Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi: sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Univ. Dmitrija Požarskogo
2011
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025000664&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025000664&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Historical writing in early medieval England and early Rus. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 689 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785912440496 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
.......................................13
ЧАСТЬ
I.
Формы историописания в Англии и на Руси
..........32
Глава
1.
Письменная культура Англо-Саксонской Англии
и Древней Руси: Сравнительный очерк
....................32
§ 1.1.
Общие вопросы
..............................32
§ 1.2.
Конкретные виды текстов
.......................52
Глава
2.
Анналы и летописи
...........................69
§ 2.1.
О значении терминов «анналы» и «летописи»
...........69
а. «Анналы» и их соотношение с «хрониками»
................69
б. «Летописи» и их соотношение с «анналами» и «хрониками»
.......85
§ 2.2.
Комплекс сохранившихся текстов
...................92
а. Английские анналы на латыни
.........................92
б. Анналы на древнеанглийском языке (Англо-Саксонская хроника)
... 96
в. Древнерусские летописи
............................101
§ 2.3.
Сравнительный очерк истории англо-саксонской
анналистики и древнерусского летописания
............106
а. Возникновение и ранняя история анналистики
/
летописания
.... 106
б. Английская анналистика после 990-х годов
и древнерусское летописание после
11
10-х годов
..............120
§ 2.4.
Внутренняя форма: Структура текста
и хронологические формулы
......................124
§ 2.5.
Рукописи и окружение в них
.....................136
§ 2.6.
Тематика сообщений, круг интересов летописцев
........140
§ 2.7.
Статус и авторство
...........................160
а. Место ведения анналов и летописей
....................161
б. Личность анналистов (летописцев) и их социальный статус
......163
в. Заказчики, инициаторы, патроны летописания
..............166
г. Статус авторов по отношению к заказчикам
................169
Глава
3.
Пространные тексты, отличные от анналов и летописей
... 171
§ 3.1.
«Всеобщая история»: Иностранные
и оригинальные сочинения
.......................171
6
T.B.
Гимон Историописание раннесредневековой
Англии и Древней Руси
а. Иностранные латиноязычные сочинения, бытовавшие Англии.
«Орозий короля Альфреда»
...........................................
б. «Большая хроника» Беды Достопочтенного
...........................183
в. Переводы иностранных исторических сочинений,
известные на Руси
...................................................186
г. Древнерусские хронографы
..........................................193
д. Опыт сравнения
....................................................200
§ 3.2.
«Начальная история» о становлении государства
и его христианизации
..........................................202
а. Сочинения Гильды и «Ненния»
-
«предыстория»
Англо-Саксонской Англии
............................................202
б.
«Церковная история народа англов» Беды Достопочтенного
...........203
в. Древнерусское Древнейшее сказание и возможность
его сопоставления. «Слово о законе и благодати» Илариона
..............210
§ 3.3.
«Местная церковная история»
.................................217
а. Две «Истории аббатов Веармута и Ярроу»
............................217
б. Поэмы о местной церковной истории (Алкуин и Этельвульф)
.........221
в. «Истории-картулярии» английских монастырей
......................223
г. Возможные аналогии с Древней Русью. Киево-Печерский патерик
......225
§ 3.4.
Биографии правителей
........................................227
§ 3.5.
Другие опыты «связной» истории
..............................235
а. Хроника Этельвеарда и историческая компиляция Бирхтферта
........235
б. Галицко-Волынская летопись
........................................240
Глава
4.
«Малые» формы историописания
.............................243
§ 4.1.
Анналы на пасхальных таблицах
...............................243
§ 4.2.
«Малые хроники» и «хронологические расчеты»
................263
§ 4.3.
Перечни и генеалогии правителей
..............................277
§ 4.4.
Краткие заметки и «летописчики» о церковной истории
.........291
§ 4.5.
«Протоавтобиографии»
.......................................303
§ 4.6.
Летописные записи на книгах и стенах соборов
.................309
ЧАСТЬ
II.
