Verfügbarkeit: Projects in linguistics and language studies

Projects in linguistics and language studies: a practical guide to researching language

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteiligte Personen:	Wray, Alison 1960- (VerfasserIn), Bloomer, Aileen 1947- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	London Hodder Education 2012
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schlagwörter:	Methode Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Linguistik Einführung
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025143424&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025143424&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Bis zur 2. Aufl. u.d.T.: Wray, Alison: Projects in linguistics
Umfang:	X, 315 S.
ISBN:	9781444145366

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface to the third edition .....................ix Why we wrote this book ................................. ¡x Who the book is for ......................................ix What the book does .....................................ix What the book doesn t do ............................ χ The second edition ....................................... χ The third edition ........................................... χ Acknowledgments ....................................xi International Phonetic Alphabet ............xii 1 Introduction: starting on the right foot ..............................................1 Choosing an area ....................................1 Getting organized ....................................3 Using resources ......................................5 Being a researcher ..................................8 Theory-only projects .............................10 Setting up data-based research .............11 Being streetwise: keeping on the right side of your assessor ...................14 Part I Areas of Study and Project Ideas 2 Psycholinguistics .............................. 17 Textbooks and major journals .................17 Central themes and project ideas ...........18 How psycholinguists conceptualize language .......................................19 How we understand language ...........20 Psycholinguistics and grammatical theory ........................21 Lexical and structural ambiguity .......22 How we produce spoken language ....23 How we produce writing ....................26 Language and thought.. ....................27 3 First-language acquisition and development .....................................30 Approaches to research .........................30 Terminology ..........................................31 Textbooks and major journals .................31 The CHILDES database ..........................32 Things to think about .............................32 Central themes and project ideas ...........34 Longitudinal case studies .................34 Prelinguistic development .................35 Over- and under-extension: lexical and semantic development ............35 Children s morphology ......................36 Development of phonology and intonation .....................................36 Comprehension of complex grammatical structures ..................37 Children s metalinguistic awareness ....................................37 Colour terms ...................................38 Carer language (or child-directed speech) .........................................39 Conversational development .............40 Sources of variation in child language ...............................40 Literacy development .......................41 Developmental problems ..................42 Later language acquisition ................43 4 Second-language acquisition .........45 Terminology ..........................................45 Textbooks and major journals .................47 Things to think about .............................48 Central themes and project ideas ...........48 Developmental sequences and the process of acquisition ....................48 Comparison of LI and L2 acquisition .................................49 Language-learning targets ................49 Motivation .......................................50 Grammar-based and communication- based teaching ..............................50 Vocabulary acquisition .....................52 Different concepts expressed in different languages ........................53 The learner s approach and experience ....................................53 Interlanguage, error analysis, and contrastive analysis .......................54 Language assessment and testing.... 55 Bilinguals, multilinguals, and polyglots ...................................55 Language teaching policies ...............56 Effect of the year abroad ..................58 Role of the social and political status of English as L2 .............................59 5 Structure and meaning ...................61 Textbooks and major journals .................61 Central themes and project ideas ...........62 Pragmatics ......................................62 Metaphor ........................................64 Sentence structure ..........................65 Words in isolation and in combination ......................................67 Morphology and etymology ...............70 Punctuation .....................................71 Correct grammar ............................72 6 Style in spoken and written texts... 76 Textbooksand major journals ................77 Central themes and project ideas ...........78 Sound patterns within texts ..............79 Lexical choice within texts ................80 Grammatical structure within texts. ...81 Interpersonal function of texts .........83 Formality and informality ..................85 Ideology and power ..........................86 Authorship ......................................88 Oral texts ........................................88 7 Sociolinguistics ................................92 Terminology and central concepts ..........93 Textbooks and major journals .................94 Central themes and project ideas ...........95 Quantitative approaches ..................95 Social networks ...............................96 Qualitative approaches ....................97 8 Language and gender .................. 101 Terminology ........................................101 Textbooks and major journals ...............102 Central themes and project ideas .........102 The gender variable in linguistic research .....................................102 Attitudes towards male and female language ..........................103 Gender differences in accent and dialect ..................................104 Differences in conversation and style of language use ...................105 Gay language .................................106 Explanations of difference ..............107 Language and sexism ....................108 Gender-differentiated language in first-language acquisition ..............108 Language, gender, and education ...109 9 Accents and dialects of English ... Ill Terminology ........................................112 Textbooks, reference sources, and major journals ...................................112 Which accent/dialect to choose ...........114 Obtaining data ....................................115 What to look for in an accent ...............115 What to look for in a dialect .................115 Possible angles and project ideas ........117 Comparing the speech of three generations .................................117 Comparing the accents of different non-native speakers ....................118 Explaining why a variety has come about .................................119 The political dimension of a variety ......................................119 Accent and dialect in literature .......120 Update study .................................121 Comparison of two varieties ...........121 Things to think about ...........................122 10 History of English ...........................124 Textbooks, reference sources, and major journals ...................................125 Central themes and project ideas .........126 Researching words and names .......126 Pronunciation and spelling ..............129 History of English dialects ..............131 The profile of a feature of English across time .................................131 Sociopolitical trends and influences on English ...................................131 English as a world language ............132 The influence of literacy on language ................................133 Things to think about ...........................134 11 Computer-mediated communication ..............................135 Terminology ........................................136 Textbooks and major journals ...............136 Central themes and project ideas .........137 Impoverished language ..................137 Changes in vocabulary ...................138 Linguistic variation .........................139 Discourse structure .......................140 Semantics and pragmatics .............140 Language production ......................141 Interpersonal communication .........142 Identity and anonymity ...................143 Technology and information ............145 Multilingualism and minority languages .......................147 Things to think about ...........................149 Part II Techniques for Collecting Data 12 Audio- and video-recorded data ... 