Komunistická strana Slovenska: dejiny politického subjektu 1 Na ceste k moci (1945-1948), pri moci - od prevratu k pokusu o reformu (1948-1968)
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
| Published: |
Bratislav
Veda
2012
|
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025746659&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025746659&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Communist Party of Slovakia: the history of political party |
| Physical Description: | 283 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788022412568 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Komunistická strana Slovenska |b dejiny politického subjektu |n 1 |p Na ceste k moci (1945-1948), pri moci - od prevratu k pokusu o reformu (1948-1968) |c Jan Pešek |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Communist Party of Slovakia: the history of political party | ||
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Komunistická Strana Slovenská |2 gnd |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kommunistische Partei, Parteigeschichte |2 fes | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Slowakei |2 fes | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Tschechoslowakei |2 fes | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1819276905758588928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
Úvod
......................................................................................................................... 7
I. Na
ceste k
mod
(1945 - 1948)........................................................................ 9
1.
Z ilegality do
Povstania
...................................................................................... 9
2.
Obnova
legálnej
činnosti: program, členstvo,
organizácia, stranícky
aparát
13
3.
„Povstalecké vedenie na čele KSS
................................................................... 21
4.
Žilinská konferencia KSS a čo po nej nasledovalo
......................................... 25
5.
Vzťah ku KSČ
..................................................................................................... 37
II.
Pri moci
-
od prevratu k pokusu o reformu
(1948 - 1968)..................... 52
1.
Prevrat vo februári
1948
a uchopenie moci
.................................................... 52
2.
Premena zo strany bojujúcej o moc na „stranu moci
.................................. 68
3.
KSS
-
územná organizácia KSČ
....................................................................... 73
4.
Členstvo a organizácia
....................................................................................... 84
5.
Stranícky aparát
.................................................................................................. 89
6.
Ľudové milície
-
armáda komunistickej strany
............................................. 102
7.
Vedenie KSS
-
pomery a vzťahy
....................................................................... 130
III.
Zloženie najvyšších orgánov KSS
(1945 - 1968) ..................................183
IV.
Kto bol kto
-
najmocnejší muži KSS
(1945 - 1968) ..............................190
Záver
............................................................................................................227
Pramene a literatúra
....................................................................................230
Zoznam použitých skratiek
.........................................................................236
Menný register
.......................................................................................................238
Summary
................................................................................................................. 242
Prílohy
Zoznam dokumentov
...........................................................................................247
Dokumenty
.............................................................................................................249
CONTENTS
Introduction
............................................................................................................ 7
I. On the Road to Power
(1945 - 1948).............................................................. 9
1.
From Illegality to Uprising
................................................................................. 9
2.
In Legality Again: Program, Membership, Organisation, Party s
Apparat .. 13
3.
The Uprising Leadership of
KSS
..................................................................... 21
4.
Conference in
Žilina
and its Consequences
.................................................... 25
5.
Relationship with
KSČ
........................................................................................ 37
II. With the Power in Hands
-
from the Coupe
d état
to a Reform
Attempt
(1948 - 1968)........................................................................................... 52
1.
The Coupe detat from February
1948
and the Seizure of Power
.................. 52
2.
Party Fighting for Power Transformed to Party of Power
.......................... 68
3.
KSS
-
Territorial Organisation of
KSČ
............................................................. 73
4.
Membership and Organisation
.......................................................................... 84
5.
Party
Apparat
....................................................................................................... 89
6.
Peoples Militias
-
the Army of the Communist Party
................................... 102
7.