Средневековый летописец за работой
......................311
Глава
5.
Вводные положения
..........................................311
§ 5.1.
Постановка проблемы
.........................................311
§ 5.2.
Очерк истории изучения англо-саксонской анналистики
и некоторых смежных сюжетов
............................... 313
§ 5.3.
Методы исследования
................................. 326
а. Палеографические и кодикологические методики
.....................327
б. Сравнительно-текстологический метод
..............................331
в. Методы, основанные на внутреннем анализе текста
...................335
____________________________
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
___________________________7
Глава
6.
Древнейшая английская «живая летопись» и ее история
........338
§ 6.1.
Общая характеристика рукописи А
.............................338
§ 6.2.
Номера годов в рукописи А и их «приключения»
................343
§ 6.3.
«Основное ядро» рукописи А: Текст за
60
г. до н. э.-*920 г. н. э.
... 345
§ 6.4.
Статьи *924-1001 гг.: Несистематическое пополнение анналов.
... 356
§ 6.5.
Статьи
1002-1070
гг.: Краткая ретроспективная летопись
........364
§ 6.6.
Добавления и поправки в уже написанном тексте
...............370
Глава
7.
Английская анналистика до и после Нормандского
завоевания
(1040-1070
e
годы)
..................................376
§ 7.1.
Постановка проблемы, историография и пути решения
..........376
§ 7.2.
Кодикологический анализ рукописи С
..........................387
§ 7.3.
Кодикологический анализ рукописи
D
..........................398
§ 7.4.
Другие источники (рукописи
E
и
F,
хроника Иоанна Вустерского)
...................................412
§ 7.5.
Сопоставление текстов
........................................415
§ 7.6.
Опыт детальной реконструкции истории английской анналистики
1040-1070-х годов
..............................................434
а. Источники рукописи
D
.............................................434
б. «Протограф Е»
-
анналы Кентербери и Дарема
(?)....................436
в. «Протограф
W»
-
Вустерские анналы
................................440
г. Еще раз о рукописи С: Как и где она велась?
...........................446
д. Рукопись
D:
Ее характер, время и место создания
.....................448
е. Итоги
..............................................................459
§ 7.7.
Ведение погодных записей в Абингдоне и Вустере
...............461
а. Анналы Абингдона (рукопись С, статьи
1044-1066
гг.)
.................461
б. Вустерские анналы (статьи
1035-1077
гг.)
............................465
§ 7.8.
Редактирование чужого текста:
Опыт «микротекстологии» статьи
1049
г.
.........................469
Глава
8.
Погодные записи первой трети
XII
в
...........................478
§ 8.1.
Рукопись
H
(фрагмент анналов за
1113-1114
гг.)
.................478
§ 8.2.
Рукопись
E
(анналы Питерборо,
1122-1131
гг.)
..................486
Глава
9.
Работа древнерусских летописцев
в свете англо-саксонских параллелей
............................497
§ 9.1.
Ведение погодных записей
.....................................497
§ 9.2.
Составление сводов
...........................................509
§ 9.3.
Копирование и редактирование
................................518
8
T.B.
Гимон Историописание раннесредневековой
Англии и Древней Руси
_____
§ 9.4.
Изменения и дополнения в уже существующей рукописи
........524
§ 9.5.
Погодная сетка и летописный текст
............................532
Заключение
.........................................................537
Приложения
........................................................551
1.
Предварительный перечень древнерусских и англо-саксонских
рукописей, содержащих памятники историописания
.................551
2.
Перевод фрагментов Англо-Саксонской хроники на русский язык
(совместно с З.Ю. Метлицкой)
......................................567
3.
Реконструкция состава Вустерских анналов за
1035-1077
гг.
.........580
4.
Перечни и генеалогии правителей: Англо-Саксонские
и древнерусские тексты
.............................................589
5.
