Zrod moderního podnikatelstva: bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Tschechisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ostrava
Filozofická Fak. Ostravské Univ.
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | https://www.recensio.net/r/43ba992f35ca4236b09f06f6a9ae164e http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 332 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788073688417 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV039778838 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20140715 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 111228s2011 xx a||| |||| 00||| cze d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788073688417 |9 978-80-7368-841-7 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)772978690 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV039778838 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a cze | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-M457 | ||
| 084 | |a 8,1 |2 ssgn | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Popelka, Petr |d 1979- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)105369346X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zrod moderního podnikatelstva |b bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace |c Petr Popelka |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Ostrava |b Filozofická Fak. Ostravské Univ. |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 332 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1800-1900 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Unternehmer |0 (DE-588)4061949-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Unternehmen |0 (DE-588)4061963-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Böhmische Länder |0 (DE-588)4069573-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Österreich |0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Österreich |0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Böhmische Länder |0 (DE-588)4069573-6 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Unternehmen |0 (DE-588)4061963-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1800-1900 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Österreich |0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Böhmische Länder |0 (DE-588)4069573-6 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Unternehmer |0 (DE-588)4061949-7 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1800-1900 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |u https://www.recensio.net/r/43ba992f35ca4236b09f06f6a9ae164e |y rezensiert in: Bohemia, 54 (2014) , 1, S. 188-191 |3 Rezension |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n DHB | |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 436 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 4371 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024639701 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819361876026327040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
7
Slovo úvodem
9
Základní sociální struktury podnikatelstva českých zemí
a Rakouského císařství od počátku průmyslové revoluce do roku
1914
9
Úvod
9
Základní východiska, metodické přístupy, pramenná základna
22
Vymezení základních pojmů
28
Původ průmyslového podnikatelstva českých zemí a Rakouského císařství
v
19.
století
28
Regionální původ průmyslového podnikatelstva
40
„Startovní pozice aneb Sociální a profesní původ průmyslového podnikatelstva
a jeho vzdělání
40
Sociální a profesní původ průmyslového podnikatelstva
57
Školní vzdělání a kvalifikace průmyslového podnikatelstva v éře průmyslové revoluce
72
Význam rodiny v procesu kapitalistické industrializace
a rodinné poméry podnikatelstva průmyslové revoluce
84
Veřejná činnost průmyslového podnikatelstva
-
spolková a politická činnost
112
Společenské uznání a ocenění průmyslového podnikatelstva
133
Limity a možnosti podnikání žen v českých zemích a v Rakouském císařství
v „dlouhém
19.
století
-
základní nástin problematiky
145
„Hrdinové století páry aneb Úvodem
к
druhé častí knihy
147
Rodinné poméry podnikatelské rodiny Kleinů aneb Sociální začleňování
měšťanských podnikatelů éry průmyslové revoluce
169 Firma „Gebrüder
Klein jako příklad rodinného velkopodnikání éry
průmyslové revoluce
171
„Firma
před firmou aneb Rodinné podnikání Kleinů před založením firmy
„Gebrüder
Klein
180
Vznik firmy
„Gebrüder
Klein v roce
1853
a její vývoj až do zániku společnosti v roce
1908
194
Podnikání a životní styl vůdčích osobností rodinné firmy
„Gebrüder
Klein
ve světle pozůstalostních spisů
222
Společenské ocenění měšťanských podnikatelů průmyslové revoluce
na příkladu podnikatelské rodiny Kleinů
236
Dobročinná činnost jako součást společenských aktivit špičkových měšťanských
podnikatelů éry průmyslové revoluce na příkladu podnikatelské rodiny Kleinů
249
„O
quam cito
transit gloria
mundi
aneb Sobotínské mauzoleum rodiny Kleinů
jako symbol osudů německého podnikatelstva v českých zemích ve
20.
století
259
Závěry
271
Obrazová příloha
289
Rodokmen rodiny Kleinů
295
Jmenný rejstřík
301
Mistní rejstřík
305
Seznam pramenů a literatury
325
Summary
Summary
The title The Birth of Modern Entrepreneurs is a final output of the three-year long post¬
doctoral research project
GAČR 409/08/P1
10,
which was carried out at the Faculty of Arts
of Ostrava University between
2008
and
2010.