153 Places to get data ...............................153 Audio or video? ...................................153 Naturalistic data ..................................153 Ethics and legality ...............................154 Quality ................................................154 How much data do you need? ..............154 Practicalities .......................................155 What to submit ....................................156 Things to think about ...........................156 13 Experiments ................................... 157 What does experimentation involve? .....157 Designing an experiment ......................159 Things to think about ...........................161 Advantages of experimental research ...163 Disadvantages of experimental research ...........................................163 14 Questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups ...................................164 Deciding if you need a questionnaire, interview, or focus group ....................164 Common uses of interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires ...............165 Logistics .............................................165 Things to think about ...........................170 Questionnaires ....................................170 Interviews ...........................................173 Focus groups ......................................177 15 Observation and case studies ........179 Observation studies ............................179 Case studies .......................................181 16 Ethical considerations in research projects ............................184 Ethics policies and guidelines ..............184 The difference between confidentiality and anonymity ..................................185 Data Protection Laws ...........................186 Part III Tools for Data Analysis 17 Transcribing speech phonetically and phonemically ............................189 The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription ......................189 A few notes on phonemes ....................190 Phonetic and phonemic symbols in word-processing ............................191 Hints on writing about pronunciation .....192 Checklist of phonemes ........................193 18 Transcribing speech orthographically ..............................195 How to organize the presentation of a transcription ...............................195 Turn taking ..........................................197 Silence and non-verbal communication in conversation ..........198 Dealing with unusual pronunciations .....199 Transcribing unclear utterances ............200 Marking pitch, emphasis, volume, and speed ...............................................201 External events ...................................203 Presenting the transcription ................203 Presenting the audio data itself ............204 19 Using computers to study texts .... 205 What is a corpus? ...............................205 Why is a corpus useful? .......................205 How do corpus searches operate? ........206 How do you find a corpus? ...................209 What are the main text analysis tools? ..............................................211 Making sense of corpus annotation ......211 Using corpora effectively in your work. ..212 Compiling your own corpus: potential problems ..........................................212 Limitations of corpora ..........................213 Further reading ....................................213 20 Statistics and your project ..............214 Do you need graphs and calculations in your project? .................................214 Descriptive statistics and basic calculations .....................................215 Using statistical analyses ....................221 Textbooks ..........................................225 Help for the mathematically insecure.... 226 Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics ........228 Part IV Presenting Your Work 21 How to reference .............................233 What is the purpose of referencing? .....233 General tips ........................................233 What does a basic reference look like? .........................................234 What is the difference between a references list and a b¡bliography ?....234 Basics of referencing ...........................234 Details of the Harvard system conventions ......................................237 Details of the Humane system conventions ......................................245 22 Plagiarism and how to avoid it ......247 What is plagiarism? .............................247 Will you get found out? .......................248 How to avoid accidental plagiarism: some strategies ................................248 Referencing ...................................248 Taking notes ..................................249 Skilled writing ................................249 Finding your voice ..........................250 23 Handy hints on writing good academic English .............................261 Before you start to write ......................261 As you are writing ................................262 After you have written ..........................263 The uses of apostrophes .....................263 Using punctuation ...............................264 Other common problems .....................265 24 Hints on giving a good oral presentation ......................................267 Some general points ...........................267 Time management ...............................268 Talk, don t read ...................................269 Content ..............................................269 Slides (e.g. PowerPoint) .......................270 Handouts ............................................272 Self-presentation .................................272 Rehearsing .........................................272 On the day ..........................................273 Questions and answers .......................275 References ..............................................277 Index .......................................................301 [ Pre Projects in Linguistics and Language Studies, Third Edition, is your essential guide when embarking on a research project in linguistics or English language. It includes over 350 project ideas that you can use directly or adapt to suit different contexts and interests. The first part of the book is organised according to the subject areas that most appeal to you as a student: psycholinguistics; first- and second-language acquisition; structure and meaning; sociolinguistics; language and gender; accents and dialects; the history of English; and, new to this third edition, computer- mediated communication. From there, the text guides you through the entire process of undertaking a project, from identifying a topic to presenting your work in both written and oral form. The book offers practical advice on: • where to find background information in your topic area • planning your work • the ethical issues associated with data collection • collecting data using various methods • transcribing orthographically and phonetically/phonemically • analysing your data • referencing effectively and avoiding plagiarism. Projects in Linguistics and Language Studies, Third Edition, is a reference guide that you will use again and again during your studies. J
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title	Projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language
title_auth	Projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language
title_exact_search	Projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language
title_full	Projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language Alison Wray and Aileen Bloomer
title_fullStr	Projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language Alison Wray and Aileen Bloomer
title_full_unstemmed	Projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language Alison Wray and Aileen Bloomer
title_short	Projects in linguistics and language studies
title_sort	projects in linguistics and language studies a practical guide to researching language
title_sub	a practical guide to researching language
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