Verfügbarkeit: Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski

Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteilige Person:	Balcer, Bogdan 1936-2018 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Polnisch
Veröffentlicht:	Warszawa Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2012
Schlagwörter:	Neolithikum Siedlungsarchäologie Polen
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024988068&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024988068&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Dwellings and utility constructions in the Neolithic of Poland
Umfang:	179 s. il. - Ill., Kt. 30 cm.
ISBN:	9788389499752

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819371434261086208
adam_text	SPIS TREŚCI Od Autora .......................... 9 Część I. ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE .................. 10 1. Cel i zakres pracy ....................... 10 2. Próba definicji budownictwa .................... 11 3. Budownictwo a architektura .................... 12 4. Podział budownictwa neolitycznego .................. 13 5. Budownictwo jako jeden z atrybutów neolityzacji Europy Środkowej ........ 14 6. Uwarunkowania budownictwa neolitycznego ................ 14 6.1. Warunki naturalne ...................... 14 6.2. Surowce ........................ 14 6.3. Czynniki społeczno-gospodarcze i produkcyjne ............. 15 7. Źródła archeologiczne i możliwości badań budownictwa neolitycznego ........ 15 7.1. Źródła do badań budownictwa naziemnego . ............ 16 7.1.1. Źródła bezpośrednie .................... 16 7.1.2. Źródła pośrednie ..................... 16 7.2. Pozostałości budownictwa podziemnego ............... 17 7.3. Możliwości poznawcze. Fakty i wyobrażenia .............. 17 7.4. Rodzaje obiektów, konstrukcji i technik budowy ............. 18 7.4.1. Obiekty ....................... 18 7.4.2. Konstrukcje i techniki budowy ................. 20 8. Charakter informacji i układ ich przekazu ................ 21 8.1. Pochodzenie informacji i ich dobór ................. 21 8.2. Podziały terytorialne ziem Polski ................. 21 8.2.1. Podziały geograficzne ................... 21 8.2.2. Podział administracyjny ................... 22 9. O budownictwie schyłkowomezolitycznym, czyli co zastali pierwsi rolnicy na ziemiach Polski . 22 Część II. CYKL NADDUNAJSKICH KULTUR WSTĘGOWYCH .......... 25 1. Podział kulturowo-chronologiczny i terytorialny ............... 25 2. Okres starszy. Kultura ceramiki wstęgowej rytej ............... 25 2.1. Początki budownictwa neolitycznego na ziemiach Polski i zagadnienie reliktowych form zabudowy ........................ 25 2.2. Wstępne informacje o naziemnych domach słupowych kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej w Europie ........................ 28 SPIS TREŚCI 2.2.1. Charakterystyka i klasyfikacja domów ............... 28 2.3. Domy słupowe i ich otoczenie w świetle znalezisk na ziemiach Polski ....... 30 2.3.1. Małopolska. Dorzecze górnej Wisły ............... 31 2.3.1.1. Podział i charakterystyka pozostałości domów ........... 31 2.3.2. Kujawy i ziemia chełmińska ................. 39 2.3.3. Dolny Śląsk ...................... 39 2.3.4. Otoczenie domów .................... 42 2.3.5. Uwagi końcowe ..................... 45 3. Okres młodszy ........................ 45 3.1. Kultura ceramiki wstęgowej kłutej ................. 45 3.1.1. Pozostałości budownictwa naziemnego .............. 45 3.2. Kultura lendzielska. Grupa brzesko-kujawska .............. 48 3.2.1. Baza źródłowa ..................... 49 3.2.1.1. Rejon brzesko-kujawski .................. 49 3.2.1.2. Osady w innych rejonach osadniczych na Kujawach i Pałukach ..... 52 3.2.1.3. Ziemia chełmińska ................... 58 3.2.2. Charakterystyka pozostałości budownictwa ............. 59 3.2.2.1. Małe domy słupowo-plecionkowe ............... 59 3.2.2.2. Długie domy trapezowate ................. 62 3.2.2.3. Obiekty podziemne ................... 66 3.2.2.4. Polepa ....................... 70 4. Zagadnienia ogólne związane z budownictwem kultur wstęgowych ........ 72 4.1. Przeznaczenie mieszkalne i gospodarcze długich domów ......... 72 4.2. Przemiany budownictwa w kulturach wstęgowych ........... 74 4.3. Najstarszy stył w architekturze europejskiej ............. 75 Część III. KULTURY PUCHARÓW LEJKOWATYCH I CERAMIKI PROMIENISTEJ .... 77 1. Kultura pucharów lejkowatych .................... 77 1.1. Zagadnienie rodowodu budownictwa kultury pucharów lejkowatych ....... 77 1.2. Sposób przekazu informacji o budownictwie .............. 78 1.3. Polska środkowa i pomocna ................... 78 1.3.1. Kujawy i wschodnia Wielkopolska ................ 78 1.3.1.1. Obiekty częściowo zagłębione w ziemię ............. 78 1.3.1.2. Domki w grobowcach w Gaju i Zberzynie ............ 78 1.3.1.3. Domy słupowe z wczesnej i środkowej fazy ............ 81 1.3.2. Ziemia chełmińska .................... 87 1.3.2.1. Obiekty naziemne ................... 87 1.3.2.2. Obiekty podziemne ................... 87 1.3.3. Pojezierze Gostynińskie .......... 87 1.3.4. Wyżyna Łódzka. Dorzecze Grabi ................ 89 1.3.5. Pomorze Zachodnie. Pojezierze Bytowskie ............. 91 1.3.6. Pomorze wschodnie. Pojezierze Starogardzkie ............ 91 1.4. Polska południowo-wschodnia ......... 93 1.4.1. Przyczyny ograniczonego zasobu źródeł do badań budownictwa naziemnego na wyży¬ nach lessowych ........... 93 1.4.2. Znaczenie odkryć w Niedźwiedziu i Słonowicach ........... 94 1.4.3. „Pseudopłoszczadki w osadach kultury pucharów lejkowatych ....... 96 1.4.4. Źródła pośrednie i polepa budowlana ...... 98 1.4.4.1. Polepa z osady w Ćmielowie, stan. Gawroniec ........... 98 1.4.5. Domniemane domy w świetle danych pośrednich ........... 101 1.4.5.1. Zawarża, pow. Pińczów ......... 101 1.4.5.2. Ćmielów, stan. Gawroniec ....... 103 1.4.6. Budownictwo podziemne ........ 109 SPIS TREŚCI 7 1.4.6.1. Charakterystyka i klasyfikacja jam z Ćmielowa ........... 109 1.4.6.2. Piece i paleniska ......... .......... 118 1.4.6.3. Jamy z innych osad ................... 118 1.5. Polska południowo-zachodnia .................. 123 1.5.1. Domy ........................ 123 1.5.2. Obiekty podziemne .................... 125 2. Kultura ceramiki promienistej .................... 126 3. Podsumowanie części III ..................... 128 3.1. Budownictwo naziemne .................... 128 3.1.1. Techniki budowlane .................... 128 3.1.2. Domy ........................ 128 3.2. Budownictwo podziemne .................... 129 Część IV. KULTURY SCHYŁKOWONEOLITYCZNE ............. 131 1. Kultura amfor kulistych na Niżu ................... 