Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagiellonica"
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Opera Archeologiae Iagellonicae
2 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025903392&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025903392&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Subsistence economy of population of the Przeworsk Culture Bibliogr. s. 215-280. Indeks |
| Umfang: | 284 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788362261505 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej |c Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagiellonica" |c 2012 | |
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Opera Archeologiae Iagellonicae |v 2 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Subsistence economy of population of the Przeworsk Culture | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 215-280. Indeks | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kultura przeworska |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Żywność / historia |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
OD
AUTORKI
.....................................................................7
WPROWADZENIE
.................................................................9
I. UWARUNKOWANIA ŚRODOWISKOWE GOSPODARKI ŻYWNOŚCIOWEJ LUDNOŚCI
KULTURY PRZEWORSKIEJ
........................................................25
1.
1.
Uwagi wstępne
................................................................25
1.2.
Rzeźba terenu
.................................................................31
1.3.
Pokrywa glebowa
..............................................................39
1.4.
Klimat
.......................................................................43
1.5.
Sytuacja hydrograficzna
.........................................................50
1.6.
Szata roślinna
..................................................................53
II.
UWARUNKOWANIA DEMOGRAFICZNE I SPOŁECZNE GOSPODARKI ŻYWNOŚCIOWEJ
LUDNOŚCI KULTURY PRZEWORSKIEJ
.............................................59
II.
1.
Uwagi wstępne
................................................................59
11.2. Uwarunkowania demograficzne
...................................................61
11.3. Uwarunkowania społeczne
.......................................................71
III. GOSPODARKA ROLNO-HODOWLANA LUDNOŚCI KULTURY PRZEWORSKIEJ
.......77
III.
1.
Uwagi wstępne
...............................................................77
111.
2.
Gospodarka rolna
.............................................................79
III.2.A. Źródła archeologiczne
........................................................79
III^.Aa. Pozostałości pól uprawnych
..................................................79
III^.Ab. Narzędzia rolnicze
..........................................................83
111.23.
Źródła przyrodnicze
.........................................................98
III.2.C. Organizacja gospodarki rolnej oraz systemy uprawy ziemi
..........................106
111.3. Gospodarka hodowlana
........................................................111
III.3.A. Źródła archeologiczne
.......................................................111
Ш.З.В.
Źródła przyrodnicze
........................................................112
III.3.C. Techniki hodowli
...........................................................117
IV.
EKSPLOATACJA ZASOBÓW NATURALNYCH PRZEZ LUDNOŚĆ KULTURY
PRZEWORSKIEJ
................................................................119
IV.
1.
Uwagi wstępne
..............................................................119
IV.2.
Zbieractwo
..................................................................119
IV.3.
Łowiectwo
..................................................................121
IV.4.
Rybołówstwo
................................................................122
V.
PRZETWARZANIE I MAGAZYNOWANIE POŻYWIENIA PRZEZ LUDNOŚĆ KULTURY
PRZEWORSKIEJ
................................................................125
V.
1.
Uwagi wstępne
...............................................................125
V.2.
Przetwarzanie pożywienia
......................................................127
V.2.A.
Przetwarzanie pożywienia pochodzenia roślinnego
.................................127
.
Urządzenia do suszenia zboża
................................................127
.
Narzędzia przetwórstwa roślinnego
............................................128
V.2.B.
Przetwarzanie pożywienia pochodzenia zwierzęcego
...............................132
V.3.
Magazynowanie pożywienia
....................................................133
VI.
STRUKTURA KONSUMPCJI I MODEL DIETY LUDNOŚCI KULTURY
PRZEWORSKIEJ
................................................................137
VI.
1.
Uwagi wstępne
..............................................................137
VI.2.
Konsumpcja pożywienia pochodzenia roślinnego
...................................137
VI.
3.
Konsumpcja pożywienia pochodzenia zwierzęcego
.................................139
VI.
4.
Próba rekonstrukcji modelu diety
................................................140
VII.
UWAGI KOŃCOWE
..........................................................143
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY OF POPULATION OF THE
PRZEWORSK
CULTURE
(SUMMARY)
...................................................................151
MAPY I ZESTAWIENIA
...........................................................159
RYCINY........................................................................
