Ecsedi Bátori István: egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ungarisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Budapest
MTA BTK Törttud. Int.
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Magyar történelmi emlékek. Értekezések
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232503&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232503&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| ISBN: | 9789639627468 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819332616929673216 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TARTALOM
Bevezetés
....................................................................................................................... 7
Felmenők és örökségük
.............................................................................................. 13
A király katonája
.......................................................................................................... 19
Katona és országbíró
-
a hatalom csúcsán a király mellett
................................... 25
A kenyérmezei győztes
-
Havasalföld „megfegyelmezője
.................................. 48
Béke keleten
-
háború nyugaton
............................................................................... 65
Újra a király mellett
..................................................................................................... 71
Az
interregnum
............................................................................................................ 89
A választástól a koronázásig
...................................................................................... 99
A trónharcok
................................................................................................................102
A pozsonyi béke és az
1492.
évi országgyűlés
........................................................109
Újra Erdélyben
.............................................................................................................112
A székelyföldi akció és a vajdaváltás
........................................................................116
Végrendelkezés és halál Nyírbátorban
.....................................................................128
És ami ezután következett
.........................................................................................132
Összefoglalás
................................................................................................................136
Függelék
........................................................................................................................141
Báthori István országbíró és erdélyi vajda itineráriuma
(1470-1493)..........141
Felhasznált források és irodalom
......................................................................155
Térképek
................................................................................................................174
Summary
...............................................................................................................176
Földrajzinév- és személynévmutató
..................................................................182
Summary
Medieval research in Hungary has been lacking political biographies for more than
a half century. Biographies of some of our kings have been published; however,
members of the decision-making elite and important personalities of the political
life have been left out. Referring to the late Middle Ages, the history of important
families like the
Garai,
Újlaki, Szapolyai, Bebek, Várdai, Perényi
has not been
researched in an up-to-date way. This volume is intended to start filling this gap
by examining the career of one of the highest dignitaries of the second half of the
15th century, not without the preliminaries of course. The two authors have been
working together for years to research the history of the period and the
Bátori
family. They have published papers about the political activity of the subject of
this book, Stephen (Hungarian
István) Bátori,
and about the castle properties of the
family (these provided some parts of this volume); and they have been co-authors
of the first volume of a source publication entitled
Documenta Batoriana
(Nyíregyháza,
2011),
which reconstructed the one-time existed archive of the
Bátori
family. In this book they are trying to present the activity of Judge Royal,
Voivode
of Transylvania and Crown Guard Stephen
Bátori
(1430-1493),
one of the
most famous member of the
Bátori
family in the Middle Ages.
Attention of readers less familiar with the Hungarian medieval sources is
called to a fact: this book does not contain a conventional biography seen and
found on the shelves of Western-European bookshops, which is due mainly to
the lack of sources. While in Western-Europe researchers have to struggle with
the abundance and diversity of sources, Hungarian researchers have to face with
serious limits. Documents remained from the Middle Ages are mainly legal
diplomas and charters of possession, which provide us a rather one-sided picture
of the period. Therefore the authors did not even try to make a complete
biography; hardly any or no matters of private life, family, culture, religiousness
and personal relations can be read about in this book. On the other hand, more
emphasis has been placed on Baton s role in the political life of the medieval
Hungarian kingdom and the decision-making process concerning nationwide
matters. This volume is the history of a political career.
Stephen
Bátori,
later
Voivode
of Transylvania and Judge Royal of the
Hungarian Kingdom, was born the son of Judge Royal Stephen
Bátori (tl444)
and his first wife, Margaret
Tarkői.
He was first mentioned in written sources in
1435
as an underage child. He and his brothers (Andrew and Leslie)
-
owing to
their father
-
were among the dominant political figures of the period (they were
barons), in spite of the fact that on the basis of the size and location of their
estates they could not be ranked among the leaders of the country. Besides their
estates and their ancestral castle in Ecsed
(Szatmár
county), they could extend
176
SUMMARY
their properties only with the castle of
Buják (Nógrád
county) in
1439
before
Matthias Corvinus
(1458-1490)
acceded to the throne. Therefore, their base for
power was not insignificant, but the time of their real rise was under the reign of
King Matthias, more precisely under the career of Judge Royal and
Voivode
of
Transylvania Stephen
Bátori.
