Tylnymi drzwiami: "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo "Neriton"
2010
Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022534866&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022534866&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "By the back door" |
| Umfang: | 385 s., [28] s. tabl. il. - ill., photos, tables 25 cm. - 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788375431681 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kochanowski, Jerzy |d 1960- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)122664469 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Tylnymi drzwiami |b "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 |c Jerzy Kochanowski |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Wydawnictwo "Neriton" |c 2010 | |
| 264 | 1 | |b Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego | |
| 300 | |a 385 s., [28] s. tabl. |b il. - ill., photos, tables |c 25 cm. - 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "By the back door" | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1944-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poland / Communist regime / Economic conditions / Commerce / Black market | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schwarzmarkt |0 (DE-588)4180357-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1944-1989 |A z |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819350241189560320 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Rozdział
1.
Kilka uwag terminologicznych i metodologicznych
........ 9
1.1.
Jakiego koloru był czarny rynek?
.................................. 9
Rynki legalne
................................................. 13
Rynki półlegalne
.............................................. 13
Rynki nielegalne
............................................... 13
1.2.
Peerelowski czarny rynek: problemy z definicją
....................... 14
1.3.
Literatura, źródła, metoda
........................................ 21
Rozdział
2.
Niedobór, chciwość, protest: krótki kurs historii czarnego
rynku w pierwszej połowie
XX
w.
................................ 29
2.1.
Początki
..................................................... 29
2.2.
1 wojna światowa i okres międzywojenny
........................... 30
2.3.
II
wojna światowa
............................................. 34
2.4.
Po wojnie
.................................................... 42
Rozdział
3.
Polska
sinusoida (antyjspekulacyjna:
1944-1989.......... 49
3.1.
Komisja I:
1945-1950/1954..................................... 50
3.1.1.
Czas próby:
1944-1947.................................... 50
3.1-2.
„Bitwę o handel wygraliśmy :
1947-1950...................... 58
3.2.
Intermedium I:
1950-1956...................................... 62
3.3-
Zespól I (i
II):
rok
1957
(i następne)
.............................. 67
3.3.1. Exkurs:
Zespół
II
......................................... 76
3.4.
Intermedium
II:
lata sześćdziesiąte i siedemdziesiąte
................... 79
3.4.1.
Lata sześćdziesiąte
........................................ 80
3.4.2.
Lata siedemdziesiąte
....................................... 86
3.5.
Komisja
II;
198Ì-1987
......................................... 91
3.5-1-
Droga do „spekulacyjnego
piekla
............................ 91
3.5-2.
Prowizorium. Nadzwyczajna Komisja:
10
sierpnia
- 12
października
1981
r.
................................................. 93
3.5.3.
Główny front walki ze spekulacją: Centralna Komisja
............101
6
Spis treści
Rozdział
4.
Geografia (historyczna) czarnego rynku w PRL
...........119
4.1.
Uwagi ogólne
.................................................119
4.2.
Centrum
—
peryferie
...........................................121
4.2.1.
Centrum: wielkie miasta
...................................121
4.2.2.
Peryferie: Polska gminna i powiatowa
.........................127
4.3-
Północ
-
Południe
............................................130
4.3.1.
Południe: na halach socjalizmu wprowadzić się nie da!
............131
4.3.2.
Północ: „ziemia żywi, morze bogaci
..........................136
4.4.
Wschód
-
Zachód
.............................................145
Rozdział
5.
Mięso
...................................................158
5.1.
„Problem nt
1
to jest mięso . Tylko dlaczego?
.......................159
5.2.
Mięso na czarnym rynku. Między represją a przyzwoleniem
.............166
5.2.1.
„Wielka bitwa o mięso :
1944-1950..........................166
5.2.2.
„Państwowa rąbanka będzie lepsza... :
1950-1956...............172
5.2.3.
„Za Gomułki są suche bulki... :
1956-1970....................175
5-2.4.
„Jak będą świnie, to będą dobre koncepcje... :
1971-1980........182
5.2.5-
„No biją, jeść muszą :
1980-1989............................185
5.2.5.1.
Przemysł mięsny, czyli przestępczość powrotna
(ale
І
kreatywna)
.................................188
5.2.5.2.
„Baba z cielęciną . Portret retrospektywny
...............192
5.2.5.3.
„Troszkę ulegalnić nielegalne :
1984-1989..............198
Rozdział
6.
Alkohol
.................................................203
6.1.
„Hobby narodowe . Nielegalne gorzelnictwo
.........................205
6.1.1.
„Na odcinku potajemnego gorzelnictwa . Bimber i władza
.........205
6.1.2.
„Wypić on przyzwyczajony, a pieniędzy dużo nie ma . Uwarunkowa¬
nia, technika, geografia
.........................................212
6.2.
„Kup pan flaszkę . Nielegalny obrót legalnym alkoholem
...............220
6.3.
Ekskurs: lata osiemdziesiąte
......................................226
Rozdział
7.
Benzyna
.................................................233
7.1.
