Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Łódź
Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN
2012
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025371631&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025371631&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early medieval inhumation cemetery in Lubień |
| Umfang: | 389 s. il. (w tym kolor.), err. - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 31 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788389499912 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski |c Tomasz Kurasiński, Kalina Skóra ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Techologiami |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820961890579251200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
I.
Zagadnienia wstępne
. 7
1.
Historia badań
. 8
2.
Położenie geograficzno-topograficzne i stan zachowania stanowiska
. 9
3.
Tło historyczne
. 11
4.
Cel i metoda badań
. 12
II.
Analiza materiałów źródłowych
. 15
1.
Wielkość i rozplanowanie cmentarzyska
. 15
2.
Charakterystyka grobów
. 15
a. Forma grobów
. 15
b. Wielkość i kształt jam grobowych
. 15
с
Elementy drewniane i kamienne
. 20
3.
Charakterystyka pochówków
. 24
a. Dane antropologiczne
. 24
b. Orientacja pochówków
. 26
с
Układ szkieletów
. 30
d. Pochówki zbiorowe
. 33
e. Pochówki nietypowe
. 37
4.
Inwentarze grobowe
. 41
a. Militaria
. 41
b. Narzędzia i przedmioty codziennego użytku
. 50
с
Ozdoby i części stroju
. 64
d. Monety
. 87
e. Znaleziska o charakterze kultowym i magicznym
. 89
f. Szczątki roślinne
. 91
g. Pozostałe przedmioty
. 95
5.
Charakterystyka niegrobowych obiektów na stanowisku
. 98
III. Chronologia cmentarzyska
. 101
IV.
Próba interpretacji socjo-kulturowej społeczności użytkującej cmentarz
. 103
V.
Uwagi końcowe
. 115
Summary
. 117
Bibliografia
. 127
Katalog grobów
. 157
Tablice i ryciny
. 207
Aneksy
. 313
Beata Borowska-Strugińska, Analiza antropologiczna szczątków kostnych
z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 315
Maria Michniewicz, Uwagi botanika o resztkach roślinnych z grobów z cmentarzyska
w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 333
Jerzy
Maik,
Wyniki analiz tkanin z cmentarzyska w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 339
Teresa Radek, Wynik ekspertyzy próbek pochewek skórzanych i szczątków paska
skórzanego, odkrytych w trakcie badań archeologicznych w Lubieniu,
pow. piotrkowski
. 343
Marcin Wąs, Materiały krzemienne z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska
w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 345
Piotr Czubią, Analiza materiału użytego do sporządzenia przedmiotów kamiennych
znalezionych na cmentarzysku wczesnośredniowiecznym w Lubieniu,
pow. piotrkowski
. 347
Stanisław Suchodolski, Monety z cmentarzyska w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 351
Leszek Klimek,
Wyniki badań metaloznawczych wybranych monet z cmentarzyska
w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 357
Michał
Auch,
Charakterystyka technologiczna wczesnośredniowiecznego naczynia
szkliwionego z cmentarzyska w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski
. 359
Elżbieta Pawlicka, Skład chemiczny przedmiotów metalowych z cmentarzyska w Lubieniu
. 371
Anna Nowak,
Barbara Wagner, Ewa Bulska, Analiza składu chemicznego paciorków
z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Lubieniu
. 375
Indeks osobowy i geograficzny
. 385
Summary
Early medieval inhumation cemetery in
Lubień,
Piotrków Trybunalski
district
I. Preliminary issues
1.
History of research: The cemetery in
Lubień
(Rozprza
commune,
Piotrków Trybunalski
district,
Łódzkie
Voivodeship, Site
1)
was discovered acciden¬
tally in
1970
during ground works related to the con¬
struction of the forest road from
Lubień
to
Straszów.
These operations resulted in the destruction of a consid¬
erable part of the graves and the only preserved remains
are isolated objects (a spearhead, an axe, several tem¬
ple rings and glass beads) that were handed over to the
Museum in
Piotrków Trybunalski
by the forest district
manager of the time, W.
Eichelkraut.
Systematic archae¬
ological works began in
1971
and
55
graves
(1-56)
were
explored then, including three double burials. In
1972,
34
graves
(57-90)
were recorded and in
1973 - 31
graves
(91-121).
During the last season
(1974),
only six graves
pits
(122-127)
were found. In total,
126
graves
(131
buri¬
als) in various states of preservation were discovered
and documented. Moreover, several other features were
discovered, some of which might have been created when
the cemetery was used. The research covered an area of
approximately
550
m2. Systematic archaeological works
were preceded by test excavations in November
1970.
Only materials from the first season have been published
so far and only
17
grave assemblage (out of
55
graves that
were studied by then) have been discussed. The authors
of this study were
Ewa
and
Andrzej Wójcik
(1973).
A summary of the research results was also published
in
Informator Archeologiczny.
Also, coins obtained in
1971-1972
have been briefly mentioned. Human remains
were analysed anthropologically as early as in the
1970s
by
Alina Doręg-Sidor
of the Jagiellonian University.
The results were presented in an unpublished master's
thesis written at the Department of Anthropology of the
Jagiellonian University under the supervision of Profes¬
sor
Paweł Sikora, PhD
hab.
The research covered only
the graves from the second season of excavations.
2.
The geographical-topographical location and
the state of preservation of the site: The cemetery is
located approximately
3
km south-west of buildings
of the village of
Lubień,
in a densely forested com¬
plex including the southern part of the
Piotrków
Plains
(Figs.
1-2).
This area is located between the
Bełchatów
Upland and the
Pilica
valley, bordering on the
Łódź
Heights on the north. What prevails in the landscape is
a sandy plain undulating in places and considerably for¬
ested. The main topographical element of the discussed
region is the
Luciąża
valley. The cemetery was located on
one of the natural sandy heights in the eastern part of it.
The state of preservation of the site is relatively poor.
The construction of the road destroyed slightly more
than V, of its surface, which means that an assemblage
of as many as
40-50
graves was lost. A considerable part
of the bone remains has traces of mechanical damages.
In some of the grave pits, the skeletons were completely
decomposed or only slight remains were found.
3.