The author of the research attempts to an¬
swer some basic questions connected with the formation of modern industrial entrepre¬
neurs in the Czech Lands and the Austrian Monarchy in the course of the long 19th cen¬
tury. Relevant issues are viewed from two basic angles, defined by realistic possibilities of
the historical analysis of the entrepreneurs.
The analytically-synthetic approach in the first part of the work is based on the compari¬
son of so far unpublished Czech and Austrian collective biographies of entrepreneurs. Col¬
lective biographies for Bohemia (D.
Řezníkova),
Moravia and Silesia
(A. Česáková),
Up¬
per Austria (U. Ramnek), Vorarlberia (R. Pichler), and for the area of the whole Austrian
Empire (W. Meixner) were used. Important domestic and foreign studies, identifying the
problem of the formation of modern entrepreneurs, were compared and the author defined
basic social structures of entrepreneurs in the Czech Lands, which at the same time enable
to define this group in a more general way. The regional origin of entrepreneurs, their so¬
cial and professional origin, family circumstances, structures of education, social engage¬
ment and social appreciation valid at the time were observed.
Regarding the question of the regional origin of entrepreneurs, the author came to the
conclusion that there were considerable differences between individual crown lands of the
Austrian Empire-where the Czech Lands, compared to the other investigated lands of the
Austrian Empire, were characterised by a rather high ratio of entrepreneurs of a local origin.
These entrepreneurs with domestic roots infiltrated also the adjacent Austrian Lands more
than others, mainly the Upper Austria and the capital of the monarchy. It is not easy to ex¬
plain territorial differences of the origin of entrepreneurs. Undoubtedly, they were affected
by the level of economic development of the particular land, protoindustrial traditions
and the geographic location, or as the case may be, also by the vicinity of economically ad¬
vanced regions. The social structure of the society in a particular region, sufficient amount
of entrepreneurial talents, innovators, know-how a general readiness of local entrepre¬
neurial-business structures to adopt an effective attitude to emerging entrepreneurial chal¬
lenges are other significant factors. If there were not enough entrepreneurial talents in a
particular region, either entrepreneurs arriving from more advanced domestic and foreign
[325]
areas grasped the opportunity or the entrepreneurial importance of the nobility or the
state increased. The territorial origin of entrepreneurs differed depending on a region but
it was also highly changeable in time and strongly depending on investment demands on
a particular branch of a business. The highest representation of foreign entrepreneurs can
be registered in the initial phase of the process of industrialisation, showing a generally
decreasing trend later. Foreign entrepreneurs were more influential mainly in areas with
higher investments, particularly in metal working and metal processing industries, in en¬
gineering, paper manufacturing industry and-in Austria-also in the glass industry. In total
numbers, foreign entrepreneurs were important also for the textile industry although their
importance fluctuated depending on the region and the type of textile production. How¬
ever, the regional mobility of entrepreneurs was limited. Most entrepreneurs of a foreign
origin in the Czech Lands and other regions of the Austrian industry came from German-
speaking areas. Therefore considerably fewer entrepreneurs from areas speaking different
languages were successful here. Most foreign entrepreneurs came form adjacent foreign
areas, mainly from Germany.