179
ANEKS
........................................................................209
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.................................................................215
INDEKS STANOWISK
............................................................281
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY OF POPULATION OF THE
PRZEWORSK
CULTURE
SUMMARY
Development of archaeological and environmental research in recent decades and results of the
latest studies on written sources allow making a new attempt to characterise the subsistence
economy of the Iron Age societies belonging to so-called
Przeworsk
Culture. For this purpose
ecological, demographic and
socio-cultural
factors influencing economic activity were exam¬
ined. An analysis of archaeological and environmental sources that takes into consideration
above-mentioned factors made possible to define patterns of agriculture and animal breeding
as well as of exploitation of natural resources. Following research covered also a structure of
consumption and a general model of diet. Results of these studies permit to formulate several
broader inferences and a number of more detailed conclusions.
In over six-hundred years development populations of the
Przeworsk
Culture settled
very different areas in terms of landscape, both on macro- and micro-regional scale (M. Gedl,
B. Ginter, K. Godlowski
1970; 1971;
J. Okulicz
1970, 422-433;
1983a; J. Wielowiejski
1976,
41-50;
S. Pazda
1980;
K.
Godłowski
1980;
1983a,
302-304;
1985a,
126;
W. Bender
1981,295;
Z. Kobyliński
1988; 2005;
В.
Balke
1991; 2004;
T.
Dąbrowska
2008,78-92).
Geomorphological
and topographical preferences changed over time, which was related with a global development
of settlement and with alterations in economy, and to some extent in climatic and hydrographi-
cal conditions. At present, contrary to earlier beliefs
(ef. K.
Godłowski
1983a), it is difficult
accept the opinion, according to which
Przeworsk
Culture took shape during the warmer and
drier fluctuations. Due to that factor its representatives would have founded their settlements in
the lower parts of the landscape, as opposed to the populations of the Pomeranian Culture. In
view of the data pointing at growing humidity in the last centuries
ВС
and around the turn of the
eras
(H.H.
Lamb
1977;
W. Niewiarowski
1995;
B. Frenzel
2000, 37;
H. Dobrzanska, T. Kalicki
2003;
J.
Twardy,
J.
Kamiński,
J.
Moszczyński
2004, 210-212;
H. Dobrzanska
2006, 514-515)
the main reason for differences in settlement preferences between
Przeworsk
and Pomeranian
Cultures is unlikely to be sought in climatic conditions. It was only the fundamental differences
in the settlement and economic patterns of these units.
In the Younger Pre-Roman and Early Roman Periods
Przeworsk
Culture populations
strongly preferred the valley location of settlements
(A. Niewęgłowski
1966; 1972;
К.
Godłowski
1983a,
295;
В.
Balke
1991;
T.
Dąbrowska
1995b;
J.
Twardy,
J.
Kamiński, J. Moszczyński
2004;
J.
Rodzińska-Nowak
2006, 12;
P.
Kittel,
J.
Skowron
2009;
K.
Garbacz
2009, 146),
while in
later periods upper locations began to dominate although the low-lying sites dated to Younger
or Late Roman Period can be still indicated (S. Kuraatowski
1968;
E. Kaszewska
1975, 224;
K.
Godłowski
1983a,
295;
Z. Kobyliński
1988; 2005;
H.
Dobrzanska
1997, 362;
R.
Madyda-
-Legutko, J.
Poleski,
M.
Krąpiec
2005,309;
H. Dobrzanska, T. Kalicki, B.S. Szmoniewski
2009,
168).
They may
argue
that
river
valleys, beneficial for multidirectional economy, were extremely
attractive environment for people of the
Przeworsk
Culture. In addition to the permanent access
, <-~
Summary
to water, it offered a convenient area for both garden-like and cereal cultivation and also allowed
grazing of herds (Fig.
1-3).
It also constituted favourable resource base necessary for many non-
-agricultural activities including metallurgy, pottery and woodworking (H.
Dobrzańska,
T. Kalicki
2003;
2004a; 2004b; H.
Dobrzańska,
T.
Kalicki,
M.
Lityńska-Zając
2005;
R.
Madyda-Legutko,
J.
Poleski,
M.
Krąpiec
2005;
H.