Historical background: Historically, the area
stretching along the Luciq/a valley belonged to the
Łęczyca
Province, which was probably established in
the framework of the
Piast
monarchy after the mid-11"' c.
and which later became the land of
Sieradz
and
Łęczyca.
It is one of the oldest areas of settlement in the studied
territory. The earliest mention of
Lubień
village dates
back to
1298.
The necropolis was located approximately
6
km east of the stronghold in
Rozprza.
As the two sites
have similar dating (the 3rd stage of development of the
stronghold, the lO'Vll"1 c.-the mid-13th a), it is possible
to conclude that it may have served the inhabitants of the
Rozprza
stronghold, although people from the nearby-
villages were probably buried there as well.
4.
Aim and method of research: The aim of the
study is to discuss as fully as possible the source mate¬
rials from the excavations conducted at the cemetery
in
Lubień,
including the grave assemblages discussed
in earlier publications. Its basis is the complete field
records in the archive of the Museum in
Piotrków Try¬
bunalski
and a collection of portable artefacts stored in
this institution and entered in its inventory. The abun¬
dant and diversified set of artefacts made it possible to
carry out a series of specialist (macroscopic and spec-
trometric) analyses. Moreover, X-ray photographs of
several dozen finds were taken. The plans of graves and
figures of artefacts that are included in the paper (apart
from the drawings of flint items, which were made by
Marcin Wąs, PhD)
were made by Emilia Wtorkiewicz-
Marosik, MA. The former were drawn on the basis of the
117
Streszczenie
field records, while the latter
-
from nature. The draw¬
ings from the Museum inventory were used only when
a given object went missing or was poorly preserved.
II. Analysis of source materials
1.
Size and layout of the cemetery: The described
graveyard occupied an area of approximately
16
ares,
6
of which (about
35%
of the area) were destroyed during
the construction of the forest road (Fig.
3). 126
graves
comprising
131
burials were documented, which means
that this is one of the largest early medieval
nécropo¬
les
of central Poland. The graves are arranged in rows.
The analysis of the distribution of the graves made
it possible to distinguish several (at least six) more or
less distinct rows running NE-WS. Further chronolog¬
ical-typological analysis revealed that the oldest buri¬
als were most likely located in the centre, which is now
destroyed. The richest grave assemblages are located
near this zone, particularly to the north of it. The ceme¬
tery expanded to the north and only then to the east, west
and south. The latter zone should be associated with the
latest stage of using the necropolis. In this zone, there
are burials reflecting a slow passing of the custom of
interring grave goods with the dead. It is also there that
traces of accidental damages of older grave pits by sub¬
sequent ones were recorded. Within the cemetery, there
are also spaces without burials and groups of burials that
were apparently separated from the rest. Therefore, it is
possible that the cemetery was divided into family plots.
2.
Characteristics of the graves
a. Form of the graves: All the graves may be con¬
sidered flat, although originally, they may have been
marked on the surface. However, this cannot be proved.
b. Size and shape of the grave pits: A vast major¬
ity of the grave pits in the bottom part had a rectangular
or similar outline (Fig.
4).
Less often, they were trape¬
zium-shaped or oval or similar. Some of the graves had
an irregular shape. The length of the grave pits in the
bottom part is within the
90-300
cm range. It should be
noted that the two smallest graves contained remains
of a foetus and of a person of the
infarts
I age (Graves
41
and
74),
while the two longest ones contained bones
of an adult person and of a man, whose age was impos¬
sible to determine (Graves
47
and
59).
On the basis of the
calculated average lengths, it can be concluded that there
are no differences of size of the adults' (from adultus
to senilis) graves, while the disproportions visible in the
children and young people's graves seem to have been
caused largely by the changing height (Fig.
5).
The deep¬
est graves were used to bury people of adult and mature
age (Tab.
1).
The smallest average depth was recorded
for the children's graves
(infam
I and
infam
II) and the
graves of people of the age between maturus and senilis.
118
The deepest were the features whose thickness exceeded
80
cm (in total, almost
1/3
of the burials in
Lubień).
This
group included numerous graves with
militaria
(all the
graves with axes and spearheads, only a half of those
with arrowheads). As far as non-military finds in the
deepest graves are concerned, earrings, coins, buckets,
buckles and fire strikers as well as silver artefacts were
found. The range of length of the pits where
militaria
were found is slightly different. The average length
of all the graves with weapons is
230
cm. The longest
pits are typical of the burials with spearheads
(247
cm
on average), the next group in terms of length are the
graves with arrowheads
(235
cm), and the average length
of the graves with axes is
208
cm. The latter and the
lowest value may have resulted from the relation of this
element of grave goods with children as well. From the
above observations, it appears that on the one hand,
depth may have been important as a way of emphasis¬
ing the status of the dead, manifested in the abundance
of the grave goods as well, and on the other hand, a link
between the depth of the grave pit and the age of the dead
is noticeable.
с
Wooden and stone elements: Most of the dead
were buried without wooden structures used to posi¬
tion or protect the body. The position of the body and
the preserved remains of textiles indicate that, in some
cases, the bodies may have been buried in shrouds. Only
in several graves, remains of wooden structures like lin¬
ing or boarding were found. Moreover, in the bottom of
the grave pit or horizontally around the body, isolated
planks or boards were found. Such location may indicate
that the dead were laid on one or several planks or that
the entire grave pit or a part of it was lined with planks.
Some of the remains were described by the excavators
as "logs." Furthermore, it was discovered that the bot¬
tom of some of the grave pits was lined with an unde¬
termined organic material, and in several cases, wood
remains were found above the skeleton, which can be
interpreted as a kind of covering of the body. The struc¬
tures were made of pine and oak
(cf.
Appendix
2).
Rel¬
ics of wooden structures were preserved in
32
graves.
They were found most frequently in the adultus graves
and more frequently in women's than in men's graves.
However, no distinct relation between the age or sex
of the dead person and the presence of wooden struc¬
tures in the grave was noticed. Nor a direct link between
the quality of the grave goods and the presence of lin¬
ings or other wooden structures was observed. On the
basis of the chronology of the coins found in the graves
with wooden structures, it may be assumed that this
custom was practised for almost the whole period
of the use of the cemetery. Nevertheless, on the basis
of the plan of the distribution of the discussed graves
(see Fig.