Важнейшие центры книжности раннесредневековой Англии:
Справочные сведения
..............................................601
Список принятых сокращений
........................................608
Указатель имен
......................................................630
Указатель географических названий
...................................658
Summary
............................................................665
Иллюстрации и карты
...............................................673
SUMMARY
This book is an application of the approach called comparative source stud¬
ies which was recently suggested by Russian historians Sergey M. Kashtanov and
Marina F. Rumyantseva. The main idea of this approach is to compare societies
via a comparison of texts which were once produced by these societies. If we are
interested in comparative history, it must be safer to compare not societies them¬
selves (which are subjects to reconstruction if not conjecture), but the texts which
survived. The corpus of surviving texts (even though not necessarily representing
all that was once written) shows which tasks this society resolved when using
writing, and thus reflects the needs of the society. In other words, the variety of
kinds of written texts produced by a society reflects something very important
about how this society functioned. The Russian comparative source studies , thus,
have a lot of common with such popular approach in recent Western historiog¬
raphy as the history of literacy and writing (Michael Clanchy, Rosamond McKit-
terick, Simon Franklin, Roger Chartier, and others).
A comparative source study , in ideal, should be concerned with all the corpus
of written texts surviving from the both societies compared. In practice, however,
it is not easy to undertake such a research. The task of this book is more modest.
It is dedicated to just one (though important) group of texts: historical writing.
I compare forms of historical writing which were created in two medieval so¬
cieties: Anglo-Saxon England and Old
Rus.
England and
Rus
were situated far
enough geographically, and thus a direct cultural influence is hardly probable.
However, these countries have important common features. Their written cul¬
tures developed after the conversion to Christianity, under significant influence
of other, more developed written cultures. Unlike most of the regions of Europe
in the Early Middle Ages, the Anglo-Saxons and the
Rus
practised writing in ver¬
nacular, not in Latin (as for England, not only in Latin). Finally, Anglo-Saxon his¬
torical writings survived in a good number of manuscripts, including very early
ones. The evidence of these manuscripts is extremely helpful for the study of early
Rus
historical writing, reflected mostly in later copies and compilations.
For both countries a period of several centuries is discussed in this book:
597-1066
for England and 988-c.
1400
for
Rus.
The first date in both cases is the
beginning of the conversion to Christianity. The second date for England is the
Norman Conquest and for
Rus
is (approximately) the beginning of using paper
instead of parchment.
It is not easy to define what is historical writing , which medieval texts belong
to it, and which ones do not. In this book I do not speak about biblical books and
666
T.B.
Гимон Историописание раннесредневековой
Англии и Древней Руси
commentaries to them, heroic and other poetry (excluding long poems on church
history), hagiography, texts of Christian commemoration, and judicial documents
(though all these groups of texts certainly can reflect historical memory). On the
other hand, I include into historical writing not only outstanding texts, but also
primitive ones, such as annals in Easter-tables, chronological summaries, lists of
rulers, etc.
The first part of the book is dedicated to a comparison of the range of genres
of historical writing. The second part has a narrower task. It is concerned with the
process of work of medieval annalists. This process is studied on the basis of sev¬
eral English manuscripts, and then, in the light of this, the possibilities of further
studies of the
Rus
chronicles are discussed.
Part
1.
Forms of historical writing in England and
Rus
Chapter
1.
Written culture of Anglo-Saxon England and Old
Rus: A
com¬
parative essay. The chapter contains a comparative overlook of writing in Anglo-
Saxon England and Old
Rus
which should form a context for the rest of the study.
The chapter discusses both general issues (such as political and ecclesiastical con¬
text, the appearance of writing, materials for writing, languages and alphabets, the
quantity of extant manuscripts, problems of their survival) and particular kinds of
texts (liturgical books, laws, acts, administrative documents, letters, etc.). Most of
these demonstrate the similarity of Anglo-Saxon and
Rus
written cultures, even
though significant differences certainly exist.
Chapter
2.
