Basics of the solar wind:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge University Press
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. paperback ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge atmospheric and space science series
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025870912&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025870912&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIV, 463 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781107407459 9780521814201 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 9780521814201 |c Hbk |9 978-0-521-81420-1 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Basics of the solar wind |c Nicole Meyer-Vernet |
| 250 | |a 1. paperback ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge University Press |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 463 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819280742424772608 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
page
xiii
1
The wind from the Sun: an introduction
1
1.1
A brief history of ideas
1
1.1.1
Intermittent particle beams?
2
1.1.2
Permanent solar corpuscular emission?
4
1.1.3
The modern solar wind
6
1.2
Looking at the Sun
8
1.2.1
Basic solar properties
9
1.2.2
The solar spectrum
10
1.2.3
The solar disc
13
1.2.4
Sunspots, magnetic fields and the solar cycle
15
1.2.5
Around the Sun: chromosphere and corona
18
1.3
Observing the solar wind
24
1.3.1
Observing near the ecliptic
24
1.3.2
Exploring the third dimension with Ulysses
28
1.3.3
A simplified three-dimensional picture
33
References
37
41
42
44
44
48
54
56
57
58
58
59
62
65
66
2.3
Many particles: from kinetics to magnetohydrodynamics
66
2.3.1
Elements of plasma kinetics
66
vii
Tool kit for space plasma physics
2.1
What
is a plasma?
2.1.1
Gaseous plasma
2.1.2
Quasi-neutrality
2.1.3
Collisions of charged particles
2.1.4
Plasma oscillations
2.1.5
Non-classical plasmas
2.1.6
Summary
2.2
Dynamics of a charged particle
2.2.1
The key role of the magnetic field
2.2.2
Basic charge motion in constant and uniform fields
2.2.3
Non-uniform magnetic field
2.2.4
Adiabatic invariants
2.2.5
Summary
via Contents
2.3.2
First-aid kit for space plasma fluids
72
2.3.3
Elements of magnetohydrodynamics
85
2.3.4
Waves and instabilities
96
2.3.5
Summary
100
2.4
Basic tools for
ionisation
101
2.4.1
Energy of
ionisation
and the size of the
hydrogen atom
101
2.4.2
Ionisation
by compressing or heating
102
2.4.3
Radiative
ionisation
and recombination
103
2.4.4
Non-radiative
ionisation
and recombination
105
2.5
Problems
107
2.5.1
Linear Debye shielding in a non-equilibrium plasma
107
2.5.2
Mean free
patii in a
plasma
108
2.5.3
Particles trapped in a planetary magnetic field
108
2.5.4
Filtration of particles in the absence of equilibrium
109
2.5.5
Freezing of magnetic field lines
110
2.5.6
Alfvén
wave
110
2.5.7
Why is the solar wind ionised?
110
References
110
3
Anatomy of the Sun
113
3.1
An (almost) ordinary star
113
3.1.1
Hydrostatic equilibrium of a large ball of plasma
114
3.1.2
Luminosity
116
3.1.3
Energy source and timescales
118
3.1.4
The mass of a normal star
121
3.2
Structure and dynamics
123
3.2.1
Modelling the solar interior
124
3.2.2
Convective instability
125
3.2.3
Convective energy transfer
128
3.2.4
The quiet photosphere
132
3.2.5
Solar rotation
135
3.3
Some guesses on solar magnetism
137
3.3.1
Elements of dynamo theory
138
3.3.2
Solar kinematic dynamos
142
3.3.3
Concentrating and expelling the magnetic field
145
3.3.4
Lorentz
force restriction on dynamo action
148
3.3.5
Elementary physics of magnetic flux tubes
149
3.3.6
Surface magnetic field
154
3.4
Problems
158
3.4.1
Conductive heat transfer in the solar interior
158
3.4.2
Timescale for radiative transport
158
3.4.3
Solar differential rotation
158
3.4.4
Twisted magnetic flux tube
159
3.4.5
The heat flux blocked by sunspots
159
References
160
Contents ix
4
The outer solar atmosphere
165
4.1
From the photosphere to the corona
166
4.1.1
The atmosphere in one dimension
166
4.1.2
One more dimension
168
4.1.3
Three dimensions in space
169
4.1.4 ...
and one dimension in time
169
4.1.5
A (tentative) look at the solar jungle
172
4.2
Force balance and magnetic structures
174
4.2.1
Forces
175
4.2.2
Force-free magnetic field
177
4.2.3
Magnetic
helicity
181
4.2.4
Inferences on magnetic structure in the low corona
185
4.3
Energy balance
186
4.3.1
Radiative losses
186
4.3.2
Radiative and conductive timescales
187
4.3.3
Temperature structure
188
4.4
Some prominent species
190
4.4.1
Spicules
190
4.4.2
Magnetic loops
191
4.4.3
Prominences
193
4.5
Time variability
194
4.5.1
Empirical facts
194
4.5.2
Hints from physics
197
4.5.3
Further difficult questions
200
4.6
Coronal heating: boojums at work?