14),
they seem to concentrate in the outermost
parts of the graveyard, particularly in the northern part.
Streszczenie
Isolated stones were documented only in two grave
assemblages (Graves
65
and
109).
In the former, sev¬
eral small stones adjoined to a board of the wooden
lining. In the latter, the presence of pebbles has an
accidental character.
3.
Characteristics of the burials
a. Anthropological data: The remains of
123
people
were recorded, buried in
120
graves, five of which were
identified anthropologically as double graves (Graves
2, 23-25,
26A-B, 43A-B, 111). It was possible to deter¬
mine the sex only in
65
cases
(37
women,
28
men). The
sex of
20
adults was not determined. Due to the lack
of diagnostic features, an attempt to identify the sex
of the children was abandoned. The order of mortal¬
ity in the studied population was as follows: adultus,
infans I and maturus (Tab.
3).
The peak of mortality
studied separately for women and men corresponds to
the adultus age bracket. Strangely, there were almost no
human remains of the senilis age (Fig.
ба
-b;
Tab.
5)
at
the cemetery in
Lubień.
The presence of only one such
person may be considered evidence of a poor biological
condition of the community.
b. Orientation of the burials: All the preserved
graves were located along the
Е
-W
axis. Women were
laid with their heads to the W, whereas men to the E,
although in both cases some deviations to the
N
or the
S
were noticed. Out of
37
bodies identified as women:
25
were buried with their heads to the W,
8
to the NW,
and
2
to the SW (Fig.
15).
Only
2
burials were oriented
to the east (Graves
58
and 43B). Most men were buried
with their heads to the
E
(Fig.
8, 15).
Such orientation
was observed in
27
out of
28
burials. It should be noted
that in some of these men's graves, certain deviations
of the orientation of the grave pits from the main axis
to the
N (1
body) or to the
S
(8
bodies). Grave
97
stands
out from the rest of men's graves, the head of the dead
being oriented to the NW.
с
Skeleton positions: The typical position was
supine, with the upper limbs lying along the body, and
the lower limbs straight. The poor state of preservation
of the skeletons prevented a full or partial identifica¬
tion of the original position of the body in as many as
almost a half of the burials
(61
cases). Features diverg¬
ing from the standard include: orientation of the vis-
cerocranium to the north or to the south, crossed or bent
arms or legs, prone position, position on the right or left
side (Tab.
8).
In Graves
4, 10
and
11,
the hand bones lay
on the pelvis because the arm was bent in the elbow
as it probably held a spear shaft (in the latter feature,
the skull was oriented towards the spearhead). In Grave
36,
the skeleton lay immediately next to the remains of
a wooden structure, which may have been the reason
why the remains of the right hand were located on the
hip. In Grave
69,
only the bones of the right hand were
preserved on the pelvis. Thus, it is possible that, origi¬
nally, the body was laid with hands in
modům
cruciş.
By
contrast, in Grave
6,
the bones were probably second¬
arily moved. Most of the graves belong
lo
men ((¡raves
4, 6, 10
and
1
1), although women's ones were found as
well (Graves
69
and
123).
Furthermore, there was one
burial where the hands lay under the wing of the ilium
(Grave
49).
d.
(¡roup
burials: Such burials were found in
Graves
2, 23/25,
43Л-В, 26Л-В
and 111. The following
bodies were buried in them: a man of the
adultas
age
with a younger woman juvcnis/adultus ((¡rave
43Л-В).
an adultus woman with an infans I child (Grave
23/25)
and, most probably, two adultus women (Grave 26A-B).
As to Grave
2,
few preserved bones made it possible
to identify them as belonging to an adult. Moreover,
teeth of a
10-11
-year-old child were found in the grave
pit. In the case of the individuals (3-4-year-old chil¬
dren) from Graves 111 and
112,
it is probable that they
were buried in one bigger grave pit. In Grave 111, there
were also few bones of a woman who died at the age of
20-25.
As the pit is too short for an adult, it is difficult
to ascertain whether the bones of the woman got there
accidentally from another damaged grave, were put in
the child grave intentionally, or the latter damaged the
skeleton of a woman who was buried earlier, as a result
of which most bones were removed. The discussed buri¬
als reflect family relationships and connections and per¬
haps strong emotional bonds between people who were
buried together. One should also consider ritual require¬
ments that were deeply ingrained in the tradition or
justified by eschatological ideas. Also wars, epidemics
and other dramatic events might have caused such buri¬
als. The reliability of the proposed hypotheses could be
improved by comparative analyses of the genetic mate¬
rial, but obtaining reliable results was unlikely due to
the state of preservation of the bone material.
e. Atypical burials:
Burials with bodies in prone position: In three
graves, the bodies were laid on the stomach (Graves
49, 92
and
110).
On the basis of anthropological anal¬
yses, it was found that all of them contained remains
of adult men. The only artefacts in those graves were
knives. The man from Grave
92
had no grave goods.
In Grave
49,
remains of a knife were found at the
side of the skeleton, at the level of the waist, while in
Grave
110,
which is noteworthy, the knife lay under the
pelvis, across it. Another argument for their atypicality.
and thus for considering them to be so-called anti-vam¬
pire burials, is their location on the edge of the cemetery
(see Fig.
18).
Burials with bodies on the side: In
Lubień.
there
were no burials with bodies on the side
sensu
stricto.
but we found some bodies twisted to the right (Graves
16. 66
and
105)
and to the left (Grave
36?).
These graves
119
Streszczenie
belonged to women and a 7-8-year-old child (Grave
66).
Graves
66
and
105
are located on the periphery of the
necropolis, and one of them is located next to a burial
with the body in the prone position. By contrast,
Graves
16
and
36
are located in the northern part of the
cemetery. It is assumed that the position of the body on
the side may have been intentional and not an accidental
anomaly caused by the rigor mortis if additional argu¬
ments are provided by other aspects of the burial con¬
sidered untypical were observed within the same grave
pit. As the grave goods in the discussed graves in
Lubień
(except for the child's grave) were relatively abundant,
it is dubious whether such position of the body had an
anti-vampire nature.
