Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci: (1280 - 1323)
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Plovdiv
Fondacija "Bălgarsko Istoričesko Nasledstvo"
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Srednovekovna biblioteka
6 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024506490&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024506490&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bulgarian tsardom under Terter dynasty |
| Umfang: | 451 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789549198393 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819379780054679552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Съдържание
Увод
1
Териториален обхват
2
I.
Политическа история
13
А. Вътрешнополитически фактори
15
Борби за надмощие и заговори
15
Сепаратизъм и централизъм
21
Б. Външнополитически фактори
44
Византийската империя
44
„Златната орда
93
Сърбия
132
Венеция и Генуа
172
Папството
178
Унгария
190
Неаполитанското кралство
199
Тесалия
204
II.
Държава, църква и общество
207
Царят и неговото семейство
209
Управленческа аристокрация
240
Пратеници
257
Войска
262
Управленческа и данъчна администрация
270
Църква и духовенство
276
Народ
290
III.
Стопанство
303
Природни условия и ресурси
305
Селско стопанство
315
VI
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Занаяти
322
Търговия
326
Заключение
383
Библиография
391
Съкращения
423
Именен и географски показалец
427
Bulgarian
tsardom
under Terter dynasty
(1280-1323) 445
Bulgarian
tsardom
under Terter dynasty
(1280-1323)
In the last quarter of the thirteenth century the Bulgarian state found
itself in the midst of an extremely complicated internal, and external po¬
litical predicament, which was to a great extent due to the transitional
period. As a follow-up to the rule of Kostadin
Tih
Asen
(1257-1277),
Bulgaria resigned to the role of a minor force on the Balkans. The potent
factors which were a heavy influence on the tsardom, as well as its inabil¬
ity to challenge them, resulted in inefficient attempts at pursuing more
resilient policies.
Several major tendencies are to be noted in the internal policies of
Bulgaria. The struggle over power was running high and often resulted
in plotting and a frequent change in the high ranks. In a period of forty-
three years, because of conspiracy, no less than three sovereigns had to
make a run for their lives. These were
Joan Asen
III
(1279-1280),
Geor¬
gi
I Terter
(1280-1292)
and the widow of tsar Smilec
(1292-1298).
The peasants chieftain
Lachanas (1278-1280)
and tsar
Georgi
II Terter
(1322-1323)
were slain. The circumstances surrounding the demise of
tsar Smilec are to this day veiled in obscurity.
Teodor Svetoslav
(1300-
1322)
occupied the throne the longest
-
a total of twenty-two years. His
death of natural causes marked the logical end of a glorious rule.
Another important inter-political factor was the intensifying politi¬
cal separatism which manifested itself in the formation of four, to a great
extent, autonomous domains. They made part of the Bulgarian constitu¬
ency on a purely formal basis. These separatist teritorries played the role
of a bulwark against enemies from beyond and yet, as a matter of fact,
Bulgaria was not only deprived of considerably large territories, but also
most notably suffered lack of man power and resources. Despite the fact
separatists had considerable financial income, thus enabling them to
contract mercenaries, their domains suffered a general weakness of being
relatively inefficient in matters of leading wars. Henceforth, they came
446
ДИНАСТИЯТА
НА ТЕРТЕРЕВЦИ
up to be an easy prey to their neighbours. Neverthless the desperate re-
sistence put forth by
Dărman
and Kudelin siblings, their domain, which
had the fortress of
Ždrelo
(near
Petrovac,
Serbia) as a governing seat, was
quickly taken off the political band-stand. Its heavy lot would have also
befallen the principality of Bdin (today s
Vidin),
governed by Sismanids,
had it not been for the meddling Tatars.
Yet another negative tendency brought in by the separatist trend
was the multiplication of newly formed domains
-
the domain of
Krăn
(near
Kazanlăk),
governed by
boyar Aldimir,
formed as an autonomous
territory at the expense of the principality of Sredna
Gora
under ther
rule of Smilec. That is why the tendency of centralism, as juxtaposed to
separatism, proved to be a crucial factor as to maintaining the stability
of the state. A method in attainment of centralism was introduced by
those separatists who consequently turned Bulgarian tsars. These was the
case with
boyars
Smilec and
Mihail
Sisman. Teodor Svetoslav
was even
harsher and more uncompromosing in his approach. He managed to
centralize his tsardom through the use of military power and diplomacy,
thus crushing or taking the edge of
boyars
subversive ambitions.