Dobrzańska,
T. Kalicki, B.S. Szmoniewski
2009).
The settlement of the
Przeworsk
Culture covered also the piedmont and mountain areas.
Entering the Carpathian zone required adaptations to specific environmental conditions. Analyses
of the settlement network in these areas demonstrate that communities living in the
Poprad
river
basin possessed the ability to make practical use of the thermal inversion; this phenomenon is
very favourable for agriculture in higher parts of landscape (K. Tunia
2004, 337-341 ;
R. Madyda-
-Legutko, J.
Poleski,
M.
Krąpiec
2005, 314).
Territories within the range of the
Przeworsk
Culture are covered by varied soils. Settlement
of this culture existed with success both in areas covered by fertile and poor soils
(
T. Makiewicz
1978;
S. Pazda
1980, 16;
W. Bender
1981, 294;
K.
Godłowski
1983a,
307;
1985a; J. Rydzewski
1986;
B. Balke
2004,
1
1 ;
J. Skowron
2006, 19;
A. Pelisiak, P.
Gębica
2007,95;
W. Siciński
2011).
They can conclude on this basis that the model of economy was characterized by great flexibility
to make the best use of the opportunities offered by different ecosystems. This is illustrated by
the fact that in different settlement regions one can point out emerging functional diversity of
individual landscape and soil zones (S. Kurnatowski
1975, 88;
L. Szafran-Szadkowska
1984;
M.
Lityńska-Zając
1997a;
1999, 193-194;
H.
Dobrzańska,
T.
Kalicki
2003, 45;
H.
Dobrzańska,
T. Kalicki, B.S. Szmoniewski
2009,168).
For example, these
zones
were designed for horticultural
crops, arable fields or pastures. It seems quite possible that soils of varied properties, both light
and heavy, were cultivated. As the signs of progressive improvement in agrotechnology the use
of long-term fallow periods and fertilizers, presumably not only plant ash and animal dung but
also marl, should be mentioned (J. Wielowiejski
1964, 139;
S. Kurnatowski
1975, 83, 88-89,
90;
L. Szafran-Szadkowska
1984, 59-60;
Z. Kobyliński
1988, 73-74;
M.
Lityńska-Zając
1997a;
J. Skowron
2006, 78;
К.
Modzelewski
2004, 260;
К.
Wasylikowa,
К.
Cywa,
M. Stasiak-Cyran
2008, 136;
H.
Dobrzańska,
T.
Kalicki, B.S. Szmoniewski
2009, 168;
P.
Kittel,
J.
Skowron
2009,
152-153;
W. Siciński
2011, 61-62)
Development
of the
Przeworsk
Culture coincided with the Subatlantic period, character¬
ized by variability in humidity and temperature. The climate of this period is often referred to as
a rather unstable and full of catastrophic events, especially floods (H. H. Lamb
1977;
L. Starkel,
M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa
1991, 179;
W. Niewiarowski
1995;
Ch. Maise
1998;
B. Frenzel
2000,
37;
H.
Dobrzańska,
T.
Kalicki
2003;
H.
Dobrzańska
2006, 514-515;
В.
van Geel, J. Buurman,
H. T.
Waterbolk
2004;
A.
Walanus,
D.
Nalepka
2010;
K.
Dzięgielewski
2010, 184-185).
How¬
ever, it is difficult to determine the scale of these negative phenomena. Similarly, it is difficult to
determine the extent to which these events were felt by the people, and what influence they had
on the economy. The sharp deterioration in the climate occurred already in the early Subatlantic
period which was reflected in the archaeological sources, inter alia by the spread a new form of
settlement arrangement in the form of longhouses in the north-western Europe and in growing
importance of stock-breeding (H.
Jankuhn 1952;
К.
Godłowski
1983a,
286-287;
L. Hedeager
1992, 193-195,217; B.E.
Berglund
2003, 10).
Allegedly the cooling and humidisation character¬
istic of most of the
Przeworsk
Culture development were somewhat comparable to the so-called
Little Ice Age in modern period. This means that the climate could have as negative impact on
the life and economy in at that time societies as in XVI-XVIII centuries (Z. Kuchowicz
1992,
14-17).
