Z počátků moderní byrokracie: nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Czech |
| Published: |
Brno
Matice Moravská
2011
|
| Edition: | Vyd. 1. |
| Series: | Edice Země a kultura ve Střední Evropě
21 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025137150&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025137150&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The beginning of modern bureaucracy |
| Physical Description: | 587 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788086488912 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Edice Země a kultura ve Střední Evropě |v 21 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The beginning of modern bureaucracy | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1819357602548547584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 584
Summary
The Beginning of Modern Bureaucracy:
The Supreme Land Governing Office
(Allerhöchste
Landesfürstliche Stelle) in
Moravia between
1748
and
1782
The study deals with the functioning of the land governing office from
1748
to the
early years of the reign of Joseph II. The institution came into existence in the context
of the enactment of the Decenalrecess
(1748),
which meant that the authority over the
collection of taxes shifted from the Czech and Moravian Estates to the land governing
authorities. Originally called royal deputation
(Königliche
Deputation) this land govern¬
ing authority was established with the purpose of managing the government revenue
agenda (contributionale). Later on, further financial and military powers were trans¬
ferred from the royal tribunal (which up to that point had functioned as the supreme
governing office of the land) to the office
(camerale
and
militare
mixtum, repectively).
However, it was already in May
1749
that the management of political affairs
(pu¬
blica
et
politica)
was transferred from the tribunal to the royal deputation as a part of
the reforms introduced by Maria Theresa. Under the name representation and chamber
(Repräsentation und
Саттеѓ)
the office attained the function of the supreme land
governing authority in Moravia. In
1763
its name was changed to
gubernium,
which it
kept until the beginning Joseph II s reign. In
1782
it was transformed into the Moravian-
Silesian
gubernium.
The present work attempts to map the dynamic development of the institution against
the background of the main administrative events of the period in question. In so doing,
it focuses on two major and mutually intersecting issues, administration and diplomatics.
The text is subdivided into four parts: The office and the history of administration; The
office and the people; The office and everyday life; The office and written documents.
The first part (The Office and the history of administration) deals with the administra¬
tive history of the institution. It is arranged chronologically according to the individual
stages in its development, which were also reflected in the changing name of the office.
The author analyzes and comments on the various instructions and related administrative
powers; comments on the operation of the office, and presents various employment and
salary systemizations. Due attention is paid to the attempts at increasing efficiency of
office work and to the acquisition of powers from the royal authorities.
The second part (The Office and the people) focuses on the structure of the institu¬
tion and its staff. The individual office ranks are presented from top to bottom, based
on the ranking of the officials and clerks in the title calendars (Titular-Kalender). The
description of the concrete labor assignment associated with a particular position is
based on the analysis of office instructions from the years
1745
and
1764,
but clues from
archival materials that suggest revisions of the instructions are also taken into account.
If certain positions were held by concrete individuals, the author follows the lives of
the persons in charge of those positions. If a certain activity was performed by group
of office workers, (clerks; scriveners), attention is paid the changes in their numbers.
The third part (The Office and everyday life) focuses on the everyday life of the
institution. It maps the day-to-day affairs of the office, such as the creation and
expedi-
Summary
585
tion
of documents, the management and running of the councilors meetings (Rathsses-
siones). The study also pays attention to everyday worries of the office staff, the hiring
procedures, and the system of official promotion within the office, systems of retirement,
remunerations and ordering and management of office supplies.
The final part (The office and the written documents) is devoted to an analysis of
written material produced by the office. The procedures of the office originated from
the tribunal traditions, which enabled the author to link this part of the work to the study
by Vladimir
Vašků,
who carried out an analysis of the various kinds of bureaucratic work
used by the tribunal
(Vašků, Vladimír: Studie o správních dějinách a písemnostech mo¬
ravského královského tribunálu z let
1636-1749.
Brno
1969).
An analysis of the archival
material confirmed that some of these traditional methods of management continued,
albeit in a modified form. In addition, new types of documents could be identified. The
work follows the expedition of written and printed documents, as well as the channels
of internal communication within the office.
From its establishment the office was located in Brno s Land House. It was subdi¬
vided into several independent parts. Its principal core was formed by the councilors
college, which functioned as the office s decision-making body, and the office proper
as its executive extension. The office proper was further subdivided into
a registrature
(Registratur),
expedition office
(Expedit),
scriveners room
(Kanzlei -
office in a nar¬
rower sense of the word) and the tax office (Taxamf). Each of these divisions was housed
in separate rooms of the Land House, except for the
Taxamt,
which was located in the
house of the tax officer
(Taxator).