The information gained so far shows that the social and professional origin of entrepre¬
neurs in the Czech Lands and in the regions of the Austrian Empire probably oscillated
between rather wide boarders, which
J. Kocka
and H. Kaelble defined for Germany many
years ago. Although we can speak about pronounced differences in both regional and pro¬
fessional lines of business, the core of entrepreneurs was recruited from a considerably
wide circle of economically active people. The analyses of existing collective biographies
suggest that the core of entrepreneurs consisted of three basic groups: businessmen, inde¬
pendent craftsmen, and other active entrepreneurs. The fundamental piece
ofinformation
which we encounter in most studies on the 19th century entrepreneurs carried out so far is
the self-recruitment of entrepreneurs, i.e. the thesis of the origin in one s own social stra¬
tum and of the limited possibility of social advancement. On the other hand, it is possible
that this is a kind of an optical illusion caused by the concentration only on a large-scale
enterprise. It is very likely that in cases of small and medium-sized enterprises there was a
rather different situation. Furthermore, we can witness that a large-scale enterprise was
born from a small business . The available collective biographies however suggest that
the thought of chances for a rapid social growth cannot be substantiated in the case of
the 19th century entrepreneurs. There were individual cases where the steep social rise oc¬
curred but this was only in a small percentage of cases. The entrepreneurs of the era of
industrialisation were recruited mainly from those social groups who could provide future
entrepreneur generations with good starting conditions. These encompassed mainly a suf¬
ficient material background, social capital and know-how. Therefore a family, which used
to carry a large part of these pre-requisites, represents a key factor to the recognition of the
genesis of modern entrepreneurs.
A study of inter-generation and generation social mobility quite clearly demonstrated
that there had been considerable differences between individual crown lands as far as the
social origin of entrepreneurs in the Austrian Empire was concerned. Industrial entrepre¬
neurs could have been recruited from different groups in different crown lands. Collective
[326]
biographies
portray the Czech Lands as the region in which a significant part of entrepre¬
neurs came from a considerably wide group of tradesmen, craftsmen and other entrepre¬
neurs in a wide sense. Compared to the Alpine countries, there were considerably fewer
entrepreneurs who came from families of farmers and clerks. However, analyses suggest
that the social origin of entrepreneurs was changeable in the course of time. It was mainly
the phenomenon of a family business that caused the fact that in the course of the 19th cen¬
tury a group of entrepreneurs with an entrepreneurial background expanded considerably.
The development of the education structures in the Czech and in the Austrian Lands
might have experienced a similar development, as some foreign studies for the German
Lands suggest. In the context of emerging entrepreneurs and their needs, the Austrian
school system can be described as satisfactory. In general, the system of education was able
to reflect the increasing needs of entrepreneurs oriented towards practice. In some fields of
business, such as mining, the Austrian school system represented as much as the imaginary
top of the European education system. At the same time all the analysed collective biogra¬
phies come to a similar conclusion that: if entrepreneurs practically trained in a particular
craft or a business prevailed at the beginnings of industrialisation, then, in the course of the
1
9lh century there was an increase in the ratio of entrepreneurs with secondary and university
education while the ratio of entrepreneurs who were only trained in a craft or a business was
decreasing. Despite this, the total ratio of entrepreneurs who had been trained only was not
low; the consulted research works show a span between
22%
(Moravia and Silesia) and
56%
(Upper Austria). The titles we analysed give a surprisingly high ratio of entrepreneurs with
a university degree in the Czech Lands
-
between
45%
(in Bohemia) and
54%
(Moravia and
Silesia). A group of managers, entrepreneurs
-
heirs, or entrepreneurs who purchased their
businesses showed the highest representation of entrepreneurs with a university degree.
Education outside institutions, mainly training in terms of practical skills and experi¬
ence, has been observed only sporadically until now. Such practical training could have
had the form of systematic excursions in factories, several month of secondment or a stu¬
dentship. As some foreign researches suggest, it was mainly the practical training which, in
the technologically more advanced foreign countries, could have played a key part in an
entrepreneurs preparation for a future job in the long 19th century.