It is worth emphasising that while in
1458
the
family was ranked in the 22-25th places among the great landowners of the
country, in
1490
(when King Matthias died) the
Bátori
family of Ecsed was the
fourth greatest and most important secular proprietor of the country; so
Stephen s career brought significant rise to the family.
He started a military career first and did not have a political role during the
first fifteen years of the reign of King Matthias. His first appearance was
mentioned in fights against the Hussites, mercenaries occupying the northern
territories of the country. The royal trust he gained with his victories of that time
gradually raised him into higher and higher important offices. From
1464
until
1470
he acted as
magister
camarae (chamber s master), which position can be
seen as one of the most important confidential posts around the king: the
commander of the personal guards. Therefore, he took part in suppressing the
riot in Transylvania in
1467,
and then he accompanied the monarch in his
Moldavian campaign, which ended with the unfortunate battle of
Baia
(Hungarian:
Moldvabánya,
Romania).
The last turning point of his life was in
1471,
when the biggest uprising
-
led
by John
Vitéz
Archbishop of
Esztergom
-
against King Matthias Corvinus during
his reign broke out. The king, who was staying in Moravia at the time of the
outbreak, returned to the country in the summer of
1471
and unusually quickly
suppressed the rebellion that almost deprived him of his throne. After his
victory, an important Diet was held in September, where all the participants
including the former rebels declared their loyalty to King Matthias. A new Judge
Royal had to be appointed also at this Diet, as the former Judge Royal John
Rozgonyi unexpectedly died in August. The king appointed his long-time
military leader and faithful follower, Stephen
Bátori
to Judge Royal, who, from
then on, had not only informal political and personal influence but also a high
office and became a baron. However, knowing the working of the office of the
Judge Royal of that time and the itinerary of Stephen
Bátori,
it can be stated that
his new duty did not take up much of his time. The judicial tasks of this post
were performed by professional jurists loosely connected to his person;
nevertheless, his remarkable rise in the social and political hierarchy was
unquestionable.
His political role during the
Wroczław
(Poland, Hungarian:
Boroszló)
campaign in
1474
clearly shows his prestige. King Matthias left
Buda in
July and
moved to Poland with his army to defeat the Austrian-Bohemian-Polish coalition
created against him. He reached
Boroszló
in September, but soon the unified
armies of the Bohemian king
Władysław (Jagiełło) II
(1471-1516)
and the Polish
king
Casimir
IV
(1447-1492)
arrived there, and started to besiege the Hungarian
army trapped in the city. The siege lasted to the end of that year. During these
weeks Diet was held in
Buda,
and the king commissioned his two mam
followers, Judge Royal Stephen
Bátori
and Emery Szapolyai Count of Szepes
177
ECSEDI BÁTORI
ISTVÁN. EGY KATONABÁRÓ ÉLETPÁLYÁJA
(1458-1493)
(Ť1487)
to organize and conduct it. Both organizing the assembly and adopting
the laws mainly corresponding to the intentions of Matthias were implemented
in good order. The importance of
Bátori
and Szapolyai grew even more.
Because of his position he also participated in the king s next larger military
action: he was present when the army took
Šabac
(Hungarian:
Szabács,
Serbia) in
January,
1476.
There was, however, another large-scale campaign awaiting him
in the same year, and on top of that again in the absence of his king, with the
mission to substitute him. The cause was the wedding of Matthias
Hunyadi
and
Beatrice of
Aragónia,
Princess of Naples, the future queen consort of Hungary
(1476-1490)
later that year in
Buda.
Sultan Mehmed II
(1451-1481)
timed a major
assault in these weeks against Moldavia, ruled by Stephen III the Great
(1457-1504)
who was getting increasingly hostile towards the Ottomans. A
Turkish success and the loss of Moldavia would have meant a grave threat to the
Kingdom of Hungary. However, Matthias could not lead the army because of his
wedding, so he appointed
Bátori
to supreme commander. Baton s troops entered
Moldavia in August where he succeeded in preventing the retreating Turks from
an incursion into Transylvania. A few weeks later he led his forces into
Wallachia, expelled
Voivode
Basarab III
(1473-1474, 1475-1476, 1476-1477)
who
was on friendly terms with the Turks and replaced him with Vlad
Ţepeş
(1448,
1456-1462,1476)
who was more loyal to the Hungarian king.
