Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Seria Monograficzna / Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii
16 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026172058&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026172058&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026172058&sequence=000008&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Influence of the state in 1944 - 1989 on the Polish cartographic publications for general use |
| Umfang: | 207 s. il. kolor. - Kt. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788360024164 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | INSTITUTE
OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY
Monographic Series No
16
CONTENTS
Introduction
................................................................................................ 15
1.
Dealing with the past.
1944-1949.......................................................... 21
1.1.
Legal and administrative basis for state interference
in cartographic activities
................................................................. 21
1.2.
Influence of the state on cartographic institutions
and enterprisese
............................................................................... 37
1.2.1.
Losses and attempts to collect necessary cartographic
sources
....................................................................................... 37
1.2.2.
Organization of official, military and commercial mapping
activities and services
............................................................... 42
1.2.2.1.
Attempt to regulate relations between various
publishersi
......................................................................... 42
1.2.2.2.
Head Office of Surveying (GUPK) as a publisher
of official maps and maps for general use
....................... 45
1.2.2.3.
Military Institute of Geography (WIG)
-
revival
of apre-war tradition
....................................................... 51
1.2.2.4.
Reconstruction of pre-war cartographic publishing
houses and the establishment of new ones
....................... 54
1.3.
State interference in the content of maps for general use
................. 61
2.
Key role of the state in shaping the concept of maps
for general use.
1950-1963.................................................................... 81
2.1.
Legal and administrative basis for state interference
in cartographic activities
................................................................. 81
2.2.
Influence of the state on cartographic institutions
and enterprises
................................................................................ 98
2.2.1.
Final phase of a major reorganization of the cartographic
market
....................................................................................... 98
2.2.2.
Relations between the state and the Head Office
of Surveying (GUPK), later Central Office
of Geodesy and Cartography (CUGiK)
.................................. 102
2.2.2.1.
Transition of the Head Office of Surveying (GUPK)
to the Central Office of Geodesy and Cartography
(CUGiK)
-
more than just a name change
..................... 102
2.2.2.2.
Work discipline, and protection of state
and official secrets
..........................................................
2.2.2.3.
Polish Cartographic Publishing House (PPWK)
holding a monopoly in publishing cartographic
materials for general useo
.............................................. 109
2.3.
State interference in the content of maps for general use
............. 116
2.3.1.
Increasing censorship of cartographic materials
..................... 116
2.3.2.
Social pressure to resume production of city maps
................ 130
2.3.2.1.
Early proposals concerning the preparation of a series
of city maps, submitted to the Central Office
of Geodesy and Cartography (CUGiK)
......................... 130
2.3.2.2.
Street plan of the central districts of Warsaw
as a signal of future, more liberal treatment
of maps for general use
.................................................. 134
2.3.2.3.
Warsaw precedent regarded as the beginning
of map production for general use
................................. 140
2.3.3.
Temporary liberalization in the field of general map
production
............................................................................... 143
3.
Superficial development of the concept of maps for general use.
1964-1989............................................................................................ 147
3.1.
Legal and administrative basis for state interference
in cartographic activities
............................................................... 147
3.2.
Influence of the state on cartographic institutions
and enterprises
................................................................................... 155
3.2.1.
Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK)
-
opening to the world in the
1970s........................................ 155
3.2.2.
Polish Cartographic Publishing House (PPWK)
-
a state-controlled monopoly
................................................ 159
3.3.
State interference in the content of maps for general use
............. 162
3.3.1.
Censorship guidelines as a result of the changing
international situation
............................................................. 162
3.3.2.
Official approach to geographical names
............................... 171
3.3.3.
Advanced procedures for map falsification
............................ 173
3.3.4.
Distortion of geometric properties
-
case study based
on the example of city maps
.................................................... 176
4.
Conclusion
..................
4.1
Assessment of influence of the state on Polish cartographic
publications for general use
................................ 181
4.2.
Social
effects of state interference in Polish cartographic
publications for general use
.......................................................... 184
4.2.1.