Burials containing seeds: The criterion of atypi-
cality is also met by burials containing black mustard
seeds near the skeleton. These graves are also unusual
due to the peripheral location at the cemetery (except for
Grave
39).
In none of these burials the skeletons were
found to bear any signs of other practices. Most indi¬
viduals buried this way were women. It can be assumed
with a large measure of caution that these graves belong
to practitioners of herbalism or magic, or people treated
or protected already post mortem with mustard seeds.
What speaks in favour of this assumption is the diversity
of the distribution of seeds in the grave pits: from assem¬
blages near the pelvis to scattered seeds on the skull.
Empty graves
-
cenotaphs: In several graves
(7,
37, 72, 84, 96
and
126),
no bone remains were found
(4,5 %
of all burials). Graves
7
and
37
were located in
the northern part of the site while the remaining ones
in the south-eastern part. It is difficult to determine
whether the empty graves have resulted from unfavour¬
able soil conditions leading to complete decomposition
of the skeletons or they are cenotaphs. The general poor
state of preservation of the skeletons in
Lubień
speaks in
favour of the former alternative, all the more so because
the size of most of the grave pits in question indicates
that these were children's burials, and children's skel¬
etons decompose more easily.
4.
Grave goods
a. Militaria
Staff weapons: It was found in eight grave pits. One
of the spearheads was discovered in a damaged burial.
Staff weapons lay beside the skeletons of men who died
at the adultus age (Graves
4, 5, 10
and
11)
or the adultusl
maturus age (Grave
21).
In three cases, it was impos¬
sible to determine the sex and age, although these indi¬
viduals were probably adults (Graves
47, 103
and
117).
The spearheads lay in different parts of the grave pits.
Remains of wood were preserved in the sockets and
they were analysed archaeobotanically. Items from
Graves
4, 10, 11, 21, 47
and
117
had shafts made of oak
(see Appendix
2).
The whole assemblage was analysed
120
metallographically (see Appendix
10).
The heads belong
to Types III
(2
items), IV
(2
items) and V
(5
items)
according to A. Nadolski's classification.
Axes: Eight axes were discovered in
Lubień,
seven
of which were found in situ in the grave pits, and one was
found in the part of the cemetery that was destroyed by
ground works. Axes were grave goods of men (Graves
17, 51
and
59).
The age of two of them is known
- 35-45
years (Grave
17)
and
20-30
years (Grave
51).
In three
grave pits, children's burials were found (Graves
12, 31
and
85).
All these children died at the age of no more
than six {infans I). The age of the body from Grave
83
was identified as infans Il/juvenis. Most of the axes in
question were found beside the bones of the lower limbs.
Remains of wood were observed in the eyes of the axes.
The axe-handles were made of oak (see Appendix
2).
All the iron axe-heads were analysed metallographically
(see Appendix
10).
The iron axe-heads were classified as
Type V (variant a
— 1
item; variant
b
- 5
items; variant
с
— 1
item) and Type VI
(1
item) according to A. Nadol¬
ski's classification.
Missile throwing weapons: Arrowheads and bolt-
heads were found in nine burials (Graves
1, 5, 29, 33,
43
A,
51, 80, 97
and
106).
Except for the first of the men¬
tioned graves, which contained two missiles, in all the
remaining graves there were single items only. There is
no regularity as to the position of the heads relative to
the skeleton. The missile heads lay on the left and on
the right of the body, usually near the pelvis or the knee.
Four graves belonged to men (Graves
5,
43A,
51
and
97),
while in other cases, the sex was impossible to identify.
Grave
33
contained remains of a child (infans I). Three
people died at the adultus age (Graves
5, 51
and
43
A),
two
-
probably at the maturus age (Graves
29
and
106),
and one
-
at the
juvenis
I adultus age (Grave
1).
The sock¬
ets of the items from Graves
1, 29, 33
and 43B contained
remains of vanes. In one case, the archaeobotanical
analysis revealed the presence of oak wood (see Appen¬
dix
2).
The heads were identified as belonging to Type I
(8
items) and Type II
(1
item) according to A. Nadolski's
classification.
b. Everyday tools and artefacts
Knives: They were found in
69
burials (at most one
item beside each body), which means more than a half
of all the discovered graves. These tools constituted the
grave goods of men and women of different ages. Knives
were also found in children's graves. Most of them lay
on the left of the body, although in some of the graves,
they were located on the other side. In most cases, they
lay at the level of the pelvis or next to it, or sometimes
on it. Occasionally, they lay on the chest or near the feet.
The prevailing types are those with points forming a dis¬
tinctly arched line (Type I according to R. Rogosz) or
with points that are relatively sharp due to the fact that
the cutting edges and the backs form an angle (Type HI
Streszczenie
according to R. Rogosz). Both groups include items with
tangs distinct on either both sides or one side (the cut¬
ting edge side or the back side). Also worth noting are
knives with straight backs and blades widening slightly
in the direction of the point, which can be distinctly bent,
truncated or arched-concave. In the above-mentioned
classification, analogous items were classified as Type
11
according to R. Rogosz. They were found in four graves
(26A,
85, 88
and
94).
Traces of leather detected on some
of the blades indicate the presence of sheaths or pouches
made of this material. The leather from the knife from
Grave
29
was probably made of roe deer skin, whereas the
one from Grave 43B
-
of goat or sheep skin (see Appen¬
dix
4).
Also linen cloth was used to produce the sheaths
(see Appendix
3),
mainly as lining (Graves
12,16, 18,28,
107
and
119).
In the sheath from Grave
46,
remains of
bark were found but they had already been decomposed.
Some of the sheaths were reinforced with metal fittings,
some of which were ornamented. The fittings were made
of a bronze or copper sheet bent double, joined with riv¬
ets. The less damaged items are rectangular.
Strikers and flints: Strikers were found in five graves.
They belonged to oval strikers
(3
items) and double strik¬
ers
(1
item). One specimen was preserved so poorly that
it was impossible to identify its original form. Two strik¬
ers have frames filled with two volute iron bands form¬
ing openwork. Two oval strikers were found beside the
remains of 5-6-year-old children. In Grave
31,
the striker
lay on the left side of the skeleton, at the level of the
(unpreserved) pelvis, whereas the location of the item
from Grave
120
was impossible to determine. The third
striker was situated on the left of the body, at the level
of the femur (Grave
59).