The analysed collective biographies give a less detailed indication in case of family cir¬
cumstances analyses of emerging entrepreneurs. However, all titles point, in line with a
foreign research, to a high level of endogamy of entrepreneurs in the Czech and Austrian
Lands. A major part of entrepreneurs looked for brides from a very similar socio-profes-
sional background, i.e. from such families where the father was an entrepreneur too. The
trend to connect entrepreneurial strata in a specific town or a region lead to a fast forma¬
tion of social networks and thus changed the entrepreneurs into a rather closely tied social
group. The studies carried out so far illustrate that the motif for such arranged marriages
had not been so much the effort to achieve a rise on a society ladder, but rather an at¬
tempt to secure the social status achieved so far. Therefore marriages worked as a kind
of security ensuring both economical interests of a family and social position achieved
so far. The current state of research shows that entrepreneurs in the Czech and Austrian
[327]
Lands
were slightly reserved in establishing family ties with intelligentsia or elites. However,
the kept distance was not absolute. Marriages of entrepreneurs with daughters of clerks,
teachers, lawyers or officers were less frequent but we still see entrepreneurs as a fully inte¬
grated part of a burgher society. It was either entrepreneur daughters or younger sons who
mediated contacts to the educated elites. It was quite frequent that entrepreneur families
satisfied their needs by establishing connections to other entrepreneurs and members of
educated elites (often family lawyers). However, there is a pronounced barrier between
entrepreneurs with a burger origin and the nobility. Contacts to noble families remained
very limited even in cases of nobilitated entrepreneurs who remain rather firmly integrated
in burger society circles and whom marriages connect both to burgher elites and other
representatives of the new nobility.
The entrepreneurs of the 19th century were, similar to other representatives of burgher
society of the time, very active in their public engagement. The most important part of
a public engagement typical for emerging entrepreneurs was an activity in associations
and societies acting as a pillar of the social commitment of entrepreneurs. Chambers of
commerce and trade protecting the interests of entrepreneurs were the most important
organisations in the Czech and Austrian Lands. The collective biographies that we analysed
jointly confirm that activities in chambers of commerce and trade represented the core of
societal activities. Entrepreneurs could further enter the political life and various state in¬
stitutions through a membership. Another part of the life of societies and associations was
shaped by interest societies of entrepreneurs defined either through a branch of business
or a territory. Entrepreneurs interest associations differentiated mainly in the second half
of the 19th century. Differences between the strata of old craftsmen and tradesmen and the
new upper-middle class were more and more pronounced in the course of the 19th century
which was reflected on the level of the societies and associations. Unlike with the strata
of craftsmen and tradesmen which fought only for local markets, rich entrepreneurs de¬
fended their interests at least on the level of a region; however in the case of upper-middle
classes, their interests covered the level of the whole Land and in the case of the emerging
interest associations even the level of the whole country. The membership in such associa¬
tions and societies secured not only necessary social contacts but it could have served as a
springboard into a political engagement, mainly on the level of a region or a Land.
The communal politics of the first half of the 19th century represented the core of politi¬
cal activities of burgher entrepreneurs and these entrepreneurs entered it either directly,
or in the case of large-scale businessmen through their employees. The strength of entre¬
preneurial representation was determined by the structure of voters in a particular loca¬
tion, and entrepreneurs established a usually not very plentiful creative minority in local
self-governments. Together with the intelligentsia, the entrepreneurs epitomized the most
progressive part of self-governments. As for the percentage representation, entrepreneurs
seem to be successful both on the political level of a Land and the whole country. It can be
stated that the entrepreneurs of the Czech and Austrian Lands weren t isolated either on the
social or political level and in comparison with the entrepreneurs in the German Empire
they had a higher percentage of representatives in the Lower Chamber of the Parliament.
[328]
The Upper Chamber remained, similar as in the case of Germany and other countries, re¬
served only to the traditional elites with only a marginal participation of entrepreneurs.