KSS
Establishment
-
Climate and Relationships
............................................ 130
III. Composition of the Highest Bodies of
KSS
(1945- 1968) ..................... 183
IV. Who Was Who
-
the most powerful men of
KSS
(1945 - 1968) ............190
Conclusion
...............................................................................................................227
Sources and Literature
..........................................................................................230
List of the Used Abbreviations
............................................................................236
Name Index
.............................................................................................................237
Summary
..................................................................................................................241
Appendixes
List of Documents
..................................................................................................246
Documents
..............................................................................................................247
SUMMARY
The Communist Party of Slovakia
The History of Political Party
I. On the Road to Power
(1945 - 1948),
with the Power in Hands
-
from the
Coupe
d état
to the Reform Attempt
(1948 - 1968)
The monograph is focused on the history of the Communist Party of Slovakia
(KSS)
as a political subject. The main attention is paid to processes inside the
party, even though it is quite obvious that the book can t be limited only to this as¬
pect. The party existed under concrete international and domestic circumstances
which influenced its internal evolution. Those circumstances formed and more or
less also deformed the processes inside the party. Presented monograph does not
describe concrete political activities of the party on the road to power or after it
had gained the power . The reader is therefore expected to have at least some basic
knowledge about the political development in Slovakia (Czechoslovakia) during
this time period and circumstances in which the Communist Party of Slovakia
existed as a formally independent political party or after
1948
as a territorial orga¬
nization of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
(KSČ).
For better orientation,
the reader should use books mentioned in the List of literature, but the number of
publications on this topic is much broader.
The work is divided chronologically by three essential milestones. The first
one is presented by the spring of
1945
when the liberation of Slovakia from east
to west took place. In order to explain how the leadership of
KSS
was formed,
the author needs to go back to the period of the Slovak National Uprising (which
broke out on August 29th,
1944).
Leaders of the party from that time period guid¬
ed the party s activities after the first days of its legalization and from the begin¬
ning of
1945
also on the gradually liberated Slovak territory. Period of the road
to power (1st chapter) ends up at the eve of the February crisis from
1948.
The
coupe
d état
from February
1948
can be considered to be some form of internal
milestone which started the period with the power in hands (2nd chapter). Com¬
munist party gained the power, established totalitarian regime, became the holder
of a monopoly on political power and started to carry it out. The milestone which
ends up the 2nd chapter is the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact
troops in August
1968.
The attempt for political and social reform was brutally
brought to an end. The following period of the communist regime in Czecho-
242
Summary
Slovakia till its collapse in the end of
1989
will be the topic of a 2nd volume of the
monograph.
The book uses chronologic and problem approaches which are combined with
other methods. The 1st and the 2nd chapters are defined chronologically and their
internal structure is based on the problems they describe. The 3rd and the 4th chap¬
ters present some supplementary characteristics to the time period between
1945
and
1968.
The 3rd chapter offers readers the composition of the highest bodies
of
KSS;
the 4th chapter presents short political profiles of those who formed the
power elite . They belonged to the most influential men of
KSS
during the given
time period. They were all equal , but some of them were even more equal
-
they had more power in their hands then the others. The book contains appen¬
dixes which offer information about the development of the party s membership.
Their role is to make the paragraphs of the 1st and 2nd chapters about the party
membership less complicated and overfilled with specific data. But chapters
3
and
4
are not important only because of those data, but they also show us the approach
of
KSS
establishment to the development of membership and its priorities in this
field. The role of the final appendix is specific, too. It deals with memory on the
death of a prominent
KSS
exponent
Karol Šmidke.
The development of
KSS
including its internal evolution has been already pro¬
cessed by number of authors as reflected in the List of literature. The author has
worked on this topic for a long time. He has carried out exhaustive and original
archive research in the files of the Slovak National Archives in Bratislava and the
National Archives of the Czech Republic in Prague. The gained pieces of knowl¬
edge together with conclusions of several other historians were used in his numer¬
ous outcomes which have been already published. Those can be found in the List
of literature where the most significant part of the author
s
production on this
topic is listed. The book tries to synthesize those outcomes and offers relatively
coherent view on the internal development of the Communist Party of Slovakia
which is immanently connected to the history of Slovakia after the World War II
till the significant historical milestone presented by the occupation of Czechoslo¬
vakia in
1968.
The Communist Party of Slovakia originated in May
1939
after the transfor¬
mation from the Countrywide district of the Communist Party of Czechoslova¬
kia. During the totalitarian period of the Slovak State (Slovak Republic) it acted as
an illegal political body. This ended after the Slovak National Uprising broke out
on August 29th,
1944.