Annals and letopisi. Anglo-Saxon annals are represented, firstly,
by several texts in Latin (the oldest among which being the annalistic continua¬
tions of
Bedes
Historia ecclesiastica)
and, secondly, by the so-called Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle which is in fact a group of manuscripts representing various stages and
branches of Old English annalistic writing from the late 9th to the middle of the
12th century. Old
Rus
letopisi (often translated as chronicles ) are a very similar
phenomenon. Extant letopisi manuscripts are all related to each other and repre¬
sent different stages and branches of letopisi writing in
Rus
from the
1
lth century
on. Anglo-Saxon annals and
Rus
letopisi are very similar. Texts of both consist of
annual entries starting with annal-numbers. These entries, in turn, normally con¬
sist of notes (brief or extended) on particular events, separated one from another
by wordings like in this very year or similar ones. For both, Anglo-Saxon annals
and
Rus
letopisi, the diversity of length of entries (which can include brief notes
on events as well as extended narrations), blank annals, and the inclusion of frag¬
ments of other genres (such as poetic and
hagiographie narrations,
judicial texts,
etc.) are typical. Thus, it seems reasonable to regard Anglo-Saxon annals and Old
Rus
letopisi as two representatives of the same annalistic genre.
The second chapter of the book contains a comparison of Anglo-Saxon an¬
nals and
Rus
letopisi. I start with the definitions of these genres and the principal
possibility of their comparison, and then I give an introduction into the corpus of
SUMMARY
667
surviving texts and an outline of history of Anglo-Saxon annalisic writing and
Rus
letopisi writing. After that, the internal form of these texts, their manuscript layout
and context in manuscripts, the choice of events to be described, the status of the
annalists and their patrons, as well as the places of their work, are compared.
In spite of some significant differences (for example,
Rus
letopisi are much
more interested in church building and in astronomical phenomena than An¬
glo-Saxon annals) they have a lot of common. After all, for both countries they
were the only form of historical writing represented not by one text (or several
similar texts) but by a long-standing continuous tradition of updating, revising
and compiling such texts.
Chapter
3.
Extended texts different from annals and letopisi. Both, Anglo-
Saxon and Old
Rus
left us a number of non-annalistic historical writings. First of
all, these are works of foreign historians known and used in the countries in ques¬
tion. Some twenty antique, early Christian and medieval historical works in Latin
(or in Latin translation) are known to have been known in Anglo-Saxon England
(either survived in extant copies written or owned in
pre-
1066
England, or are
mentioned in booklists, or were quoted by Anglo-Saxon authors). The only for¬
eign historical work translated into Old English (with changes and supplements)
was the History against the Pagans by Paul Orosius (the translation was made in
the time of the Alfredian revival in the late 9th century).
Pre-
1400
Rus
knew at
least six foreign historical works translated into Church Slavonic (the Chronicles
of George
Amártelos,
John Malalas and George
Syncellus,
the History of the fu-
dean War by Joseph
Flavius,
the pseudo-Callisthenes Alexandria,
-
all translated
from Greek, and Hebrew chronicle Josippon). Either these translations having
been made in
Rus
itself or elsewhere in
Slávia
Orthodoxa, they were known in
Rus
and used as sources for original works (even though only Amartolos Chronicle
survived in
Rus pre-
1400
manuscripts). The only direct coincidence in the choice
of such works in England and
Rus
is the History of the Judean War, but a general
similarity can be observed.
Old
Rus
not only possessed copies of translated works but created original
compilations on world history (in fact, biblical, Roman and Byzantine history).
These compilations are traditionally called chronographs (Simon Franklin sug¬
gested to call them in English historical compendia1). Chronographs were based
on biblical books, translated historical works and other sources. Several such com¬
pilations were certainly created before
1400,
although some important questions
of their history are subjects to scholarly discussion. Anglo-Saxons did not create
such compilations, as far as is known. The only Anglo-Saxon extended original
work on world history is Bede s Chronica maiora, which is an introduction into
the chronology of the world, not a compilation of such sort as
Rus
chronographs.