It belonged probably to a man,
whose age was not identified. The only double striker
was discovered in a
(45-55
-year-old) woman's grave. It
lay above the skull. The damaged item was found beside
the right femur of an adult whose sex was not identi¬
fied (Grave
117).
Flints were discovered in six graves.
Most graves contained single items. Only in one grave
(Grave
80),
three items were found. It is worth empha¬
sising that no grave contained both flints and strikers.
All the graves (except for Grave
97,
where the flint was
missing) contained various flakes or debris with traces
of processing. Most graves with flints belonged to men.
Only in one grave a woman was buried. Due to almost
complete absence of bones in Grave
80,
it was impos¬
sible to identify anthropologically the sex (and age) of
the person buried in it. Flints constituted the grave goods
of people of various ages. No regularity was found as to
the location of these objects.
Whetstones: They were found in three graves. All
the whetstones were elongated and cuboid-like in shape,
and two of them had suspension holes (in one case,
a fragment of an iron ring was preserved). They were
made of fine-grained sandstone cemented with silica
(see Appendix
6).
The whetstones were elements of
grave goods of men of different ages. All of them lay on
the left of the skeleton (beside the pelvis or the thigh).
Spindle whorls: They were found in three graves.
The anthropological analysis revealed that two of them
contained women's remains, and in one case, it was
impossible to identify the sex due to the poor state of
preservation of the bones. It is only known that it was
an adult. In cross section, the spindle whorls are biconi-
cal in shape and have a wide hole drilled symmetrically.
Two of them were made of clay and one of stone (reddish
mudstone
-
see Appendix
6).
Buckets: They constituted a part of the grave goods
of eight graves. All of them stood singly below the feet
of the dead. Five of the graves were men's, although
in three cases, the identification of sex is not certain.
In two cases, the buckets were the grave goods of
women, and in one case
-
of a child (infans
1).
Most
of these people died at the adultus age, except for one
man representing the maturus category. In the case of
one burial (Grave
59),
it was impossible to identify the
age. The elements of the buckets that were preserved
were the hoops, the number of which ranged from two
to four for each bucket. Other elements, such as bails or
handles, were found rarely. There are remains of wood
on almost all the hoops, and the species of wood was
identified for four vessels (see Appendix
2).
The analysis
revealed that in Graves
5
and
11
the wood was yew and in
Grave
9-
larch. The bucket found in Grave
51
was made
of wood of coniferous tree as well. Three buckets were
covered with iron sheets, one of which was ornamented.
One of the items had tinned hoops (see Appendix
10).
The buckets were conical in shape, tapering towards the
top and their walls had different degree of inclination.
Their capacity did not exceed
5 1.
Clay vessels: They were found in eight graves. Most
graves contained single vessels. Grave
52
is an excep¬
tion as it contained two items. The vessels lay below the
feet, although in two cases (Graves
37
and
42),
due to
the destruction of parts of the grave pits, such location
may only be assumed. Most of the vessels were found
in graves of adultus-maturus women and infans I chil¬
dren. The only man (maturus) was probably buried in
Grave
17.
In two cases, it was impossible to identify the
sex (the age of one of the dead isjuvenis/adultus). Three
main forms can be distinguished among the vessels: pots
with a cylindrical neck
(5
items), S-profile pots
(3
items)
and biconical pots
(1
item). Potter's marks were visible
on the bottoms of several vessels. Moreover, fragments
of clay vessels were found in the fills of the graves in
Lubień.
They were discovered in seven grave pits. Most
of them contained single sherds, and a greater number
was found only in Grave
117 (4
items) and Grave
99
(5
items). Three sherds could not be assigned to any
specific feature.
121
Streszczenie
c. Ornaments and parts
of clothing
Buckles and other belt elements: Buckles were
found only in five burials (see Fig.
23),
belonging mainly
to adult men. Moreover, an ornamented belt end fitting
was discovered in Grave
11.
Temple rings: Beside beads, temple rings were the
most numerous ornaments at the cemetery in
Lubień.
They were discovered in
53
burials, belonging only to
women and children of various ages. They usually lay on
both sides of the skull, and sometimes only on the right
or on the left. They were occasionally located under the
skull or under the mandible. In several graves, temple
rings were found in a place suggesting that they were
used as finger ornaments (Graves
25, 96
and
121).
The
number of temple rings in the graves ranged from
1
to
12
(Tab.
10,
Fig.
11).
Several graves in
Lubień
contained
remains of leather straps used for fastening temple rings
and, as it seems on the basis of the find from Grave
28,
earrings as well. Graves contain temple rings of one type
or, more frequently, of several types (Tab.
9
and
10).
On
the basis of coins found in the burials it was possible
to date only two types. Variant A of Type III occurred
with coins issued from the 3rd and the 4th quarters of
the ll"1
с.
to the 2nd quarter of the 12th c, whereas Type
IIIc (variants A and B) is related to coins from the mid-
11th
с
Simple forms representing Type I according to
K. Musianowicz's classification
(1949)
(see Fig.
24)
are
relatively rare. Equally rare in
Lubień
are temple rings
of Type II, variant A, "small" (internal diameter below
20
mm)
(Kóčka-Krenz
1991,
p.
45).
The most numerous
temple rings are those of variant A or
В
of Type III. Two
finds are exceptional, namely the silver items of Type
Hlb (hollow, ornamented) ornamented with an emboss¬
ment, so-called Pomeranian temple rings, discovered in
Grave 111 (see Fig.
26).
Moreover,
20
temple rings of
Type IIIc according to K. Musianowicz's
(1949)
classi¬
fication (S-shaped with a grooved loop) were found in
9
graves in
Lubień.
The loops of these temple rings have
two, three or four grooves, and sometimes, the ornament
does not cover their whole surface. The last form of tem¬
ple rings in
Lubień
corresponds to Type
Ulf
according to
K. Musianowicz's classification.
Earrings: Earrings were found in eight graves at the
cemetery in
Lubień (Fig.
27).