The party was one of its main protagonists. In the fall of
1944
the uprising was defeated and the party became illegal again. From the beginning
of
1945
it resurrected its legal activities. This process went hand in hand with the
243
Jan Pešek: Komunistická strana Slovenska
gradual liberation of Slovakia. From the spring of
1945,
communists became one
of the ruling parties,
lhe
numbers of its members was growing speedily; there had
been almost
200.000
of them by the end of
1945.
The party had
150.000
members
in the middle of
1946,
which came as a result of the new registration of members
and internal inspection at the turn of
1946.
Stagnation and slight decrease fol¬
lowed. From the autumn of
1947,
the number of its members started to increase
once again and during the coupe
ďétat
from February
1948
it had reached the
level from the end of
1945.
The administrative structure of the party was made up
from four components. The first component was represented by local (village) or¬
ganizations and also organizations in factories. Local (village) organizations were
the most numerous. The second component was represented by district organiza¬
tions which could be found in all
80
district of Slovakia. The third component was
constituted from
11
regional organizations. At the top was the fourth component
represented by
KSS
headquarters
-
Central Committee and its bodies (Chairman¬
ship and Secretariat).
KSS
had its own professional party
apparat.
It had only few
officials to its disposal; by the end of
1945
there had been
200
officials from the
local to countrywide level. This number had increased only marginally till Febru¬
ary
1948.
The most significant element of the party
apparat
was represented by
the Central Committee of
KSS
apparat.
In the middle of
1945
it had
20
officials,
at the beginning of
1946
there had been circa
90
of them and this number did
not increase significantly during the next years. At the beginning, the party was
controlled by the so called Uprising Leadership which was formed during the
Slovak National Uprising and was restored after the liberation.
Karol Šmidke
and
Gustáv
Husák
were its main figures. In August
1945,
the countrywide conference
in
Žilina
took place where those leaders had been removed.
Viliam Široký
became
the chairman of the party and
Štefan Bašťovanský
its General Secretary. This move
was decided by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
(KSČ)
headquarters in
Prague and its chairman
Klement
Gottwald.
KSS
existed formally as an indepen¬
dent political party, but it coordinated its actions with
KSČ
which operated in the
Czech lands and Slovak communists were subordinated to
KSČ.
Thanks to the coupe detat in February
1948
which happened in Slovakia ac¬
cording to the same scenario as in the Czech lands, the communist party estab¬
lished its totalitarian regime. The party fighting for the power was transformed
to the power party . It captured all administrative bodies and all economic and
corporate organizations. It declared itself to be the main force of the society and
thanks to violence and persecution imposed its opinion to the whole society. In
practice, the party ignored the separation of powers to legislative, executive and
judiciary. Everything important (and sometimes even less important) was de¬
cided by the communist party leadership. In the autumn of
1948
KSS
had been
formally united with
KSČ
and became its territorial organization in Slovakia. On
one hand, the powers of
KSS
establishment had been gradually narrowing and
244
Summary
on the other hand, centralism and the powers of
KSČ
leadership in Prague were
growing stronger. After January
1968,
preparations for the federalization of
KSČ
had started (related to the planned federalization of Czechoslovakia). This process
required similar political party as
KSS
to be formed in the Czech lands. Radical
change came in August
1968
and none of those plans had been transformed to re¬
ality. After February
1948
the number of
KSS
members increased radically, in the
middle
ofthat
year there had been
400.000
of them. Thereafter, the party s estab¬
lishment stopped the influx of new members. At the turn of
1949
came the inter¬
nal inspection, introduction of the candidate of membership system and radical
decrease of the number of party members which lasted till the turn of
1954
when
there had been
190.000
KSS
members and candidates of membership. The period
of slow but constant increase of the number of members followed, at the end of
1967
there had been
300.000
of them. The focus of the organizational develop¬
ment of the party moved from local organizations to organizations at factories.