203
4.6.1
The energy budget and how to balance it
204
4.6.2
Heating through
reconnection
events
205
4.6.3
Heating by waves
206
4.6.4
Filtration of a non-Maxwellian velocity distribution
209
4.7
Hydrostatic instability of the corona
214
4.7.1
Simplified picture of a static atmosphere
214
4.7.2
Magnetic field effects
215
4.8
Problems
217
4.8.1
Elementary temperature profile
217
4.8.2
Helicity
of a string wrapped around a doughnut
217
4.8.3
A static solar atmosphere?
218
References
218
5
How does the solar wind blow?
223
5.1
The basic problem
225
5.1.1
The solar wind on the back of an envelope
225
5.1.2
Nasty questions, or why it is complicated
227
5.2
Simple fluid theory
228
5.2.1
The isothermal approximation
228
5.2.2
Breeze, wind or accretion?
232
5.3
Letting the temperature vary
237
Contents
5.3.1 Energy
balance
237
5.3.2 Polytrope
approximation
239
5.3.3
Changing the geometry
246
5.3.4
Further pushing or heating the wind
247
5.3.5
What about viscosity?
249
5.4
A mixture of fluids
250
5.4.1
Simple balance equations
251
5.4.2
Observed proton and electron temperatures
253
5.4.3
The role of collisions
254
5.4.4
Heat flux
256
5.4.5
The electric field
257
5.4.6
Fluid picture balance sheet and refinements
261
5.5
Kinetic descriptions
262
5.5.1
Some notations
262
5.5.2
Observed proton and electron velocity distributions
263
5.5.3
Non-collisional electron heat flux
267
5.5.4
Exospheric models
268
5.5.5
Kinetic models with collisions and
wave-particle interactions
273
5.6
Building a full theory?
274
5.6.1
More and better observations (beware of
hidden assumptions)
274
5.6.2
Difficult theoretical questions
275
5.7
Problems
277
5.7.1
Transonic flows in ducts: the
de
Laval nozzle
277
5.7.2
The hysteresis cycle of an isothermal flow
279
5.7.3
Spherical accretion by a star: the
Bondi
problem
280
5.7.4
A wind with polytrope protons and electrons
281
5.7.5
Playing with the kappa distribution
282
5.7.6
Temperature or temperatures ?
283
5.7.7
Non-collisional heat flux
284
5.7.8
An imaginary wind with charges of equal masses
285
References
286
Structure and perturbations
291
6.1
Basic large-scale magnetic field
291
6.1.1
Parker s spiral
291
6.1.2
Basic heliospheric current sheet and other currents
296
6-1.3
Magnetic field effects on the wind
299
6.2
Three-dimensional structure during the solar cycle
300
6.2.1
Warped heliospheric current sheet
301
6.2.2
Observed large-scale structure
301
6.2.3
Connecting the Sun and the solar wind, or: where do the
fast and slow winds come from?