131 1.1. Pozostałości budynków naziemnych ................. 132 1.1.1. Obiekty z rowkami fundamentowymi ............... 132 1.1.2. Domy słupowe ..................... 132 1.1.3. Obiekty częściowo wkopane w ziemię .............. 136 1.2. Zagadnienie rodowodu budownictwa kultury amfor kulistych na Niżu ....... 137 2. Kultury amfor kulistych i złocka na Wyżynie Sandomierskiej ........... 137 2.1. Osady kultury amfor kulistych w Mierzanowicach, stan. 1 i 4, i Wilczyc, stan. 5 ... 137 2.2. Kultura złocka ....................... 138 3. Kultura ceramiki sznurowej ..................... 140 4. Kultura rzucewska ....................... 140 5. Kultury subneolityczne ...................... 142 5.1. Szałasy naziemne ...................... 143 5.2. Półziemianki ....................... 145 5.3. Domy słupowe? ...................... 145 5.4. Jamy ......................... 145 5.5. Pomosty nad wodami ..................... 146 Część V. NEOLITYCZNE BUDOWNICTWO MIESZKALNE I GOSPODARCZE NA ZIEMIACH POLSKI W ŚWIETLE FAKTÓW I WYOBRAŻEŃ ............. 147 1. Uwarunkowania gospodarcze rodzajów zabudowy .............. 147 2. Procesy budowlane ....................... 148 2.1. Budownictwo naziemne .................... 148 2.1.1. Umiejętności i narzędzia pracy ................. 148 2.1.2. Planowanie i fazy procesu budowy ............... 150 2.1.3. Jakość budynków ..................... 152 2.2. Budowa pomieszczeń podziemnych ................. 153 3. Rozwój, stagnacja i regres (?) w pradziejach budownictwa neolitycznego na ziemiach Polski . 153 3.1. Rozwój budownictwa o obcym pochodzeniu .............. 153 3.2. Przemiany w budownictwie o miejscowym rodowodzie ........... 154 4. Zakończenie ......................... 155 Aneks. Próba określenia materiałochłonności budownictwa naziemnego w neolicie ziem Polski . 157 Summary. Dwellings and utility constructions in the Neolithic of Poland ........ 162 Bibliografía .......................... 171 SUMMARY DWELLINGS AND UTILITY CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE NEOLITHIC OF POLAND PART I. INTRODUCTORY QUESTIONS The intention of this paper is to present the re¬ sults of the research run in Poland on the Neolithic architecture. In its first part the author discusses theoretical questions. He assumes that architecture is defined as an erection of constructions on earth surface or preparing rooms under the earth. It is a sphere of production counting as an element of material culture which ensembles environmental management. In many languages the terms archi¬ tecture and constructing have a definite meaning. They can also be taken for names of two realms: one related to projecting and one related to the ex¬ ecution of the project. General forms and details of the buildings or their archaeological remains display the ideas of the designer. Several replicated features of the buildings allow the determination of archi¬ tectural styles. One of them has been singled out in the architecture of the later period of the Danubian cultures development (see Part II). Architecture is divided into the overground kind (superstructures) - meaning objects being built on the ground s surface — and the underground kind- which means preparing space and devices under the ground s surface. The basic material used for the overground architecture was wood from the forests, omnipresent in the Neolithic era. Wood used in the first line was oak and pine, but also maple, birch, ash, poplar, willow, linden, alder and hazel. Building material utilized was the stems and the branches of the trees. The embranchments allowed combining horizontal and vertical elements. Clay was the helping material of post-glacial origin and the wooden constructions of the buildings as well as the inside arrangements were all pasted with it. The Neolith architecture on Polish territories may be defined as wooden-earthen and very different from the stone architecture of Neolithic in the Near East. Its remains are very meagre and scarce, since the material easily decayed in the ground, was re¬ duced in position in different degree due to site lowering caused by erosion. They were also de¬ stroyed in later periods due to human economy. Direct information is given by the remains and traces preserved in the ground such as post holes and foundational ditches, while the source of indi¬ rect information are the arrangements of the bur¬ rows, hearths, daub, garbage and movable relics belonging to the buildings of which the walls dis¬ appeared without a trace. Especially precious is the so called burnt clay bearing traces of wooden constructions and fragments of appliances. In com¬ parison to the ethnological data the archaeological Neolithic sources found on our territories give at most a fraction of a percent information on the en¬ tire construction and most often none on the par¬ ticulars of the superstructures and the interior ar¬ rangements. The authors of descriptions refer to ethnographic analogies, which may suggest false images. Undefined object names often get confused, therefore the author specified the meaning of such names as the tent - portable object; the hut - not portable; objects partially dug into the ground - pit houses and basin houses; houses - living quarters, family dwellings set on the earthen sur¬ face. Constructing houses was one of the symptoms of the Neolithic revolution. Agriculture demanded living in one place for at least several years. The SUMMARY 163 invention of a wooden-earthen house consisted in building roofs in a form of a hut supported by walls standing on the ground. Some of the constructions used were archaeologically detectable, since partially dug into the ground, such as: post houses with wattle and houses on stilts; some of them, located on the ground surface and therefore usually undetect- able, such as: frame constructions and timber-wall¬ ing constructions. Information used in this work was the one ac¬ cessible to the author, dated until the mid of 2008. Presented are the most representative finds from territorial groups of particular cultures. The dating of Danubian, Funnel Beaker and Globular Amphora cultures is given by the author after J. Kruk and S. Milisauskas (1999), while the dating of all other cultures - according to the authors of their respec¬ tive elaborations. Due to cultural and natural cir¬ cumstances the architectural rests in Central Poland, on Central-European Lowland and on the Highland of South-East Poland are very differentiated. Both zones cross-contact on the area of South-Eastern Poland. In the end of the first part the architecture of the Mesolithic societies, which still endured in Neo¬ lithic, has been characterized (Fig. 