Interesting data have been obtained about the social evaluation of entrepreneurs. In
the course of the 19th century, mainly its second half, the share of entrepreneurs who were
honoured by the monarch for their merits was proven to grow. At first the possibilities to
recognise the entrepreneurs contribution in an official way increased. In the 19th century
Hapsburg monarchs introduced several orders and awards through which general merits
of a wide circle of people could have been appreciated in the Austrian Empire. Under the
reign of Franz Joseph I. appreciation of entrepreneurs with state awards reached its peak,
mainly in connection with establishing the Order of Franz Joseph. At the same time, the
order represented amongst entrepreneurs the most frequent award. On top of that the al¬
ready existing Order of the Iron Crown was being awarded more frequently. Under the
long reign of Franz Joseph, there was also a considerable increase in nobilitations. It was
relatively easy to gain a nobility title thanks to a systematised nobilitation, which brought
along a rapid increase of nobilitated entrepreneurs, who achieved their nobility through
the awarded order. In all probability the relative proportion of entrepreneurs in those who
were nobilitated did not considerably increase, however, together with the total increase of
nobilitations a group of entrepreneurs, who were awarded a noble title for their activities,
visibly strengthened. Honorary titles such as the imperial counsellor, commercial coun¬
sellor and the imperial purveyor had only a smaller importance amongst entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs in the 19th century began to receive not only official state honours but also
other types of awards. Particularly from the 1840s the public engagement of entrepreneurs
began to be awarded also by the burgher community itself either through the form of an
honorary citizenship or and honorary membership in a society or an association. There
was only a limited number of entrepreneurs-personalities who received an honorary doc¬
torate and they were mainly important industrial managers.
The second part of the work tried to offer an insight into the problems of formation of
the strata of entrepreneurs from a different angle, i.e. from the angle of direct participants
in the process. The Klein family, who makes a kingpin to all contemplations in the second
part of the book, represents a rather well known North Moravian entrepreneur family that
underwent a very important development. Thanks to exceptionally well preserved sources
ofinformation
the example of the Klein family allowed us to compare the thesis defined in
the first part with an authentic historical example.
The detailed analysis of the Klein family circumstances showed several interesting con¬
clusions concerning the social integration of entrepreneurs. Regarding the social origin,
the Kleins considerably stray away from generally defined trends observed in a large part
of the Czech Lands entrepreneurs. We could see that the Kleins had not been entirely the
legendary self-made men depicted in novels. The generation of founders was preceded by
several generations of rather wealthy countrymen. The choice of partners, i.e. husbands
and wives who came mainly from wealthy country circles, demonstrates the social status of
the family as early as in the 18th century.
Johan
Georg
Klein, father of those who founded
the enterprise, attempted-without a major success
-
to start his own businesses of various
[329]
types.
There is no doubt that a steep social increase as early as in the first generation that we
can observe in the Kleins example is rather atypical for the entrepreneurial environment
of the 19th century.
In comparison to analyses carried out so far, the analysis of marriage policy in the ob¬
served family, which was not so typical, shows very interesting results. The marriage prac¬
tice in the first and the second generations more or less corresponds with general trends.
At the same time it is remarkable that we can use the term marriage policy only from the
second generation onwards. The observed entrepreneurs of the first generation tried to find
their wives in wealthy country and burgher circles, but two out of the five founding broth¬
ers married their pregnant
fiancés
which in fact excludes the possibility of a pre-planned
marriage strategy. A closer connection to industrial circles and intelligentsia can be ob¬
served only in the second entrepreneur generation. In this period we can start considering
a certain form of marriage strategy , preferring mainly off-springs with entrepreneurial
background. In the third generation there is a slight drift away from presumed marriage
preferences aimed mainly at entrepreneurs in favour of massive strengthening of ties with
intelligentsia and in isolated cases also of very atypical ties with aristocracy. At the end of
the 19th century the observed family has top social connections at its disposal
-
these cover
not only Austrian entrepreneur background but also high ranking officials. This divergence
can be partly ascribed to the exclusive social position which the entrepreneurial family
achieved just in one generation.