Baton s military successes strengthened his political significance further and
the king, who was famous for not confiding in anyone too long, never failed to
trust him during his reign. This confidence made it possible for
Bátori
to oppose
the Austrian wars, starting in
1477,
from the beginning: despite of his opposition
the king kept on trusting his baron.
Bátori
was hardly if ever present on the
Austrian battlefields, he was given internal and diplomatic missions instead. The
following turning point of his career came in
1479.
Matthias, who had his forces
engaged on the Czech-Moravian and Austrian fronts, needed a trustworthy
dependant and excellent soldier in the hinterland
-
in this case that meant
Transylvanian territory threatened by the Turks.
Bátori
met these requirements
completely. Probably that is why he was appointed to
Voivode
of Transylvania in
spring
1479,
a title he kept almost until his death. His appointment was given a
special significance by the fact that at the same time Matthias assigned his other
great soldier, Paul
Kinizsi (tl494)
to lead the defence of the border in the South,
establishing for him the title of the Captain General of the Lower Parts.
Baton s duty was a challenging one since the neighbouring Moldavia and
Wallachia were continuously attacked by the Turks, who led several forays into
Hungarian territory as well. The first incursion took place in
1479,
an Ottoman
military force entered Wallachia in June-July, and rumour had it that they
wanted to attack further into Hungarian territory. After some lengthy
manoeuvres and political manipulations the assault on Hungary began relatively
late, in early October, therefore
Bátori
and
Kinizsi
had enough time to organize
the resistance. The results were spectacular, on October
13,1479,
at
Kenyérmező
in Southern Transylvania (presently
Câmpul Pâinii,
Romania) the Turks were
defeated by Hungarian-Saxon troops led by Stephen
Bátori
with the contribution
of Paul
Kinizsi.
This battle was the largest open clash of the Turkish-Hungarian
178
SUMMARY
conflicts in the period
1456-1526.
What is more the battle was such a significant
event that it defined the nature of Turkish-Hungarian relations in the following
years and brought international fame to
Bátori.
The Turkish attack of the previous year had to be answered categorically by
the Hungarian military leadership in
1480.
This happened in two steps. Between
September and December Matthias himself attacked Turkish fortifications in
Bosnia, while in June-July
Bátori
assaulted local garrisons in Wallachia with
Transylvanian forces. No decisive results were achieved but the Hungarian king
clearly indicated that he was ready and able to a limited counterstroke.
Manoeuvres of smaller significance, also led by
Bátori,
served the same goal in
1481
and
1482.
These campaigns (and the internal situation of the Ottoman
Empire) resulted in a five-year armistice between the parties in
1483.
With the armistice
Bátori
could leave Transylvania more often and was able to
appear in King Matthias court more frequently. According to a source available
for us it may have been Matthias himself who asked
Bátori
to do this. Sources
indicate that Matthias, who was getting more ill and distrustful, was glad to have
his oldest follower, supreme military commander and powerful baron beside him.
After the death of Emery Szapolyai, the king s other important follower, in
1487
this affection could only be stronger, as
Bátori
was almost the only permanent
follower of Matthias since the beginning of his reign (his significance may only be
compared with the deceased Imre s brother, Stephen Szapolyai s influence).
From the middle of the 1480s Baton s informal influence and political weight
seemed to grow continuously. At the time of the Sultan s Moldavian campaign in
1484
Hungarian forces, though fully alert and prepared, were standing idle in
Transylvania and along the southern line of defensive fortifications. The
Voivode
was ordered to secure the kingdom behind the king who prepared for the final
assault on Vienna, and to do nothing else. A few weeks after the fall of the city
we already find him with his king in Vienna. He probably accompanied Matthias
on his way back to
Buda in
late
1485
where
Bátori
was an active participant of
the Diet that elected a Palatine. This convention compiled the collection of laws
that was meant to become the most important such compilation of that age,
Decretum Maius
(1486).