Many external political factors played an important role in the exist¬
ence of the Bulgarian tsardom. First and foremost comes the fact that
wars with the Byzantine empire had lost much of the intenisty which
accentuated the military campaignes during the early Middle Ages. At
the end of thirteenth and the very beginning of fourteenth centuries
they were restricted locally with territories in Thrace and the Black Sea
coast as immediate goals. Byzantium itself could not put greater military
pressure on Bulgaria, being itself weakened in the aftermath of the Latin
rule, the pressure brought on by Seldzhuk Turks and the Tatar invasion,
and, as of the beginning of the fourteenth century
-
the devastation
caused by Ottoman Turks and Catalans. This is was why Palaiologos
rulers attempted at more pragmatic political strategies, unlike many of
their predecessors. In order to subdue Bulgaria, they were using Bulgar¬
ian political emmigrants, and mostly those who claimed the throne. Bul¬
garian state also benefited from some grave errors of the Byzantine di¬
plomacy. Andronikos II Palaiologos
(1282-1328),
placing grand hopes
upon Genoa, became totally
négligeant
of the upkeep of the Byzantine
fleet. As a result there was not one marine attack on Bulgaria recorded,
BULGARIAN
TSARDOM
UNDER TERTER DYNASTY
447
albeit characteristic for the preceding centuries. The services provided by
the contracted Catalan mercenaries turned out to be a two-edged sword
-
for one they were successful in lessening the strength of the pressure
brought by the Seldzhuk Turks, on the other hand, they became the
principal foe to the Empire, as it could not manage to provide financial
resources to
renumerate
them in due time. The incessant war conflicts,
as well as territory loss resulted in a worsening flow of funds in the State
treasury, which accounted for maintaing an efficient army. It was on the
grounds of these factors that Bulgaria and Byzanitum were back on good
terms, as well as the fortification of the Bulgarian stand in the south of
the Balkan mountains.
Tension was also running high in the north-east. An entirely nega¬
tive role as to the foundation of the
Bulgarin
tsardom
played the mighty
Golden Horde. Tatars were a major factor in the decadence and decen¬
tralization of the state. The crisis reached its peak in the middle of the
80s
and
90s
of the thirteenth century when Bulgaria was brought under
feudatory rule. One can judge for the proximity of Tatars by the fact they
invaded North Dobrudja repeatedly, thus being able to actively interfere
with Balkan politics. The Bulgarian town of
Oblučica-Isaccea
(today s
Isaccea, Romania) temporarily became a residence centre for minting
coins for the Tatar khans. The almighty khan Nogai (died
1299)
had
the upper hand in deciding the fate of a Bulgarian ruler or successor to
the throne. He also patronized the separatists in the north-west and the
sub-Balkan territories of Bulgaria. Tatar jeopardy was subdued no ear¬
lier than the very end of the thirteenth century when the steppe empire
saw the rise of internal conflicts. They climaxed with the perished Nogai
and the subsequent fall of his successors
-
the Nogayids. Through dem¬
onstration of loyalty for the new
hegemon
in the Horde
-
khan Toqta
(1290-1312),
the Bulgarian tsar
Teodor Svetoslav
managed to over¬
throw the feudatory dependence of Bulgaria. This was the first time in
ten years when the state accumulated a new territory expansion through
the acquisiton of the port of Belgrade (today
s
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi,
Ukrainian) situated on the Dniester river. Convincing proof of the com¬
plete repossession of the whole region, later to be named as Bessarabia, is
lacking. Despite of the diplomatic success, Bulgaria proceeded with the
payments to the Golden Horde, which provided for peace in the next
448
ДИНАСТИЯТА
НА ТЕРТЕРЕВЦИ
twenty years. The Byzantine Empire was in a similar state along with,
in certain periods at the time, the Serbian Kingdom. Overcoming Tatar
jeopardy was among the main reasons in the resuscitaion of the political
power of the state in the fourteenth century, as
Teodor
Svetoslav con¬
centrated his efforts in a single direction
-
the requisiton of the Thra-
cean settlements and the ports alongside the Black Sea coast.
