
centuries, which again
complicates their precise chronological determination.
The above-mentioned relics clearly testify to the significance of the discussed territory in the
second half of the
1st
century or in the first half of the
2nd
century. Remarkable are above all the
riches accumulated in the sumptuous graves from Zohor,
Vysoká
pri
Morave,
Neuruppersdorf
and Rothenseehof. In the inventories of these graves we can follow up some analogical features,
which seem to be not accidental. The incidence of Canterbury-type sets intended for washing
one s hands during feasts, ladle and strainer sets, and glass bowls indicates a high life standard. It
is certainly not unimportant that the above-mentioned sets can also be found in graves of the
indigenous Romanised population living on the territory of
Pannonia.
So, if we try to find out possible ways on which bronze vessels may have reached the
territory under review, we cannot exclude, at least in the case of sumptuous graves, the
possibility of diplomatic presents215. This explanation of acquiring bronze vessels is not ruled out
by historical reports. On the other hand, the campaign of Quadic rulers Italicus and
Sido,
organised to support Vespasian in a civil war in AD
69
against Vitellius216, elucidates in a way
214
Most probably cremation graves, but we cannot rule out that also an inhumation grave was destroyed.
215
Generally on this type of inflow of Roman products see: M. Fulford
1989, 90.
216
Italicus and
Sido
have brought Lombard equestrians to the key battle of Cremona (AD
69)
(ERDRICH
2001,
101;
VALACHOVIČ
1998, 28;
BOUZEK 2000b,
55, 56).
It cannot be excluded that the precious goods from
sumptuous graves in SW Slovakia may have been parts of booty acquired by the plundering of Cremona, in which
174
the ascendant of the discussed region in the second half of the
1st
century
(KOLNÍK
1971;
id.
1977, 167-168).
But it is to be noted that the theory outlined by T.
Kolník
in the
1970s
has not necessarily to
be the only possible way, on which the incidence of Roman products on the territory under
review can be explained. It is still advisable to consider as well trading activities, mainly those
along the frontier within the so-called third zone.
However, the hypothetical involvement of a trade centre situated maybe somewhere in the
neighbourhood of
Mušov
in trading-distributional activity throughout free
Germania,
as
supposed by K.
Tausend (2009, 190-191),
has currently no support in archaeological and written
sources.
Of great importance is also the detection of
Th. VöUing
that the less valuable types of bronze
vessels (E
39-40,
pans, ladle and strainer sets), which are known from barbarian graves,
correspond to typological variety of bronze vessels used by Roman armed forces217. Th.
Völlmg
explains this situation by the giving of presents, by military service of Germanic warriors in
Roman forces, by the exchange between civil Germans and the soldiers, and by plundering.
Somewhat more complicated is the interpretation of bronze vessels discovered in poorer
graves or graves containing weapons. We of course cannot exclude the mechanism of mutual
giving of presents within the Germanic society. It seems namely that the process of giving
presents to retinue members has played an important role in early historical period. Geographical
distribution of the discussed artefacts differs in no significant way from the preceding phase.
Distinctive is above all the Slovak region of
Záhorie.
Any similar rich centre is so far absent in
Moravia, even if the discoveries from the
1980s
indicate218 that a possible increase in new
localities will make it necessary to take the existence of such a centre into account.
TRAIANEAN-HADRIANEAN PERIOD
(98/100-138)
AND EARLY
ANTONINE
PERIOD
(138-161)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
(T
-Н):
E
70 (?),
E
99-100,
E
39-40,
E
160,
E
162;
(early
Antonines):
E
39-40,
E
160.
The defined period of time corresponds to B2a stage
(100-150)
after J. Tejral
(1986, 106),
and to the reign of Antoninus Pius. To the ruling period of Traian and Hadrian we thus assign
graves
Nos.
4, 7, 13, 14, 15, 17
from
Mikulov
(unpublished) (Figs.
40-44),
Grave
2
from
maybe also the Suebic kings with their retinues were involved
(DOBIÁŠ
1964, 155).
L. F.
Pitts
(1989, 48)
suggests
that in gratitude for supporting Vespasian both of these Suebic rulers may have obtained some reward and maybe
also Roman citizenship.
217
R. Mischker
(1991, 79)
relates buckets, cauldrons, bowls, jugs, pans, and ladle and strainer sets to be dominant
types of bronze vessels known from the military environment.
218
Some kind of evidence may also be offered by an older group of finds from the
Mušov
royal tomb: handle
FIO
dates from the late republican or Augustan Period, handle Fl
1
comes from the
2nd
third of the
1st
century, artefacts
F12-F14 come from the
1st
century AD. The mask-shaped handle attachments applied on an
E
25-28-type situla
date from the first decades of the
1st
century AD, as well.
175
Velatice
(E
162,
E
39-40) (Fig. 28),
cremation grave
1
from
Velké Hostěrádky
(E
39-40) (Fig.
38),
cremation grave No.
19
from
Pohořelice
(E
39-40) (Fig. 24: 2-6)
and cremation graves
discovered in
1877
(E
39-40)
(Fig.