This system provided more benefits to the party. The organizational structure of
KSS
was the copy of the administrative division of Slovakia with its districts and
regions. There had been
8
regional organizations in the years
1949 - 1960
and
only
3
of them after
1960.
Thanks to the fact that the communist party became
the principal owner of power, the number of its professional officials had been
growing rapidly. The
apparat
of the
KSS
Central Committee played the role of the
power centre par excellence. It was designed as a parallel structure to the central
administrative bodies of the state but its position was dominant. There had been
hundreds of employees of the
apparat.
Viliam Široký
remained in the leader s position after February
1948.
He was not
only the sovereign inside the party, but became the dominant figure of political,
economic and social development in Slovakia. His position became even stronger
at the beginning of
1950s
when he eliminated the so called bourgeois nationalists,
especially
Karol Šmidke
and
Gustáv
Husák.
However, because of his nationwide
offices in Pragues,
Široký s
position in Slovakia was gradually weakening. This
became eminent during the autumn of
1953
when he was appointed the prime
minister of Czechoslovakia. His opponents emerged in Slovakia. One of them
was
Karol Bacílek
who was sent to Bratislava from Prague in the position of the 1st
secretary of the
KSS
Central Committee. Together with the secretary of the
KSS
Central Committee
Pavol Dvaid
and chairman of the Board of Commissioners
Rudolf Strechaj (both of them had been members of the
KSS
Central Committee)
they formed some kind of a triumvirate . They had been allies of the 1st secretary
of
KSČ
and the later Czechoslovak president
Antonín
Novotný.
This triumvirate
was governing Slovakia for
10
years. Political Earthquake came in
1963.
It was
related to the forced rehabilitation of the so called bourgeoisie nationalists who
had been politically eliminated in
1950
and sentenced in
1954
in a political show
trial. Alexander
Dubček
became the new leader of
KSS.
His activities in this office
245
Jan Pešek: Komunistická strana Slovenska
are connected with gradual liberalization, some kind of an early spring which
came before the Prague Spring from
1968
and created accurate political climate
for it. The conflict inside
KSČ
at the turn of
1968
resulted in a political downfall
of the highest ranked party and political exponent
Antonín Novotný.
Alexander
Dubček
had been elected the 1st secretary of the
KSČ
Central Committee. Vasil Bi-
lak became his successor in the office of the 1st secretary of the
KSS
Central Com¬
mittee. The attempt for social and political reform which dramatically changed
the political atmosphere inside Czechoslovakia and the role of
KSS
had started. It
was ended when the Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia in August
1968.
246
|
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| geographic | Slowakei fes Tschechoslowakei fes |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei Tschechoslowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV040768230 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:25:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788022412568 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025746659 |
| oclc_num | 835300779 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Bo133 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Bo133 |
| physical | 283 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Veda |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Pešek, Jan 1949- Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu Komunistická Strana Slovenská gnd Kommunistische Partei, Parteigeschichte fes |
| title | Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu |
| title_auth | Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu |
| title_exact_search | Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu |
| title_full | Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu 1 Na ceste k moci (1945-1948), pri moci - od prevratu k pokusu o reformu (1948-1968) Jan Pešek |
| title_fullStr | Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu 1 Na ceste k moci (1945-1948), pri moci - od prevratu k pokusu o reformu (1948-1968) Jan Pešek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Komunistická strana Slovenska dejiny politického subjektu 1 Na ceste k moci (1945-1948), pri moci - od prevratu k pokusu o reformu (1948-1968) Jan Pešek |
| title_short | Komunistická strana Slovenska |
| title_sort | komunisticka strana slovenska dejiny politickeho subjektu na ceste k moci 1945 1948 pri moci od prevratu k pokusu o reformu 1948 1968 |
| title_sub | dejiny politického subjektu |
| topic | Komunistická Strana Slovenská gnd Kommunistische Partei, Parteigeschichte fes |
| topic_facet | Komunistická Strana Slovenská Kommunistische Partei, Parteigeschichte Slowakei Tschechoslowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025746659&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025746659&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040768214 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pesekjan komunistickastranaslovenskadejinypolitickehosubjektu1 |