Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953: wybrane aspekty
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis
Historia ; 179 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3239 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021188659&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021188659&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: West Belarusian rural areas 1944 - 1953 |
| Umfang: | 477 s. il. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788322931349 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819353436935684096 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Historia CLXXIX
Małgorzata Ruchniewicz
Wieś
zachodniobiałoruska
1944-1953
Wybrane aspekty
Wrocław 2010
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
Spis treści
Wstęp 7
Rozdział 1 Wieś Kresów Północno-Wschodnich II RP i BSRR w okresie międzywojen-
nym 25
1 1 Białorusin i Polak między chatą a dworem Wieś Kresów Północno-Wschodnich
II RP J 25
1 2 Od chutoru do kołchozu Wieś BSRR jako przedmiot realizacji różnych faz radziec- o
kiej polityki agrarnej 46
Rozdział 2 Polityka radziecka i niemiecka wobec wsi i ludności wiejskiej na obszarach
okupowanej Polski Północno-Wschodniej w latach 1939-1944 63
2 1 Powiększenie terytorium BSRR i integracja anektowanych ziem II RP w latach
1939-1941 63
2 2 Wieś „Zachodniej Białorusi w latach 1939-1941 90
2 3 Działania okupantów niemieckich wobec wsi w latach 1941-1944 119
Rozdział 3 Wieś zachodnich obwodów BSRR w okresie restytucji władzy radzieckiej
1944-1946 143
3 1 Walka o władzę nad wsią Chłopi a radzieccy funkcjonariusze i „leśni 143
3 2 Procesy migracyjne a wspólnoty wiejskie w pierwszych latach powojennych 165
Rozdział 4 Polityka agrarna w BSRR w latach 1944-1947 198
4 1 Zmiana struktury rolnej zachodnich obwodów BSRR po 1944 roku 198
4 2 Odtwarzanie pierwocin systemu kołchozowego sprzed 1941 roku 212
4 3 Odbudowa i włączanie indywidualnej gospodarki rolnej w radziecki system ekono-
miczny 219
Rozdział 5 Proces masowej kolektywizacji wsi zachodniobiałoruskiej 243
5 1 Przygotowania do wznowienia kampanii kolektywizacyjnej 243
5 2 Ożywienie kampanii kolektywizacyjnej w 1948 roku 263
5 3 Decydujące lata 1949-1953 273
5 4 Kołchozowa wieś: strategie życiowe chłopów w pierwszych latach istnienia syste-
mu kołchozowego 303
Rozdziało Społeczność wiejska jako przedmiot działań indoktrynacyjnych w latach 1944-
6 1 Tak zwana praca masowopolityczna na wsi zachodniobiałoruskiej 341
6 2 Kobiety wiejskie jako obiekt szczególnego zainteresowania władzy 381
6 3 Zwalczanie religii w życiu mieszkańców wsi 395
6 Spis treści
Zakończenie 456
Bibliografia 464
Spis tabel 472
Summary , 474
West Belarusian rural areas
1944-1953
Selected aspects
Summary
The incorporation of the larger part of the Second Polish Republic s north-eastern provinces into the
BSSR on
17
September
1939
along with the population of around
3.6
million (including approx.
56%
Belarusians,
30%
Poles,
9%
Jews) was of paramount importance for the formation of Belaru¬
sian statehood. The
Białystok Tegion
remained within the borders of the BSSR only in the period be¬
tween autumn
1939
and summer
1941.
In
1944,
after Germans were pushed away, the western lands
of the BSSR were divided into five regions (Hrodna, Vileyka/Maladzyechna, Baranovichi, Brest,
and Pinsk). The region of Polotsk (set apart from the region of Vitebsk) was also partially composed
of the new lands as nine districts of the Vileyka region were annexed to it. This area was predomi¬
nantly rural in nature with agriculture as the main source of livelihood. Peasants properties were
highly fragmented and the level of farming was relatively low. Major changes in the countryside be¬
gan already in the years
1939-1944,
under Soviet occupation. Landed estates were confiscated and
redistributed among landless peasants and smallholders and collectivisation of agriculture began.