That influence consisted on a distinct cooling, high level of precipitation and longer
persistence of snow cover, which in turn resulted in changes of crop structure and in reduction
153
of yield. Particularly negative consequences for the economy at that time, however, were caused
by common and often devastating floods, which can lead to famine and epidemics. On the other
hand, in light of the analyses of archaeological data, we believe that the only Great Depression
distinctly visible in the settlement and demography of the
Przeworsk
Culture, dated to the early
phase of the Migration Period, was caused by complex factors. Unfavourable climatic condition
probably did not play a major role (P. Kaczanowski 2005b).
The major difficulties are encountered by attempts to determine the demographic poten¬
tial of the
Przeworsk
Culture and changes in this respect during the whole development
ofthat
culture a well as to evaluate relations between such changes and pattern of economy (W. Bender
1981;
K.
Godłowski
1985a; K. Czarnecka 1990a; 1990b; S. Kurnatowski
1992;
P. Kaczanowski,
R. Madyda-Legutko, J.
Rodzińska-Nowak
2008, 88-92;
P.
Kittel,
J.
Skowron
2009, 152-153;
W. Siciński
2011, 79-85).
Judging by analogy to the situation in the provinces of the Roman
state as well as in early medieval Europe we believe that some increase of population took place
only on a regional scale. Constant threat to human groups were natural disasters, associated
periods of food shortages and even famine, and disease, particularly dangerous for individuals
weakened from food shortages. These were factors inhibiting constant and steady population
growth (J.M.H. Smith
2008, 62).
Przeworsk
Culture populations functioned and fulfilled economic patterns by a collec¬
tive effort within territorial-neighbouring communities (K.
Godłowski
1985a; K. Modzelewski
2004;
J. Kolendo
2008),
which were basic, spatial organization units at that time. It is difficult
to determine whether such community can be identified with that one whose members buried
their deceased in the same cemetery. Considering analyses of the age of death made for some
burial grounds of the
Przeworsk
Culture, the latter type of community consisted of a dozen or
so or several dozen people, and only exceptionally of a hundred or more (K. Czarnecka
1
990a;
1990b; S. Kurnatowski
1992;
W. Siciński
2011).
However, we do not have the basis to evaluate
the size of the population in the former type of communities. Therefore it is very difficult to give
an approximation of size of the area cultivated by such community. Its surface had to be clearly
dependent on the demographic potential of the group and the amount of the potentially available
land in the immediate vicinity of existing settlements. Territorial-neighbouring community had
also at its disposal some, perhaps quite vast, areas of forest and pasturing land and provided its
own members with access to them, including also water flows. Basic food security of individual
families was ensured by the right to capture land, which they have received by clearing a piece
of the forest
(ef. K.
Modzelewski
2004).
So far there are no traces of fields that can be unambiguously associated with agricultural
activity of populations of the
Przeworsk
Culture (Fig.
4; 5).
However, they can assume that these
fields were mostly rectangular because it was beneficial for draft ard-plowing but they could
also have more or less irregular shapes. It is also our belief that fields were essentially situated
in the immediate vicinity of the settlements. Complexes of stable fields, probably cultivated in
a two-field crop rotation system, were usually located on a lower terrace whereas below, in the
flood zone, gardens could be founded. Undoubtedly, there were also scattered plots at a greater
distance from the settlements, where more extensive methods of cultivation were practiced
(por.
S.
Kurnatowski
1968; 1975, 83, 88-89, 90;
J.
Pyrgała
1972a; L. Szafran-Szadkowska
1984,
59-60;
Z. Kobyliński
1988,73-74;
H.
Dobrzańska
2000, 62;
K. Modzelewski
2004,260;
K. Wa-
sylikowa, K. Cywa, M. Stasiak-Cyran
2008, 136;
H.
Dobrzańska,
T.
Kalicki,
В.
S.
Szmoniewski
2009, 168;
P.
Kittel, J. Skowron 2009, 152-153;
W. Siciński
2011, 61-62).
The transformation from shifting into fallow-rotation tillage took probably first in the areas
covered by fertile soils in Little Poland, Silesia, and perhaps in Central Poland
(ef. K.
Godłowski
. _ .