1
Franklin
S.D.
Some Apocryphical Sources of Kievan Russian Historiography
//
Franklin
S.D.
Byzantium
-
Rus
-
Russia: Studies in the translation of Christian culture. Aldershot,
2002.
P.
1-2.
668
ТВ. Гимон Историописание раннесредневековой Англии и Древней Руси
The central work for Anglo-Saxon historical writing is the Ecclesiastical His¬
tory of the English People by Venerable
Bede,
finished in
731
in Northumbria.
Bede
gave a coherent narration on the establishment of the Christian church in
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and (more or less) on the political history of these king¬
doms; he also placed the English people into the context of world history. It is an
interesting question, which Old
Rus
text can be compared with
Bedes
main work.
On the one hand, the
Rus
early
12th-century
Primary Chronicle
(Povesť
vremen-
nykh let, The Tale of Bygone Years) can be suggested for such a comparison. It also
tells the early history of the state and the church of
Rus
and places it into a world
-
history context. But the Primary Chronicle is a representative of letopisi, and thus
is to be compared with annals, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, namely with its late
9th-century
common stock. The Primary Chronicle was already a compilation, its
compiler certainly used earlier
11th-century
texts.
Bede,
on the contrary, wrote a
non-annalistic narration, and it was not a compilation (though
Bede
used some
written sources as well as materials sent to him by his correspondents). Many
scholars assume that the first text among the precursors of the Primary Chronicle
was a non-annalistic narration telling the story of the establishment of
Rus
ruling
dynasty and church, and this text (if it existed) can be a better parallel to Bede s
Ecclesiastical History. On the other hand, llth-century Metropolitan Hilarion s
Sermon of Law and Grace can be compared with Bede s work: even though the
Sermon is much smaller and by no means a historical narration, it includes an
explicit argument on the
Russ
place in the history of the world.
Anglo-Saxons wrote several local ecclesiastical histories : two Histories of the
Abbots ofWearmouth andjarrow (anonymous and Bede s ones), poetic narrations
on local church history by Alcuin and ^thelwulf, later compilations combining
the features of history and cartulary (such as
Historia
de
Sancto Cuthberto). The
only
pre-
1400
Rus
text to be compared with those is the Kievan Cave Paterikon.
Anglo-Saxon England and
pre-
1400
Rus
each left us a couple of texts which
can be defined as biographies of rulers (Asser s Life of King Alfred, Encomium Em-
mae Reginae
[Gesta Cnutonis];
the Life of Alexander Nevsky, the Life ofDaumantas
of Pskov). Such non-hagiographic biographies (in the case of
Rus
Lives
-
with
hagiographie
elements) first appeared relatively late (in England in the late 9th
century; in
Rus
in the late 13th century) and
-
that may be significant
-
in the
times of foreign invasions.
Other examples of extended non-annalistic historical narrations (also relative¬
ly late) are the Chronicle of ^Ethelweard
(978x988),
the Historical Compilation of
Byrhtferth (c.
1000),
and the Galycian-Volynian Chronicle (13th century). These
three texts are rather different, but they all represent attempts to write national
history in a way different from the annals
-
the mainline way of recording events
in that time.
Chapter
4.
Minor forms of historical writing. Anglo-Saxon and
Rus
manu¬
scripts contain a variety of minor historical writings. Most of kinds of such texts
can be found in both countries.
SUMMARY
669
Annalistic notes in Easter-tables were made by Anglo-Saxons from the 8th (or
maybe even from the 7th) century. One manuscript with such notes is extant from
the 8th century, two from the last hundred years before the Norman Conquest,
and several ones from the late
1
lth and the early 12th centuries. These texts dem¬
onstrate variability in form (of the tables themselves as well as of annalistic notes),
in chronological coverage, and in topics of their notes. One text of this kind is ex¬
tant
from pre-
1400
Rus (an
Easter-table with notes on events created in Novgorod
in the 1340s) but this text probably had a
13th-century
exemplar of the same sort.
