Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku: = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Instytut Archeologii
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Wratislavia antiqua
14 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://wratislavia.archeo.uni.wroc.pl/index.php?sw=141 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024887104&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024887104&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 135 s. il. - Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 30 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788361416609 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku |b = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |c Paweł Cembrzyński |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |
| 264 | 1 | |a Wrocław |b Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Instytut Archeologii |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 135 s. |b il. - Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 30 cm. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Wratislavia antiqua |v 14 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819273164658573312 |
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| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
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CONTENTS
1.
Wstęp
......................................................................................................................................................7
1.1.
Cel i zakres pracy
.............................................................................................................................7
1.2.
Baza źródłowa
..................................................................................................................................9
1.3.
Struktura pracy
...............................................................................................................................10
2.
Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w czasach antycznych
-
zarys problemu
.....................11
2.1.
Starożytność
...................................................................................................................................11
2.2.
Czasy przełomu
..............................................................................................................................15
3.
Woda
....................................................................................................................................................17
3.1.
Źródła wody
...................................................................................................................................17
3.2.
Jakość wody
...................................................................................................................................19
3.3.
Zapotrzebowanie na wodę
..............................................................................................................19
3.4.
Studnie czerpalne
...........................................................................................................................20
3.4.1.
Terminologia ciesielska
.......................................................................................................20
3.4.2.
Studnie wczesnośredniowieczne
..........................................................................................22
3.4.3.
Konstrukcja
..........................................................................................................................24
3.4.4.
Chronologia
.........................................................................................................................35
3.4.5.
Lokalizacja studni
................................................................................................................37
3.4.6.
Funkcjonowanie studni
........................................................................................................39
3.5.
Wodociągi
.......................................................................................................................................40
3.5.1.
Początki wodociągów
.........................................................................................................40
3.5.2.
Sieć wodociągowa na terenie miast
.....................................................................................42
3.5.3.
Budowniczowie wodociągów
..............................................................................................57
4.
Nieczystości
............................................................................................................................................60
4.1.
Źródła nieczystości
.........................................................................................................................60
4.2.
Usuwanie nieczystości
...................................................................................................................61
4.3.
Rola służb miejskich w usuwaniu nieczystości
..............................................................................64
4.4.
Latryny
...........................................................................................................................................65
4.4.1.
Konstrukcja
..........................................................................................................................65
4.4.2.
Chronologia
.........................................................................................................................74
4.4.3.
Lokalizacja latryn
................................................................................................................75
4.4.4.
Oczyszczanie
.......................................................................................................................79
4.5.
Dreny i rynsztoki
............................................................................................................................81
4.5.1.
Urządzenia odwadniające
....................................................................................................81
4.5.2.
Rynsztoki
.............................................................................................................................84
5.
Zakończenie
.............................................................................................................................................86
6.
Katalog zabytków
.....................................................................................................................................88
6.1.
Studnie czerpalne
...........................................................................................................................88
6.2.
Studnie wodociągowe
.....................................................................................................................98
6.3.
Wodociągi
.....................................................................................................................................100
6.4.
Latryny
.........................................................................................................................................105
6.5.
Dreny i rynsztoki
..........................................................................................................................117
7.
Literatura
...........................................................................................................................................124
Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the
ІЗ111-
16th
centuries. Summary
..............................................................................................................................131
Paweł Cembrzyński
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL IN CITIES OF THE BALTIC
AND SUDETEN-CARPATHIANS ZONES IN THE 13TH-16TH CENTURIES
SUMMARY
The issue of water supply and waste disposal has
always been one of the fundamental problems faced
by densely populated settlements. This paper presents
the topic in the context of Central Europe within the
economic zones distinguished by Marian Malowist,
namely the Sudeten-Carpathians zone and the Baltic
zone. The choice of such an area is due to the state of
research. This subject is being described for the pe¬
riod between the 13th century, when cities and towns
were emerging and developing in the area, and the
1
6th century, when the system of water supply and
waste disposal was constructed and which continued
to be used without significant change up to the
1
9th
century. Included in the research base were water
wells, waterworks wells, sections of waterworks,
latrines, gutters and drains.