Summary
1960a;
J.
Wielowiejski 1981a). Findings of iron cutting blades and bow ards weigh in favour of
fallow system. Cutting blades were in fact very useful during reclamation of long-term fallows,
especially on heavy soils, which easily choked with weeds. The fallow-rotation system of cultiva¬
tion has been also corroborated by new archaeobotanical data. A significant share of weed remains
in cereal deposits dated at the Roman Period evidences long-term use of the same field; this may
be one of the signs of transition to permanent agriculture
(cf.
I. Gluza
1984;
M.
Lityńska-Zając
1997a,
155, 2005;
A. Bieniek
1999;
K. Wasylikowa, M.
Mączyńska,
M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa,
Z. Tomczyńska, A. Mueller-Bieniek
2012).
Dating of iron parts of farming tools, including
cutting blades, suggests that significant changes in the system of cereal cultivation, tending to¬
wards more intensive forms, could begin in the
Przeworsk
Culture only in the Younger Roman
Period. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that these processes began even earlier, as
was presumably in the Elbian Cultural Circle
(cf. T. Capelle
1997;
A. Leube
2003; 2009).
One
can argue that, despite these progressive changes in tillage system, food security required also
using of the shifting system, which consisted of clearing and burning of forests. Most likely, the
extensive shifting agriculture existed simultaneously with stable i.e. fallow-rotation one until
the late stages of the
Przeworsk
Culture.
The soil was prepared for sowing by
ard
or bow
ard
provided with an iron ploughshare
and cutting blade (Fig.
6-12).
Plain wooden ards were used through the entire Roman Period as
well (Fig.
15: 1).
When analyzing the distribution of finds of iron agricultural tools in the area of
the
Przeworsk
Culture, both for ploughing and harvesting (Map
1—5),
we come to a conclusion
that the notion of occurrence of these tools mainly in southern Poland
(ef. K.
Godłowski
1960;
J. Wielowiejski
1960, 1964; 1981;
A. Leube
2003, 2009)
should now be slightly modified. In
addition to two very distinct concentrations of these tools still visible in the south, i.e. in Little
Poland and Silesia, another cluster of them are emerging in a more northern zone, embracing
Central Poland, especially the upper
Warta
river basin. Relatively few such findings have been
also recorded in Mazovia and Great Poland, where they are represented mainly by sickles and
short scythes. It is noteworthy that in the areas of intensive settlement of the
Przeworsk
Culture
in Kuyavia and Holy Cross
Mts.
Region only single specimens of harvesting tools have been
reported (Fig.
13-14).
One cannot exclude the possibility that population of the
Przeworsk
Culture used iron agricultural tools already in the Younger Pre-Roman Period, but there is still
no conclusive evidence for this. Only two ploughshares and three short scythes are dated to that
period. They are known from the
Tyniec
Group and represent typical forms of the
La Tene
Cul¬
ture. Besides, only one iron short scythe from
Dzbądzek
in Mazovia can be referred to Younger
Pre-Roman Period. This finding may be interpreted as a manifestation of influences from the
Tyniec
Group, which is also indicated inter alia by more and more numerous fragments of Celtic
painted pottery, characteristic of the youngest phase of this group (T.
Dąbrowska
2008).
With
the Younger Pre-Roman Period and the Early Roman Period we can presumably connect single
discoveries of sickles. Other finds of iron agricultural tools, currently known from the area of
the
Przeworsk
Culture, can be dated in outline to Younger and Late Roman Periods and to the
early phase of the Migration Period. In light of the results of studies on the chronology of wheel-
-made pottery, which supports the main basis for determining the chronological position of these
tools, it appears that in most cases these findings may be rather widely dated, from the phase
Cla
till phase D, and not, as before thought, only within phases C2 and D. However, at present we
have no data that would clarify differences in the frequency of iron agricultural tools between
successive phases of the Roman Period, although it is highly probably that the process of their
dissemination proceeded gradually. Taking into account the form of a ploughshare known from
Przeworsk
Culture sites and the chronological framework of their occurrence, one can assume
_________________________________________________________________________ 155
that they will appear in Oder and Vistula basins rather through relations with Roman provinces,
and not as a result of direct Celtic influences. This probably applies also to cutting blades
(cf.
