Naród, religia, rasa: muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo Trio
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | W Krainie PRL / W Krainie KDL : ludzie, sprawy, problemy
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020797426&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020797426&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 261, [2] s. il. - Ill., Kt. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788374362269 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819253997742063616 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Summary
The aim of this work is to understand the process in which
Muslim speakers of Slavic language in Sanjak of
Novi Pazar
be¬
came Muslims in the sense of nationality (one of the six nations
in Yugoslavia), and after the breakdown of the socialist federation
-
the
Bosniak
national minority in Serbia and Montenegro.
Sanjak of
Novi Pazar
today lies on both sides of the border
between Serbia and Montenegro and joins Bosnia and Herzegovina
with Kosovo. It is inhabited by both Orthodox and Muslim popula¬
tions and Serbian, Montenegrin, Bosnian and Albanian is spoken in
the region. The process in which Sanjak became a historical region
is mainly a history of meanings ascribed to it by people, both its
inhabitants and outside observers. Geography does not impose any
obvious interpretation in this case. This mountainous land is de¬
scribed by many people and representatives of various national
movements in their own way, emphasizing some elements and
omitting others. The backdrop for historical events, created by na¬
ture, was transformed by societies for the purpose of plays which
they wanted to stage.
The spreading of modern identities depends, to a similar degree,
on ethnicity , understood here as the process of creating social
difference and social borders between people, the heritage of politi¬
cal regimes which controlled the area in the past, as well as ideas
governing human minds and directing their actions. A crucial issue
in the spreading of modern nationalisms is the social context in
which national ideas appear and gain meaning. In the case of Sanjak
the most important contexts were the durability of Millets, which
constituted both religious and political structures in the Ottoman
Empire, and the coexistence of different languages within the Mil¬
lets. I analyse the relations between concepts such as nation ,
ethnic and race in the social contexts in which they are used in
order to convince the reader that Muslim and
Bosniak
identities
were not the only political identifications which the Muslim speak¬
ers of Slavic language could have accepted. Therefore, I describe
crucial social divisions in this region and reasons for which at least
249
some Slavic Muslims could have become Croats, Albanians, Serbs
(Montenegrins) or Turks in the modern sense of these words.
In this book, I challenge the concept that nations, understood
in modern terms, are old or natural communities created by abstract
national processes. They are rather a consequence of choices of
a political nature. Politicization of the ethnic language is a specific,
modern process. The Turkish and Albanian nations are products of
nationalist conceptions, which assumed the importance of ethnic
language. It was similar in the case of
Bosniak
nationalism.
The breakdown of the Ottoman
Sunni
Millet, the political na¬
tion of the Ottoman Empire, was the first step towards creating
modern nations among Muslims in Southeastern Europe. In Sanjak,
the Muslim speakers of Slavic language were called Turks by
Christians, since they were members of the ruling elite. Moreover,
in the political sense, they had perceived themselves as Turks for
a long period of time. On the local level in Ottoman times, power
had been, among others, in the hands of those whose descendants
became Muslims, and later Bosniaks.
The path of the Muslim speakers of Slavic language towards
the contemporary, (post)-modern national identification, was long
and difficult. Because of the linguistic similarity, in the in the first
decades after WWII, the communist authority did not recognize
them as a nation distinct from the Serbs. From the late
1960s
and the real decentralization of the state, the Socialist Federal Re¬
public of Yugoslavia came to be an important agent in the construc¬
tion of Muslim identity. Secular leaders, brought up in the Mus¬
lim tradition, propagated the secular Muslim model of political
identification. Muslims became one of the Yugoslav constitutional
nations. They were at the same time Muslims and Yugoslavs speak¬
ing the same language, called Serbo-Croatian or
Croato-
Serbian, as
their neighbours: Catholic Croats and Orthodox Serbs and Mon¬
tenegrins.
The Muslim/Bosniak case in Yugoslavia, similarly to the Mace¬
donian one, resembles a normal European process of nation-build¬
ing by a state for the needs of its institutions. The territorial disper¬
sion of Muslims who lived in the republics of Bosnia and Herze¬
govina, Serbia and Montenegro, did not allow a separate federal
republic (a quasi-national state for a newly recognized nation) to be
created in Yugoslavia. This clearly distinguishes the Muslim case
250
from the Macedonian one. To some degree, the nation-state for
Muslims was the whole federation.
When the Yugoslav state disintegrated in
1991-92,
the majority
of Sanjak Muslims became Bosniaks, a national minority in Serbia
and in Montenegro. Muslim/Bosniak national leaders, both in San¬
jak and in Bosnia, considered their own group to be distinct from
Serbs and Montenegrins. They also claimed to have a distinct lan¬
guage, interpreting national language as a sine qua
non
feature of
a nation. Earlier, in the
1970s,
the leaders of the Croatian national
movement broke with the concept of the common Serbo-Croa-
tian/Croato-Serbian language. The introduction of Bosnian into
schools became the goal of the national movement in the late
1990s,
when dreams of their own autonomous region in Sanjak proved to
be unreal. At school in Serbia, Muslim children are nationalized
during Bosnian classes and brought up as Bosniaks.