These times Matthias conferred with
Bátori
more frequently, which indicates
a more active relationship. The
Voivode
was present at the assault on Wiener
Neustadt
(Hungarian:
Bécsújhely)
and the city s ceremonious takeover. Prior to
this event he organized the reception of the newly arrived Archbishop of
Esztergom
(1487-1497) -
a mere child at the time
-
Ippolito
d Esté
(Estei Hippolit
in Hungarian) in
Sopron.
However, despite his significance,
Bátori
returned to
Transylvania in the last one and a half year of king Matthias s reign
-
though
only for a brief period. From here he hurried back to
Buda
to take an oath of
loyalty ordered by the king, to secure his son s (Prince John
Corvin,
1473-1504)
succession to the throne. After having taken the oath he accompanied Matthias,
the queen consort and the court to Vienna. It is not clear what motivations were
present behind this trip, an order from the king to be in the nearby as much as he
could or his intention not to miss the settlement of power after the king s
impending death
-
however, this is not the main point. Stephen
Bátori
was in
179
ECSEDI BÁTORI
ISTVÁN. EGY KATONABÁRÓ ÉLETPÁLYÁJA
(1458-1493)
Vienna (among other powerful leaders of the country, we have to add) when
Matthias
Hunyadi
died on April
6,1490.
In the confused situation
Bátori
became a prominent political factor, which is
indicated by the papal nuncio s opinion that
Bátori
would be the governor until
the election of a new king. According to an unverifiable source the Royal Council
appointed him to the Captain of Hungary. In the beginning even the unlawful
son of Matthias, Prince John
Corvin
hoped for the aid of
Bátori
in taking the
throne. The political situation, however, was rapidly changing.
Bátori,
after
leaving for Transylvania to avert a threatening Turkish attack, came back to
Buda
in late May, where he led the preparations and proceedings of the Diet. He
continued to be present in the capital until the coronation of the new king,
Wladislaw
(Władysław) II Jagiełło
(1490-1516),
being one of the chief controllers
of negotiations.
In the beginning
-
though this information is justified mainly by subsequent
sources
-
he was one of Queen Beatrix s supporters, but among the rapid events
of late spring and summer it did not last long. We have more trustworthy
evidence for him being opposed to Prince John Corvin s claim to the throne,
indicated by the fact that he participated in the battle of
Csonthegy
early July,
where the forces of
János
were defeated by Wladislaw s faction. With the military
threat eliminated and
Bátori
on the side of Wladislaw there was no major
obstacle to the new king s election. From Wladislaw s coronation
Bátori
became
one of the pillars of his rule. A symbolic sign of this fact was that he was the first
official Crown Guard in medieval Hungary. In this function he was substituted
by his younger brother,
András,
appointed by
Bátori
himself.
However, the new king soon had to face the forces of pretenders to the
throne: Maximilian I
Habsburg,
king, later Holy Roman Emperor
([1486]-
1493-1519)
and Wladislaw s brother, John Albert, who later became Polish king
(1492-1501).
In these conflicts the new king desperately needed some trustworthy
soldiers and barons. That is why Wladislaw appointed
Bátori
and
Kinizsi
to
commanders of the royal forces, making it one of their first duties to reinforce the
coronation city,
Székesfehérvár,
threatened by Austrian troops (however, in spite
of their efforts, due to the lack of enough soldiers, the city fell in November). This
was followed by a royal campaign to liberate
Kassa
(today:
Košice,
Slovakia)
besiged by John I Albert s army in winter
1491,
led by
Bátori
as well, and it was
him, who led the army that took back
Székesfehérvár
in summer, followed by the
royal appointment to Chief Captain (supremus capitaneus). After these victories
the parties confined themselves to negotiations. The king got ill, the Turkish threat
was getting stronger at the southern borders and the Polish forces of John I Albert
got going again. Therefore there was no choice but to come to an agreement with
Maximilian and his father, Frederick as soon as possible. Initially, like before in
times of war,
Bátori
had the leading role in negotiations as well. However, the
peace of
Pozsony
(today: Bratislava, Slovakia) and the Diet with the objective to
secure it, probably reduced Baton s influence in the court. On one hand it is war
and not peace that increases a soldier s prestige, on the other hand the Diet
appointed Stephen Szapolyai to Palatine, a function that was vacant for years,
180
SUMMARY
pushing
Bátori
back to the second place among secular dignitaries, though that
was mostly just a formal reduction of power.