Furthermore the office had an accounting office (Buchhalterei) and a chamber trea¬
sury
(Zahlamt),
both of which, due to the specific nature of their activities, represented
defacto
autonomous units. Their respective relations to the core of the institution, how¬
ever, differed. An autonomous accounting office was established in May
1749
in order to
supervise the revenue agenda. This activity had, until that point, been carried out by sev¬
eral tax controllers (Revidenten), who were struggling under the ever growing amounts
of red-tape. The accounting office was incorporated into the office, for it was congruent
with its powers and was expected to meet the demands of the tax accounting agenda.
There was but a loose link to the office due to a highly specialized nature of its activity
and thus the accounting office functioned without interference by the office officials.
The chamber treasury, formed in
1748
out of the
Rentamt ,
served to the accounting of
the
camerale1
and the maintenance of cash. It was subject to institutional supervision,
yet at the same time, as a representative of chamber interest, it was managed together
with the court chamber. It was located outside of the Land House.
In order to manage the assigned agenda various committees were set up. Some of
those were modeled on the court commissions in Vienna, with whom they shared the
same purpose; others were set up on a temporary basis to meet the needs of the mo¬
ment. They were always chaired by one of the councilors. The other committee mem¬
bers came also from the supreme administrative office, however, other institutions were
represented as well, thus one could find there tribunal assessors or representatives of
professionally related institutions. The work of the actuars (secretaries) was carried
out by the office staff.
The supreme land governing office also exercised authority over various commis¬
sions (Konsess) frequently established in earlier times and continuing into the reign
of Maria Theresa. These were subordinated to the office; yet more loosely linked. They
were always headed by one of the councilors and their composition was the same as in
the case of commissions. In some cases they were also provided with office staff and
registrature
of their own.
586
Z počátků moderní byrokracie
Despite a relatively
limited
time frame covered in this work
(1748-1782),
significant
developments can be traced in regard to the development of bureaucratic procedures in
general and the internal functioning of the supreme land governing office in particular.
In the earlier period following the
1748/49
reforms, the management and inner structure
of the representation and chamber kept the characteristics of the earlier baroque way of
operation. A steady increase of agenda, caused by a multitude of reform measures by the
sovereign concerning all areas of life of the monarchy lead to a dramatic rise in office
activity. At the same time, traditional ways of office work were becoming more rigorous.
Pressure from above to introduce various new manuals and office books
{Amtsbücher)
has been ascertained.
It would have been possible to meet the demands of the ever growing office agenda
by increasing the office staff; however, the court resisted such measures due to the
potential rise of the costs. The problem of staff shortage was thus solved by means of
hiring unpaid surplus workers (Accessisten). Such workers then joined the ranks of the
scriveners who carried the major share of the burden of paperwork. However, some
increase of office staff did take place from time to time, usually in connection with civil
service reforms.
Another way of meeting the growing demands on labor was to increase efficiency.
Gradual changes aiming at a simplification of office management and paperwork could
be traced. A major pain represented, above all, the work of the scriveners, which was
extensive and claimed much time and personnel. The office took over the respective
types of documents from the earlier baroque times, both in regard to their appearance
and requisites. In such documents certain stereotypical formulae were used, which, save
for the titular address of the recipient, had no functional value. However, they had to be
employed even in a brief communication, which impacted the time necessary for the
production and subsequent expedition of the document. Throughout Maria Theresa s
reign the forms were never simplified, however attempts were being made to limit their
number. For instance it was no longer necessary to attach accompanying documents to
the periodic reports to the court, just verification by the office sufficed.
In the course of time the bureau was left to deal independently with various af¬
fairs, which were previously decided by the court: first those of lesser importance, then,
gradually, more weighty matters. In this way a whole range of affairs was delegated on
the office to decide on its own. Reports of such decisions were subsequently sent out
at regular intervals (quarterly, yearly), thus limiting the amount of communication with
Vienna. This came as a relief for the central court offices, too, for they were less burdened
by provincial affairs.
The number of affairs attended to during the councilors meetings
-
organized as
a system of boards
-
was continually increasing, ranging from dozens through hundreds
of issues. In order to meet the demands of an ever growing agenda, the meetings came
to function as a place where the incoming materials were sorted and distributed among
the various committees and commissions, which attended to them in accordance with
their powers. This measure simplified the work of the councilors, who were free to focus
solely on selected matters of prime importance.