The oldest methods for supplying water were
water wells. Around the third millennium
ВС
in
Mohenjo-Daro, a large city of the Indus civilization,
houses and large baths were supplied by numerous
wells. At the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia
water was drawn from the river. The conditions in
Greece and on the Aegean islands forced the con¬
struction of cisterns and wells. By the Middle Minoan
period
(2000-1600
ВС)
on Crete the first aqueducts
had already been built and were made of ceramic
pipes. In the Archaic period and the Classical period
these structures were improved. Cities were supplied
with water through tunnels cut into rocks and by
ceramic water pipes. In the Hellenistic period long
distance aqueducts were built, working on the prin¬
ciple of communicating vessels. The Romans learnt
Greek technology and greatly improved it. Numerous
long aqueducts were built with an advanced delivery
system to municipal baths (thermae) and individual
customers. Waterworks ran beneath the streets sur¬
faces and water flowed into public wells. Water pipes
were made of wood, lead or clay, depending on which
raw materials were available locally.
Cesspits have been found in Mohenjo-Daro. In
Greece numerous latrines were built, which could
be rinsed with water. In the Roman Empire latrines
were of a considerable size and were widely used in
cities. Sewage from the latrine ran into street sewers,
which discharged outside of the built-up area.
As a result of migrations in the 4th and 5th centu¬
ries large areas of the Roman Empire were depopu¬
lated and devastated. These areas were then settled
by people coming from the Barbaricum who had no
urban tradition. The settlement type was changed and
only the settlement location continued. The question
arises of how much survived of the ancient achieve¬
ments in water supply and sanitary installations. Long
distance aqueducts supplied the cities with water until
they ceased to work due to lack of maintenance. From
the early Middle Ages there are occasional remarks
on the ancient aqueducts that still functioned. New
structures were also built, usually associated with
ecclesiastical architecture. Ancient technology was
therefore able to survive in monastic settlements that
had both the strength and resources for developing
technical improvements.
There are several main sources of water for a city
-
fast-flowing water (rivers and streams), standing
water (ponds and lakes), spring water and ground-
water. The use of each source depended on their
availability in a given city. Frequently, water was
drawn from rivers and wells and water-carriers
131
worked in many cities. Together with the spatial and
demographic development of a city, waterworks were
constructed that drew water from the closest avail¬
able source. In the study zone, most of the water was
drawn from rivers.
The issue of water quality in the Middle Ages was
not too important. The relationship between waste
disposal and the quality of drinking water was not
perceived. Latrines were often situated next to wells,
poisoning the groundwater. There was no certainty
about which water was better (the well one or the
waterworks one). It was necessary to disinfect water
with alcohol.
Water was essential to households
-
for people,
numerous domestic animals and baths. Vast quanti¬
ties of water were used by craftsmen such as tanners
and dyers, and especially brewers and maltsters who
often became initiators of the development of the
water supply system.
The primary devices for the supply of water
were wells. In the study area they were built from
the Neolithic period onwards. Until the late Middle
Ages the most common technique for the well con¬
struction was log construction. In late medieval cities
there were several methods of construction of the
well lining. Construction work began with digging
a shaft that could be either narrow or broad; numer¬
ous examples of both types of shaft were found in
Wroclaw. It seems that a broad shaft was dug in cases
where there was a lot of space available. Dense urban
development necessitated the digging of a narrow
shaft. The shaft s depth depended on the water table
and could reach from a few meters to more than ten
meters in depth. In the period between the 13th and
the 16th century in the study area wells were built
mostly of oak and less frequently of conifer wood.
A small number of wells of this period were stone-
lined, using the dry masonry technique and some
were brick-lined.
A range of constructions was used. The simplest
was the hollowed tree
trank
and it appears in three
locations in both the north and south. The lack of
wickerwork-lined wells does not prove their total
absence. A simple and cheap way was to build a well
from used barrels. The log construction was still in
use and comprised a lining that was built of thick
beams with dovetail joints in the corners and without
any additional internal frame. The most widely used
technique was the frame construction with four cor¬
ner posts that formed a support for transverse boards
and were reinforced by transverse struts. There were
several variants of this construction, from the simple
butt joints, to a sophisticated carpentry constmction
with through holes in the posts. Frame constructions
with posts are found in cities in both the Sudeten-
Carpathians zone
(Wrocław, Brzeg, Namysłów,
and
Legnica) and the Baltic zone
(Gdańsk, Elbląg).