1) (Schild 1967: 194 f; Schild, Marczak, Królik 1975; Galiński 1986: 74). PART II. CONSTRUCTIONS IN DANUBIAN CULTURES ИЛ . Early period. The Linear Pottery culture (4600/ 4500-3800 be, 5440/5380-4580 ВС) The dominating feature of this culture was the constructing of long houses (Buttler, Haberey 1938; Modderman 1958-59; Pavlů, Rulf, Zápotocká 1988; Coudait 1998; Pavlů 2000). Post-Mesolithic archaic objects were the pit houses and basin houses (Fig. 2) (Podkowińska 1959; Godłowska 1986; Czekaj-Za- stawny 2008: 79), as well as houses partially dug into the ground (Fig. 3). The biggest number of house remains having a post construction with wattle was discovered on the Highlands of South-Eastern Po¬ land (Aksamit 1971; Milisauskas 1976; 1986; Cze- kaj-Zastawny and others 2003; Naglik 2005; Czekaj- Zastawny 2008). They are dated on the latest III Želiezovce phase, while some other ones on phase II - the note phase (particulars given by Czekaj-Za¬ stawny 2008: 38-55). The remaining of the houses form 2 rows of after-post-holes close to the walls and 3 rows ofinside supports of the roof (Fig. 4-6). Houses had a rectangular plan and were, with some variations, North-South oriented. In none of them a hearth was found. A. Czekaj-Zastawny (2008, 51 ff) uses the classification by P.J.P. Moddermann (1986; 1988) into 3 types of houses (Fig. 7). Houses of about 6 m width (table 3) can, on the basis of their length, be divided into 4 metrical categories: small, medium, big and very big (table 1-2). The medium-sized houses, two or three-roomed, are dominating by number (after Czekaj-Zastawny 2008: 40 ff, table HI). Small houses take an area of 30-40 m2, the biggest ones of over 300 m2 (Valde- Nowak 2007) (table 4). Traces of mending and maintenance works have been discovered (Czekaj - Zastawny 2008: 49, Fig. 18). Houses of the culture discussed are also found in Kujawy (Fig. 10) (Czer- niak 1988, 26-27; Grygiel 2004: 185; Pyzel 2006) and in Lower Silesia (Fig. 11; table 5) (Kulczycka- Leciejewiczowa 1993: 63; 1997: 139). Along every house some big constructional pits were present, left after the quarrying of clay used for pasting the walls (Fig. 4-6, 7B-C), (Kulczycka- Leciejewiczowa 1997: 117; Czekaj-Zastawny 2008: 55-58). Some of the pits, used for housekeeping, were sheltered under roof overhang of the house (Fig. бЬ-с). In some of the constructional pits a fire was held, which was not kept inside the houses. Remains of outhouse constructions, small roofs and enclosures built between the houses were discov¬ ered (Czekaj-Zastawny 2008: 61). II.2. Later Period (3800-2900/2800 be, 4800-3640/ 3310 ВС) Linear Stroked Pottery culture Designates a transitive period where the post-and- wattle technique is dominating but some of the houses already possess trapezoidal outlines (Fig. ^a-b), (Zych 2002: 14). J. Romanow (1977) differentiated two types of houses discovered in Lower Silesia and presented their reconstructions (Fig. ^c-d). Lengyel Culture. Brześć-Kujawy Group (4700/ 4600 ВС after Grygiel 2008) Information on architecture of the Polgar-Lengy- el circle are limited to the Brześć-Kujawy group, Kujawy and the neighbouring Chełmno lands. Ex¬ amined there have been the richest and most repre¬ sentative on Polish lands remains of the Lengyel culture architecture, which are absent in Silesia and only very few discovered in Little Poland (Kulczy- cka-Leciejewiczowa 1993: 95). The dominating occurrence was constructing long trapezoid houses, but in two settlements some remains of small relict post houses with wattle were discovered (Grygiel 2008: 22ff, Fig. 8; Czerniak 164 SUMMARY 1978) (Fig. 13). They are affiliated to the forms and building techniques of the houses in Stroked Pot¬ tery Culture. The largest number of long houses has been dis¬ covered in the central settlements of Brześć Kujaw¬ ski, in Osłonki (Fig. 14), in the neighbour satellite settlements (Grygiel 1986; 2008), in the neighbour sites of Kujawy region (Fig. 15-16), (Maciejewski 1956; Czerniak 1979; 1998; 2004; Grossman 2003) (table 6) and on Chełmno lands (Czerniak 2000; Kukawka, Kukawka-Małccka, Wawrzykowska 2002). The house remains consist of wall-foundation- ditches and a few post-holes left after posts support¬ ing the roof. The weight of the houses was also carried by the palisade walls (Fig. 1 8a). The founda¬ tion ditches, with a profile in a U-form (Fig. lSd-e), had the depth from 40 cm to 2 m (Jażdżewski 1938; Grygiel 1986), maximum width of about 40-50 cm, the widest were 1 m wide. The walls in the ditches were settled in a post-palisade technique (Fig. 15c, f; 16b; 17b). The only entry to the dwellings was placed in the southern frontal walls. Some of them possessed side annexes (Fig. 14a) (Grygiel 2008, Fig. 7 and 941; Czerniak 2000: Fig. 3-4). The houses were divided into the same 4 metrical categories as in the Linear Pottery Culture. Their proportions are depictured by: index S - slenderness of outline = length : maximal width; index Z - degree of nar¬ rowing = maximal width : minimal width (tables 7-9). The interiors of the houses in the categories II-IV were two- and three-partial. Represented is one type — long trapezoid house. Differentiated was only its type from Biskupin — houses with furrows on side-walls prolongation. (Fig. 15a; 16c). On the basis ofinformation elaborated by R. Gry¬ giel one can assert that all small houses originate in an earlier phase (4700-4500 ВС, Grygiel 2008: 1851 ff). In the classical phase (4500-4300 ВС, Grygiel 2008: 1855 ff) dominating were middle- sized houses (70%), but big and huge houses are also to be found. In the late phase the quotient of middle-sized and big houses amounted to 47%. Huge houses were still very few. To the underground objects we count the home pits, located at the side of eastern walls, in the mid¬ dle parts of the houses. The house-side pits ap¬ pear between the houses in the courtyards (Grygiel 1986, 147 f). Little roofs were constructed above the pits (Fig. ^b-c, f). Some of the pits were assumed to be water containers or wells (Grygiel 2008: 342). Outside of the houses big ground-holes were found, excavations after quarrying the clay for pasting the walls. Used for this purpose, among the tools known, were pickaxes and spades (Grygiel 1986: 276, Fig. 28: 3-5). Two kinds of daub come from the settlements; I - with imprints of massive pillars and logs, inclu¬ sively daub which was pasted between the round posts of walls on stilts (Fig. 20a-g) and flat logs (Fig. 20d-e); II - daub with imprints of rods (Fig. 20f-k). There are traces of finger-forming on the clay (Grygiel 2008: Fig. 1467, 1468, 1470.2), smearing (Grygiel, Fig. 1470) and rubbing (Grygiel, Fig. 1440.3). In the later period of Danubian cultures a break¬ through took place. The rectangular post houses with wattle were replaced by trapezoid houses on stilts. In comparison with the Linear Pottery culture (table 11) the percentage of houses with length of 15-40 m has grown by 20% and amounted to 88%. Using the houses of Linear Pottery culture was com¬ monly difficult due to dense placing of roof pillars inside them. Their reduction to necessary minimum in the Lengyel culture has made the houses more comfortable and spacious. In the research on many house functions a con¬ troversy may be raised over the possibility of keep¬ ing animals in them and over the placing of human bedrooms (table 10). The author has admitted into the view that small animals like pigs, goats, sheep and calves could have been kept in the wintertime in the southern, airy house parts, behind the house- entrances. In the houses of Biskupin type, places between the wall extensions could have been used as enclosures for cattle. Bedrooms for people could have been located in the northern house segments, situated the furthest from the entrances (Czerniak, Coudart 1998). In the Linear Pottery culture the foundational ditches in the northern house parts can testify the existence of walls on stilts, which were denser than in the other parts. These parts covered about 30% of the house interior with a total area of 30 to 100 m2, where one or more multigenerational families could have lived. The central parts of the houses, where cellar pits were placed, have prob¬ ably had a utility purpose. The long trapezoid houses bear testimony to a high level of architecture development. In both periods of Linear Pottery culture, within its wide reach, the in-earthen remains of the long houses display similar, replicated features, sometimes al¬ most identical. On this basis, even without the on- earth remains, we can stipulate, that the original long trapezoid houses, in the later period of Danubian cultures, represent the oldest style of European ar¬ chitecture. Its range is comparable to the range of buildings in classical, Romanic and Gothic styles in SUMMARY 165 antiquity and middle ages. Great socio-cultural changes were connected with the decline of Danu¬ bian Cultures and the fall of their architecture. PART III. ARCHITECTURE IN THE FUNNEL BEAKER AND RADIAL-DECORATED CULTURES Discussing these cultures jointly in the III part of the work is motivated by the process of their integration on the Upland in the beginning of final Neolithic. Funnel Beaker culture (3200-2500 be, 3970-3060 ВС) In this culture local Mesolithic traditions of hab¬ itable architecture have proved stronger then the Southern influences (Niesiołowska-Śreniowska 1983: 220, 240). The megalithic tombs in Kujawy were recognized as metaphors of the long houses in the Linear Pottery culture (Czerniak 1994: 150- 152; Zych 2002: 65-72; Rzepecki 2004: 164-165). The remains of the architecture of Funnel Beaker culture on the Lowland and Upland are radically different. They are discussed according to the divi¬ sion of Poland in three geographic parts. Central and Northern Poland: Kujawy, Eastern Great Poland and Chełmno Land About 85% of the entire superstructures are known from the Lowland zone (table 12: 1-41): 70% of the finds were discovered in Kujawy and in the neighbouring part of Great Poland (table 12: 1-33). Rooms partially dug into the earth, with hut-like roofing, confirm the Mesolithic tradition. They are labeled as basin houses (Tezlaff 1977: 193) or cab¬ ins (Kabaciński, Sobkowiak-Tabaka 2004), (Fig. 21), (Rzepecki 2004: 112-113, Fig. 41.6). An extraordi¬ nary discovery are the cultic houses in the tombs of Kujawy in Gaj (Chmielewski 1952: 88-90) and Zberzyn (Gorczyca 1981), (Fig. 22a) with a timber- walling construction. They attest the knowledge of this technique, which could also be used in dwell¬ ings. All houses from the settlements of Early and Middle phases of the Funnel Beaker culture on the Lowlands have had a post construction with wattle, daubed with clay. Their remains are the after-post- pits and burnt clay. The differentiation of metric features of these four-sided houses has been shown in table ІЗа-с. Dominating were small houses having length of up to 10 m, bigger ones were very few. The oldest houses were discovered in a settle¬ ment in Sarnów, site la, under the earthwork of Kujawian type long barrows (Wiklak 1990), (table 12: 3-4). They were parted in two rooms, a porch and a main room with a hearth (Fig. ИЪ-с). Such houses were discovered on many sites in Kujawy (Czerniak, Kosko 1993; Domańska 1995; Domań- ska, Rzepecki 2001; Rzepecki 2004). From Chełmno Land only the rests of a post frame house found on one site are known. An animal tomb was discov¬ ered beside it, which could have been a hostage sacrifice connected with the construction of the house (Kukawka, Małecka-Kukawka, Wawrzykow- ska 2002: 93-94). In the so called Mątwy Group (Kosko 1981: 123 f; Prinke 1987: 81 f, Fig. 5) in Inowrocław- Mątwy and Tarkowo (table 12: 14-18; Fig. 23) dis¬ covered were house-remains, pits with roofing and a large amount of burnt clay. The betterment of the daub was not considered by the author an effect of Tripolyean culture influence (Kosko 1988: 104). This processing has been exercised on Polish lands since the beginnings of Neolithic in Danubian cultures. Lake District of Gostynin Only very few post- holes were discovered there, therefore very important was the discovery of burnt clay (Rybička 2004). In Annopol, Gostynin district, aggregations of burnt clay earmarked places of sev¬ eral houses (table 12: 19-22; Fig. 24a), (Papiernik, Rybička 2002). Only in Białka, Gostynin district (Fig. 24b), remains of a house with two pits inside were discovered (Rybička 2004: 178). Łódź Highland In the basin of Grabią river, on several places, rests of post frame houses were discovered (Pelisiak 2003: p. 97 ff), (table 12: 22-33). Distinctive was the reconstructed house 1 (Fig. 25С-Є) from Dobroń, Pabianice district, site 1, with an annex and traces of mending (Pelisiak 2003: 99 ff). Beside the house walls some hutch pits with walls strengthened by wattle were found (Pelisiak 2003: 107 ff), one of them surrounded by post-holes after posts support¬ ing the roof. Lake District of Bytów In the Lupawa Group in Poganice, Słupsk dis¬ trict, also some rests of a post house with wattle were discovered, one of them with a hearth. Inside one of the pits a hearth was found and traces of roof braces (Jankowska 1980). Lake District ofStarogard In Barłożno, Stargard Gdański