Direct effects of state interference
.......................................... 184
4.2.2.
Indirect effects of state interference
........................................ 187
References
................................................................................................ 191
Summary
.................................................................................................. 205
INSTYTUT GEODEZJI I KARTOGRAFII
Seria monograficzna nr
16
SPIS TREŚCI
Wprowadzenie
........................................................................................... 15
1.
Rozrachunek z przeszłością. Lata
1944-1949....................................... 21
1.1.
Podstawy prawne i administracyjne ingerencji aparatu władzy
w działalność kartograficzną
........................................................... 21
1.2.
Wpływ aparatu władzy na instytucje i przedsiębiorstwa
kartograficzne
.................................................................................. 37
1.2.1.
Straty i próby skompletowania źródeł kartograficznych
.......... 37
1.2.2.
Organizacja działalności w zakresie kartografii urzędowej,
wojskowej i prywatnej
.............................................................. 42
1.2.2.1.
Próba ułożenia relacji pomiędzy wydawcami
................. 42
1.2.2.2.
Główny Urząd Pomiarów Kraju
-
wykonawcą map
urzędowych i map do użytku powszechnego
.................. 45
1.2.2.3.
Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny
—
reaktywacja
tradycji przedwojennej
..................................................... 51
1.2.2
A. Odbudowa przedwojennych i powołanie nowych
wydawnictw kartograficznych
......................................... 54
1.3.
Ingerencje aparatu władzy w treść map do użytku powszechnego...
61
2.
Aparat władzy autorem koncepcji map do użytku powszechnego.
Lata
1950-1963...................................................................................... 81
2.1.
Podstawy prawne i administracyjne ingerencji aparatu władzy
w działalność kartograficzną
........................................................... 81
2.2.
Wpływ aparatu władzy na instytucje i przedsiębiorstwa
kartograficzne
................................................................................. 98
2.2.1.
Zakończenie procesu „porządkowania rynku
kartograficznego
....................................................................... 98
2.2.2.
Aparat władzy wobec instytucji GUPK a CUGiK
.................. 102
2.2.2.1.
Główny Urząd Pomiarów Kraju i Centralny Urząd
Geodezji i Kartografii
-
nie tylko zmiana nazwy
.......... 102
2.2.2.2.
Przestrzeganie dyscypliny pracy oraz tajemnicy
państwowej i służbowej
................................................. 104
2.2.2.3.
PPWK monopolistą rynku publikacji kartograficznych
do użytku powszechnego
............................................... 109
2.3.
Ingerencje aparatu władzy w treść map do użytku powszechnego
... 116
2.3.1.
Zaostrzenie działania aparatu cenzury
....................................
U6
2.3.2.
Presja społeczna na wznowienie produkcji planów miast
...... 130
2.3.2.1.
Pierwsze propozycje opracowania serii planów miast
zgłoszone do CUGiK
..................................................... 130
2.3.2.2.
Plan dzielnic centralnych
m.
sí.
Warszawy
-
zapowiedzią „odwilży w zakresie publikacji
map do użytku powszechnego
....................................... 134
2.3.2.3.
„Precedens warszawski początkiem produkcji
kartograficznej do użytku powszechnego
...................... 140
2.3.3.
Chwila „odwilży w kartografii użytkowej
............................ 143
3.
Pozorny rozwój koncepcji map do użytku powszechnego.
Lata
1964-1989................................................................................... 147
3.1.
Podstawy prawne i administracyjne ingerencji aparatu władzy
w działalność kartograficzną
......................................................... 147
3.2.
Wpływ aparatu władzy na instytucje i przedsiębiorstwa
kartograficzne
................................................................................ 155
3.2.1.
Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii
-
lata siedemdziesiąte
otwarciem na świat
................................................................. 155
3.2.2.
Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych
-
monopolista ukształtowany przez aparat władzy
................ 159
3.3.
Ingerencje aparatu władzy w treść map
do użytku powszechnego
.............................................................. 162
3.3.1.