J. Wielowiejski
1970).
Direct Celtic stimulus can be seen in case of short scythes and especially
stone rotary quern (Fig.
22-27).
Findings of latter ones are spread fairly evenly across most of
area of the
Przeworsk
Culture and are dated from the Younger Pre-Roman Period onwards. It is
remarkable that a large proportion of iron agricultural tools discovered in the Central European
Barbaricum comes from the Oder and Vistula river basins. Another concentration of such finds
was recorded only in Thuringia (A. Leube
1992; 2003; 2009).
Results of archaeobotanical analyzes indicate that farmers of the
Przeworsk
Culture cul¬
tivated different species of cereals. Cropping patterns of this culture differs from most areas of
the „barbaric Europe due to lack of a clear dominance of barley (M.
Lityńska-Zając
1997a).
A particularly important role played rye, millet and possibly oat. Both rye and oat are cereals
with deep root systems, which require improved tools, such as
ard
with an iron cutting edge. So
far, there is no reason to take a closer inference relating to the regionalization of crops. There
are indeed some differences, but they are rather of micro-regional scope and may be related to
the state of research. It is also difficult to see a clear change over time in the structure of crops,
except very marginal importance of barley in sites dated to the Younger Pre-Roman Period
(M.
Lityńska
1986; 1990; 1993;
M.
Lityńska-Zając
1997a; 1997b;
1999; 2005;
A. Bieniek
1999;
K. Wasylikowa, M.
Mączyńska,
M.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa,
Z. Tomczyńska, A. Mueller-Bieniek
2012).
In the
Roman
Period deep transformations of the existing vegetation cover occurred in
the basins of the Oder and Vistula rivers, in great measure connected with the development of
human economic activity. They rely primarily on the intensification of human pressure, which is
manifested in increasing deforestations. These changes are associated with the enlargement of the
settlement network, specialized production, especially in the field of iron metallurgy and pottery,
as well as with expanding of cultivated areas (M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa
1968; 1977; 1980; 1981 ;
1983; 1991;
K.
Godłowski
1980, 156-157;
К.
Wasylikowa
1983;
M.
Lityńska
1986, 353-363;
К.
Milecka
1993;
M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa,
В.
van Geel
1998;
M.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa,
T.
Goslar,
T.
Madeyska, L. Starkei
1998;
Α.
Bieniek
1999;
M. Makohonienko, M.
Latałowa,
К.
Milecka,
I. Okuniewska-Nowaczyk,
D.
Nalepka
2004;
К.
Tobolski
2005;
К.
Wasylikowa,
M.
Mączyńska,
M.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Z. Tomczyńska, A. Mueller-Bieniek
2012).
However, that expansion
did not have to be the result of increasing economic prosperity. It could partly result from the
need to ensure food security, which was often in danger by natural disasters, through the use at
certain times a large scale shifting cultivation. Changes in the vegetation in the Roman Period
consisted also of development of segetal communities, i.e. weeds associated with intensive farm¬
ing, which indicates the progressive changes in the landscape. For the first time it is possible to
observe in the Polish territories a significant increase in the proportion of weed connected with
cereal crops, which are almost as numerous as the weeds of root crops. Presumably, at that time
a communities appeared which were very similar to modern segetal ones and also to the associa¬
tions connected with the cultivation of flax
(cf. M.
Lityńska-Zając
2005a,
285;
К.
Wasylikowa,
M.
Mączyńska,
M.
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Z. Tomczyńska, A. Mueller-Bieniek
2012).
In light of recent research an idea about the influence of Celtic culture on food economy of
Przeworsk
Culture populations should be modified. There is currently no reason to believe that
all types of iron agricultural tools have been taken over by the
Przeworsk
people directly from
Celts. As mentioned above, such relation occurred only in case of short scythes and rotary querns
whose process of diffusion to the
Przeworsk
Culture began already in the Younger Pre-Roman
Period
(cf. T.
Dąbrowska
2008).
There is also no unequivocal evidence for the spreading of oat
j
-,
Summary
cultivation by the
Tyniec
Group, as macroremains derived from its area were determined only
for the genus level, i.e. they may belong to either cultivated or wild forms
(cf. M.