district, site 9, rests of three post houses with wattle have been discovered (Felczak 2005: 19 fi) (table 12: 37-39; 166 SUMMARY Fig. žóa-b). A very big house no 2, with side roof overhangs, was reconstructed in a drawing (Fig. 26c) (Felczak 2005: 26). South-East Poland Superstructures. On the highland territories we lack almost any direct sources for studies of super¬ structures in settlements. The lowering of site sur¬ face, due to erosion of loess heights, we count to natural causes of this deficiency. A cultural cause would be the construction of houses not dug into earth - with a frame construction, but we lack proof to this. Confirmed is the knowledge of two build¬ ing techniques. In Niedźwiedź, Kraków district, traces of post houses with wattle were found (Bur- chard 1973: 62 ff), (table 12: 42-43; Fig. 27). In a pit, beside one of them, skeletons of three animals were discovered (Fig. 43c-d) and considered to be a hostage sacrifice. This is doubtful though, since there may be several possible interpretations of this find. In Niedźwiedź and in Stradowski Zagaj (Bur- chard 1973; 1998) and also in Słonowice wooden- earthen megaliths were found with walls built in a palisade technique (Tunia 1985; 1990; 1998; Her- bich, Tunia 2006), (Fig. 28b-d). This technique had probably been used in dwellings. In settlements on the West of Wołyń Highlands, in Gródek Nadbużny (Kowalczyk 1956; Gumiński 1989) and Zimno in Ukraine (Bronicki et al. 1998) aggregations of burnt clay debris were found. W. Gumiński (1989: 22 ff) considered them to be rests of walls fallen to the inside of the quadrangle houses (table 12:44-45). These houses were as small as the houses in the Lowlands (Fig. 29a). No pits after posts were found and the daub carried traces of beams and poles. One fragment of the clay cor¬ nice was artistically ornamented (Fig. 29c). Rubble of some daub with traces of posts was found in a settlement in Bronicice, in the syncline of Nida River (Kruk, Milisauskas 1981: 71 if; Mili- sauskas, Kruk 1981: 70). On a loess height Gawroniec in Ćmielów, dis¬ trict Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski (Podkowińska 1950: Balcer 1989; 2002), only the pits remained with a large amount of daub carrying traces of round poles (Fig. 30), flat piles and corner tiles between them (Fig. 31), as well as constructions built of narrow rods pasted with clay, such as ovens and other de¬ vices (Fig. 32, 33, 34b-f). Fragments of burnt clay with artistic ornaments were found (Fig. 29c, 34a). In the Southern part of the settlement in Ćmielów the pits formed 2 or 3 patterns. On this basis the horizontal outlines of houses, each taking an area of about 90-100 m2, were reconstructed (Balcer 1989: 355; 2008) (Fig. 36). These houses would have then been as big as the biggest houses on the Lowlands (table 12: 37 and 43; 13c). Under their roof overhangs small pits were localized and inside them - large cellars. Fragments of daub between the posts with a Т -formed cross-section (Fig. 30) con¬ firm the usage of palisade technique. The roofs of the houses were probably pitched roofs, as the pic¬ ture on a horn object from Złota, Sandomierz dis¬ trict, shows (Bąbel 1992) (Fig. 37). In the settlement in Zawarża, Pińczów district (Kul- czycka-Leciejewiczowa 2002a: 63), places where the houses stood were demarcated by the arrangement of the findings and the kitchen hearth (Fig. 35). These were probably small houses of light construc¬ tion, maybe smeared with clay in some degree. Underground architecture. The consistent, loess soil favoured its development. The classification of the pits was settled on the basis of numerous ones found in Ćmielów (Balcer 1989: 299-346). Dis¬ cerned were: A. singular pits: Al - cylindrical (Fig. 38a; 43 II A); A2 — widening to the bottom, trapezoid in cross-section (Fig. 38a-c) and in form of a pear (Fig. 38d-f), A3 - syncline pits (Fig. 43 IV). B. pits of a complex form, consisting of two and more parts placed on one, two or even three levels. В 1 - two-part pits with a silhouette in form of an eight (Fig. 41a, d); B2 — intersecting pits into which upper level bottoms further pits were dug, forming long storeys in these underground build¬ ings (Fig. 40b-c). Original are double-trapezoid pits (Fig. 43C, b -с) and double-cylindrical pits (Fig. 43B). In the pits: pot holes formed for keeping pots were found (Fig. 39d), big hollows, stairs (Fig. 39a-c), niches (Fig. 40a), benches on the bottom (Fig. 38a). Retained were traces of an open wooden pot (Fig. 39d); scarce were the traces of hearths laid out with stones. In the pits in a form of an eight , known as pits with stair entries, on some of the stairs rests of ovens were found, while deeper parts were used as ash- disposals (Fig. 41a, d). As a consequence of digging pits in places where there already were some filled up ones, older ob¬ jects, big aggregations of pits had been formed in horizontal stratigraphie systems. Cave 13 (Podko¬ wińska 1950: 103-110) consisted of 8 caves (Balcer 1989: table 1, 164-171); cave 204 (Podkowińska 1957: 30, Fig. 7 and 9) consisted of 4 caves (Balcer 1989: 297-298, Fig. 3). These complexes were erroneously considered to be dwellings (Podko¬ wińska o.e.). SUMMARY 167 Pits and pit complexes occur commonly in set¬ tlements of the culture discussed. They were dis¬ covered in Zawichost-Podgórze, Sandomierz district (Balcer 1967: 330-332, Fig. 6, 16, 26, 29, 40, 41) and most often - 650 pits - in Bronocice, Pińczów district. On the basis of a laconic description (Kruk, Milisauskas 1981: 69-71, Fig. 3) we can assert, that they were analogous to the pits in Ćmielów (Fig. 42). In a settlement in Zawarża, Pińczów dis¬ trict, 77 pits were discovered (Kulczycka-Leciejewi- czowa 2002a: 63-65), with two-leveled, original objects with moulds in a form of crescents among them (Fig. 43b-c). In Gródek Nadbużny 37 pits were found (Guminski 1989: 21-22, 32). A big, two-level pit with a ruin of an oven (Kowalczyk 1956) was considered a dwelling pit house (Fig. 29b). Cylin¬ drical and trapezoid pits were also found in a settle¬ ment in Zimno (Bronicki et al. 1998). From a set¬ tlement in Pietrowice Wielkie, district Racibórz (Bu- kowska-Gedigowa 1980), 73 pits are known. Three quadrangle pits were considered dwellings with hearths (Bukowska-Gedigowa 1980: 92-96). South-Western Poland On Silesian Lowland and Sudety Foreland su¬ perstructures and underground objects were found in several places (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993: 124 ff; 1996: 168 ff; Romanow 1973; Wojciechow¬ ski 1973; Langenheim 1936). From Głubczycki Plateau most known is the settlement in