But the years of war more than anything else brought to this land great human and material
losses inflicted first by the USSR and then, from June
1941,
by the Third Reich. Russian terror of
1939-1941
came to be symbolised by massive deportations affecting some
120,000
people, mem¬
bers of military and civilian veterans families, forestry service, prisoners of war and individuals
arrested as enemies of the Soviet regime. Most of them were Polish. The years of Nazi occupation,
apart from bringing severe destruction to this area, were tragically marked by the extermination of
the Jewish community. Also, Poles and Belarusians fell victim to massive oppression carried out
in retaliation for partisan activity, among other reasons. The conflict between the Polish and Soviet
resistance organisations and the fight with Belarusian collaborator forces took their death toll, too.
Around
300,000
people were deported to forced labour camps.
The return of the Soviet rule gave rise to a new wave of violence and persecution against those
who opposed the restitution of the order from before
1941,
that is mainly Poles, but also Belaru¬
sians. It took several years for the security apparatus to weaken resistance organisations to the point
when they stopped threatening the Soviet rule in the region, particularly in the rural areas located
far from administrative centres. Nevertheless, acts of armed resistance kept occurring up to the
early
1950s.
Soviet authorities continued to pursue the doctrine of collective responsibility and
persecute people because of their social background or earlier activity. In the period of
1951-1952,
former troops of general Anders Second Corps and their families were deported from Belarus as
were peasants classified as kulaks. These deportations, however, were not so large-scaled as those
of
1940-1941.
Massive displacement of population was primarily induced by the shift of Poland s borders.
Nearly a quarter million people, mainly villagers, moved to Poland from the western regions of
BSSR, having often faced a lot of difficulties. Until the end of
1946,
only about a half of those
Summary
475
registered for resettlement had actually left the BSSR. The inflow of Belarasians resettled from
Poland and former forced workers repatriated from the west was not sufficient to make up for this
loss of population. To avoid a deficit of workforce, Belarusian authorities took efforts to discourage
potential resettlers from moving out.
The agriculture and rural area policy in the late Stalin era may be split into two periods:
1944-1947
and
1948-1953.
Right after the war, the reconstruction of state structures and pacifica¬
tion were considered as priorities. Mass-scale collectivisation was not resumed, although attempts
were made to reactivate kolkhozes founded before the war with Nazi Germany. In
1947,
the recon¬
structed kolkhozes accounted for
1%
of the farmland. The West Belarusian agriculture was based
primarily on individual farming. The authorities main role was to organise a tax collection system
and enforce obligatory supply of agricultural produce. The practice of forcing the peasantry to pay
contributions to the State was re-introduced. Furthermore, the state began confiscating excess land
from the largest farms, the upper size limit being set at
10
to
15
ha. To adopt these measures as well
as to enforce the levied contributions in money and kind, the farm areas had to be measured and
inventory taken of peasants properties. It was a difficult job due to farmers opposition (hiding their
land and livestock) and shortages or even corruptibility of officials responsible for collecting such
information.
26,500
farms were found to have excess land (out of
620,000
existing as of autumn
1944).
Since May
1946,
land was taken away from only
10,000
farms
(85,000
ha). The action was
still in progress when mass collectivisation was declared. Confiscated fields were redistributed to
other peasants only in part. The rest was taken over by the National Land Fund from where after
several years it was transferred to kolkhozes. The problem of farmland fragmentation in West Be¬
larusian agriculture was not resolved. Hopes of its modernisation again came to be associated with
collectivisation, which was also required for the purpose of full integration of the western territory
with the Soviet economy and society.
The new policy began to be applied in
1947.
Changes concerned not only on the West Belarusian
lands, but the whole western borderland of the USSR. The new rural policy was initially imple¬
mented by means of two instruments: propaganda of the superiority of collective farming and
financial pressure. Taxes were raised, especially for the wealthier farmers who, following the Soviet
Union s example, were referred to as kulaks. The increase of tax liabilities brought this category of
peasantry to the verge of bankruptcy. Failure to comply with the levy was penalised with fines, land
foreclosures and imprisonment.