Lityńska-Zając
1997a; P.
Poleska
2006).
It is difficult to specify arguments for a dissemination of baking the
sourdough bread in the
Przeworsk
Culture. Fragments of such bread are known from Slovakia
and dated to the fifth century AD. On the other hand, the influence of Celtic advanced agricul¬
tural technology seems to be probable in case of soil fertilization, both by natural fertilizer and
marl. On application of the marl as fertilizer by Celts clearly indicate written sources
(Warron,
Res rusticae I,
7).
In the subsistence of
Przeworsk
Culture populations an animal husbandry played a sig¬
nificant part. The cattle strongly predominates in almost all archaeozoological data, as in other
areas of Barbaricum. In the Younger Pre-Roman Period (Fig.
16)
the second largest group
consisted of small ruminants, i.e. sheep/goats, and pigs
(cf. T. Makiewicz
1977;
T.
Dąbrowska
1988;
G.
Młynarski
2006).
During the Roman Period pig is clearly gaming in importance and is
in second place in the structure of breeding stocks (T.
Dąbrowska
1988;
D.
Makowicz-Poliszot
1997; 1999;
D.
Makowiecki
2004).
Other positions belong to small ruminants, horses and poul¬
try, especially hens. However, the importance of poultry in farming economy can be evaluated
mainly on sepulchral finds (Fig.
17).
As in case of crops, it is difficult to identify clear regional
differences in the structure of herds. Previously suggested different structures in Kuyavia referred
to the Younger Pre-Roman Period
(cf. T.
Makiewicz
1977)
are already outdated, because the
predominance of small ruminant bones over the remains of a pig was also recorded in the settle¬
ments, as already mentioned, in other areas (G.
Młynarski
2006).
An important factor limiting
size of herds was the need to ensure their food supply for the winter season, which was the most
serious challenge at that time.
Populations of the
Przeworsk
Culture not only led a large-scale farming and breeding,
but also exploited natural resources by gathering, hunting and fishing. Of the above-mentioned
sectors of the economy gathering is the best proved. We can assume that it played an important
role in all stages of the
Przeworsk
Culture development, helping to supplement and diversify
the diet, especially during periods of food scarcity. We can say relatively little about hunting and
fishing in the
Przeworsk
subsistence. Remains of wild animals, including fish, amount usually
no more than only a few percent at settlements of this culture. Their real economic significance
was certainly higher than indicated by archaeological sources.
Above presented observations indicate that the food economy of populations of the
Prze¬
worsk
Culture represented a similar model and similar levels of development, as observed in
other areas of Central European Barbaricum. This statement relates primarily to the structure
of crops and livestock, and probably also to the significance of hunting and gathering. With
regard to agriculture, the observed differences certainly are not essential. They manifest only in
a slightly different structure of cultivated cereals. Unlike other areas, in the
Przeworsk
Culture
there is no quantitative dominance of barley. In particular, a significant concentration of iron
agricultural tools, registered in territories of this culture, draws a special attention. It testifies
some progress in agricultural technology. A similar phenomenon is observed only in Thuringia,
probably at the same time, i.e. in the Younger Roman Period. There are also no significant dif¬
ferences in the structure of livestock kept by communities of the
Przeworsk
Culture in relation
to other areas of the Barbaricum. In all these areas a cattle plays a dominant role. Local variation
in this field can be observed in varied frequencies of other major species, i.e. pigs, sheep, goats
and horses. It is worth mentioning that remains of Roman provinces cattle have been recorded
only in the Elbian Circle, in Thuringia, Mecklenburg and Brandenburg
(cf. M. Teichert
1982;
1984; HJ. Bartnel 1987; N. Benecke 1994, 169). Such
remains are not known from other areas
157
of the Barbaricum including
Przeworsk
Culture territories. A separate status of Thuringia in
case of the economic model seems to be emphasised not only by the different structure of local
herds of cattle and probably sheep of Mediterranean features, but also by other finds such as
locally produced pottery, including mortaria typical of the Roman culinary art, as well as the
relatively numerous findings of Roman spoons, both silver and bronze
(cf. S.
Dušek
1984; 1992;
J.