The supreme land governing office entered the period of reign of Joseph II with
its traditional structure intact, but burdened to the utmost. Soon after his ascent to the
throne, halfway through the year
1781,
the new sovereign carried out major bureaucratic
reforms. It was already during his mother s lifetime that he was well aware of their inevi¬
tability. The study describes the initial steps of the reforms and captures the first changes
in the way bureaucracy was organized and the simplification of paperwork that mark
a significant departure from the way bureaucracy operated previously. In addition, as of
Summary
587
June
16,1781,
Joseph II partly abolished the plenary system and introduced a combined
system in its stead. Here it was up to the president to determine which affairs were sup¬
posed to be dealt with at a plenary session; others were to be attended to by the councilors
in collaboration with their aides.
The functioning of the office in its various aspects did not yet attain the criteria of
modern bureaucracy as formulated by Max Weber. The results show that the criterion of
clearly delimited official powers was met only up to a point. Regular duties required for
the bureaucratic management of the office were not clearly divided and the staff (both
clerks and councilors) could carry out a variety of different tasks at the same time. Neither
was there a clear wall of separation between the workplace and home. Some employees
also worked partly at home, taking the official files with them. Others, such as the tax of¬
ficer
(Taxator),
attended to their duties at home. Likewise the councilors were required to
keep special rooms in their private houses for sessions of committee meetings they were
chairing. Exercising one s office duties at home is also related to an imperfect separation
of the working hours from one s free time. Although the instructions state the number of
working hours that are to be spent in the office (particularly concerning the subaltern
staff), additional instructions that the staff is required to serve as long as necessary are
always present. Records testifying to work on Sundays and festive days have also been
identified. Neither was it true that the salary was the main and only source of income
of people working for the office. The number of people employed there exceeded the
figures allocated by the personnel and salary systemization. The persons not covered by
the systemization had other sources of income (pensions, honorary salaries) or had to
rely on the assistance of their families.
Translated by
Tomáš Pospíšil
Bayerische
j
Staatsbibliothek
München j
Obsah
Úvod
..............................................................
H
Přehled dosavadního
bádaní a pramenné
základny
..............16
ÚŘAD A JEHO SPRÁVNÍ DĚJINY
........................................25
Doba přípravy
....................................................25
Mír vykoupený ztrátami
...........................................25
Hledání východiska pro monarchii
.................................27
Zavedení nového kamerálního a vojenského systému na Moravě
.....33
Čas deputace
......................................................38
Vznik královské deputace
.........................................38
Instrukce pro deputaci
........................................39
Obnovení krajských hejtmanů
.................................45
Dotvoření systému
............................................48
Jmenování personálu deputace
................................50
První zasedání
................................................51
Upevnění systému
...............................................57
Rozvoj deputace
..............................................60
Doba reprezentace a komory
.....................................66
Vznik reprezentace a komory
......................................66
První roky reprezentace a komory
.................................84
Úprava kompetencí reprezentace a komory v roce
1751 .........89
Personální reforma úřadu v roce
1752..........................99
Další léta
........................................................108
Komise reprezentace a komory
...............................113
Písařina a snahy o její omezení
................................ 115
Za sedmileté války
...............................................118
Sistování platů úřadu
.........................................122
Další přenechávání pravomocí
................................125
Reformy
u
dvora
.............................................128
Doba gubernia
...................................................133
Přeměna reprezentace a komory na gubernium
...................133
Nový personální statut
.......................................135
Návrh nové instrukce
........................................140
Personalia
...................................................143
Za prezidenta Schrattenbacha
....................................145
Nová instrukce
..............................................146
Další nový personální statut
..................................152
Všední dny gubernia
.........................................154
8
Z počátků moderní byrokracie
Gubernium za prezidentů Kounice a Kryštofa Bliimegena
..........
l6l
Vzrůst agendy
...............................................*
Nová personální systemizace
.................................171
Reformy na počátku osmdesátých let
.............................192
ÚŘAD A LIDÉ
........................................................
201
Personální obsazení a struktura úřadu
204
Personál
s rozhodovací
pravomocí
210
Prezident úřadu
.................................................210
Kolegium radů
..................................................220
Ředitel kanceláře
............................................222
Departementy
..............................................226
Kontrola protokolů
..........................................231
Vedení komisí
...............................................231
Personální proměny radního kolegia
..........................232
Deputace a doba reprezentace a komory
....................232
Doba gubernia
............................................251
Sekretáři
.........................................................263
Rozdělení koncipování expedovaných písemností
.................272
Vyšší personál
(oficianţi)
........................................276
Registrátor a registratura
.........................................276
Expeditor
a
expedit
..............................................283
Taxator
a taxovní úřad
...........................................290
Radní protokolista
..............................................296
Koncipisté
......................................................304
Vedení podacího protokolu
...................................309
Nižší personál
....................................................311
Kancelistę
.......................................................311
Translator.......................................................