Interesting conclusions can be drawn from a probe into the identity of godparents. It
was surprising to see that in the cases observed by us godparentship did not serve primarily
to strengthen the gained social status. We tested our hypothesis partly on the first and the
second generations where the godparents were predominantly family members. The choice
of godparents amongst family members or the closest friends was probably connected with
the function of christening ceremony godparents who have, in Christian tradition, certain
obligations to their godchildren. The brief information that we managed to gather give
some evidence of witnesses to a marriage who formed a much more diverse group than in
the case of godparents. The choice of marriage witnesses was conditioned by a social status
of both families and the circle of possible witnesses was therefore logically multiplied.
As far as their education is concerned, the Klein entrepreneurial family fits in a general
pattern of an increasing role of education in the entrepreneurial setting. Our analysis dis¬
covered a rather high interest in education as early as in their first generation. The first four
brothers had only an elementary education and a practical training which should not be
interpreted as a lack of interest in education. If it was the youngest two brothers who later
received a decent level of education, it was mainly because their elder brothers managed to
create a corresponding background and they managed to support them financially during
the studies. Therefore it is obvious that the question of an advanced education of the first
entrepreneur generation was extensively connected with a family background. The male
descendants of the second and third generations received a considerably higher education
which was connected both with an excellent material security of the entrepreneur family
and also the changing mentality. These entrepreneurs
-
heirs were first directed towards
[330]
technical education and later towards law and agriculture. A considerably higher level of
education was supposed to prepare the coming generation for the role of followers in the
family enterprise and caretakers of farms and estates on one hand and on the other hand it
was supposed to contribute to the desired integration of the family amongst burgher elites.
In case of the Klein family there was a significant tight connection between the fam¬
ily and the business. This tight connection confirms the thesis about an important influ¬
ence of family factors on the implementation of capitalist enterprise in the 19 1 century.
In case of the Klein family enterprise we can talk about a family business from the very
beginning and later about a family firm. From the beginnings of the business activity the
Klein brothers enterprise worked on the basis of a family enterprise consortium where the
brothers jointly shared realization of building contracts for construction of modern road
and railway infrastructure. The initial practice in road construction which the brothers
gained as early as in the 1820s and 1830s became an excellent pre-requisite for a profitable
engagement in the construction of the first Hapsburg railways which followed very soon.
Joint profits were used not only to cover individual needs but also to fund further joint
and separate enterprise and also to increase the value of the capital. The trend reached its
climax in a joint purchase of the
Loučná nad Desnou
estate with modern ironworks which
became the centre of their following activities
-
particularly in the metallurgical industry.
The family business was transferred into a registered company only much later, in
1853.
The
Gebrüder
Klein Company, although being only a public commercial company
which never had any shareholders, belonged at least until the recession of the 1870s
amongst the biggest and financially strongest construction companies of the Hapsburg
Monarchy. Its priority was roads and railways construction and activities connected to
railways, i.e. mainly enterprise in metallurgy, coalmining and timber trade. The financial
profile of the company corresponded to such a kind of enterprise needing a strong capital.
Assets of the company reached millions right from its foundation and in
1870
they went
over the amount of
10
million florins. The company s assets grew continuously, only with
the exception of the first half of the 1860s when there was a temporary reduction in the
growth of the company. This fact was directly connected to a temporarily lower interest
in the railway construction in the Hapsburg monarchy which was caused by lack of state
subventions for new railway companies.
Two rather important events had a regretful impact on the growth of the company in
the 1870s. One of them was the economic recession, started by year
1873
and the other was
the death of the head of the family business-Albert Klein in
1877.
Following that, Albert s
closest colleague, cousin Franz Klein, died in
1882
which lead the family into a personnel
crisis; the option of a gradual reduction of the company with a possible prospect of closing
it down later was chosen. At the beginning of the 20th century only a torso remained from
a once famous company and it was formally closed down only in
1908.
Prior to the first
world war the business activities of the Klein offsprings were reduced only in enterprise in
inherited large estates and in holding shares of some industrial and financial companies.