André
1998;
cf.
J.
Bemmann
2003).
Influences
of this kind can be expected in other areas of
the Limes zone of the Barbaricum. This is shown inter alia by Roman mortaria from southern
Slovakia
(E. Krekovič
1973; 1992).
However, throughout the whole Roman Period it is impos¬
sible to point out clearly the Roman impact in archaeological sources which would modify the
general model of subsistence economy of Barbarian peoples. One can only assume that contacts
with the Roman state resulted in spreading of iron agricultural tools, particularly in
Przeworsk
Culture territories and in Thuringia. A clear influence of the Roman agriculture is observed only
in
Alemanni
after their conquest
oí
Agri Decumates
(cf. M.
Rösch 2008).
Various sources allowed us to attempt at the reconstruction of the diet of populations of
the
Przeworsk
Culture. This diet was dominated quantitatively by the plant food. It is difficult
to determine what part of it were cereals and other crops such as legumes, and what was the
proportion of wild plants. Presumably, the shares of each of those kinds of food were depend¬
ent on many local factors associated inter alia with climate constraints. The remains of animals
recorded at sites of the
Przeworsk
Culture suggest that meat was managed very sparingly. Milk
was also consumed. Similarly, butter and cheese were also made and eaten. Chemical analyzes
of teeth from cemeteries at
Opatów
1
and Prusiek
25
proved that groups using these cemeteries
ate both plant and animal food. There were no appreciable dissimilarities in access to individual
components of the diet between individuals though their graves varied, sometimes significantly,
as regards quality and quantity of grave goods. This may mean that the analyzed groups were
egalitarian in terms of access to different kinds of food, or, what seems more likely, that they
were subject to a certain food impoverishment (R. Madyda-Legutko, K.
Szóstek,
H.
Głąb,
A. Szczepanek, J. Rodzińska-Nowak,
J. Zagórska-Telega
2010).
The efficiency of the economic model implemented by
Przeworsk
communities is re¬
vealed to some extent by the analyses of sepulchral sites with special respect to some demographic
parameters. In their view these communities did not differ significantly from the other ones who
were living in Central Europe in that period. Average life expectancy fluctuated between
35
and
40
years. Individuals in the elderly accounted for only a few percent of a group. The older age
group was reached on average more by men than by women. These results also demonstrate
that the biological condition of these populations was not usually very good. It is evidenced by
skeletal remains with poverty and hunger signs common to all prehistoric populations. Thus,
there is no evidence that the overall quality of life improved significantly over subsequent phases
of the Roman Period.
Ifit
had indeed occurred, it could have been related to inter alia progress
in the food economy.
Summing up, despite the general improvement of economic technologies, including the
higher level of agriculture technology in comparison with previous periods, the populations of
the
Przeworsk
Culture did not live without constant concern about food security, to which prob¬
ably contributed difficult climatic conditions.
(Translated by
Marek
Nowak)
|
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| author | Rodzińska-Nowak, Judyta |
| author_facet | Rodzińska-Nowak, Judyta |
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| id | DE-604.BV040924316 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:27:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362261505 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025903392 |
| oclc_num | 854687003 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 284 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagiellonica" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Opera Archeologiae Iagellonicae |
| series2 | Opera Archeologiae Iagellonicae |
| spellingShingle | Rodzińska-Nowak, Judyta Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej Opera Archeologiae Iagellonicae Kultura przeworska jhpk Żywność / historia jhpk Lebensmittel (DE-588)4034870-2 gnd Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034870-2 (DE-588)4176107-8 |
| title | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej |
| title_auth | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej |
| title_exact_search | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej |
| title_full | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_fullStr | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_short | Gospodarka żywnościowa ludności kultury przeworskiej |
| title_sort | gospodarka zywnosciowa ludnosci kultury przeworskiej |
| topic | Kultura przeworska jhpk Żywność / historia jhpk Lebensmittel (DE-588)4034870-2 gnd Przeworskkultur (DE-588)4176107-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kultura przeworska Żywność / historia Lebensmittel Przeworskkultur |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025903392&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025903392&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040924315 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rodzinskanowakjudyta gospodarkazywnosciowaludnoscikulturyprzeworskiej |