Verfügbarkeit: Grudzień 1970 | Technische Universität München

Grudzień 1970: geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteilige Person:	Eisler, Jerzy 1952- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Polnisch
Veröffentlicht:	Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2012
Schriftenreihe:	Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 85
Schlagwörter:	Polen > Arbeiteraufstand > 1970
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025724909&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025724909&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache
Umfang:	522 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten
ISBN:	9788376293783

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	SPIS TREŚCI Przedmowa do wydania II ....................................................................................... 9 Wstęp ........................................................................................................................ 25 1. Zmierzch Gomułki ............................................................................................. 37 Personalne podziały w kierownictwie PZPR ....................................................... 37 Władysław Gomułka ........................................................................................... 46 Represje wobec opozycjonistów .......................................................................... 57 W stronę politycznego przesilenia ....................................................................... 60 2. Podwyżka cen ..................................................................................................... 72 Układ z RFN ........................................................................................................ 72 Reforma gospodarcza .......................................................................................... 81 Sytuacja społeczna w Trójmieście ....................................................................... 84 Przygotowania do podwyżki cen ......................................................................... 92 „Operacja cenowa .............................................................................................. 100 List Biura Politycznego i reakcje podstawowych organizacji partyjnych ........... 103 Reakcje społeczne ............................................................................................... 114 3. Poniedziałek 14 grudnia .................................................................................... 121 Początek protestu ................................................................................................. 121 VI plenum КС PZPR ........................................................................................... 126 Manifestacje robotnicze ....................................................................................... 129 Pierwsze reakcje władz na protest ....................................................................... 132 Wydarzenia na terenie Politechniki Gdańskiej i w rozgłośni Polskiego Radia ... 135 Przygotowania do rozproszenia pochodu ............................................................ 139 Pierwsze starcia uliczne ....................................................................................... 140 Reakcja Warszawy ............................................................................................... 145 Walki wieczorne .................................................................................................. 150 W Sztabie MSW w Warszawie ............................................................................ 155 Bilans pierwszego dnia ........................................................................................ 157 4. Wtorek 15 grudnia ............................................................................................ 163 Eskalacja konfliktu .............................................................................................. 163 Walki pod KM MO w Gdańsku ........................................................................... 169 Narada u Gomułki ............................................................................................... 174 Walki wokół siedziby KW PZPR ........................................................................ 178 Kolejne posiedzenie kierownictwa u Gomułki .................................................... 186 Sytuacja w Gdyni ................................................................................................ 187 Przybycie do Gdańska kolejnych przedstawicieli władzy ................................... 192 Spokój w Gdyni i walki uliczne w Gdańsku ....................................................... 195 Operacja wojskowa ............................................................................................. 206 Rozprzestrzenianie się w kraju wiadomości o zajściach w Gdańsku ..................210 Próba bilansu wydarzeń 15 grudnia ....................................................................214 Główny Komitet Strajkowy miasta Gdyni .......................................................... 216 Posiedzenie Egzekutywy KW PZPR w Gdańsku ................................................219 5. Środa 16 grudnia ...............................................................................................223 Dramatyczna noc .................................................................................................223 Tragedia przy bramie nr 2 ...................................................................................225 Strajki w Gdańsku ...............................................................................................233 Napięcie w Gdyni ................................................................................................235 Dalsze działania Wojska Polskiego .....................................................................241 Sprzeczne decyzje ...............................................................................................244 Strajki i protesty w innych miastach ...................................................................249 Rozgrywka polityczna w КС i na Kremlu ...........................................................253 6. Czwartek 17 grudnia ......................................................................................... 