This
construction was widespread over large areas of Cen¬
tral Europe. The other kind of frame construction is
known only from
Wrocław
and consisted of reinforc¬
ing the lining made of vertical laths with a horizontal
frame without any posts support. The posts-struts
construction, known from Silesian towns, consisted
of placing posts in the middle of the wooden lining
and supporting them with struts crossed in the centre
of the well s shaft. The function of these objects is
not clear; some scholars claim that these were priv¬
ies. It seems, however, that some of them might have
originally been wells. Only two cases of wells with
timber lining, which are completely devoid of any
internal frame or struts, are known. Masonry wells
were constructed of crushed stones in the dry wall
technique (rubble masonry), of cut sandstone blocks,
of brick or in a mixed technique. This type of well
was widespread, especially in cities in Germany.
Around some wells linings a filter was con¬
structed which varied from a few to more than ten
centimeters thick, and was made of sand or clay. It
was designed to prevent pollutions leaking into the
well from nearby latrines.
The archaeological material failed to deliver any
information about the superstructure of the well or
any devices for drawing water. Probably wells were
topped with a fence and water was drawn with a
crane, a pulley with bucket or just a bucket with rope.
Such devices are known from
iconographie
sources.
Most of the presented features in this study are dated
to the
ІЗ 11
and the 14th century. Access to water had
to be a priority for inhabitants, thus it seems that
wells were dug immediately after the location of
the city, during construction works on the plots. The
correlation between the construction type and dat¬
ing is elusive. Over the whole period, various types
were in use, often combined in one timber lining.
The general idea was to save on expensive building
material, and is probably why the number of log
constructions was low compared to the early Mid¬
dle Ages when log construction was more common
(this also applies to dwellings). It is also difficult to
determine the wells duration. They were in use from
a few to several hundred years (in the case of those
of stone construction). It seems that average duration
was few decades.
Private wells were placed mostly in the rear parts
of plots, often next to the latrines. Only in two cases
were they found in the front part of the plot. Such
132
a location is typical for both the Baltic and the Su-
detes-Carpathians zones. The total number of private
wells is incalculable. However, one can assume that
not every plot had its own well; this is suggested by
contracts relating to the purchase of a well s shares
drawn up between the
Świdnica
brewers. Public
wells were usually located on squares, close to trade
facilities, and in the streets.
It is noticeable that in the Baltic zone wells are
quite rare in the archaeological material. Perhaps
this is related to the state of research. On the other
hand, it is known from written sources that coastal
cities often had problems with the quality of ground
water and had to find a different ways to be supplied
with water.
Along with spatial and demographic development
of the city, and the gradual pollution of groundwater,
it became necessary to find new sources of water. The
solution to this problem was to construct waterworks.
Such devices first emerged in the monastic settle¬
ments where the ancient techniques had survived.
The first construction of waterworks in the cities
of present-day Germany was undertaken in the
lž 1
century on the initiative of the Church, but gradually,
cities gained control over them.
The waterworks of cities firstly consisted of open
canals running into the city, but these quickly became
polluted. In the Baltic zone, where it was more dif¬
ficult to find good ground water the waterworks had
been built in the
ІЗ 1
century. The initiative behind
the construction of these devices often came from
private individuals (especially craftsmen). Many
waterworks were built in the 14th and 15th centuries;
Wrocław
had its waterworks by
1386.
Also in the
14th century, water plants were developed (Ger¬
man
Wasserkunst,
Polish
kunszt wodny)
in
Kraków
and
Gdańsk.
More cities in the research area had
waterworks constructed in the 15 th century. The
1
6th century was a period that saw the blooming of
waterworks techniques in the study area.
There were two types of waterworks; the gravi¬
tational ones, drawing water from a point above
the city, which worked on the same principle as
the Roman aqueducts, were built in upland areas.
They were cheaper to build and operate, because
there was no need to store water at a considerable
height. The second type worked on the principle of
communicating vessels. It started at the water house
(Polish rurmus), which lifted water to the reservoir
where the waterworks pipeline started. In the late
Middle Ages pressure waterworks that used water
pumps were built.
The water intake source for the gravitational
waterworks took the form of tanks or tunnels lo¬
cated nearby the city. Water plants drew water with
a bucket wheel, which in turn was driven by a water
wheel, a horse powered mill or a treadwheel. One
of the first cities which used the bucket wheel was
Lübeck,
where there were as many as six of them
in the post-medieval period. In Wroclaw there were
three water houses.