Pietrowi¬ ce Wielkie, Racibórz district (Bukowska-Gedigowa 1980). House remains were found only in two places. The two houses from Tomicice were inserted in earth (table 12: 40-41). One of them had two moulds and rests of an oven pasted with clay (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993: 126 ff, Fig. 41) (Fig. 453-b). Rests of similar houses, perhaps with roof overhangs, were found in Głogów-Nosocice (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993: 127 ff, according to Langenheim 1936: 170, Fig. 1) (Fig. 45c). In the area of the settlements in Tomice (Romanow 1973: 46 ff), Janówek (Wojciechowski 1973: 66 ff) and Strachów (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1997: 168 ff) pits connected with houses were found on the area of household possessions. Hearths constructed of stones were placed inside them and one of the pits was lined with broken pottery and pasted with clay. Burnt clay confirms the existence of roofs made of branches, placed above the caves. Radial-Decorated Pottery culture (2500/2400- 2200-2100 be, 3060/2920-2690/2570 ВС) Only pits and their complexes were discovered in the settlements - analogous as the ones of the Funnel Beaker culture: 260 pits in Krakow Nowa Huta-Zesławice (Godłowska 1968; Sochacki 1988); 99 pits in Kraków Nowa Huta-Pleszowice (Rook 1971). Already E. Rook (1971: 192) assumed that there might have been houses on the free land be¬ tween the pits. In a publication on the settlement in Grodkowice, Wieliczka district (Sochacki 1981: 121, Fig. 3a) the placement of several pits makes it possible to re¬ construct the plan of a house (Fig. 46) with an area of about 90-100 m2, therefore just like the hypo¬ thetical houses in a settlement known from the Fun¬ nel Beaker culture in Ćmielów (Fig. 36). On the site in Kraków- Witkowice II an object 6-а complex consisting of several pits - has been traditionally considered to be a pit house (Rydlewski, Valde- Nowak 1980: 110). PART IV. LATE NEOLITHIC ARCHITECTURE Globular Amphora culture on the Lowland (3200/2800 - 1700/1650 be, 3970/3590 - 200/1940 ВС) The societies of this culture have been named semi-settled pastoralists (Kruk, Milisauskas 1999: 190). In Kujawy, in short-term stage points (Szmyt 1996: 127 ff; Wiślański 1963: 87) (Fig. 48-49, ta¬ ble 14), only pits with traces of hearths and daub from the roof construction were left. In Kruszą Zamkowa, Inowrocław district (Czerniak 1990; Szmyt 1996: 128 f), an object with a horseshoe sil¬ houette (Fig. 47a) and a form of a Mesolithic hut was discovered (Balcer 1990: 417). The remains of small post houses with wattle were found in Lower Silesia (Wojciechowski 1971: 38ff; Raschke 1932: 26, Abb. 22; Wiślański 1970: 280, Fig. 165; Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993: 146, Fig. 50) and on Kujawy (Szmyt 1996: 127 ff; Wiślański 1963: 87) (Fig. 48-49; table 14). Some of the houses were partially dug into the earth. They were four- or five-sided, roughly trapezoid, two- parted with a hearth (Fig. 48b). Their original sty¬ listic feature was the sticking out of one corner (Fig. 48a-b, e; 49a). Houses from Biedrzychowice, according to A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa (1993: 146) (Fig. 49a-b) had a timber-walling construction. A three-storey object from Siciny was dug into the earth and had two moulds and a hearth pit (Wojcie¬ chowski 1971: 38), (Fig. 49c). The architecture of the Globular Amphora cul¬ ture on the Lowland displays features of Mesolithic objects, while the technique stems from the Funnel 168 SUMMARY Beaker culture. Small trapezoid houses have a com¬ pletely different character than the houses of the Danubian cultures. Globular Amphora and Złota cultures on the Lesser Poland Plateau In the settlement of farmers and pastoralists in Mierzanowice, site 1 and 4, from the transitory period between the Globular Amphora culture and Złota culture, pits and pit complexes were discov¬ ered (Salewicz 1939; Gardawski, Miśkiewicz 1958). On site 4 several pits in two rows were discovered (Gardawski, Miśkiewicz 1958: 329, Fig. 7). It is pos¬ sible, that they were placed along the house walls, similarly as in the settlements of the Funnel Beaker and Radial-Decorated Pottery cultures. Złota Culture (the end of III thousand years ВС) This syncretistic culture is known mainly from cemeteries. The co-creators of the great cemetery in Złota (Kruk 1973) have probably built houses but discovered were only a few pits, rests of hearths and scarce fragments of burnt clay. Singular pits were found there (Fig. 50a-b, e-f). Two-leveled pits: one with a step entry and a cubby hole in a niche (Fig. 50c), one with a pit in the bottom (Fig. 50 d). Z. Krzak had traditionally labeled those two pits dwelling objects, while other pits were to be utility and rubbish pits (Krzak 1976, 65, 68, Fig. 18) (Fig. SOa-c, e-f). Corded Ware Pottery culture (2800-2700 - 2300-2200 ВС, according to Włodarczak 2006: 130) The great tomb culture, known basically from numerous cemeteries (Machnik 1979: 339). On Polish lands no settlement sites of this culture have been discovered (Kruk, Milisauskas 1999: 247-248). The societies of this culture undoubtedly established temporary camps with shacks, of which however no traces survived. Rzucewo culture (2400-1700 ВС, according to Król 1997: 150) This culture has been considered a syncretistic entity, which combined elements of Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora and Corded Ware Pottery cul¬ tures. In the reality the societies of these cultures could independently settle in the same places and form fisher-hunter settlements, and their remains could get mixed (Machnik 1979). The remains of those objects show architectural features of Funnel Beaker and Globular Amphora cultures on the Low¬ land, with application of post technique with wat¬ tle. The absence of daub does not confirm wall pasting with clay. In Rzucewo a multitude of post- holes in chaotic structures was found, left after walls and interior appliances such as beds, benches or shelves. Between them hearths were found (Żurek 1954; Król 1997). J. Żurek has discerned only one house, a rectangle with two hearths - so it could have had two rooms (Fig. 51a). In Suchacz, Elbląg district (Kilián 1954), the remains of about ten houses were found and two-three hearths inside each of them, possibly placed in separate rooms. Some of the data could give evidence to the existence of front and side roof overhangs (Fig. 51b-e). Sub-Neolithic cultures (3800-3620 - 2120-1970 ВС, according to Jóźwiak 2003: 163, table 25) On the useless for agriculture territories of Low¬ land, towards