34: 2)
and
1935
(II) (E
70?)
in Pilichsdorf. According to
preliminary reports, within this period may also fall some of the graves equipped with bronze
vessels from a still unpublished graveyard at
Modrice.
From among new discoveries we should
name a mask-shaped handle attachment of Dollerup
A-type
from Chlupice (Fig.
64: 2),
coming
probably from the settlement environment.
As already mentioned above, the group of Roman toreutic types from the period under
review does not differ in a significant way from the types of the preceding phase. In this way it is
imaginable that into the earth were buried artefacts acquired in past times, but we neither can
rule out purchase of some already stabilised and popular vessels from the Roman merchants.
LATE ANTONINE
PERIOD
(161-192/200)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
E
12,
E
25/28,
E
28,
E
39-42,
E
44-49,
E
70,
E
77,
E
142/144 (?),
E
144,
E
161,
E
160/161,
NE3,
Szabó
11.
This period of time corresponds to the Marcomannic Wars
(166-180)
and the following two
decades. It thus overlaps for the most part with B2/C2 stage
(170-200)
as defined by J. Tejral
(1999b,
187-188).
The period delimited by us can also be synchronised with inner boundary
dates
160-200
of the horizon of Marcomannic Wars as defined by E. Droberjar (1999b,
4-5).
From among cremation graves we should name
Bučovice
(E
44-49) (Fig. 80),
graves No.
6
(E
44),
No.
8
(handle attachment Dollerup
C, E
142/144),
No.
10
(E
160/161),
No.
12
(E
160/161),
No.
19
(E
40)
and No.
20
(E
160,
E
160/161,
E
40)
from
Šitbořice
(Figs.
72-76),
cremation grave
No.
5
from
Baumgarten
an
der
March (E
161,
E
47)
(Fig.
50: 4-8)
and Grave No.
2
from
Mikulov
(E
12) (Fig. 22).
Not to forget among inhumation graves is undoubtedly the most significant relic
of the period under review
-
the royal tomb of
Mušov
(Fig.
21).
From the settlement environment
come the hoards of
Blučina
(Feature I) (E
39-40)
(Fig.
33)
and
Hanfthal
(E
144) (Fig. 23).
To this
period we also can assign
a Szabó
1
1-type balsamarium from
Žárovice-Hamry
(Fig.
83).
The most
recent find, obtained by the help of a metal detector, is a Dollerup C-D-type handle attachment
from an
E
27/28-type bucket from
Josefov
(Fig.
64: 1),
in which it is not clear whether it comes
from a Germanic settlement or from disturbed cremation graves.
Funerary equipments of cremation graves often contain the combination of a bucket with
a ladle and strainer set. These vessels might maybe refer to a simplified drinking set, which is
known without any significant changes already from the preceding periods. The above-
mentioned Roman products may have been parts of booty or, in the case of barrel-shaped
buckets, maybe also of military equipment (JUNKELMAN
2003, 202-203),
which the
barbarians have brought into their new homeland. Neither should we omit an evident connection
between these equipments and the intensive attendance of Roman power in the Middle Danube
region. The army has probably been supplied with both terra
sigillata
and selected types of
bronze vessels. The finds along the Amber Road would also indicate possible trading activities.
176
In this period also diplomatic presents can be taken into consideration, for example some of the
toreutic items from the
Mušov
royal tomb.
LATE
-
FINAL ROMAN PERIOD AND EARLY MIGRATION PERIOD
(200-410)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
Bolla
lb,
E
39-40,
E
41,
E
83,
E
119 (?)
This period of time corresponds to stages Cl, C2, C3 and
Dl (TEJRAL
1983;
id. 1985a,
323;
id.
1997, 351).
Compared to the preceding period we can observe here a distinct decrease in
occurrence of bronze vessels on the discussed territory. From cremation graves we have only
fragments of an unspecified vessel
-
maybe a barrel-shaped bucket
-
from Grave No.
55
(Fig.
39: 8-14)
and a problematic fragment, most probably belonging to
E 119-type,
from Grave No.
52
(Fig.
39: 16)
in
Velké Hostěrádky.
This determination, however, is only general due to
fragmentary condition of these artefacts. Both of these graves were classified to fall within C2
stage. The problematic find of
a Bolla lb-type
jug from a presumed inhumation grave from
Dolní Dunajovice
(Fig.
82)
can be dated to the first half of the
3rd
century, i.e. to stages
Cla
and
Clb after J. Tejral
(1986, 108).
Within the final Roman Period or the early Migration Period falls
a hoard (Fig.
32)
discovered in a pit-house (Feature
10)
at
Mušov,
location U sv.
Jana ;
the
hoard was deposited in a repaired bucket of
E
41
-type. From the settlement environment also
come two handle attachments from
E
83-type bowls, recovered in Paltendorf (Fig.
86: 1)
and
Enzersfeld (Fig.
86: 2).
The same types of bronze vessels (E
83,
E
128,
E
41)
are documented in Slovakia, mainly in
the
Váh
River basin
(Stráže)
and in East Slovakia (Cejkov). It is in these regions of Slovakia
where on the basis of discovered sumptuous graves and dense settlement structure possible
power-economical centres are sought. The finds from the area under review, however, do not
enable to trace up such a phenomenon, due to their small number and different dating.