Water conduits can be divided, depending on
the material, into wooden ones (in the form of a
trough or hollowed out), ceramic ones (thrown on
a potter s wheel) and lead ones (these did not occur
in the research area). The most frequent ones were
wooden conduits and theses took the form of round
or rectangular tree trunks dug out into U-shaped
troughs covered with a lath that were used in the
gravitational waterworks, where water did not flow
under pressure. Conduits made of a hollowed out
opening in the centre of a tree trunk in the form of a
classical pipe were more durable and commonly
used up to the 19th century. The wooden pipes were
mostly made from oak and pine. Ceramic waterworks
consisted of short pipe segments with bell ends and
fitted with a sleeve at the narrower end, which was
inserted into the wider end of the next segment. In
the study area, most of the finds come from Wroclaw,
where in the late Middle Ages waterworks were made
of ceramic segments, and in the post-medieval period
of wooden pipes.
The water from the waterworks supply was drawn
from wells called sumps. This could be either flow
wells, located on the waterworks line, usually in the
streets, or final wells mostly located at the back of
the plots and constructed on behalf of private users.
Sumps usually took the form of barrel placed in a
square box. The superstructure probably looked like
drawing wells, but in wealthy cities, these were often
richly decorated and became a sign of prestige.
The course of the waterworks in Wroclaw is
known to a certain degree. Ceramic waterworks,
consisting of the main conduit, which was made of
three pipelines, ran along a lane between the first
defensive wall and the inner moat. It was laid in
a timber-lined ditch filled with sand and covered
with boards on top. Minor pipelines ran from the
main conduit and supplied private houses in the city
centre. Along the course of the main conduit sumps
were located, spaced approximately 35 m from each
other. This waterworks supplied the southern part of
the city. In the northern part of the city, on the Oder
riverbank
the Great Water Plant
(Wielki Kunszt)
was
133
situated, and from here five pipelines delivered water
through the city. In
Lübeck,
the waterworks system
comprised six water plants that in the 16th century
served the whole city and was only replaced by a new
one in the
1
9th century. It is difficult to assess to what
extent the waterworks serviced a city s demand for
water. Some of them probably supplied only the
shareholders of companies that built them (mostly
craftsmen) and had no public wells.
A specialized person responsible for the construc¬
tion and maintenance of water supply appeared in the
written sources in about the 14th century; pipe masters
(rurmistrzowie) were itinerant craftsmen.
Litter can be divided into domestic (mud, garbage
and faeces) and production (waste from tanneries and
slaughterhouses). The main producers of faeces were
numerous domestic animals (especially pigs). City
authorities sought to restrict the loitering of animals
in the streets but with meager results. Human faeces
were usually placed in cesspits together with other
garbage. A huge amount of detritus was produced by
tanners and was especially responsible for polluting
watercourses. It should be added that waste was also
produced from craftsmen workshops and rubble
caused by demolitions and fires. Heavy traffic in the
city and the poor state of streets surfaces resulted in
them being covered in mud.
City legislation concerning waste disposal dealt
with conflicts about the sharing of latrines and bound¬
aries and drew particular attention to the condition
of public space, especially the commercial zones;
Dirty crafts were gathered in one place.
The person responsible for removing litter was the
executioner. As a man subjected to taboos, he could
easily deal with the dirty zone of the city . The first
remarks about the executioner in this role stem from
Germany from the second half of the 13th century.
The executioner s duties were cleaning latrines,
supervising lepers, removing garbage and carcasses
from the streets, running brothels and keeping moats
in good condition. An undertaker could also play the
same role as the executioner. In some cities, a special
officer was also appointed to supervise the operation
of the entire urban infrastructure and information on
these officers comes from Germany.
The most common feature, encountered in the
archaeological research associated with waste, is the
latrine. The construction of a latrine (i.e. cesspit) was
similar to a well. Most frequently, the lining was set
in a narrow shaft. In the study area, medieval latrines
were built of wood. The simplest form of a latrine
was just a shaft or a pit without any lining. Similar to
wells the latrines linings were constructed in wick-
erwork or with used barrels or in frame construction
with posts, log construction, posts-struts construction
and frame construction techniques. Stone-lined and
brick-lined latrines are very uncommon in the study
area; in fact only one specimen in
Elbląg
was found
(which has many similarities to those in Germany).
Bay window latrines were also used.
According to earlier views, features with a sand or
clay filter around the lining were wells and the ones
without a filter were latrines. In light of the studied
material, it seems like an incorrect assumption.
The superstructures of latrines are not usually
preserved. The most common feature found is the
wooden toilet seat. A few remains may suggest the
presence of a small roofed hut above the latrine s
shaft. Some cesspits were located at the foot of build¬
ings walls, directly under the bay windows, which
were supplied with some pipes leading waste straight
into the pit below.