„Prawie wszyscy jeżdżą na lewej benzynie : od lat pięćdziesiątych do
siedemdziesiątych
..............................................235
7.2.
„Prawie prywatna pompa : lata osiemdziesiąte.
.......................241
Rozdział
8.
Dolar i złoto
.............................................250
8.1.
Dolar i złoto: panaceum na ciężkie czasy
............................250
8.2.
Władza, dolar, złoto
............................................255
8.2.1. 1945-1950-1956........................................255
8.2.2. 1956-1981.............................................261
8.2.3. 1981-1989.............................................271
Spis treści
7
8.3.
„Gra w zielone . Mechanizmy
І
ludzie
..............................275
8.3.1.
Motywacje
.............................................276
8.3.2.
Transfer
................................................282
8.3.3.
Cinkciarze. Szkic do portretu
...............................289
Rozdział
9.
Handel turystyczny w PRL
...............................302
9.1.
„Merkanturyzm . Kilka uwag wstępnych
............................302
9.2.
Lata pięćdziesiąte i sześćdziesiąte: „Jesteśmy za biedni, aby urlop spędzać
w kraju...
...................................................305
9.3.
Lata siedemdziesiąte: „Kto przemyca?
-
Ci co podróżują!
..............314
9.4.
Lata osiemdziesiąte: „Fenicjanie ruszyli!
............................320
Zakończenie. Tylne czy frontowe drzwi?
.............................338
Wykaz skrótów
......................................................346
Bibliografia
..........................................................349
Abstract
............................................................364
Spis tabel
...........................................................367
Indeks osób
.........................................................368
Indeks nazw geograficznych
.........................................378
Spis ilustracji
.......................................................384
By the back door .
Black market in Poland,
1944-1989
Abstract
This book does not aspire to present a thorough economic, sociological or anthropologi¬
cal analysis. Its purpose is an interdisciplinary (but with special emphasis on history) recon¬
struction of various behaviours, mechanisms, phenomena, practices, processes and strategies
linked together by a common black-market denominator.
It should be emphasised from the outset that the socialist second economy does not suc¬
cumb to Western definitions. It is impossible, for instance, to use the term parallel econ¬
omy , since parallelism means independence and independence was never a characteristic
of the socialist second economy. A common phenomenon was drainage of the state sector
which served as the source of money, raw materials or finished goods for private
-
legal and
illegal
-
craftsmen, merchants, and smugglers (for example, a large part of private cars was
running on state petrol, etc.). On the other hand, however, state-owned enterprises were
unable to run without gray area strategies, both in contacts with their state subcontractors
and with private ones. The run of the second economy was sucking out the resources of the
first one, reproducing various deficits which caused the intensification of a range of informal
activities. This vicious circle led to the emergence not only of the second economy in social¬
ist countries, but simply also of a second society , with its own ethical principles, purposes,
models and mentality.
For the purposes of the book its author referred to the fact ascertained by Indian econo¬
mists who as early as the beginning of the
1980s
wrote that in the last decades, the black
market has become a style of life |
ror
Indians] and the definition they suggested is much
broader than any designation coined in the West and is better suited to the needs of eastern
European reality: When by (artificial) manipulation or the economic forces of demand and
supply, of both currency and produce (or either), the trade or the industry (or both) cre¬
ate an artificial situation of scarcity or glut, and in the process amass huge returns on their
investments
[...]
we have a black market situation (S.K. Ray, Economics of the bhek market,
Boulder
1981,
p.
4).
In all socialist countries the mechanism was much the same: top-down, often imported
political revolution abolished free market, which was replaced by manually steered planned
economy. Its natural and inherent results were both shortages and spontaneous social strate¬
gies relieving them, which even the most restrictive regimes were unable to totally eradicate.
Socialist black markets had their characteristic, sometimes unique, faces. They depended on
the scale of shortages, historical experiences, social structure, political and international cir¬
cumstances, and legal system. It is justified to assume that in the post-war Poland, owing to
the unique coincidence of historical, political, economic and social factors, the second econ¬
omy had its own characteristic, and maybe even endemic
-
in the scale of the Soviet block
Abstract
365
-
feature.
Among historical
factors
worthy of notice was, inherited to a large extent from the
period of the partitions and World War II, an instrumental and pragmatic attitude to the
state and its institutions, which were seen by a large part of the society as something sepa¬
rate and imposed. At the same time the society was well prepared for independent, informal
economic activity. Already the crisis of the
1930s
induced a large group of people, devoid of
jobs and having nothing to live on, to enter trade. During the war, illegal trading or small
manufacturing business made it possible to survive for both people form the dregs of soci¬
ety and from intellectual circles. It is also hard not to appreciate the influence on the shape
and size of the second economy in the Polish Peoples Republic had private ownership of
land and (after
1956)
private trade, craftsmanship and services. In
1979
this sector employed
(including agriculture)
23.9%
of all workers, which was a uniquely large percentage among
Soviet-controlled countries. No insignificant was also a liberal attitude (from
1956
onward)
to possession of foreign currency (which led to actual two-currency system in the
1
970s) and
relatively large
—
for socialist countries
—
freedom of movement.
