"Jagiellończyk": działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w.
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Wydawnictwo Dante
2012
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025472236&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025472236&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 349, [2] s., [102] s. tabl. Ill. 25 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788362977161 9788389500953 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Wydawnictwo Dante |c 2012 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819280504569987072 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.................................................................................................................... 5
Rozdział
1
Wydział III/III
—1
WUSW w Krakowie i jego funkcjonariusze
...........................21
Rozdział
2
Sieć
agenturaina
SB
na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim
.........................................55
Rozdział
3
Społeczność akademicka Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach
osiemdziesiątych
XX
w. w oczach
SB
...............................................................155
Rozdział
4
Sprawy obiektowe, sprawy operacyjnego sprawdzenia, sprawy operacyjnego
rozpracowania i kwestionariusze ewidencyjne
..................................................237
Zakończenie
.....................................................................................................291
Summary
............................................................................................................295
Bibliografia
........................................................................................................303
Spis ilustracji
.....................................................................................................319
Wykaz skrótów
..................................................................................................323
Indeks nazwisk i pseudonimów
.........................................................................329
Indeks kryptonimów spraw operacyjnych
...................................................349
Summary
Jagiellończyk .
Polish state security activity at Jagiellonian University
in Krakow in the
1980s
Jagiellończyk
was the code name for the subject-related case, or surveil¬
lance operation, conducted by the Polish state security forces for nearly twenty
years, from September
1970
to January
1990.
The goal of the operation was to
gather and collect all kinds of information related to Jagiellonian University, its
employees and students, based on which information activities were undertaken
for the defense (to use state security jargon) of the university (hereinafter UJ ).
In a sense
U J
was hardly exceptional, since starting in
1945
factories, firms, crafts,
organizations, unions, churches and all institutions and milieux, as well as large
areas of citizens private life, were monitored by the security organs. In the eyes of
functionaries in the Communist Party
(PZPR)
and the Security Office (UB), later
the Security Service (SB), colleges and institutions of higher learning, especially
the Polish Academy of Sciences, were particularly dangerous for the authorities
due to the high concentration of Polish intelligentsia, who significantly questioned
the principles by which the nominally socialist state functioned. This position was
made manifest with particular amplification in March
1968
and throughout the
1980s.
Thus the systematic control of scholars and students views and beliefs
and the quick neutralization of activities considered anti-socialistic and anti-state
formed the basic task of the security organs in these milieux. In colleges these
operations, conducted by the omnipresent security forces during the entire period
of the Polish People s Republic
(PRL),
were intensified in the
1980s
in view of the
emergence and actions of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union (NSZZ)
Solidarity, the Independent Students Union (NZS), and other organizations, as
well as the social resistance which arose after the declaration of martial law and the
de-legalization of the organizations whose existence and activity were symbols of
the victory of Polish civil society in August
1980.
The Security Service controlled all spheres of Jagiellonian University s functio¬
ning. Its operations had an unusually wide purview, particularly considering the
complex structure of universities. For obvious reasons, activity seen as anti-state
was subject to SB operational control. But the omnipresent nature of the security
295
Summary
forces could be seen in other aspects of university life as well. Besides groups of
employees and students, individuals were watched. Many examples of the work
of SB functionaries at UJ can be found. Without a hint of exaggeration, it must
be said that every piece of information concerning the university was important
to the security forces. The learning process, the scope of scientific experiments
and research, and scholars international contacts, especially with scholars and
research centers in capitalist countries: all were monitored by the SB. At the
Party s recommendation, the SB controlled international conferences and sym¬
posiums taking place at home and abroad. Often the SB was not satisfied with
keeping conferences under operational control. Sometimes while the conference
was in session SB functionaries would conduct secret searches of foreign gu¬
ests hotel rooms. The SB was interested in scholars personal (family and social)
contacts with other people, residents of Poland and other countries. Foreigners
working or studying at UJ were put under observation. All events taking place at
the university or off campus in which UJ students and employees took part were
monitored.
The catalogue of issues over which the SB kept watch is enormous. It kept a run¬
ning check on the daily life of the school and all who worked there. The workings
of the university administration were closely inspected. There is considerable truth
to statement that the SB was interested in literally everything. Alarm was noted
among UJ faculty and staff when limits were placed on the law concerning higher
education through rules on special legal regulation for the period of overcoming
sociopolitical crisis. Remarks and comments were collected equally whether re¬
garding the Russian downing of a South Korean passenger plane, the court verdict
in the case of
Grzegorz
Przemyk s death, the death of Fr.
Jerzy Popiełuszko,
or new
state controls on goods and higher food prices. Reports were even issued on such
items as the sales of carp organized by Solidarity in the Christmas season.