In comparison with other
cemeteries, it is quite a large number. All of them were
discovered near the skulls, from
2
to
7
items in each
grave. The earrings may have been fastened to bands
or headgears, as suggested by the fragments of threads
and leather headbands that were found near these orna¬
ments (Graves
16, 28
and
46).
The earrings discovered
in
Lubień
include bag-shaped and star-shaped ones as
well as earrings with cylindrical beads, with a triangular
bead, with a long hollow bead and a filigree wrapping,
as well as a mixed type combining the shape of a star
and a raspberry.
Rings: Rings were discovered in
30
graves (see
Fig.
28),
from
1
to
5
in each grave. Five groups of rings
were distinguished. Group I: Rings in this group have
various sections. They were either cast or wire wrapped.
They were found in
11
burials. An absolute majority of
them are unornamented open rings with narrowing ends.
Subgroup IA: open rings with connected or almost con¬
nected ends made of a wire having a circular, elliptical,
triangular-roof-like or quadrangular section. Subgroup
IB: items ornamented with an imitation of braiding or
with braiding. Group II: Rings made of a metal band
are the most numerous category of finger ornaments.
They were found in twelve graves. They can be divided
into three types according to the form of the band: IIA
-
band with narrowing ends; II
В
—
simple metal band;
IIC
-
band with a moulded, fluted external surface and
a plain inner surface. Group III: wire "woven" rings:
simple ones made of two or three wires (111A) and IIIB
—
open rings with a shank that is finely wrapped of sev¬
eral wires with flattened and strongly narrowing ends.
Group IV: rings with glass beads. Group V: ring made of
honey-coloured amber.
Glass beads: They were found in
33
graves (see
Fig.
29)
belonging to women (from
juvenis
Iadultus
to
matur
usi
senilis) and to children, mainly infans I.
The beads were worn not only in the form of necklaces
but also as an ornament of straps at the end of belts,
or of headgears. The most abundant collection is that
of glass beads including amorphic, barrel-shaped, cylin¬
drical, biconical, corncob-shaped, spherical, including
items flattened at top and bottom and ornamented with
"stones," as well as round beads, flattened and with
glued plastic knobs. Moreover, spherical beads and flat¬
tened spherical beads were discovered as well as glass
beads with a glass thread enclosed inside, melon-shaped,
segmented, tube-like ones, twisted and triangular ones,
including items with glued corners, and items similar to
fish-shaped ones, segmented ones and beads with metal
foil enclosed inside
(cf.
Appendix
11).
Stone beads: They were found in
12
graves. They
are made of
fluorite
(see Fig.
30),
carnelian and rock
crystal (see Appendix
6).
Several amber beads were dis¬
covered as well.
Metal beads: They were found in five graves.
The most impressive items are silver beads with bosses,
granulated beads and so-called oval polygonal beads
(cf.
Appendix
10).
Also tin beads were discovered.
Items of earlier dating
-
archaica:
In Grave
2,
a bronze eye fibula was found, which most probably
represents Type A HI
59-61
according to O. Almgren's
classification. Grave
55
contained a glass bead with six
glued colourful bosses, a so-called bossed bead (see
Appendix
11).
It can be associated with the
Lusatian
Culture. It was part of a larger necklace belonging to
a mat
u rus
woman.
122
Streszczenie
Bell-shaped
pendant:
In Grave
100,
next to the
feet of a child that died under six years of age, there
was a bronze spherical bell with a loop, ornamented all
around with grooves.
d. Coins:
28
coins were discovered in
26
burials (see
Appendices
7
and
8).
The graves contained both entire
coins and their fragments. One of the items (Grave
78)
had a hole near the edge, which means that it functioned
as a pendant. The coins were located in graves belonging
to people of various sexes and ages. In most cases, they
lay immediately next to or on the pelvis, and less fre¬
quently, beside the long bones of legs and arms. The coin
in Grave
95
had a different location as it lay between the
mandible and the maxilla of the skull which lay on its
side. In some cases, it was impossible to determine the
location of the artefact in the grave due to the state of
preservation of bones or to the lack of appropriate infor¬
mation in the field records.
The collection of coins is quite diversified in respect
of attribution and origin (see Appendix
7).
The for¬
eign coins that were identified reliably include a penny
of Ethelred II, King of England, from the
10th/lľh c
and
a denar
of
Béla
II, King of Hungary
(1131-1141).
There are also numerous Saxon cross denars of vari¬
ous types and variants, mostly dated to the last quarter
of the 11th c, and some of them could be local imita¬
tions. One of the most interesting items in this group is
the coin from Grave
47,
which is a cross
denar
of Type
VI. It can be linked with the minting activity of Pala¬
tine Sieciech or the times after his collapse at the turn
of the 11th and the 12th
с
It was presumably minted in
Kalisz.
Coins issued by Polish rulers are numerous as
well. They include denars of
Bolesław
II the Bold
(1058-
1079),
which he minted both as duke
(1058-1076)
and
after the coronation
(1076-1079),
denars of
Bolesław
III
Wrymouth
(1102-1138)
of Type
4
(from the end of his
reign), denars of
Władysław
II the Exile
(1138-1146)
of
Type
2
(around
1140-1142)
and denars of
Bolesław
IV
the Curly
(1146-1173)
of Type
1
(1146-around
1152).
All
of them were minted in
Kraków.
e.
Finds of cult and magical nature: They include
clay rattles. The item from Grave
2
represents Type II in
K. Slusarski's
(2004,
p.
84)
classification. The other item
(Grave
50)
is a nine-pointed flat star made of- like the
artefact described above
-
slip cast white clay.
f
Plant remains
Seeds: The most frequent seeds in the graves in
Lubień
were the seeds of black mustard (Brassica
nigra)
-Graves
39,52,60,62,88
and
114,
moreover, in the same
graves, remains of common fumitory
(Fumaria
offici-
nalis) were found
-
Grave
62,
and of rabbitfoot clover
(Trifolium
arvense)
-
Grave
52
(see Fig.
32;
Appendix
2).
The number of black mustard seeds found in each grave
ranges from several
(3-7)
to several hundred (Tab.
16).
In most cases, they lay beside women's skeletons (from
juvenis
to
maturità).
Only in one case, mustard seeds
were found in a (40-45-year-old) man's grave.