On top of that in
1492
news arrived about the plan and preparations of the
Sultan s new campaign against Hungary. Therefore the
Voivode
had to spend
most of his time in his province, leaving
Buda
for a longer period. He also got ill
in these days. Another difficulty appeared when in the two confused years
between
1490-1492,
plagued by the fights for the throne and civil war, public
order was upset in
Székelyföld (Székely
Land, terra Siculorum), threatening the
internal peace of Transylvania. In autumn
1492
Bátori
marched with his forces to
Székelyföld.
His goal was to establish a minor fortress and probably to
consolidate the area and demonstrate the strength of the kingdom. However,
after he left the territory, the
Székelys
unanimously began to complain about him
to the king, which indirectly
-
but mainly because of other despotic measures of
the
Bátori
family and the excessive political power of Stephen
-
led to the
discontinuation of his career as
Voivode.
In January of
1493
Bátori,
who felt the reduction in the king s confidence in
him, was in an awkward political situation because of his political rivals
manoeuvres. The king began to feel embarrassed by Baton s excessive power
-
which he sometimes abused
-
and launched an extensive political campaign to
replace the leading dignitaries in the two important areas, Transylvania and the
Banate of
Slavonia.
The king wanted to appoint a partner for every dignitary,
reducing their power by this change.
Bátori
and several dignitaries were shocked
and left the court. After some negotiations and emerging financial charges
against him
Bátori
resigned from his function, and the king appointed new
Voivodes on the same day.
Bátori,
keeping his titles of Judge Royal and Crown
Guard, retired to the residence of his family in
Nyírbátor.
He was not actively
interfering with state politics anymore, though he presumably worked on a bill
about reducing the power of high prelates, and managed his more significant
lawsuits. Stephen
Bátori,
a bachelor, considered even in his life as a fervently
religious man, died about June
15-20, 1493.
Since he had no direct descendants,
the already huge family estates
-
along with Baton s somewhat battered
reputation
-
were inherited by his nephews.
As for his personality it can be said that he was a typical aristocrat of the age
of Matthias, one
-
perhaps the most important one
-
of his soldier barons.
Stephen got close to power due to his ancient family and his uncle s barony, but
his acquired wealth was a result of his talents. He was principally a soldier (even
if his religiousness was widely known), in whom King Matthias, famous for
never trusting anyone too long, had a lifelong confidence. Even this mere fact is
enough to raise him among the most important characters of this age.
181
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Horváth, Richárd 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1016179413 |
| author_facet | Horváth, Richárd 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Horváth, Richárd 1975- |
| author_variant | r h rh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041258629 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859392811 (DE-599)BVBBV041258629 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| id | DE-604.BV041258629 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:34:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789639627468 |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026232503 |
| oclc_num | 859392811 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | MTA BTK Törttud. Int. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Magyar történelmi emlékek. Értekezések |
| spellingShingle | Horváth, Richárd 1975- Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 Ecsedi, Bátori István 1430-1493 (DE-588)1041529147 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Türkenkriege (DE-588)4186408-6 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1041529147 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4186408-6 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 |
| title_auth | Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 |
| title_exact_search | Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 |
| title_full | Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 Horváth Richárd, Neumann Tibor |
| title_fullStr | Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 Horváth Richárd, Neumann Tibor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecsedi Bátori István egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 Horváth Richárd, Neumann Tibor |
| title_short | Ecsedi Bátori István |
| title_sort | ecsedi batori istvan egy katonabaro eletpalyaja 1458 1493 |
| title_sub | egy katonabáró életpályája : 1458-1493 |
| topic | Ecsedi, Bátori István 1430-1493 (DE-588)1041529147 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Türkenkriege (DE-588)4186408-6 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecsedi, Bátori István 1430-1493 Politik Türkenkriege Krieg Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232503&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232503&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT horvathrichard ecsedibatoriistvanegykatonabaroeletpalyaja14581493 AT neumanntibor ecsedibatoriistvanegykatonabaroeletpalyaja14581493 |