Another group of minor texts can be called minor chronicles and chronologi¬
cal summaries . In England these include
Bedes Chronica
minora
and numerous
notes on six (seven) ages of the world . These can be compared with the Slavonic
translations of Patriarch Nikephoros s Chronographikon syntomon known and
continued in
Rus, as
well as with some other minor chronicles translated from
Greek or compiled in Greek style. Besides these, there are two early Anglo-Saxon
notes in which several important events are summarized and the chronological
distance from each event to the year of writing
(737
and
756
respectively) is in¬
dicated. No such notes are known in
Rus, but
in
11th-century
Jacob the Monk s
panegyric to Saint Vladimir there is a chronological summary of his life, where
years are counted from Vladimir s succession and from his conversion.
The third group of minor texts includes lists and genealogies of rulers. Anglo-
Saxon manuscripts know lists and genealogies of kings, lists of popes, archbish¬
ops, bishops and abbots. The earliest manuscript with a regnal list dates from
737,
and the creation of some lists was probably connected with
Bedes
work. No such
lists are extant in
Rus pre-
1400
manuscripts, but we find many lists of princes, ec¬
clesiastical rulers and city magistrates of Novgorod in the manuscripts of the 15th
century. Some of them are very probable to go back to earlier exemplars which did
not survive, and some of such exemplars can be dated as early as from the 12th
or even the late
1
lth century. Anglo-Saxon and
Rus
lists often form collections in
manuscripts. Some of such lists and collections were updated after having once
been written. The main difference is that we know no
pre-
1400
Rus
genealogies
of princes while in Anglo-Saxon England royal genealogies are numerous and
well-known.
The fourth group of minor texts includes short notes and minor annals on
ecclesiastical history. Several examples of such texts can be found in late Anglo-
Saxon manuscripts and at least one in a late
12th-century
book from Novgorod.
These texts usually cover several events from the history of a certain religious
community. Some of them are annalistic in form.
Finally, there is at least one Anglo-Saxon and one Old
Rus
example of pro-
to-autobiography (in fact, list of authors achievements introduced into another
text).
Bede
the Venerable in
731
described briefly his life and listed his works at
the end of his Ecclesiastical History. Vladimir Monomakh
с
1100
listed his ways
(mostly military campaigns) and hunter
s
achievements in his Instruction to chil¬
dren. In both countries there are texts which pretend to be autobiographies of
670
T.B.
Гимон Историописание раннесредневековой
Англии и Древней Руси
ecclesiastical hierarchs, but are probably later forgeries (the autobiographies of
Bishop Giso of Wells and Abbot
Lazar
of Murom monastery in the Lake Onega).
There are several historical inscriptions (notes on one or two events) on the
walls of
Rus
churches (graffiti) as well as in parchment manuscripts. No such texts
are known (perhaps, with one exception) in Anglo-Saxon England.
Part
2.
Medieval annalist at work
Chapter
5.
Introductory notes. This chapter explains the necessity of such
study, gives a historiographical survey and summarizes the methods of the study.
The latter include palaeographical and codicological observations (changes and
variations of script, changes of ink and pen, variations in layout, etc.), comparison
of texts, analysis of the circle of the events described in the annals, of datings, of
respective and absolute chronology, and some others.
Chapter
6.
The earliest English living chronicle and its history. Manuscript
A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has a long history. Once created in the late 9th or
rather in the early 10th century, it was updated until the early 12th century, first
in Winchester and, after the Conquest, in Canterbury. The chapter follows the
main stages of the life of this manuscript: the creation of its main body and the
first additions to it in the early 10th century; the unsystematic process of updating
the manuscript from the 940s until the 1000s in Winchester; the creation of brief
retrospective annals for the
1
lth century by several Canterbury scribes in the late
11th and/or the early 12th century; the adventures of As annal-numbers (which
were altered several times); the interpolations made in A by various hands from
the 10th to the 12th century. The chapter is mostly based on the works by British
scholars (Malcolm
Parkes,
David Dumville, Janet Bately, and others) whose theo¬
ries are summarized and discussed, though I suggest some observations and in¬
terpretations of my own. In all the cases my main task is to show the range of pos¬
sibilities in the manner of work of those who updated and amended the annals.