328
Úřední poslové
..................................................329
Dveřník
........................................................332
Svébytné součásti úřadu
.........................................337
Účtárna
.........................................................337
Komorní pokladna
...............................................346
ÚŘAD A JEHO VŠEDNÍ DEN
...........................................
35O
Vnitřní chod úřadu
..............................................
35O
Radní sezení
..........................................
35O
Způsob projednávání záležitostí
..............................353
Počet sezení v týdnu
.........................................356
Začátek sezení
.................................. 359
Obsah
9
Zatížení sezení záležitostmi
...................................362
Cesta písemnosti úřadem
........................................364
Kancelářské potřeby
.............................................373
Úředník a jeho kariéra
...........................................384
Nástup
к
úřadu
..................................................384
Nadpočetní
.....................................................
З88
Služební postup
.................................................397
Původ personálu
................................................400
Penze a úmrtí
...................................................401
Platy personálu
..................................................407
ÚŘAD A PÍSEMNOSTI
.................................................419
Expedované písemnosti psané
..................................422
Písemnosti vydávané úřadem jako celkem
.........................422
Relace ke dvoru
..............................................422
Osobní relace
................................................432
Rekvizitoriální misivy
........................................436
Insinuáty
....................................................444
Noty
........................................................444
Dekretální misivy
............................................447
Dekrety
.....................................................450
Dekretace
...................................................454
Ratifikace
...................................................460
Písemnosti vydávané oficianty
....................................463
Atestace
.....................................................463
Kvitance
....................................................465
Expedované písemnosti tištěné
..................................466
Patenty a otevřené dekrety
...................................466
Cirkuláře
....................................................478
Extrakty patentů a nařízení
...................................481
Příležitostné tisky
............................................487
Prostředky pro vnitřní komunikaci
.............................490
Písemnosti
......................................................490
Dekrety a dekretace
..........................................490
Vnitroúřadové instrukce
.....................................490
Podání
...................................................... 494
Vnitroúřadové noty („Pro
memoria )
..........................498
Úřední knihy
....................................................501
Radní protokol
...............................................501
Podací protokol
..............................................517
Registraturní kniha
..........................................526
10
Z počátků moderní byrokracie
Knihy deklaratorií
...........................................535
Knihy patentů a cirkulářů
....................................540
Knihy depozit
...............................................542
Knihy výpůjček
..............................................542
Knihy
expedit
...............................................543
Knihy referentů
..............................................543
Závěrečné shrnutí
...............................................545
Seznam zkratek
...................................................559
Prameny a literatura
...............................................562
Seznam vyobrazení
................................................570
Jmenný rejstřík
....................................................576
Summary
.........................................................584
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sviták, Zbyněk 1955- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137749147 |
| author_facet | Sviták, Zbyněk 1955- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sviták, Zbyněk 1955- |
| author_variant | z s zs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040281807 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)802505478 (DE-599)BVBBV040281807 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1748-1782 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1748-1782 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Mähren (DE-588)4074432-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mähren |
| id | DE-604.BV040281807 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:11:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788086488912 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025137150 |
| oclc_num | 802505478 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 587 S. Ill. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Matice Moravská |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Edice Země a kultura ve Střední Evropě |
| series2 | Edice Země a kultura ve Střední Evropě |
| spellingShingle | Sviták, Zbyněk 1955- Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 Edice Země a kultura ve Střední Evropě Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063317-2 (DE-588)4074432-2 |
| title | Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 |
| title_auth | Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 |
| title_exact_search | Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 |
| title_full | Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 Zbyněk Sviták |
| title_fullStr | Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 Zbyněk Sviták |
| title_full_unstemmed | Z počátků moderní byrokracie nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 Zbyněk Sviták |
| title_short | Z počátků moderní byrokracie |
| title_sort | z pocatku moderni byrokracie nejvyssi zemepansky urad na morave v letech 1748 1782 |
| title_sub | nejvyšší zeměpanský úřad na Moravě v letech 1748 - 1782 |
| topic | Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verwaltung Mähren |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025137150&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025137150&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022264618 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT svitakzbynek zpocatkumodernibyrokracienejvyssizemepanskyuradnamoravevletech17481782 |