Collectivisation gathered pace in
1948.
Towards the end
ofthat
year, there were over
900
such
collective farms. The resistance of the rural population was by no means limited to the wealthiest
layers. The medium-income peasants and at least part of the poorer ones, too, were opposed to
giving up their land and property to the state, although the authorities offered them preferential
treatment and opportunities of social promotion within the new social structure. In February
1949,
at the 16th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus, collectivisation of rural areas
was announced to be carried out soon. This decision allowed the authorities to exert further pressure
on the peasantry. But it was not until March
1950
that a
50%
collectivisation rate was achieved. In
December that year the rate rose to
84%.
Rural population s approach towards the collectivisation campaign was varied. The growth in
the number of kolkhozes was particularly slow in the Hrodna region where it was not until the sum¬
mer of
1950
that most farms were merged into kolkhozes. The conduct of the process was subject to
harsh criticism on the part Belarusian party executive in the spring of
1950.
The formation of col¬
lective farms stepped up after the arsenal of arguments , hitherto limited to propaganda measures
and expropriation of kulak farms, was expanded to include intimidation, or even direct and indirect
coercion (so-called administration) against a wide range of rural population. But, unlike in Russia of
the early
1930s,
acts of forceful opposition did not occur. The main strategy of the West Belarusian
peasantry was passive resistance in the form of evading or cutting down on work in kolkhoz farms,
while maximising the productivity of their private plots and taking illegal attempts to expand them.
476
Summary
__________________________________________________________
The building of a new agricultural system meant also promotion opportunities for the local popu¬
lation.
Λ
chance arose for part of the peasantry to position themselves in the new hierarchy of rural
power, not only as chairmen of rural councils (selsoviets) or rural delegates, as was the case before,
but also as kolkhoz heads, brigade leaders or members of kolkhoz administration. Such promotion
had to be preceded by political training which opened the doors to the communist party. However,
in the analysed period the inflow of local residents, particularly villagers, to the party structures was
quite moderate and their role in decision-making positions insignificant. Permanent residents of the
western regions, due to their low level of education, but also low credibility with the authorities,
were actually discriminated against and, despite the lapse of time, remained subordinated to officials
delegated from other parts of the USSR.
Agricultural education, mechanical engineering and kolkhoz staff training courses were carried
out, alongside with political guidance courses, but were not enough to address the shortage of quali¬
fied workforce. Heads of kolkhozes were in general poorly prepared for their jobs, which adversely
affected the performance of their farms. This was further compounded by insufficient supply of
materials and inefficient Machine and Tractor Stations which were supposed to provide kolkhozes
with technologically advanced agricultural machinery.
Poor performance of collective farms was attributable most of all to the undesired, top-down
character of the reforms implemented in the rural areas and poor preparation of the campaign, ex¬
cept for its initial stage, i.e. establishment of kolkhozes. The inexperienced kolkhoz workers (kolk-
hozniks) and their supervisors were left to their own devices in the face of many concrete problems.
Collectivisation of the West Belarusian agriculture meant further worsening of rural population s
living conditions and decrease in agricultural productivity. This brought about a sweeping change in
the social structure of the rural population paving the way for the Soviet spirit to exert a wider and
deeper impact.
Ever since the Soviet rule was established in this area, peasants were indoctrinated with propa¬
ganda and agitation campaigns. Before the collectivisation began, the propaganda had focused on
timely delivery of contributions imposed on peasants, their participation in the Soviet democracy
and engagement in the cult of Stalin. Indoctrination, carried out through political propaganda as
well as relevant content conveyed by educational and cultural institutions, was intended to raise the
intellectual level and social activation of the people, incorporating them into the circle of activities
and experiences of the Homo Sovieticus. All possible means were used in propaganda actions in
the countryside, including the radio and cinema. But, given the limited access to those media, more
frequently used were the press and direct meetings with the locals in the form of countless speeches,
presentations, talks and rallies. Representatives of local communities, rural intelligentsia and some
peasant activists were encouraged to join the agitation campaign in large numbers. This task was
also assigned to the political departments of Machine and Tractor Stations.