Instrukcje cenzorskie pokłosiem sytuacji międzynarodowej
.... 162
3.3.2.
Aparat władzy wobec nazewnictwa
........................................ 171
3.3.3.
Dojrzałe procedury fałszowania map
..................................... 173
3.3.4.
Ingerencje w kartometryczność na przykładzie planów miast...
176
4.
Podsumowanie
.....................................................................................
4.1
Ocena wpływu aparatu władzy na polskie publikacje
kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego
....................................... 181
4.2.
Społeczne skutki ingerencji aparatu władzy w polskie
publikacj
e
kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego
.................... 184
4.2.1.
Bezpośrednie skutki ingerencji aparatu władzy
..................... 184
4.2.2.
Pośrednie skutki ingerencji aparatu władzy
........................... 187
Materiały źródłowe, literatura
....................................... 191
Streszczenie w języku angielskim
....................... .................. 205
BEATA KONO
Ρ
SKA
Institute of Geodesy and Cartography
Warsaw
INFLUENCE OF THE STATE IN
1944-1989
ON THE POLISH CARTOGRAPHIC
PUBLICATIONS FOR GENERAL USE
SUMMARY
Old maps are one of many historical sources documenting the state of geo¬
graphical knowledge, as well as the intellectual and cultural life of the era
in which they were created. Contemporary scholars analyze both their fac¬
tual content and ideological significance. When prepared in accordance with
the principles of cartography, they contain accurate information about the
natural environment, as well as economic and social phenomena. In this con¬
text, old maps can be regarded as an unquestionable and multifaceted source
ofinformation
about the history of the depicted area, enriching our knowledge
of the natural and cultural heritage. However, sometimes maps served other
purposes. Rulers, who usually commissioned them, treated them as an effec¬
tive tool to disseminate the right views. Therefore maps were often used
in political struggle and propaganda. For contemporary scholars, these very
maps
-
often with highly selected content and presenting manipulated or falsi¬
fied data
-
are an invaluable source useful for exposing the methods prevalent
in that time, as well as revealing the inside stories from the world of politics
and thinking patterns of mapmaking initiators and map administrators.
Maps published in Poland between
1944
and
1989
were a result of a certain
compromise. However, in this case, the most important were the guiding rules
set by the communist authorities, and enforced by the apparatus of censorship.
The main question posed in this study is: what kind of influence the com¬
munist government and its policies had on maps for general use, published
between
1944
and
1989?
The answer to this question is based on the analysis
of written and cartographic documents from that period and on the analysis of
maps which were then published, with special attention being paid to content
distortion and to the fact that the communist authorities considered the content
of maps to be a potential threat to national security.
204
Beata Konopska, Influence
of the state in
1944-1989
on the Polish...
The results of the comprehensive analysis of available sources helped de¬
termine the extent and intensity of the influence of the state on the final form
of cartographic publications intended for general use. In addition, these results
helped prove that maps for general use, published between
1944
and
1989,
are an undisputed historical source documenting that period and not a very
credible source of information about geographical environment, particularly
its man-made features.
This study covers the period between
1944
and
1989.
Two important
events, which are relevant to the examined issues, mark the beginning of this
period. In
1944
the Censorship Office was created in the Department of Public
Security within the Polish Committee of National Liberation
(PKWN).
Later
representatives of the Soviet Union instructed Polish authorities that map pro¬
duction should be controlled by the state. The year
1989
was chosen because
it marks the demise of the communist era in Poland. In this study it has merely
a symbolic significance.
The analyzed period between
1944
and
1989
has been divided into sev¬
eral sub-periods, described in subsequent chapters of this study. Each chapter
consists of three parts. The first part, entitled Legal and administrative ba¬
sis for state interference in cartographic activities, contains decrees and or¬
ders introduced, and acts implemented by the government in order to restrict
the freedom of cartographic activities on the institutional level, and the free¬
dom to decide the final form of maps for general use. This part presents, in an
orderly manner, the legal basis created by the Polish authorities in the context
of historical events affecting it, which were taking place in Poland or other
countries of the Eastern Bloc.