Charcoals: They were found in
23
grave
pils
(Fig.
33)
either in the form of regular hearths or, more
frequently, scattered inside the pit. All (he analysed
charcoal samples were identified as pine wood (Finns
silvestris) or oak wood (Qucrcus
.ν/λ)
(see Appendix
2).
The remains of hearths were found beside
lhe
skulls,
above the lower limbs, in the grave pit above the wooden
structure, above the skeleton along the entire length of
the grave pit or only below the feet, in a wooden bucket.
In some cases, it is possible that the charcoals come from
the burnt wooden structures (burnt partially due to the
fact that embers were poured intentionally into the grave
or that bonfires were inside it), which may be indicated
unambiguously by the fact that the species of wood used
for this purpose was the same.
g. Other finds: The grave goods of
17
burials
included objects whose function is impossible to deter¬
mine with certainty
(cf.
Tab.
18).
They may be remains
of metal artefacts: knives, pendants, beads, ornaments in
the form of braiding, bronze wire, metal plates, pendants
(e.g. belt pendants), kaptorgas (Grave
36).
The follow¬
ing items were not preserved: a clay item from Grave
33
(infans I) and an organic item from Grave
47
(next to the
right foot of an adult). In Graves
39
and
46,
near wom¬
en's skulls, there were presumably remains of headgears
resembling caps.
5.
Description of features other than graves at
the site
Hearths between the graves: On the basis of the
information from the research diary, it was possible to
reconstruct their location and structure only in part.
We cannot establish whether they were contemporary
with the cemetery or are remains connected with fell¬
ing of trees and burning of roots. None of the recorded
features described in the research diary as a 'dark spot'
or a 'hearth' contained ceramic material or other arte¬
facts which could be related to the functioning of the
cemetery. These features were located without exception
in the eastern part of the cemetery.
III. Chronology of
thľ
cemetery
The best chronological indicator are coins. On the
basis of their dating, it is possible to determine three
periods of time, in which they occurred at the discussed
necropolis:
1.
10lh/llthc.
-
Is'half of the 11th
с
2.
2nd half of the
11"1 c
3.
2n<i-3rd quarter of the
12*
с
The beginning of the existence of the cemetery is
determined on the basis of the Anglo-Saxon penny from
123
Streszczenie
997-1003.
The German
coins from the end of the 10th
or from the
1
1th
с
are perhaps related with this period
as well. What also indicates that the dead were buried
there in this period are the earrings with triangular
beads, dated to the mid-10th
с
-
the 1st half of the ll"1
c, found in Graves
28
and
46,
and perhaps the bucket
covered with an ornamented metal sheet from Grave
5.
However, the main stage of using the cemetery was
in the 2nd half of the
11*
с
(cross
denars, denars
of
Bolesław
II the Bold). Bag-shaped earrings (Graves
2,
16, 28
and 43B), star-shaped earrings (Grave 43B) and
earrings with long hollow beads (Grave
8),
as well as
spearheads of Type III and axes of Type V, variant
с
The
11*
century saw the greatest frequency of using ves¬
sels with cylindrical necks. The last stage, namely the
2nd and the 3rd quarters of the 12th
с
is determined on the
basis of coins of
Béla
II,
Bolesław III Wrymouth
and
Władysław
II the Exile. Also lyre-shaped buckles were
used during this period. The planigraphy of the finds,
particularly coins and temple rings, shows that the old¬
est artefacts were located in the central part of the site,
which, unfortunately, was damaged to a large extent
due to roadworks, whereas the youngest ones lay in the
graves located in the outermost parts of the cemetery. It
indicates multidirectional growth and use of the cem¬
etery. The rows of graves were parallel to one another,
although they were not dug one after another but in two
directions, to the west and to the east. However, due to
the fact that the site was considerably damaged, it would
be difficult to determine areas manifesting themselves,
for instance, by a different orientation of rows or other
regularities resulting from the internal organisation of
the cemetery. In the light of the obtained data, it can be
determined that the cemetery in
Lubień
was most likely
founded in the Is' quarter of the
1
1th
с
and was used at
least till the 3rd quarter of the 12th century. Within this
period there were two stages of a more intensive use of
the funeral space.
IV. An attempt at the soctocultural interpreta¬
tion OF THE COMMUNITY THAT USED THE CEMETERY
At the cemetery in
Lubień,
as many as
86%
of fea¬
tures contained one ore more items of grave goods, which
means that the discussed necropolis is quite an impres¬
sive one in this respect
(cf.
Tab.
19).
Only
17
graves were
devoid of grave goods. Most of poorly equipped graves
belonged to children
(8
cases), but some belonging to
adults occurred as well
— 3
men and
2
women.
Diversification of the grave goods in men's and
women's graves: The diversification of the grave
goods depending on the sex of the dead is presented in
Table
20.
Nonetheless, the
Lubień
population was quite
richly equipped with grave goods
-
they were discov¬
ered in as many as
95 %
of women's graves and
89%
124
of men's graves. The most abundant ones were found in
the graves belonging to women and men who died at the
adultus age.
Diversification of the grave goods depending on the
age of the dead: An attempt to determine the differences
in the grave goods depending on the age of the dead was
made for the burials where the age was precisely identi¬
fied anthropologically. The data is presented in Table
22.
Issue of children's burials: In total,
37
skeletons
or parts of skeletons belonging to children were found,
which makes up almost
30%
of all the discovered burials
discovered
(cf.
Fig.
12).
Unfortunately, in most graves
the remains were poorly preserved: only few teeth and
fragments of skulls were found, other bones constituting
only a small part of the finds. Grave goods were found
in
26
out of
37
(about
70%)
children's burials. There are
cases of burials not differing from adults' graves as far
as the quality of the grave goods is concerned. Chil¬
dren's grave goods included, among other things,
mili¬
taria
(axes and arrows) and coins.
Paleopathological lesions and the social status:
The paleopathological lesions that occurred in the popu¬
lation of
Lubień
include hypoplasia
(2
persons),
cribra
orbitalia
(9
persons), osteoporosis
(5
persons), condi¬
tions of the masticatory system (caries
- 16
persons
and periodontitis) and marks of dermatitis
(2
persons)
as well as degenerative lesions in the bodies of cervical
vertebrae
(1
person). Bone anomalies whose traces were
found include extra
sutural
bones
(10
persons),
sutura
metopica
(4
persons), and abnormal teeth structure (see
Appendix
1).