the end of Neolithic and beginnings of the Bronze era, Mesolithic hunters und gatherers were subjects to sub-neolithization (Jóźwiak 2003: 12-14, 224) in the period towards the end of 1900 BC (Kukawka 1997: 55, Fig. 2). Scarce re¬ mains of Niemen culture architecture are occurrence in Central and Western Poland and traces of them in Zedmar culture in North-Eastern Poland. Over¬ ground huts of 3 m2 were constructed (Krzyszkowski 1995: Fig. 52a, с -d). In Korzecznik, Koło district, site 6/7, basin houses of app. 25 and 15 m2 were discovered, hearth places (Fig. 50g), post-holes left after roof-posts and 41 pits (Olszewski 1987; Ko- busiewicz 1999: 166, Fig. 19; Jóźwiak 2003: 323, Fig. 23). Schemes of post-holes and pit placement in Stobnica-Trzymorgi (Fig. 52k) (Wiklak 1977; Jóźwiak 2003) and Swornegacie (Fig. 52i) (Bagnie- wski 1979; Kobusiewicz 1999: 166; Jóźwiak 2003: 323) were considered post house remains. In Chwalim, Zielona Góra district (Kobusiewicz, Kabaciński 1999), in a settlement called aquatic fishery (Wiślański 1969: 104), poles dug into the lake bed and balks lying horizontally were found. They were the rests of burnt platforms which ena¬ bled access to the water by crossing over the marsh- shores in settlements placed over the lakes (Kobu¬ siewicz, Kabaciński 1999: 73-75). PART V. NEOLITHIC DWELLINGS AND UTILITY CONSTRUCTIONS ON POLISH LANDS IN THE LIGHT OF FACTS AND IDEAS The Neolithic architecture was closely related to the development of the household production and a sedentary lifestyle. The Neolithic brought the pop¬ ularization of a house. New inventions and object forms did not oust products with an older genealogy SUMMARY 169 such as huts, pit houses and basin houses built in semi-sedentary settlements and encampments related to the pasturage of domesticated herds away from the base settlements. The Neolithic pits, developed underground, with a dwelling appropriation have also created a new quality. The roof-covered pits combine elements of superstructures and under¬ ground structures. Building processes Within the interpretation frames of architectural remains bespoken are by the scientists only some of the constructional activities (Pelisiak 2003:106 f; Czekaj-Zastawny 2008; Grygiel 2008: 1884-1909). Architecture demanded knowledge and high qual¬ ity specialized abilities to assure stability and dura¬ bility of the buildings. Talented people became spe¬ cialists: architects and builders. Their knowledge was handed on from generation to generation and spread as a consequence of migrations and other contacts. Architecture was related first of all to wood processing, ability to construct buildings and to paste clay on their walls. Technical aids of Neolithic architecture are stone and flint axes, axe-hammers, tranchet-axes and wooden tools - hammers, chocks, levers and spades. Most common was the post construction with wat¬ tle. Most laborious and material consuming was building long houses on stilts with the use of small axes and stone tranchets. Superstructures demanded organized group work. Very important was the choice of place for the con¬ struction. The outlines of the houses were demar¬ cated (Grygiel 2008: 1887). The skeletons of ani¬ mals were considered hostage sacrifices made in relation to constructing two houses from the Funnel Beaker cultures. This is not certain, since it is one of many interpretational possibilities. The constructional process may be divided into four phases. Phase I. Gaining and collecting the raw materi¬ als. It consisted of chopping down the trees, their transport to the settlements and clay quarrying for pasting the walls. Phase II. Preparing parts of the buildings. Mak¬ ing the wooden constructional elements of walls, roofs and other ones. Digging the ditches and holes for their fixation. Phase III. Positioning of the house frameworks. Connecting and positioning the wall and roof con¬ structions of the buildings. Placing the wattles be¬ tween the poles. Constructing the roofs and connect¬ ing them with the walls was the most difficult technical undertaking. Phase IV. Finishing works. Sealing up the walls and pasting them with clay, roof covering. The houses were probably ornamented. Only two frag¬ ments of clay ornamented ledges were found and scarce traces of whitening the walls was left on the daub. Phase V. Mending, maintenance and reconstruc¬ tion of the houses. We have evidence of mending the corner- and central-poles which were dug into the ground. Possibly the roofs and walls were main¬ tained this way. Quality of buildings. We posses no data avail¬ able to enable us to know about the end-effect of construction works. On the basis of often irregular outlines of elements remaining in the ground we could talk of a lousy elaboration and a primitive character of the wooden-ground building, especially of the small post houses with wattle. We know noth¬ ing on many constructional details and the final interior decoration of a Neolithic house on our lands. Ethnological analogies are not decisive here. Con¬ sidering the imperfection of the tools used, the im¬ aginable effects of the work of builders construct¬ ing the monumental long houses of the Linear and Stroked Pottery Cultures may find our recognition. The durability of those houses was dependent on the properties of the material and the construction used. Buildings of oak-wood were undoubtedly the strongest. Those from other kinds of wood were much weaker (see Part I). Usually, though, it is impossible to determine the kind of wood of which the house was built. Houses of a post construction with wattle, most common in Neolithic on Polish lands, were definitely much weaker than the houses with walls on stilts. For the underground constructions probably wooden spades and smaller shovels were used. The process of building the underground rooms was also divided into phases. Phase I. Digging of the main space and addi¬ tional moulds in its bottom and walls. Phase II. Building of the interior amenities such as ovens, hearths, recesses and reservoirs. Phase III. Finishing works like strengthening and protecting the walls and bottoms of the pits from damage. Very seldom we meet traces of pasting the walls with clay and tiling them with broken pottery and wattle. Phase III incorporated also activities known from works with superstructures, like build¬ ing overground roofs for the pits. They were made of organic materials. The possibility of forming the caves and the details of their interior depended from the kind of subsoil. On suitable for this purpose territories with 170 SUMMARY loess and clay soils the archeological remaining