The present work aims to reveal the extent of the SB s activities on the territo¬
ry of UJ. Nonetheless, the work generally avoids discussing the work of what is
known as SB civil espionage, or Department I of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
which recruited employees traveling abroad and (though to a much lesser extent)
UJ students. They were assigned tasks including obtaining information about fo¬
reign centers of scholarship, researchers working and living there, and sometimes
also information about new advances in technology. Others for their part were
assigned to infiltrate Polish immigrant communities and anti-Communist emigre
milieux and their leaders. Neither does my work address the actions of Section II
(commonly known as civilian counter-intelligence) of the Provincial Bureau of
Internal Affairs (WUSW) in Krakow, charged with watching foreign visitors to
Poland, for which shady business the scholarly cadres of UJ were also recruited.
These issues require a whole separate research effort, and thus should give rise to
new works. Nevertheless, there are certain aspects of the operations undertaken by
the functionaries of Department I of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Section II
of WUSW that could not be left out.
296
Summary
The functionaries of Section III of the Security Service played a key role in
surveillance of UJ. Scholars therefore have a duty to reveal the principles gover¬
ning the functioning of WUSW in Krakow, and especially of Section III/III—
1
in
the context of surveillance of the university, and to show who the people were who
organized and conducted these operations in the
1980s.
This issue is presented in
the first chapter of the book. But the endeavors of SB functionaries would have
been extremely limited in scope if they hadn t had access to a complex network
of informants. Thus the following chapter, which constitutes an important part of
the thesis, deals with the nature of the network of agents created by the SB and
operating at UJ in the
19808.
Based on previous research, about
190
pseudonyms and initials of informants
used at that time in surveillance of UJ, recruited above all by Section III/III
—1
and
to a lesser extent by Section II and Department I of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
have been determined. They include faculty, staff, and students, sometimes each
using numerous pseudonyms, as well as people outside the university, who through
their personal connections informed the SB about university personnel and stu¬
dents, and of the prevailing mood at UJ. Taking responsibility for the accuracy of
the research imposed a duty upon the author to determine the personal data of these
collaborators. Their names have been made known only in situations where there
was sufficient information to make positive identification possible. In those cases
where doubt remains, pseudonyms are preserved, though it is believed that further
research will eventually allow the gaps to be filled in the future.
Despite the SB s many attempts to build up and expand its network of agents,
the annual number of secret collaborators in the entire university never rose above
forty. The total from all categories of informants (secret collaborators, operational
contacts, service contacts) numbered close to eighty, which constituted a small per¬
centage of the entire UJ personnel (over
3,700)
and the number of students (estima¬
ted at about
8,000).
On the other hand, the number of informants was sufficient to
ensure an uninterrupted inflow
ofinformation,
and in many cases made it possible
to control the activities of certain opposition groups.
There is no denying that the mere fact of a person s registration by the SB as
a secret collaborator is far from sufficient evidence for identifying someone as
an actual SB collaborator. The reasons why the person agreed to co-operate and
the circumstances in which recruitment occurred, the scope of collaboration, the
position taken toward SB functionaries and their milieu, and, finally, the payment
received, are significant. In the last several years almost all the individuals exposed
who admitted co-operating with the SB have repeated statements to the effect that
they never harmed anyone in their environment. Certainly this is true in some par¬
ticular cases, but the basic problem is that we often lack knowledge as to what the
security officers were concerned with at a given moment and how they planned to
use the knowledge gained. We do, however, know with complete certainty that for
them, there was no such thing as unimportant information. By the same token,
since in many cases the actions of SB collaborators unquestionably did tremendous
297
Summary
___________________________________
harm, it follows that in the remaining cases the lack thereof provides some basis for
pronouncing them harmless.
An analysis of the materials on the workings of SB agents at UJ shows that
a very varied spectrum of people agreed to collaborate. The enigmatic explana¬
tion of shared civic responsibility often concealed fear. Sometimes the fear was
justified, but more often it was artificially elicited by the recruiting functionary
(e.g. by threatening young persons with expulsion from their educational insti¬
tution, and enlistment in the army; or threatening to limit or prohibit employees
foreign travel). Some agreed to co-operate simply to be left in peace or were ge¬
nuinely convinced of the need for doing so. For many, however, it was a calculated
decision bringing calculable benefits, both material and other. The circumstances
to a great extent determined the character of later collaboration. Thus, among the
informants were some acting only when prompted by SB functionaries and others
who systematically informed based on a belief in the lightness of the cause, while
still others were zealous or fanatical and acted on their own initiative and even tried
to impose a course of action on SB functionaries. Quite often it appears that the
act of collaborating gave many informers great satisfaction. On the other hand, the
recruits certainly included collaborators reluctantly disposed toward co-operation,
a fact frequently referred to by the officers in charge of or monitoring their work.