In the study area the beginning of latrine build¬
ing is the 13th century, however, the majority of the
features come from the
1
4th century. It may indicate
that latrines were constructed only some time after a
city was well established at its location, when there
was insufficient space for waste and there emerged
a necessity of developing a sensible waste treatment
strategy to deal with the detritus, which covered
streets, squares and burghers plots in ever-thicker
layers. It is difficult to determine the correlation be¬
tween the type of construction used and the time of
its building. It seems that in the northern zone the log
construction was used primarily in the post-medieval
period. The durability of latrines was variable.
Most latrines were situated in rear parts of plots,
as far as possible from the domestic and work area
and this trend is typical for Central Europe. They
were often placed next to a watercourse or had a ditch
connecting them to it. City legislation gave the mini¬
mum distance of a latrine from a neighbour s plot.
In the researched material, there is a visible dif¬
ference in the size of latrines. In the north, they are
bigger and reach a capacity of up to
40
cubic meters.
It is hard to account for the difference in size. Latrines
were filled up at a pace depending on the number
of people using them. To delay this process there
were draining ditches leading the excess waste to
the nearest watercourse. The latrines fills consisted
primarily of human faeces, and considerable quanti¬
ties of household and production waste. Nowadays,
they are a valuable source of research on the material
culture. In the early stages of city development, fully
filled latrines were buried and then the next ones were
dug. However, as a result of growing urbanization,
134
there was no space to dig new latrines, thus a need
arose for emptying the existing ones, especially
since overflowing latrines were a threat to residents.
Cleaning the latrine was a very costly venture and
the basic unit charge was a container (a barrel) in
which the fill was transported. Latrines were cleaned
at night, mostly in autumn and winter. Faeces were
transported in barrels outside the city, where they
were emptied to the river or into pits that had been
prepared earlier. The time span for the use of a latrine
varied and is difficult to determine. The stone-lined
ones from
Elbląg
were used from the
1
5th to the
1
9th
century, but it seems that an average time span was
a few decades.
Another group of features related to the waste
disposal are ditches, drains and gutters. Land recla¬
mation features were drains and barrels buried in the
ground and these were common in low-lying areas.
Drains were used in particular in the reclamation of
land for building. On the built-up plots, there were
systems of wood-lined water drainage ditches and
barrels were buried in the ground to lower the water
level.
Gutters, used for rainwater and wastewater, took
the form of open or covered ditches running along
the streets. In tandem with the cobbling of the streets,
gutters were also stone-lined. Sometimes, special
ditches were built for wastewater and these dis¬
charged into the river or a moat.
135
|
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| author | Cembrzyński, Paweł |
| author_facet | Cembrzyński, Paweł |
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| era | Geschichte 1200-1700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1700 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen Süd (DE-588)4298016-1 gnd Ostseeraum (DE-588)4137210-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen Süd Ostseeraum |
| id | DE-604.BV040030203 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:07:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788361416609 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024887104 |
| oclc_num | 748797171 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 135 s. il. - Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 30 cm. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Instytut Archeologii |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Wratislavia antiqua |
| series2 | Wratislavia antiqua |
| spellingShingle | Cembrzyński, Paweł Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries Wratislavia antiqua Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Abfallbeseitigung (DE-588)4000100-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064811-4 (DE-588)4000100-3 (DE-588)4298016-1 (DE-588)4137210-4 |
| title | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |
| title_alt | Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |
| title_auth | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |
| title_exact_search | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |
| title_full | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries Paweł Cembrzyński |
| title_fullStr | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries Paweł Cembrzyński |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries Paweł Cembrzyński |
| title_short | Zaopatrzenie w wodę i usuwanie nieczystości w miastach stref bałtyckiej i sudecko-karpackiej w XIII - XVI wieku |
| title_sort | zaopatrzenie w wode i usuwanie nieczystosci w miastach stref baltyckiej i sudecko karpackiej w xiii xvi wieku water supply and waste disposal in cities of the baltic and sudeten carpatians zones in the 13th 16th centuries |
| title_sub | = Water supply and waste disposal in cities of the Baltic and Sudeten-Carpatians zones in the 13th - 16th centuries |
| topic | Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Abfallbeseitigung (DE-588)4000100-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wasserversorgung Abfallbeseitigung Polen Süd Ostseeraum |
| url | http://wratislavia.archeo.uni.wroc.pl/index.php?sw=141 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024887104&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024887104&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013887016 |
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