Chapter
7.
English annalistic writing before and after the Norman Con¬
quest (the 1040S-1070S). The annalistic writing of England of the 1040S-1070S
gives a scholar a unique chance to reconstruct the work of the annalists and the
interaction of different annalistic centers in detail. We possess two types of data:
the complicated paleography of manuscripts
С
and
D
of the Anglo-Saxon Chron¬
icle and lots of differences and similarities between the extant text
(MSS.
C, D,
E, and
F,
the Chronicle of John of Worcester). English llth-century annals were
studied many times (works by Charles
Plummer, Neil
Ker,
Sten
Körner,
Doro¬
thy Whitelock, David Dumville, Stephen Baxter, and others), but till now nobody
suggested a theory which would explain all this complicated data of paleography
and interrelations of texts.
As for paleography, MS.
С
seems to be a manuscript created in one sitting
с
1044
and later updated year by year (up to
1048
by one scribe and later by an¬
other). Neil
Ker
thought that annals for
1049-1051
were also written at intervals,
SUMMARY
671
though Patrick Conner regards them as composed all at the same time. I sug¬
gest some observations in support of
Kers
view. The annals for
1052-1056
and
1065-1066
in
С
were added as two blocks, though each by more than one scribe.
MS.
D
is more problematic. Its numerous paleographical boundaries led
Ker
and
others to regard it as a living chronicle updated year by year. Other scholars sug¬
gested some case for thinking that
D
was created all in one sitting. I think that the
latter are right, though Ds paleographical boundaries deserve special attention.
The two most impressive ones coincide with the beginning and the end of Aldred s
archbishopric in York, as well as with some codicological features and changes in
the interrelations of texts.
D
seems to be an original of a compilation (made in or
soon after
1079),
the compilers of which were especially interested in the period
of Aldred s archbishopric2.
As for the text-relations, it is possible to divide all the comparable text into
several zones (usually one or several annual entries) for each of which the in¬
terrelations of the texts can be formulated in a more or less simple way3. The
interpretation of these zones (together with the data of paleography of
С
and D)
is the main task of chapter
7.
1 think that there existed two main non-extant an-
nalistic manuscripts, both updated year by year. One of them was kept in Can¬
terbury, St Augustine s, and later, in the late 1060s and the 1070s, in Northern
England, probably in Durham. These annals are reflected in
E, F,
and partly in
D. The other manuscript was kept in Worcester (or maybe in Evesham) at least
from the 1030s to the 1070s. These Worcester annals became the main English
source for the
11th-century
section of the Chronicle of John of Worcester, they
were also used by
D
and C. The annals of Canterbury-Durham and those of
Worcester interacted at least twice: the annalists of latter borrowed from the
annals of Canterbury-Durham two blocks of entries: for
1057-1060
and
1071-
1076.
The extant MS.
С
is a third example of such annals updated year by year.
С
was kept in the 1040s-1060s in Abingdon, some of its entries were copied from
the annals of Worcester, others were original, composed by Abingdon scribes
themselves. MS.
D
is an original of a compilation created in one sitting in or
soon after
1079
in York or Durham by several scribes on the base of two main
sources (the annals of Canterbury-Durham and the annals of Worcester) with
some additional original material. This theory of the interrelations of texts is
summarized in
a stemma in
p.
460
of this book.
Finally, I follow the process of updating annals (the periodicity of making new
records, the manner of borrowing annalistic material from one annals to other,
the glosses to the text already written, etc.) on the material of
С
and non-extant
Worcester annals. I also follow and compare the changes which were made in the
2
Most of my observations on
С
and D s codicology are summarized in an English-language article:
Guimon T. V, The Writing of Annals in Eleventh-Century England: Palaeography and Textual History
//
Writing and Texts in Anglo-Saxon England
/
Ed. A. Rumble.