265 Tragedia na stacji Gdynia-Stocznia .....................................................................265 Gdyńskie pochody ............................................................................................... 277 W katowniach milicyjnych ..................................................................................289 Tragiczne popołudnie w Gdyni ...........................................................................291 Wybuch protestu w Szczecinie ............................................................................299 Narada u Gomułki ............................................................................................... 307 Rozmowa telefoniczna Breżniewa z Gomułką .................................................... 310 Działania kierownictwa partyjno-państwowego ................................................. 313 Apogeum walk ulicznych w Szczecinie .............................................................. 320 Dalsza eskalacja konfliktu ................................................................................... 333 7. Piątek 18 grudnia ...............................................................................................343 Tragedia pod Stocznią im. Warskiego ................................................................. 343 Starcia uliczne w Szczecinie ............................................................................... 348 Strajk w „Warskim ............................................................................................. 355 Sytuacja na Wybrzeżu Gdańskim i w głębi kraju ................................................ 358 W stronę przesilenia politycznego .......................................................................367 8. Sobota 19 grudnia .............................................................................................. 375 Nocna rozmowa w domu Gierka ......................................................................... 375 Sytuacja w kraju ...................................................................................................379 Rozwój wydarzeń w Szczecinie .......................................................................... 385 Ogólnomiejski Komitet Strajkowy w Szczecinie ................................................391 Negocjacje w Szczecinie ...................................................................................... 396 Przesilenie polityczne w КС ................................................................................ 400 19 gradnia w Trójmieście .....................................................................................407 9. Niedziela 20 grudnia ..........................................................................................410 Sytuacja na Wybrzeżu ......................................................................................... 410 Przygotowania do plenum КС .............................................................................413 VU plenum КС PZPR .........................................................................................415 Pierwsze reakcje na decyzje plenum ...................................................................418 10. Pierwszy rok Gierka .......................................................................................... 424 Nowy I sekretarz КС PZPR ................................................................................424 Zakończenie strajku w Szczecinie .......................................................................428 Stosunki z Kościołem katolickim ........................................................................433 Sytuacja na Wybrzeżu po Grudniu ......................................................................445 Strajki styczniowe - „Pomożecie? .....................................................................450 VIII plenum КС PZPR ........................................................................................456 Strajk w Łodzi ..................................................................................................... 462 Obchody 1 Maja na Wybrzeżu ............................................................................467 Odsunięcie Moczara ............................................................................................471 VI Zjazd PZPR .................................................................................................... 473 Zakończenie ..............................................................................................................478 Summary ...................................................................................................................48! Wykaz skrótów .........................................................................................................484 Bibliografia ...............................................................................................................486 Indeks osób ............................................................................................................... 509 SUMMARY Over sixty books and other publications on the wave of strikes, and street demonstra¬ tions in December 1970, brutally pacified by the army and the militia were published in the last forty years. As of late November 2010, that is before another wave of anni¬ versary publications, their list comprised 315 in print and 9 audio recordings stored in the National Digital Archive in Warsaw, but we still cannot give a substantial answer to many questions. In December 1970 Poland was the scene of a serious socio-political crisis. The au¬ thorities tried to contain and reverse these unfavorable trends. Therefore they prepared a limited economic reform, whose integral part was to be a drastic increase of prices of many goods, including foodstuffs, introduced merely eleven days before Christmas. Ob¬ viously it is a time when Poles purchase better and thus more expensive food. The soci¬ ety was not officially informed until the eve of the increase, when all the shops were al¬ ready closed so that no one could buy a stock of goods at the old, lower prices. Before that, on 7 December 1970, Władysław Gomułka achieved his greatest success in foreign affairs. On that day the border treaty between Poland and the Federal Repub¬ lic of Germany was signed in Warsaw, and in this document Germany officially recog¬ nized the