The second part of each of the three chapters, entitled Influence of the state
on cartographic institutions and enterprises, analyzes, in a multifaceted man¬
ner, the way in which the authorities influenced the institutions and enterprises
that made a constant effort to publish maps for general use. This part is an at¬
tempt to reconstruct a multilayered structure of power and authority, created
to obscure the truth about decision-making centres responsible for maps that
were intended for general use. An attempt was also made to reveal the meth¬
ods of eliminating from the market the publishing houses disapproved of by
the authorities, most of them founded before World War II.
Both parts, described above, are an introduction helpful for a better under¬
standing of the last part, entitled State interference in the content of maps for
general use, which contains the results of the analysis of maps and archival
materials concerning censorship guidelines, and presents the extent of interfer¬
ence and tendencies prevalent within the apparatus of censorship in specific
Summary
205
periods. This part contains, among others, fragments of original Censorship
guidelines , quotations from transcripts of national briefings organized for
training purposes, and fragments of confidential or secret letters exchanged
by publishers and representatives of the communist government.
The first chapter, entitled Dealing with the past, covers the years
1944-
1949,
when the public demand for geographical information, particularly
in the western and northern parts of Poland (the Recovered Territories), boosted
cartographic activities. At that time cartographic publications were widely pur¬
chased, regardless of their quality. For the general public, forced to move within
the country, most of these maps and plans were the only source of informa¬
tion about the network of roads and railways, the location of public buildings,
industrials plants etc. In that period the communist authorities deliberately al¬
lowed relative freedom regarding cartographic publications and had a liberal ap¬
proach to the content of maps for general use. Since the content of maps was not
subject to strict censorship, they were often much more informative than radio
programmes or newspaper articles. In that period the authorities did not con¬
sider maps to be an effective channel of social communication providing a spe¬
cific range
ofinformation,
and they had a more radical approach to other forms
of social communication. Firstly all economic and military information was
to be treated as classified by the press and radio. The similar level of censorship
of cartographic publications was achieved at the end of
1949
when the state began
to exercise full control over maps as they contained state and military secrets.
The second chapter, entitled Key role of the state in shaping the concept
of maps for general use, covers the years
1950-1963,
when a state monopoly
was created in the field of cartographic publishing. What is more, the authori¬
ties effectively limited the amount of content on maps for general use and ob¬
structed work on the Economic Map of Poland by treating them as classified
material. Instead, new maps with deliberately distorted geometric properties
were prepared to be used in various sectors of the national economy. The first
five years
ofthat
period were marked by great stagnation which affected map
production for individual users. It was caused by decrees introduced in the
late
1940s,
and restrictions on cartographic activities, successively imposed
by the Soviet Union in the countries of the Eastern Bloc. In the early
1950s
the official policy on cartography, which resulted in introducing the above-
mentioned restrictions, discouraged experienced map makers from under¬
taking professional activities and in the 1955s led to self-censorship. On the
other hand censorship employees, particularly at a voivodeship (provincial)
level, began to play safe because the guidelines, regarding censorship of car¬
tographic publications, were quite ambiguous.
206
Beata
Konopska,
Influence
of the state in
1944-1989
on the Polish.
..
The turning point was the year
1955,
when the authorities made an ex¬
ception and allowed a Warsaw city map to be published in connection with
a prestigious international event that Poland had to organize, because it was
obligated to do so by the Soviet Union. After that incident the authorities did
not change their negative attitude towards the dissemination of geographical
information on topographic maps. However, they gave in to pressure from
various social groups demanding access to such maps and decided to resume
map production. This concession was made together with many others,
which resulted from general social unrest culminating in riots in
1956.