Such collaboration was most often terminated by the SB themselves. We also find
examples of collaboration aborted by the informers themselves, which in the period
in question undoubtedly took courage.
There is no way to present the enormous scope of actions undertaken and execu¬
ted by the security organs toward the university in the
PRL
period in a single work.
For the same reason, this work both depicts the activities conducted by the SB in the
1980s
in the domain of monitoring ongoing events occurring at the university and
also presents operations directed at
Ш
faculty, staff, and students. In the first case, we
are dealing with the synthetic nature of the events which the university community
faced in the
1980s.
Some of them went into the record of incidents in the life of the
Polish nation as a whole, others were local in character, and others related to prob¬
lems of the academic world or were strictly of concern to the university. All were
observed by the SB and their informers, written down and scrupulously analyzed.
Many times they became points of departure for setting up new operations. Thus this
material constitutes a kind of background for issues presented hereinafter.
The main task performed by Section III functionaries was neutralizing attitu¬
des and behaviors considered by the authorities to be hostile to the communist
system. Activities undertaken by the security organs bore fruit in the initiation and
execution of casework by functionaries, referred to in specialist terminology as
subject-related cases (the operations codenamed
Jagiellończyk
and Union ),
operational verification cases, and operational working-out cases. Throughout the
1980s
the SB initiated dozens of operations conducted against UJ faculty, staff,
and students. Moreover, the SB organized various other kinds of campaigns and
operations. All of these procedures reflect the practices they followed and form an
298
____________________________________
Summary
image of the repressive activities of the security apparatus. The final chapter of this
book is devoted to those operations conducted by SB functionaries against faculty
and staff members and students engaged in activities deemed to be anti-state.
In view of the continuity of UJ surveillance by security organs beginning in
1945,
the inquiry into it which has been conducted over the past several years has
been extremely wide in scope. It has looked at sources relating to the defense of
the university during the entire
PRL
period, materials concerning the surveillance
of other institutions of higher learning in Krakow and many milieux in which indi¬
viduals affiliated with
Ш
were present. Functionaries of the apparatus of repression
created many different categories of materials, both general and more particular.
Those include files on persons placed under scrutiny and defined as subjects, along
with the personal and work files of informants and functionaries. An important ele¬
ment in the research conducted for this work was the study of the personal files of
SB functionaries involved in the surveillance of UJ. A separate group consists of the
documentation created during subject-related cases, operational verification cases
and operational working-out cases, as well as documentation for operations under¬
taken by the SB. Much valuable information has also been provided by administra¬
tive acts containing syntheses
ofinformation
prepared by different departments of
the SB, documentation of the inside supervision of SB Section III, evaluations and
analytical papers, various section plans and reports, analyses prepared for provin¬
cial and local Party authorities in Krakow, operational plans regarding specific en¬
terprises undertaken by SB functionaries involving UJ faculty, staff, and students,
information on executed operations, etc. Materials on the operational fund not only
provide information on the high rates of remuneration paid to collaborators and the
presents they received, but also reflect the active approach of persons engaged as
collaborators. The research for this work also made use of the records of court cases
where action was taken against opposition activists. Evidentiary materials made the
identification of informants possible.
In the archives of the Krakow branch of the Institute of National Remembrance,
400
signatures have been established on complexes of archival material relating
to the topics of our research. Frequently an archival complex numbered several,
or even over a dozen tomes. The condition in which the materials on individual
persons and cases have been preserved varies radically. The amount of preserved
materials is not always proportionate to the person s level of activity as an agent
and the magnitude of the case. The main reason for this situation is the havoc
wrought upon SB documents in late
1989
and early
1990.
One orderly feature is
the preservation of a larger number of materials pertaining to the period before the
decade of the
1980s.
Despite serious damage to source documents, the amount of
materials preserved is enormous, which serves to very clearly illuminate the uni¬
maginable scope of activity carried out by the SB.
Supplemental materials, which to some extent served to verify the reliability
of SB sources, consisted of documents created by the university administration
(UJ Archives), materials from the university chapter of Solidarity (stored at the
299
Summary
Foundation Center for the Documentation of Independence Action and originating
in private collections), and also materials of the former
PZPR
of
UJ,
transferred to
the State Archives in Krakow. Additional supplementation was provided by writ¬
ten and oral information obtained by participants in the events described. Personal
compositions of
Ш
employees printed in the
1970s
and
1980s
were an invaluable
aid in establishing personal details.
The circumstances of this book s origins are tied to Barbara Niemiec s disclo¬
sure in November
2005
of the names of
21
persons connected with Jagiellonian
University and registered by the SB in the
1980s
as informants. Relatedly, in April
2006
the provost of UJ, Prof.