A direct relation between the biological
condition and the financial position of an individual was
ruled out. The reason may be the small number of the
analysed bodies, and the poor state of the bone remains,
which prevented paleopathological observations, and the
lack of the central part of the cemetery in particular.
Size of the grave pit and the social position: Apart
from the apparent relation between the average depth and
length of the grave pits and the age and sex of the dead,
also another quality was compared, namely
-
the number
of categories of items in the grave
(cf.
Fig.
13).
Despite
slight differences that can be explained by the insuffi¬
cient number of graves (e.g., we obtained an unreliable
result as to graves containing eight categories of objects
as only one such grave assembly was found), it can be
seen that the longer and deeper a grave pit is, the more
grave goods it contains. Poor graves are shallowest and
the length of their pits is small, and these values vary in
proportion to the quantity of grave goods.
An attempt to determine the diversification of the
community according to occupation: The relatively most
numerous items are weapons which were found not only
in adults' graves but also in the ones belonging to chil¬
dren. It can be assumed that, in all likelihood, features
containing weapons belonged to warriors of various
Streszczenie
ranks, presumably to shield bearers
-
clipeati.
Graves
with arrows may belong to servitorial people obliged to
hunt. Meanwhile, the
militaria
from the graves of the
youngest members of the community of
Lubień
seem to
be a symbolic message informing that the buried child
belonged to the circle of warriors, perhaps even from the
ducal retinue, and that this was the social role assigned to
the child. At the same time, they might have had magical
and apotropaic functions. The discovered tools include
knives, strikers, whetstones and spindle whorls. No tools
are unambiguously related to specific occupations such
as farming, craft and breeding. It is worth remembering
as well that the items buried together with the dead had
a non-utilitarian function. It is difficult to unambigu¬
ously link the finds of mustard seeds with practitioners
of herbalism or magic despite some evidence in favour
of this hypothesis.
V. Concluding remarks
In the course of the excavation works, an abundant
and diversified collection of archaeological and osteo-
logical sources was found. However, the value of some
of the sources for research is limited mainly due to the
state of preservation of both the graves and the objects
constituting the grave goods, and gaps in the archival
records, which prevent determination or specification of
some observations, particularly concerning the topogra¬
phy of the grave pit. However, the collected material is an
ideal point of departure for the research on funeral cus¬
toms and rituals found at the cemetery in
Lubień,
and,
in the long run, on the early medieval funeral rites of the
early
Piast
period. The items found in the graves may
suggest interregional contacts, frequently far-reaching,
an ability to adopt ideas and values coming from the out¬
side, both in the material and spiritual sphere, as well
as ethnocultural diversity of the dead. The community
of
Lubień
(probably the local elite) formed indirect and
direct (e.g. commercial) relationships with numerous
cultural circles: West-European (coins, inlaid
(?)
spear¬
head of Type IV), Scandinavian (spearheads of Types
E
and
Ci,
openwork fire strikers, buckets covered with
an ornamented metal sheet), Baltic (bell-shaped pen¬
dant), Anglo-Saxon (coin of Klhclrecl II), Byzantine
(silk) as well as Hungarian
(denar
o!'Béla
II). However,
the evidence of contacts with
Rus
is most abundant and
includes particularly ornaments, especially beads made
of semi-precious stones, lyre-shaped buckles and rattles.
Without specifying whether we deal in the case of a given
find with a "migration" of items, ideas or people, it can
be assumed beyond any serious doubt that the artefacts
were found at the cemetery in
Lubień
because the centre
in
Rozprza
was located at the crossing of communica¬
tion and trade routes, one running from
Rus
to Greater
Poland and the other from the north towards
Kraków
and
because there were a custom house and a market place
there, both testified to by sources. The issues mentioned
in the course of discussion require a more detailed study
with the use of more extensive comparative data. The
authors hope that the obtained results included in this
study will shed more light on issues related to the for¬
mation of the early
Piast
state, particularly in the terri¬
tory of the historical lands of
Sieradz
and
Łęczyca
and
will contribute to broadening the knowledge of the early
medieval rites in the Polish lands.
Translated by Archeo-Logos:
Joanna
Dżdża & Grzegorz Żabiński
125 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kurasiński, Tomasz 1970- Skóra, Kalina 1976- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)125830502X (DE-588)112913119X |
| author_facet | Kurasiński, Tomasz 1970- Skóra, Kalina 1976- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Kurasiński, Tomasz 1970- |
| author_variant | t k tk k s ks |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040525436 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)816404522 (DE-599)BVBBV040525436 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Piotrków Trybunalski Region (DE-588)1139902024 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Piotrków Trybunalski Region |
| id | DE-604.BV040525436 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-11T14:09:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788389499912 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025371631 |
| oclc_num | 816404522 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 389 s. il. (w tym kolor.), err. - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 31 cm. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kurasiński, Tomasz 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)125830502X aut Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski Tomasz Kurasiński, Kalina Skóra ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Techologiami Łódź Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2012 389 s. il. (w tym kolor.), err. - zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 31 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early medieval inhumation cemetery in Lubień Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Piotrków Trybunalski Region (DE-588)1139902024 gnd rswk-swf Piotrków Trybunalski Region (DE-588)1139902024 g Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 s DE-604 Skóra, Kalina 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)112913119X aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025371631&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025371631&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kurasiński, Tomasz 1970- Skóra, Kalina 1976- Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181634-1 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)1139902024 |
| title | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski |
| title_auth | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski |
| title_exact_search | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski |
| title_full | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski Tomasz Kurasiński, Kalina Skóra ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Techologiami |
| title_fullStr | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski Tomasz Kurasiński, Kalina Skóra ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Techologiami |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski Tomasz Kurasiński, Kalina Skóra ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Techologiami |
| title_short | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Lubieniu, pow. piotrkowski |
| title_sort | wczesnosredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w lubieniu pow piotrkowski |
| topic | Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Skelettfund Gräberfeld Piotrków Trybunalski Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025371631&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025371631&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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