The property portfolio was already rather varied in the first generation of the observed
entrepreneurs family as an analysis of the entrepreneurs inheritance files shows. As early
[331]
as at the beginnings of the industrial revolution there were cases where entrepreneurs in
the Czech Lands lowered risks in business by investments in various branches of busi¬
ness which helped them create a strong economic platform outside their own business.
The Kleins, specifically, directed their profits from construction activities into ironworks,
coal mining, sugar processing and corn milling. It was particularly the ironworks where
the Kleins invested a large part of their free finances. In connection with the ironworks,
entrepreneurs also attempted to establish their raw material foundation which made the
iron production cheaper. Until the economic crisis in the 1870s the ironworks must have
brought the Kleins considerable profits and they represented together with the activities in
the railway construction a core of the family income.
The inheritance files also prove that the entrepreneurs usually did not have a large
amount of cash at their disposal. At the beginning of their business activities, the Kleins
invested a large part of their free money into estate property which could have been con¬
nected to mental patterns of behaviour influenced by the experience from the state bank¬
ruptcy in
1811.
The purchased estate property did not serve only for a simple accumulation
of property but it was also meant to serve other business activities. Most of the property
was used as a mortgage forfeit for numerous credits connected to the business. The option
of getting a credit played a prominent role as early as at the beginning of the industrial
revolution which is proven by a rather high level of indebtedness of observed entrepre¬
neurs in the banking sector. However, subsequent generations of the family were being
prepared for farming. This need occurred in connection with gradual purchases of estates
registered in the Czech Lands Tables and these estates then had to be managed wisely. For
the Kleins the investment in large estates was more a matter of economics than a matter of
image. Entrepreneurs understood these purchases to be a good investment which provided
not only a material security but, when managed rationally, the estates would represent a
good use of invested capital.
Also, the observed entrepreneurs invested in securities relatively soon. If, until the 1850s,
government bonds prevail, then in the second half of the 1870s inheritance shares of pri¬
vate companies make a substantial part of the securities they owned. The structure of the
owned shares was rather varied (shares of railway companies, textile manufacturers, sugar
refineries, insurance companies) but limited only to the territory of the Hapsburg Monar¬
chy.
The issue of the social appreciation of the entrepreneurial family we examined is closely
connected with the development of the overall social status of the observed entrepreneurs.
In the early stages of the Kleins business activities it was a problem to obtain even burgher
rights in the Lands capital for these subjects. Only from the 1840s, i.e. when they had
established themselves as able road constructors and they had started participating in the
construction of the first Austrian railways, the first signs of their social appreciation started
to come. At the turn of the 1840s and the 1850s they began to obtain the first honorary
citizenships. Official state honours did not take long to arrive either. It was already Franz
Klein who received the first two state honours in connection with his merits in economy.
The observed entrepreneur family achieved the imaginary peak of social appreciation in
[332]
the course of the 1860s and the 1870s which was mainly thanks to the nobilitations of Al¬
bert and then of Franz Klein Jr. Both prominent entrepreneurs later received the Order of
the Iron Crown which granted them the title of knights. At the beginning of the 1870s they
rose to the title of barons thanks to their economic and social activities.
The example of the Klein entrepreneurial family clearly shows that in the 19th century
business activities begin to be seen worth appreciation. However, this fact was conditioned
and accompanied by an intensive social activity of the entrepreneurs. The integration of the
observed entrepreneurs into the forming civic society was, according to the available data,
rather intense. The Kleins public engagement in activities of various societies, in politics
and in charitable and compatriot events was extensive indeed. It was this public aspect of
an entrepreneur
s
activities which was scrutinized by the contemporary society and it often
made a substantial reason for rewarding an entrepreneur s activities.