Chronological sensitivity of individual types on the territory under
review
As we have resolved above, we will try to sort out chronologically unique types of Roman
bronze vessels and those, which repeatedly occur in the above-mentioned periods. But it is to be
remarked that our results are strongly affected by the extent of the discussed region. Thus, they
rather play the role of something like an overview, which is clear of other finds from the territory
of free
Germania.
Considering analogical finds from non-Roman Europe we also suppose that
the situation described below is only temporary.
177
Late Tiberian-Claudian
Period
(AD
14-54)
Types occurring
in
Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
E
13
l/Tass.
G
5300
(?),
E
8,
E
92,
E
124/125,
E
138,
Ra
84.
Types occurring on the territory under review only during the discussed period:
E
13
l/Tass.
G
5300 (?),
E
8,
E
92,
E
124/125,
E
138,
Ra
84.
Neronian-Flavian
Period
(AD
54-96/100)
Types occurring
in
Moravia
and in
Lower
Austria
north of the Danube:
E
25/26,
E
39-40,
E
99-100,
E
125,
E
139/142,
E
140/142,
E
154-155,
E
160,
E
162,
Ra
71.
Types occurring on the territory under review only during the discussed period:
E
25/26,
E
139/142,
E
140/142,
Ra
71.
Traianean-Hadrianean Period
(98/100-138)
and early
Antonine
Period
(138-161)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
(T
-Н):
E
70 (?),
E
99-100,
E
39-40,
E
160,
E
162;
(early
Antonines):
E
39-40,
E
160.
Types occurring on the territory under review only during the discussed period: The types
from the preceding period persist.
Late Antonine
Period
(161-192/200)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
E
12,
E
25/28,
E
28,
E
39-42,
E
44-49,
E
70,
E
77,
E
142/144 (?),
E
144,
E
161,
E
160/161,
NE3,
Szabó
11.
Types occurring on the territory under review only during the discussed period:
E
44-49,
E
12,
NE3,
E
25/28,
E
28,
E
77,
E
144,
Szabó
IL
Late
-
Final Roman Period and early Migration Period
(200-410)
Types occurring in Moravia and in Lower Austria north of the Danube:
Bolla
lb,
E
39-40,
E
41,
E
83,
E
119(7).
Types occurring on the territory under review only during the discussed period:
Bolla Ib,
E
41,
E
83,
E
119(7).
Conclusions
When we focus on chronological questions related with bronze vessels, there is still the
unsolved crucial methodical problem regarding their often-discussed inflow. Problematic are
above all the finds falling within stages Blc and B2a. Their incidence in Germanic funerary
equipments can be explained in two possible ways, which have not necessarily to exclude one
another. The first explanation can lean on the event that took place in AD
69.
The plundering
after the battle of Cremona as well as the presumed reward for Germanic participants in this
178
conflict
may be reflected in grave goods or funerary assemblages under review. Herewith,
however, we mean not only the sumptuous graves from
Zohor, Vysoká
pri
Morave,
Neuruppersdorf and Rothenseedorf, but also the finds from Velatice,
Břeclav
and
Mikulov.
Roman products obtained after this battle may also have been in use during the first half of the
2nd
century. So, that s what the first approach says to the problem. But as we have already
mentioned, there is also another possible hypothesis. This is based on the assumption that the
discussed articles, manufactured in both the second half of the
1st
century and the first half of the
2nd
century, would have reached the territory under review by the medium of trade. In general it
can also be said that even if the other grave goods enable to assign the artefacts to one of the
above-mentioned stages, they refer only to the time of depositing the so-called import in a grave.
However, as proved by the above analysis, most of the bronze vessels have been manufactured in
the course of a longer time span and their presence thus offers no help
-
except a few exceptions
-
for dating of the whole assemblage.
179
|
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| author | Jílek, Jan 1981- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041423880 |
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| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1-380 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1-380 |
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| geographic | Mähren (DE-588)4074432-2 gnd Niederösterreich (DE-588)4075391-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mähren Niederösterreich |
| id | DE-604.BV041423880 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:47:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788073954734 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026870892 |
| oclc_num | 869853736 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 312 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Univ., Fak. Filozofická |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Jílek, Jan 1981- Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube Bronzegefäß (DE-588)4146675-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4146675-5 (DE-588)4074432-2 (DE-588)4075391-8 |
| title | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |
| title_alt | Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |
| title_auth | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |
| title_exact_search | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |
| title_full | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube Jan Jílek |
| title_fullStr | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube Jan Jílek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube Jan Jílek |
| title_short | Bronzové nádoby z doby římské na Moravě a naddunajské části Dolního Rakouska |
| title_sort | bronzove nadoby z doby rimske na morave a naddunajske casti dolniho rakouska roman period bronze vessels in moravia and in lower austria north of the danube |
| title_sub | = Roman period bronze vessels in Moravia and in lower Austria North of the Danube |
| topic | Bronzegefäß (DE-588)4146675-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bronzegefäß Mähren Niederösterreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026870892&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026870892&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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