In the west, events took an entirely different twist. The Bulgarian
tsardom was unable to defy the increasing political role of Serbia. Thus
the Bulgarian state found itself the underdog in the struggle for Mac¬
edonia. In the same time, there was a proliferation of dynastic marriages
with the sole purpose of maintaing the existing status quo. In
1299
the
Bulgarian rulers even resigned to an act which is to be among the most
despicable ones in our history during the Middle Ages
-
either in the
light of the internal political pressure, or in the hindsight of Tatar inva¬
sion from Oblucica-Isaccea, or probably because of the isolated position
of the state on the Balkans, the widow of tsar Smilec bethrothed her¬
self unto the Serbian king, the Bulgarian crown being the dowery. It ap¬
peared to be too heavy a burden since Stefan
Uroš II Milutin
(1282-
1321)
decided to stick to his royal title and become allied by marriage
to the ruling dynasty of the Palaiologos in Byzantium. There was an at¬
tempt at taking a stand on behalf of Bulgarian interest, yet it was carried
out solely with the participation of the separatists from the
Braničevo
(near Kostolac, Serbia) and Bdin principalities. A new stage in the re-
latioship between Bulgarian and Serbia came into being only when did
Teodor
Svetoslav come into power. Indicative is the fact that the Serbian
ruler himself pursued rendezvous with the king in
Tărnovo
(today s
Ve¬
liko
Tărnovo).
The position of the Bdin despot gradually grew stronger,
thus enabling him to interfere in the burgeoning Serbian civil war at the
beginning of the third decade of the fourteenth century.
The marine states of Genoa and Venice also played an impornant
role in the political development of the Bulgarian state. At first, Genoese
maintained strong hold in the Black Sea region as they were support¬
ing Byzantium, so as to make a large economic profit. There was a grave
clash of interest in
1315-1316
when Bulgaria took a new course in trade
insisting the inauguration of a regimented custom-tariff for the goods
of Genoa citizens. Nonetheless, pecuniary interest prevailed over
politi-
BULGARIAN
TSARDOM
UNDER TERTER DYNASTY
449
cal
enmity. Withstanding the allied interconnexion of Byzantium and
Genoa, Bulgaria relied upon its favorable relationship with Venice.
Yet another factor influencing Bulgarian state was the Papacy. It
maintained several mechanisms in order to exert its influence: mission¬
ary work carried forth by the Minorites order, as well as preachers, Cath¬
olic trader intermarrying Bulgarian womanhood who themselves were
converted into Catholicism, the foundation o( Catholic clerical body,
propaganda missives and injunctions, assistance on behalf of admirers of
the
Uniate
policy in Bulgaria, the connections with Western monarchs
-
French and Hungarian kings above all. The dissemination of Catholi¬
cism proved detrimental to territories, inhabited largely by Bulgarian
folk, yet not constituting the state itself, since their population was con¬
sequently subjected to rapid decline of national self-awareness.
At the end of the thirteenth century, Hungary also made a display of
agressive
tendencies toward Bulgarian territories. However, in the four¬
teenth century the kingdom was no longer an important factor to Bul¬
garia as it suffered relentless raids of Tatar and
Cuman
tribes, troubles
with Serbians, as well as inner conflicts and arguments over power. This
contributed to the rise of the Bdin principality and its intereference with
the Hungarian internecine wars.
Although the relationship of Bulgaria with the kingdom of Naples
and that of Thessalia was short-lived, it characterized itself with an anti-
Byzantine streak, and yet these nations were of little importance to the
historical development of the state.
As far as it goes to the socio-political development of the Bulgarian
state, it has to be noted that it mostly adhered to the model introduced
in Byzantium under Komnenoi, which had been adopted by, dating
back, as far as the first rulers of the
Asen
dynasty, with some typically
Bulgarian idiosyncrasies making themselves clearly visible. At the end of
the thirteenth century
Cuman
tribes took an active part in governing
the Bulgarian tsardom. Kuman aristocracy in Bulgaria not only governed
Tărnovo
but also several other domains. For the sake of appearance, rul¬
ers shared the same prerogatives as in the foregoing period of time, yet in
fact their power and authority dwindled away. Despite
Georgi
II Terter
claiming he was Master of Bulgarian and Greek sceptre , it meant no
more than he managed, at a certain time, to get hold of a Byzantine
ter-
450
ДИНАСТИЯТА
НА ТЕРТЕРЕВЦИ
ritory in Thrace. It was then, a woman ascended the throne, for the first
and last time in the history of the Bulgarian tsardom, who ruled not as
a regent, but as an entirely autonomous lady mistress. It was the widow
of tsar Smilec. Like Byzantine rulers, Bulgarian kings took up to grant¬
ing despot titles.