First
editorial guidelines (regarding city maps of approximate accuracy with
the so-called minimal amount of content ) were developed by the com¬
munist authorities
-
namely the Military Censorship Division in the Gen¬
eral Staff of the Ministry of National Defence, and by the Board of Military
Topography. The Central (later: Head) Office of Geodesy and Cartography
(known as CUGiK, later GUGiK) was the institution responsible for the im¬
plementation of these guidelines. Its employees accepted them reluctantly,
knowing that newly prepared maps would have to be officially published by
the Polish Cartographic Publishing House (PPWK).
The third chapter, entitled Superficial development of the concept of maps
for general use, covers the years
1964-1989,
when only a superficial de¬
velopment of general cartography took place. It was deemed so because
in comparison to the achievements of cartography in Poland before World
War II and to those just after it, materials from this period contributed little
to the development of the concept of Polish cartographic publications. How¬
ever, in this period cartographers had to put in a great deal of effort while
preparing maps. They tried to meet the basic needs of map users, despite fur¬
ther guidelines issued by the Polish authorities due to advances in imagery
data acquisition and satellite navigation technologies in the United States.
According to these new guidelines, Polish map makers had to further reduce
the amount of content and deliberately distort geometric properties of maps
for the general public.
Topographic maps based on the reference
datums
called
Borowa Góra
and Pulkovo
1942
were deemed confidential , and a local datum called
1965
was adopted instead. What is more, maps with highly distorted ge¬
ometric properties were approved by the authorities to be used in various
sectors of the national economy. All these factors had a negative impact on
economic development. To this day, it has not been calculated how heavy
were the losses incurred as a result of wrong decisions or failed business
ventures, which were based, among others, on the analysis of these inaccu-
Summary
20 7
rate maps. The long-term social consequences of treating topographic maps
as confidential and of state interference in the preparation of maps for gen¬
eral use are evident even today. Among the most serious was the fact that
such maps were significantly less informative and the general public began
to have serious doubts about their reliability. Because of content distortion,
today these maps cannot be used to reconstruct man-made geographic fea¬
tures and should be treated primarily as a reflection of the period in which
they were created. As maps got less and less informative, their users became
accustomed to lower standards of mapping, lost the ability to read topo¬
graphic maps and became convinced that only military maps could be truly
accurate. Because maps were kept secret, it was necessary to develop a new
concept of topographic maps that could be used as tourist maps but would
differ from proper topographic maps in terms of content and cartometric
accuracy.
Establishing a state monopoly in cartographic publishing resulted in map
users getting accustomed to certain graphics and colour scheme, as shown
in studies conducted after a ten-year period of transition to a market econ¬
omy in Poland. In the countries of the Eastern Bloc this monopoly resulted
in establishing companies which provided a whole range of cartographic ma¬
terials
-
for general use, for schools, for special purposes and official. This
type of companies did not exist in countries outside the Eastern Bloc.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Konopska, Beata ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1135801495 |
| author_facet | Konopska, Beata ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Konopska, Beata ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | b k bk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041197104 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859375241 (DE-599)BVBBV041197104 |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV041197104 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:32:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788360024164 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026172058 |
| oclc_num | 859375241 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 207 s. il. kolor. - Kt. 24 cm. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Seria Monograficzna / Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii |
| spellingShingle | Konopska, Beata ca. 20./21. Jh Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4067601-8 (DE-588)4056618-3 (DE-588)4029823-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego |
| title_auth | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego |
| title_exact_search | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego |
| title_full | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego Beata Konopska |
| title_fullStr | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego Beata Konopska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego Beata Konopska |
| title_short | Wpływ aparatu władzy w latach 1944 - 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do użytku powszechnego |
| title_sort | wplyw aparatu wladzy w latach 1944 1989 na polskie publikacje kartograficzne do uzytku powszechnego |
| topic | Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zensur Staat Kartografie Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026172058&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026172058&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026172058&sequence=000008&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041197098 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konopskabeata wpływaparatuwładzywlatach19441989napolskiepublikacjekartograficznedouzytkupowszechnego |