postwar Polish frontier on the Oder and the Lusatian Neisse rivers. Although there is no direct evidence that the state and party authorities believed that the diplomatic success would facilitate swallowing the bitter pill of price increase, such opinions were fairly frequent. Whatever the case, the price increase directly led to tumultuous worker protests in several cities on the Baltic coast. The first strike began in the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, whose workers demanded that the increase be cancelled. As the management of the plant was unable to satisfy the demand, several hours later workers left the shipyard and marched to the Provincial Committee of the Polish United Workers Party (PZPR). On the way, they were joined by passers by, including many young people. The disenchant¬ ed demonstrators whom no one wanted to listen to marched in the streets of Gdańsk, and damaged no property. But they did chant increasingly radical slogans. When they quietly marched back to the local party headquarters, soon before 4 p.m. they were suddenly attacked with firecrackers and tear gas by Citizens Militia officers. In the center violent street clashes ensued, which lasted until late at night. That day, the militia did not yet use firearms, therefore there were no deaths, but at least several dozen were injured. The following day the protest intensified. In many areas of the city there were clashes with law and order forces, which this time used firearms. Since early morning shipyard 481 workers took to the streets and marched in procession to the Provincial Command of the Citizens Militia. This is where the first people were killed. The demonstrators set the local party headquarters on fire. On 15 December troops armed with machine guns and heavy equipment arrived in Gdańsk. At least 7 people died, a few hundred were injured and at least 500 demonstrators were arrested. The following morning, Lenin Shipyard workers were fired at by militiamen and sol¬ diers who were blocking the plant. According to official estimates, the number of casual¬ ties reached at least 2, while 11 people were wounded. Meanwhile, the strike wave gradually spread onto other towns in the region: Elbląg, Gdynia, Słupsk, and Szczecin, where the street clashes were most violent. The most tragic events, a veritable massacre, took place in Gdynia, in the early morn¬ ing hours, the army and the militia fired shots at peop e who were on their way to work. Later a true manhunt took place in the city streets. The law and order forces used fire¬ arms on a number of occasions. At least 18 people died of wounds. A tragic symbol of the Gdynia December events became a filmed and photographed procession carrying a corpse of a young victim and a blood-stained Polish flag. Firearms were also used in Elbląg, where a stray bullet killed a young man. who did not take part in a street demonstration. To pacify the protest on the Baltic coast the authorities deployed around 27,000 troops, 550 tanks, 750 armored personnel carriers and 2,100 vehicles. Deployed were also 108 aircraft and helicopters as well as 40 navy vessels. Apart from the martial law of December 1981, never in peacetime was the Polish Army mobilized to combat readiness on such a scale and used to restore law and order. According to official statistics a total of 45 died and 1,165 were wounded in December 1970. To the Polish Army units, one must add at least 9,000 militiamen, Security Service functionaries and the Voluntary Reserve of Citizens Militia, prison guard or even the firemen that were mobilized and deployed. In December 1970, most of the fighting was done by militia officers equipped with helmets, long batons, shields, chemicals and firearms. Heavily armed Polish Army units provided enormous support, but as a rule were not directly engaged in the fighting. Although the most dramatic and violent were the events on the Baltic coast, between 14 and 20 December other parts of the country also saw strikes in 37 plants, with over 22 people participating. Only in the Szczecin metropolitan area, where the protests were best organized, around 120 plants went on strike or launched solidarity strikes. A verita¬ ble authority was established in the city, the Municipal Strike Committee (Ogólnomiejski Komitet Strajkowy) with its headquarters in the Adolf Warski Shipyard. The violent social protests were accompanied by behind-the-scenes power play with¬ in the PZPR leadership. Involved were high and middle level activists, who decided that a prerequisite for pacifying the situation and putting an end to bloodshed would be de¬ posing the First Secretary of the PZPR Central Committee. Supported by the Kremlin, the conspirators brought on a political crisis. They persuaded Edward Gierek, First Secretary of the Katowice PZPR Provincial Commitee, that he should replace Gomułka. On Sunday, 20 December, the 7th plenary session of the PZPR Central Commit¬ tee convened and elected a new First Secretary. Gomułka was replaced by a Political 482 Bureau member and First Secretary of the Katowice PZPR Provincial Committee, Ed¬ ward Gierek. This change put an end to the most violent stage of the crisis, and was forced both by the social protests and was a result of behind-the-scenes power play in the PZPR leadership. Following another wave of strikes in January and February 1971, on 1 March 1971 the authorities aborted the unfortunate December price increase.
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spellingShingle	Eisler, Jerzy 1952- Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje Polen Arbeiteraufstand 1970 (DE-588)4398957-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4398957-3
title	Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje
title_auth	Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje
title_exact_search	Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje
title_full	Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje Jerzy Eisler
title_fullStr	Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje Jerzy Eisler
title_full_unstemmed	Grudzień 1970 geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje Jerzy Eisler
title_short	Grudzień 1970
title_sort	grudzien 1970 geneza przebieg konsekwencje
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Verfügbarkeit

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