Joan Asen
III sanctioned the practice after presenting
boyar
Georgi Terter
with the high merit. Furthermore, the specific duty
of an ambassador was introduced as to mark the clear distinction of
participators in diplomacy negotiations. Several elite subdivisions were
established in the Bulgarian army like, for example, the heavy cavalry
and light infantry. Bulgarian tsars and separatists increasingly took to
hiring mercenaries, which signifies poor
enrôlement
of recruits for the
army present in
Tărnovo
tsardom and the separatist domains. This was a
transitional period, marked by numerous other
tramsformations
like, for
example, step-by-step formation of an intricate bureaucratic system. In
the spirit of Orthodox caesaropapism, the authority of the tsar prevailed
over the clerical one. It comes as no surprise that a certain Bulgarian pa¬
triarch was pronounced a martyr, whereas another one was executed at
the order of
Teodor Svetoslav.
Tărnovo
did not tolerate the dissemina¬
tion of Catholicism in Bulgarian lands, and yet several Bulgarian dio¬
ceses were out of their reach, being under the jurisdiction of the patriar¬
chate in Constantinople.
Another favourable trend in the develpoment of Bulgaria turned
out to be the upsurge of its economy. It was notably economic vigour
that brought political prestige to the state. In comparison to its con¬
temporaries abroad, Bulgarian tsardom boasted fine climate conditions,
rich natural resources, fair road network, ports perfectly situated for the
needs of vessels from abroad, and on top of all
-
quality products. Espe¬
cially well-suited for trade were the Black Sea ports of Varna, Sozopolis,
Mesembrias (todays
Nesebăr), Anchialos
(today s Pomorie), Agathopo-
lis (todays Ahtopol), etc. Export of farm produce and handicraft wares
was markedly prominent, and was further stimulated through their mar¬
ket-places. The most important partners in commerce to Bulgaria were
Byzantium, Venice and Genoa, which imported wheat, barley, oats, bean
cultures, salted meat and fish, honey, wax, skins, etc. For the first time,
Bulgarian rulers started minting flat-kernel silver coins, which along
with copper scyphates, imitations and foreign coins comprised finance
BULGARIAN TSARDOM UNDER TERTER DYNASTY
451
and market deals. Crafts, such as ore-mining, goldsmithy, apiculture,
silkworm-breeding, sericulture were booming. The annexation of new
territories to the Bulgarian tsardom, political centralization, the exports
of most notably wax and wheat resulted in its gradual political advance.
Coin currency, as well as the employment of mercenaries also marked
the all-round development and stabilization of Bulgaria in the first few
decades of the fourteenth century.
The history of Bulgaria in the period from
1280
to
1323
can be sum¬
marized as the history of a decentralized monarchy where the opposi¬
tion centre
-
periphery was a dominant force behind the political life in
the tsardom. Despite its attempts at attaining a proper role in the state of
affairs in Southeastern Europe, Bulgarian tsardom was losing influence
and had it not been for the weaknesses of its neighbours it would hardly
stay unscathed by the tempests of time.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Krăstev, Krasimir S. 1980- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1016465823 |
| author_facet | Krăstev, Krasimir S. 1980- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Krăstev, Krasimir S. 1980- |
| author_variant | k s k ks ksk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039656963 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)760142754 (DE-599)BVBBV039656963 |
| era | Geschichte 1280-1323 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1280-1323 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV039656963 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:59:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549198393 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024506490 |
| oclc_num | 760142754 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 451 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Fondacija "Bălgarsko Istoričesko Nasledstvo" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Srednovekovna biblioteka |
| series2 | Srednovekovna biblioteka |
| spellingShingle | Krăstev, Krasimir S. 1980- Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) Srednovekovna biblioteka Terteriden ca. 13. und 14. Jh. (DE-588)1019090421 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1019090421 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) |
| title_auth | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) |
| title_exact_search | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) |
| title_full | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) Krasimir Krăstev |
| title_fullStr | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) Krasimir Krăstev |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci (1280 - 1323) Krasimir Krăstev |
| title_short | Bălgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na Terterevci |
| title_sort | balgarskoto carstvo pri dinastijata na terterevci 1280 1323 |
| title_sub | (1280 - 1323) |
| topic | Terteriden ca. 13. und 14. Jh. (DE-588)1019090421 gnd |
| topic_facet | Terteriden ca. 13. und 14. Jh. Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024506490&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024506490&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023398162 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krastevkrasimirs balgarskotocarstvopridinastijatanaterterevci12801323 |