inform of inventive abilities of the builders of un¬ derground objects. The interior decoration is un¬ known to us and only sometimes we find the re¬ mains of wall covering. The development of Neolithic architecture on Polish territories In the earlier Neolithic dominating is the archi¬ tecture of Linear Pottery cultures, in the Eneolithic the architecture of Funnel Beaker cultures and in the final Neolithic the architecture of all other cul¬ tures. Two lines of architectural development be¬ come distinctive: the one of local and of foreign origin. The architecture of foreign origin was introduced due to the colonization of Polish territories by the Linear Culture Societies. We can discern two phases of its development in the early and late period. In the first phase, in the Linear Pottery culture, domi¬ nating are rectangular post houses with wattle. There were many roof-piers in its interior. In the second phase, within the Lengyel-Poglar circle, these houses were replaced by the construction of trapezoid ones on stilts with spacious interiors. These houses rep¬ resent the highest level of development and the only distinct style in the Neolithic on Polish lands. The architecture of local origin developed as a consequence of the Neolithization process of the Mcsolithic indigenous societies under the influence and with participation of assimilated Danubian so¬ cieties. On the Lowland, within the circle of the Funnel Beaker culture, a transition took place from making huts and basin houses towards building houses with a light post- construction with wattle. During the whole period of the Funnel Beaker cul¬ ture the houses represent similar traits and therefore one could speak of a certain stagnation. On the Lowland, also in other cultures, it lasted towards the end of the Neolithic. Progress came with building on the highlands, in the Funnel Beaker and Radial- Decorated Pottery cultures, some hypothetical, big¬ ger houses of a more perfected construction on stilts. In the Sub-Neolithic cultures the Mesolithic tradi¬ tions in architecture hold on, till the very end of the Neolithic. The underground constructions were better de¬ veloped in the Southern loess highlands in the Funnel Beaker, Radial-Decorated Pottery, Globular Amphora and Złota cultures. The underground object had, maybe not exclusively but most often, a utility appropriation. They were not meant for living in them. On the territories of the Highland loess they show a high level of invention and performance. The dwelling and utility architecture on Polish lands in the Neolithic was an important element of the material culture. It was one of the main adap¬ tive means of the farmers, pastoralists, hunter-gath¬ erers of a Mesolithic genealogy, which they used to adapt to the environment. In later explorations of the architecture the author postulates using the col¬ lected sources already known in a wider sense and perfection of the examination methods used on the sites. The annex to this work shows the results of an attempt to determine hypothetically the material consumption in Neolith constructions. This concerns the number of trees used as basic material while constructing a house. Trunk fragments, in whole or cut in half, were meant to be part of the walls and roof pillars, while the branches made for other house elements and different objects. It has been assumed that in every post hole there earlier was a post of 3-5 m length, while one tree gave a trunk of about 10 m length. The number of holes was multiplied by the supposed post lengths and divided by 10. Then the hypothetical average number of trees nec¬ essary for constructing different sized houses was assessed. The construction of long linear culture houses, particularly those constructed by implementing wooden palisade techniques (as in the Lengyel cul¬ ture), was most material consuming. Depending on the size of a house, the type of applied construction technique and the use of full-volume log or - alter¬ natively - half-volume log, the number of trees pre¬ sumably used oscillated from 15 up to 137 (as in case of a big house with palisade walls). In the Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, Rzu- cewo and Niemen cultures as few as two to four¬ teen trees were needed for a small post-with-wattle house construction (table 17-21). Hypothetical re¬ sults of this determination attempt, even if over- or underestimated, still give some idea about the ma¬ terial consumption in Neolith constructions, which is not entirely lacking in credibility.
any_adam_object	1
author	Balcer, Bogdan 1936-2018
author_GND	(DE-588)133192059
author_facet	Balcer, Bogdan 1936-2018
author_role	aut
author_sort	Balcer, Bogdan 1936-2018
author_variant	b b bb
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV040130904
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)796221357 (DE-599)BVBBV040130904
format	Book
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geographic	Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd
geographic_facet	Polen
id	DE-604.BV040130904
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T16:08:48Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9788389499752
language	Polish
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024988068
oclc_num	796221357
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12
owner_facet	DE-12
physical	179 s. il. - Ill., Kt. 30 cm.
publishDate	2012
publishDateSearch	2012
publishDateSort	2012
publisher	Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN
record_format	marc
spellingShingle	Balcer, Bogdan 1936-2018 Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4046496-9
title	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski
title_auth	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski
title_exact_search	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski
title_full	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski Bogdan Balcer
title_fullStr	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski Bogdan Balcer
title_full_unstemmed	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski Bogdan Balcer
title_short	Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem Polski
title_sort	budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze w neolicie ziem polski
topic	Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd
topic_facet	Neolithikum Siedlungsarchäologie Polen
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024988068&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024988068&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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Inhaltsverzeichnis