A separate attention in the agitation process was paid to rural women. They accounted for the
majority of the workforce and were believed to perpetuate a variety of backward attitudes and views.
On the other hand, it was believed that with their status changed through the policy of the state,
women could be converted into genuine Soviet patriots. A women s movement was established in
the form of councils of female delegates controlled by departments for women s affairs in regional
party committees. Peasant women were presented with new models of modern womanhood: rural
activists, committed kolkhozniks, mothers to many children, tractor drivers and agricultural mecha-
nisers. However, the role of female delegates was not to represent local women before the authori¬
ties, but rather to be another transmission belt .
There was one powerful competitor in the struggle to win the hearts and minds of the rural
population of western regions
-
the Christian religion. Of the two denominations, Eastern Orthodox
and Catholicism, the latter was looked upon as particularly dangerous and anti-Soviet. Right after
the war the authorities took efforts to subordinate religious institutions and the religious life of the
people to Soviet law. A fully-fledged campaign against religion was started in parallel with the col-
Summary
477
lectivisation campaign. Particularly oppressive were the measures taken against Catholicism, with
many clergymen arrested and churches closed down and converted into grain silos. The number of
priests decreased. The state imposed high restrictions on religion lessons for children, participation
in religious practices and contacts with priests. Atheist propaganda flourished. The financial stand¬
ing of parishes and the clergy also deteriorated considerably due to the impoverishment of rural
areas following the collectivisation. But it needs to be stressed that despite the losses incurred by
both denominations, most worshippers did not turn their backs on the church. Religious practices
were maintained, although sometimes reduced or modified.
Towards the end of the Stalin era, the transformation of the West Belarusian rural areas came to
an end, although the social and mental changes were yet to be completed. The change in the status
of peasants, who, having been deprived of their land, became state-controlled members of ineffi¬
cient collective farms, was a breakthrough development. It led to the unification of both parts of the
Belarusian republic, a process previously delayed by the German-Soviet war. In their pursuit of this
objective, the authorities drew on the Soviet experiences of the
1930s
which, despite all the adverse
consequences, were regarded as a good example to follow in the development of lands incorporated
into the USRR after
1944.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ruchniewicz, Małgorzata 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132253739 |
| author_facet | Ruchniewicz, Małgorzata 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ruchniewicz, Małgorzata 1970- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037275778 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711859519 (DE-599)BVBBV037275778 |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1953 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1953 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Belarus West (DE-588)4458964-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Belarus West |
| id | DE-604.BV037275778 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:48:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322931349 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021188659 |
| oclc_num | 711859519 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 477 s. il. 24 cm. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis : Historia Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spellingShingle | Ruchniewicz, Małgorzata 1970- Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Landbevölkerung (DE-588)4034229-3 gnd Dorf (DE-588)4012775-8 gnd Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034229-3 (DE-588)4012775-8 (DE-588)4181897-0 (DE-588)4000771-6 (DE-588)4458964-5 |
| title | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty |
| title_auth | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty |
| title_exact_search | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty |
| title_full | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty Małgorzata Ruchniewicz |
| title_fullStr | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty Małgorzata Ruchniewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 wybrane aspekty Małgorzata Ruchniewicz |
| title_short | Wieś zachodniobiałoruska 1944 - 1953 |
| title_sort | wies zachodniobialoruska 1944 1953 wybrane aspekty |
| title_sub | wybrane aspekty |
| topic | Landbevölkerung (DE-588)4034229-3 gnd Dorf (DE-588)4012775-8 gnd Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landbevölkerung Dorf Sowjetisierung Agrarpolitik Belarus West |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021188659&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021188659&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008005237 (DE-604)BV004668106 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruchniewiczmałgorzata wieszachodniobiałoruska19441953wybraneaspekty |