Charity too was an integral part of entrepreneurs social activities during the industrial
revolution. Charitable activities can be detected in the case of the Klein family when their
growing material conditions allow them to start winning recognition in the contempo¬
rary society. A large part of the charitable events was connected mainly with such projects
which were to lessen negative social issues in the emerging modern society, mainly mass
poverty. An effort to support such intentions that could be utilised to gain a noble title can
be detected in some charitable causes. Mainly references to financial gifts to the state and
significant humanitarian events can be found in requests for nobilitation from the second
half of the 1840s onwards. An attempt to gain some advantage in a business, given as a gift
or as a kind of favouritism on the side of government officials could have been a rather
specific motivation behind sponsorship too. In this respect entrepreneurs gifts to local
government and to officials seem to be questionable.
Based on the analysis of the basic social and economic structures, it can be stated that-in
many ways-the Klein entrepreneurial family does not meet general characteristics drawn
on the so far performed research of the entrepreneurs in the Czech and Austrian Lands.
The Kleins were not typical representatives of the Central European entrepreneurs of the
19th century. Their steep social rise, society ties, strong capital and prestige make them a
remarkable example of forefront pioneers of the industrial revolution who are nearer the
legendary American self-made men than the Austrian or German entrepreneur
niveau.
Despite this, we can find even in this extraordinary case a high degree of integration into
the structures of the emerging civic society or/and a strong link with an economic and
schooled elite of the civic society of the Austrian Empire.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Popelka, Petr 1979- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)105369346X |
| author_facet | Popelka, Petr 1979- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Popelka, Petr 1979- |
| author_variant | p p pp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039778838 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)772978690 (DE-599)BVBBV039778838 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1900 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02532nam a2200577 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV039778838</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20140715 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">111228s2011 xx a||| |||| 00||| cze d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9788073688417</subfield><subfield code="9">978-80-7368-841-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)772978690</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV039778838</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">cze</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M457</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">8,1</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Popelka, Petr</subfield><subfield code="d">1979-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)105369346X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Zrod moderního podnikatelstva</subfield><subfield code="b">bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace</subfield><subfield code="c">Petr Popelka</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Vyd. 1.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Ostrava</subfield><subfield code="b">Filozofická Fak. Ostravské Univ.</subfield><subfield code="c">2011</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">332 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1900</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Unternehmer</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061949-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Unternehmen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061963-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Böhmische Länder</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4069573-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Österreich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043271-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Österreich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043271-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Böhmische Länder</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4069573-6</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Unternehmen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061963-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1900</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Österreich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043271-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Böhmische Länder</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4069573-6</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Unternehmer</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061949-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1900</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="u">https://www.recensio.net/r/43ba992f35ca4236b09f06f6a9ae164e</subfield><subfield code="y">rezensiert in: Bohemia, 54 (2014) , 1, S. 188-191</subfield><subfield code="3">Rezension</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">DHB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">DHB_JDG_ISBN_1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">436</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">4371</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024639701</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Böhmische Länder Österreich |
| id | DE-604.BV039778838 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:02:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788073688417 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024639701 |
| oclc_num | 772978690 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 332 S. Ill. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Filozofická Fak. Ostravské Univ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Popelka, Petr 1979- Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace Unternehmer (DE-588)4061949-7 gnd Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061949-7 (DE-588)4061963-1 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4043271-3 |
| title | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace |
| title_auth | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace |
| title_exact_search | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace |
| title_full | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace Petr Popelka |
| title_fullStr | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace Petr Popelka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace Petr Popelka |
| title_short | Zrod moderního podnikatelstva |
| title_sort | zrod moderniho podnikatelstva bratri kleinove a podnikatele v ceskych zemich a rakouskem cisarstvi v ere kapitalisticke industrializace |
| title_sub | bratři Kleinové a podnikatelé v českých zemích a Rakouském císařství v éře kapitalistické industrializace |
| topic | Unternehmer (DE-588)4061949-7 gnd Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Unternehmer Unternehmen Böhmische Länder Österreich |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/43ba992f35ca4236b09f06f6a9ae164e http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639701&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT popelkapetr zrodmodernihopodnikatelstvabratrikleinoveapodnikatelevceskychzemicharakouskemcisarstviverekapitalistickeindustrializace |