Karol Musioł,
appointed two commissions at the uni¬
versity. The first, the Provost s Commission on Surveillance of Jagiellonian Uni¬
versity by the Security Service of the Polish People s Republic, under the direction
of Prof.
Krzysztof Królas
and composed of representatives of every department,
had as the purpose of its activities:
1)
to clarify the scope of the exposed individu¬
als collaboration and
2)
to elaborate a position for the academic community to take
toward those whose collaboration was proven beyond question.
The second commission was the historical commission, under the direction of
Prof.
Tomasz Gąsowski.
Its task was to begin systematic research into the question
of the university s surveillance during the
PRL
period. As a member of this com¬
mission, I led an inquiry into SB materials relating to operational cases conducted
against faculty, staff, and students of Jagiellonian University and the network of in¬
formants created by the SB. Shortly thereafter, at the initiative of the then-president
of the Institute of National Remembrance,
Janusz Kurtyka,
a research project was
launched, The security apparatus and artistic, scholarly and journalistic milieux
1944-1989,
in the work of which I was also involved. The results of these activities,
aside from many articles, are subsequent works dealing with surveillance of higher
learning and research centers in the
PRL
era.
The present work belongs to the line of research undertaken in the circumstances
described above. It has not been done in a spirit of settling scores. Even less did the
author intend to carry out a purge among UJ employees, or to create a publicity sensa¬
tion. Its unique purpose is to describe a fragment of the difficult reality of the
1980s,
that fragment which at the time was kept completely secret from the participants in
the events in question, but which can now be described. Revealing this knowledge to
the academic community is one of the duties of scholars of the recent past. There is
no doubt, however, that thanks to the materials produced by the SB and stored in the
holdings of the Institute for National Remembrance, certain curricula
vitae
among
university faculty and
staffare
now subject to verification.
Analyzing the materials of the SB unambiguously shows the nearly total control
it exerted both over official spheres of the university s functioning and its legal
organizations as well as over activities treated by the authorities as hostile to the
communist system and in which both employees and students were involved. This
control was ensured by the group of specialized SB functionaries in Krakow, assi¬
sted by a complex network
ofinformers.
300
Summary
At the same time the large number of operational cases worked on by faculty,
staff, and students of UJ testifies to the engagement of many throughout the entire
decade in different forms of resistance, both long-term and short-term. There is
no doubt whatever that on the map of social resistance to the communist system,
Jagiellonian University held a place of honor in the
1980s.
The authorities were
afraid not only of opposition and conspiratorial activity. They saw an even greater
menace in the possibility of direct influence on the students by the academic cadre
and the shaping of anti-regime attitudes among them. Hence the frequent appearan¬
ce in reports and evaluations by SB functionaries of the demand for the elimination
from the academic scene of teachers presenting anti-socialist positions.
More than twenty years after the elimination of the SB, we are investigating
materials produced by its functionaries for the purpose of controlling the acade¬
mic community and persecuting individuals perceived by those then in power as
enemies. These materials show the methods of SB conduct and expose the names
of those who for various reasons undertook to collaborate with the Security Servi¬
ce, informing on their colleagues, friends, and acquaintances. The same materials
simultaneously bear witness to the lasting and strong resistance of the academic
community to the reigning political, social, and economic system in Poland. They
display the highest marks earned by faculty, staff, and students of Jagiellonian Uni¬
versity in the struggle for a democratic Poland.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Franaszek, Piotr 1955- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1055800204 |
| author_facet | Franaszek, Piotr 1955- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Franaszek, Piotr 1955- |
| author_variant | p f pf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040645256 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)823263383 (DE-599)BVBBV040645256 |
| era | Geschichte 1980-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1980-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV040645256 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:19:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362977161 9788389500953 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025472236 |
| oclc_num | 823263383 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 349, [2] s., [102] s. tabl. Ill. 25 cm. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Dante Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Franaszek, Piotr 1955- "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie (DE-588)1012007-5 gnd Staatsschutz (DE-588)4182674-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1012007-5 (DE-588)4182674-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. |
| title_auth | "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. |
| title_exact_search | "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. |
| title_full | "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. Piotr Franaszek |
| title_fullStr | "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. Piotr Franaszek |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Jagiellończyk" działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. Piotr Franaszek |
| title_short | "Jagiellończyk" |
| title_sort | jagiellonczyk dzialania sluzby bezpieczenstwa wobec uniwersytetu jagiellonskiego w latach osiemdziesiatych xx w |
| title_sub | działania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. |
| topic | Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie (DE-588)1012007-5 gnd Staatsschutz (DE-588)4182674-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie Staatsschutz Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025472236&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025472236&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT franaszekpiotr jagiellonczykdziałaniasłuzbybezpieczenstwawobecuniwersytetujagiellonskiegowlatachosiemdziesiatychxxw |