Woodbridge, 2006.
P.
137-145.
3
See the list of these zones: Ibid. P.
138
(or in p.
433-434
of this book).
672
T.B.
Гимон Историописание раннесредневековой
Англии и Древней Руси
borrowed text of the same entry (for
1049)
by three chroniclers: the scribe of C,
the scribe of D, and John of Worcester.
Chapter
8.
Contemporary recording events in the early 12th century. There
are two early
12th-century
examples of annals kept year by year and preserved
in original: the fragment
H
(one leaf with the annals for
1113
and
1114)
and the
entries for
1122-1131
in MS.
E
of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (the annals of Peter¬
borough). I try to follow in detail in which moments the new records were made
and which alterations were made in the text already written.
Chapter
9.
The work of Old
Rus
annalists in the light of Anglo-Saxon paral¬
lels. The last chapter of the book is dedicated to letopisi writing in Old
Rus.
It is a
survey of what we know about the process of work of
Rus
annalists in comparison
with what is known on the work of their English colleagues. Four main kinds of
annalistic activity are concerned: updating annals year by year; compilatory work;
copying and revising somebody else s text; interpolating and amending text in the
same manuscript. The problem of the interrelations between the annalistic frame¬
work (in its most physical sense, the column of annal-numbers) and the text itself
is also treated.
The main results of the work are summarized in the Contusion, in which the
respective chronology of the appearance of different kinds of historical writing is
also discussed. It can be observed that the majority of such kinds of texts (but not
all of them) appear in both countries very early: in Northumbria in the first half of
the 8th century (most of the texts being written by Venerable
Bede
or connected
in some way with his writings) and in Kievan
Rus
in the 11th century. This sup¬
ports the general conclusion which can be made: the range of genres of historical
writing and many features of their development were rather similar in Anglo-Sax¬
on England and
pre-
1400
Rus,
even though some substantial differences (such as
the absence of compilations on world history in
pre-
1000
England or the absence
of rulers genealogies in
pre-
1400
Rus)
also exist.
The book has five appendices. The first one is a preliminary list of extant Eng¬
lish and
Rus
manuscripts containing examples of historical writing. The second
appendix contains a translation of some fragments of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
into Russian (prepared in collaboration with Zoia Metlistskaya). The third ap¬
pendix is a list of items (notes or narrations on events) which I suppose to have
been contained by the non-extant annals of Worcester (this list illustrates one the
conclusions of chapter
7).
The fourth appendix contains texts (or Russian transla¬
tions in the case of Latin and Old English texts) of some lists and genealogies of
rulers (Anglo-Saxon regnal and episcopal lists, and royal genealogies; Old
Rus
lists of princes, ecclesiastical rulers and posadniks). The fifth appendix contains
reference information on the principle religious houses of Anglo-Saxon England
mentioned in the book.
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| spellingShingle | Gimon, Timofej Valentinovič Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie Chronik (DE-588)4127914-1 gnd Annalen (DE-588)4142534-0 gnd |
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| title | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_alt | Historical writing in early medieval England and early Rus |
| title_auth | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_exact_search | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_full | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_fullStr | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_short | Istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj Anglii i Drevnej Rusi |
| title_sort | istoriopisanie rannesrednevekovoj anglii i drevnej rusi sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| title_sub | sravnitelʹnoe issledovanie |
| topic | Chronik (DE-588)4127914-1 gnd Annalen (DE-588)4142534-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chronik Annalen Moskauer Reich England Kiewer Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025000664&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025000664&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gimontimofejvalentinovic istoriopisanierannesrednevekovojangliiidrevnejrusisravnitelʹnoeissledovanie AT gimontimofejvalentinovic historicalwritinginearlymedievalenglandandearlyrus |