The specificity of the subject matter induced the author to divide the book into two dif¬
ferent types of chapters: synthetic and monographic ones. The first type opens with a concise
outline of the black market history up to the
1940s.
To some extent, a natural consequence
was a chapter presenting the development of black-market phenomena in the post-war Poland,
with the dominants determined by special institutions established three times to fight against
them
(1945-1954, 1957-1959, 1981-1987).
The purpose of the chapter, however, is not
only to describe various special commissions fighting against the black market, but also to
present a spectrum as broad as possible of political, social and economic contexts. The syn¬
thetic part closes with a chapter attempting to analyse the interrelation between the black-
-market phenomena and historical and geographical conditions. It compares both large cit¬
ies and the provinces as well as port towns (Gdynia), mountain regions (Zakopane and the
Podhale),
and the eastern and western borderlands.
The basic criteria for the selection of problems presented in the monographic chapters
were:
1)
an act of exchange;
2)
a conscious action to make a profit;
3)
an awareness of break¬
ing or bending the law;
4)
a continuity of the phenomenon;
5)
its large scale;
6)
its preva¬
lence in the whole country. All the above-mentioned criteria were met by the three sectors
of the black market in the Polish People s Republic: illegal sales of meat, alcohol and of for¬
eigner currencies and gold, taken together. A graph of their black market sales was not linear,
it looked more like a very irregular sinusoid, yet practically throughout the whole post-war
period illegal trading in these commodities was an important element of the game between
the society and the state authorities. Quite different was the case of illegal petrol sales, which
are described in a separate chapter. Although a larger scale occurrence of this phenomenon
accompanied the development of
motorisation
at the turn of
1950s
and
1960s,
in the
1980s
it was really a mass problem playing a significant role.
In a way, the above-mentioned black-market phenomena were homogeneous
—
despite
changing economic, political and social circumstances they continued to concern the same
subject. Much more difficult is the problem of smuggling being a peculiar black-market cat¬
egory. On the one hand it broke up the state monopoly on international trade, on the other
hand
—
smugglers objects of interest were changing. The only constant were foreign curren¬
cies and gold, the rest was influenced by current economic conditions, consumer aspirations,
level of market shortages, etc. Despite all that, smuggling of that time fulfils the criteria set
forth in the analysis: it was a significant phenomenon throughout the whole post-war period,
becoming in the
1960s
a mass occurrence practiced by the inhabitants of the whole country,
and was highly profitable. Specialised smugglers of foreign money and gold are presented in
a separate part; an individual monographic chapter focuses on the most popular trade called
touristic trade, practiced mainly within the block of socialist states.
366
Abstract
It is very hard to assess the black market epic of the socialist countries
-
including the
Polish Peoples Republic. In the first place, the black market stabilised the system by mak¬
ing it more flexible and creating the margins of freedom, yet in the short term. In the long
run, informal economic activities of the people, totally against the official ideology of the
state, were making fractures into it, deeper and deeper with the lapse of time. Like any other
black market, also that in the post-war Poland was no charitable institution, since the pur¬
pose of its agents was profit. In that way, it promoted those who were more affluent, brave
and strong, while it excluded a great part of the weak and poor. It was possible only in the
conditions created by socialist shortage economy with which black—market agents established
profitable symbiotic contacts. Insofar as we do not have to erect monuments to honour them,
we should hold them in our kind memory.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kochanowski, Jerzy 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122664469 |
| author_facet | Kochanowski, Jerzy 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kochanowski, Jerzy 1960- |
| author_variant | j k jk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037381755 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)755981655 (DE-599)BVBBV037381755 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV037381755 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:15:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375431681 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022534866 |
| oclc_num | 755981655 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 385 s., [28] s. tabl. il. - ill., photos, tables 25 cm. - 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo "Neriton" Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Kochanowski, Jerzy 1960- Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 Poland / Communist regime / Economic conditions / Commerce / Black market Wirtschaft Schwarzmarkt (DE-588)4180357-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4180357-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 |
| title_auth | Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 |
| title_exact_search | Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 |
| title_full | Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 Jerzy Kochanowski |
| title_fullStr | Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 Jerzy Kochanowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tylnymi drzwiami "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 Jerzy Kochanowski |
| title_short | Tylnymi drzwiami |
| title_sort | tylnymi drzwiami czarny rynek w polsce 1944 1989 |
| title_sub | "czarny rynek" w Polsce 1944 - 1989 |
| topic | Poland / Communist regime / Economic conditions / Commerce / Black market Wirtschaft Schwarzmarkt (DE-588)4180357-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poland / Communist regime / Economic conditions / Commerce / Black market Wirtschaft Schwarzmarkt Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022534866&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022534866&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kochanowskijerzy tylnymidrzwiamiczarnyrynekwpolsce19441989 |