305
6.3
Major perturbations
308
6.3.1
Interaction between the fast and slow winds
308
Contents xi
6.3.2
Coronal
mass ejections in the solar wind
309
6.3.3
Associated shocks
311
6.4
Waves and turbulence
315
6.4.1
Waves
315
6.4.2
Turbulence
318
6.5
Minor constituents
326
6.5.1
Abundances: from the Universe to the solar wind
326
6.5.2
Helium and heavier solar wind ions
327
6.5.3
Pick-up ions
328
6.6
Problems
329
6.6.1
Parker s spiral
329
6.6.2
Heliospheric currents
329
6.6.3
Coplanarity in
MHD
shocks
330
6.6.4
Kraichnan s spectrum in magnetofluid turbulence
330
References
330
7
Bodies in the wind: dust, asteroids, planets and comets
335
7.1
Bodies in the wind
336
7.1.1
Various bodies
336
7.1.2
Mass distribution
338
7.1.3
Mass versus size
341
7.1.4
Atmospheres and how they axe ionised
344
7.1.5
Planetary magnetic fields and ionospheric conductivity
347
7.2
Basics of the interaction
348
7.2.1
Properties and spatial scales of the flow
348
7.2.2
Being small: electrostatic charging and wakes
352
7.2.3
Being large: the importance of conductivity
358
7.2.4
Large objects with a conducting atmosphere
362
7.2.5
Large magnetised objects
365
7.2.6
Bow shocks
368
7.2.7
Not being constant: sputtering and evaporation
371
7.3
The magnetospheric engine
372
7.3.1
Basic structure
375
7.3.2
Energy, coupling and timescales
378
7.3.3
Storms, substorms and auroras
385
7.4
Physics of heliospheric dust grains
390
7.4.1
Forces
390
7.4.2
Evaporation
394
7.5
Comets
394
7.5.1
Producing an atmosphere
397
7.5.2
Ionising the atmosphere
400
7.5.3
Pick-up of cometary ions
401
7.5.4
Magnetic pile-up
403
7.5.5
The plasma tail
404
7.5.6
X-ray emission
406
7.5.7
The dust tail
408
xii Contents
7.6 Problems 409
7.6.1
Electrostatic
charging in space
409
7.6.2
Magnetic pile-up
409
7.6.3
Chapman-Ferraro layer
410
7.6.4
Interaction of the solar wind with Venus and Mars
411
7.6.5
Ring current
411
7.6.6
Does Vesta have a magnetosphere?
412
7.6.7
Gas-dust drag in a comet: another nozzle problem
412
References
413
8
The solar wind in the Universe
419
8.1
The frontier of the heliosphere
419
8.1.1
The Local Cloud
420
8.1.2
Basics of the interaction
421
8.1.3
The size of the solar wind bubble
424
8.2
Cosmic rays
425
8.2.1
Cosmic rays observed near Earth
426
8.2.2
Rudiments of the acceleration of particles
430
8.2.3
Modulation of galactic cosmic rays by solar activity
436
8.2.4
Anomalous cosmic rays
439
8.3
Examples of winds in the Universe
440
8.3.1
Some basic physical processes in mass outflows
441
8.3.2
Some empirical results on stellar winds
443
8.3.3
The efficiency of the wind engine
445
8.4
Problems
448
8.4.1
Energy density of cosmic rays
448
8.4.2
Power law distribution of accelerated particles
448
8.4.3
The size of an astrosphere
448
8.4.4
Instability of a star s atmosphere produced by radiation
pressure
448
References
449
Appendix
451
Index
457
Cambridge
Atmospheric and Space Science Series
The Sun continually ejects matter
into space, blowing a huge bubble
of supersonic plasma: the solar
wind, which engulfs the Earth and
the other planets, shaping their
environments.
Basics of the Solar Wind presents
а
modern introduction to the subject,
starting with basic principles and
including the latest advances from
space exploration and theory. The
book discusses the structure of the
solar interior and atmosphere, the
production of the solar wind and
its pertubations. It addresses the
basic physics of the objects of the
Solar System, from dust to comets
and planets, and their interaction
with the solar wind. The final
sections explore the subject from an
astrophysical point of view, including
the interaction with the interstellar
medium, cosmic rays and winds
from other stars. The book contains
a historical survey and a short
introduction to plasma physics.
This volume is the first to
present a comprehensive basic
coverage of mis subject. The topics
are discussed at various levels of
difficulty, by including qualitative as
well as quantitative treatments and
emphasising physical processes rather
than mathematics or observation.
This book will appeal to students and
researchers in physics, astronomy,
space physics and engineering,
geophysics and atmospheric sciences
Series editors J. T. Hough ton, M.
ƒ.
Rycroft, and A.
].
Dessi«
Cambridge
UNIVERSITY PRESS
www.cambridge.org
ISBN
978-1-107-40745-9
9 781107 407459
|
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| id | DE-604.BV040891257 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:26:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781107407459 9780521814201 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025870912 |
| oclc_num | 856793881 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | XIV, 463 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cambridge atmospheric and space science series |
| spellingShingle | Meyer-Vernet, Nicole Basics of the solar wind Sonnenwind (DE-588)4135572-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135572-6 |
| title | Basics of the solar wind |
| title_auth | Basics of the solar wind |
| title_exact_search | Basics of the solar wind |
| title_full | Basics of the solar wind Nicole Meyer-Vernet |
| title_fullStr | Basics of the solar wind Nicole Meyer-Vernet |
| title_full_unstemmed | Basics of the solar wind Nicole Meyer-Vernet |
| title_short | Basics of the solar wind |
| title_sort | basics of the solar wind |
| topic | Sonnenwind (DE-588)4135572-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sonnenwind |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025870912&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025870912&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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