As a national minority, the Bosniaks are ideologically connected
with Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
the external homeland. The rela¬
tionship with Bosnia and Herzegovina as the mother country is
created by appealing to the common fate of Bosniaks as a nation
and the identification with Bosnian state tradition. Due to the
introduction of Bosnian language and culture classes into schools
and propagating the
Bosniak
interpretation of their traumatic his¬
tory, it will probably soon be possible to overcome the division into
Bosniaks and Muslims in the sense of nationality , who still
identify with the model promoted in socialist Yugoslavia. Due to
political representation in parliaments, it is the
Bosniak
political
identity that gives Bosniaks opportunities to achieve their own goals
as a national minority in Serbia. Bosniaks in Montenegro have
joined the process of building an independent Montenegrin state. At
present, after several years of post-Yugoslav conflicts, the political
borders dividing Sanjak once again seem to be firm and real.
Translated by
Agnieszka Jaworska
Spis treści
Podziękowania
7
Wykaz skrótów
9
Wprowadzenie
11
Rozdział
1.
Próba teoretycznych i metodologicznych przybliżeń
17
Jak rozumiem nacjonalizm?
17
Źródła
24
Stan badań
34
Rozdział
2.
Sandžak
-
konstrukcja regionu historycznego
45
Jak rozumieć region historyczny?
45
Narodziny „Sandżaka (lub „okręgu Raszki )
50
Istotne podziały i identyfikacje społeczne
61
Nowa władza i tworzenie nowych tradycji
63
Wojenna autonomia regionu
(1943-1945) 72
Druga Jugosławia
74
Rozpad Jugosławii
-
geopolityczna i semantyczna rewolucja
81
Rozdział
3.
Różnica i granica
-
rozumienie siebie i tożsamości
kontekstualne
w Sandżaku
95
Różnica i granica. Kontekstualność tożsamości etnicznej
95
Rasa, naród, grupa etniczna
98
Mieszkańcy Sandżaka
103
Sandżaccy muzułmanie i nowoczesny naród turecki
115
Serbskość. Serbowie-muzułmanie czy Turcy?
121
Albańskość
130
Chorwackość
132
Rozdział
4.
Religia i naród to nie jest to samo
139
Pierwsza rewolucja społeczna
139
„Zerwanie z przeszłością i życiem w mroku
142
Od Serbów-muzułmanów do „Muzułmanów w sensie
etnicznym
150
Rozdział
5.
Muzułmanie jako naród
169
Wzór tożsamości muzułmańskiej
169
Czego Muzułmanie nie dostali od Jugosławii?
187
Rozdział
6.
Boszniackość
195
Boszniacy. „Przywrócenie imienia
195
Między „drugim Kosowem a „bośniacką macierzą
199
Druga rewolucja społeczna
203
Narratywizowanie narodu. Między chwalebną przeszłością, ludobójst¬
wem a wygnaniem
206
„Język decyduje o tożsamości narodu
211
Rozdział
7.
Podwójna rekonstrukcja narodu
221
Aneks
233
Struktura etniczna Republiki Serbii (bez Kosowa)
233
Struktura etniczna Republiki Czarnogóry
233
Struktura etniczna gmin przez aktywistów boszniackiego ruchu naro¬
dowego uważanych za Sandżak (część serbska i czarnogórska)
234
Struktura etniczna gmin przez aktywistów boszniackiego ruchu naro¬
dowego uważanych za Sandżak (część
serbskaj
234
Struktura etniczna gmin przez aktywistów boszniackiego ruchu naro¬
dowego uważanych za Sandżak (część czarnogórska)
235
Bibliografia
237
Summary
249
Indeks osób
253
Indeks geograficzny
259
Spis map
263
|
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| geographic | Sandschak Novi Pazar (DE-588)4411030-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sandschak Novi Pazar |
| id | DE-604.BV036882065 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:43:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374362269 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020797426 |
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| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 261, [2] s. il. - Ill., Kt. 21 cm. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Trio |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | W Krainie PRL / W Krainie KDL : ludzie, sprawy, problemy |
| spellingShingle | Zalewski, Krzysztof Marcin Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4411030-3 |
| title | Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku |
| title_auth | Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku |
| title_exact_search | Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku |
| title_full | Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku Krzysztof Marcin Zalewski |
| title_fullStr | Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku Krzysztof Marcin Zalewski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Naród, religia, rasa muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku Krzysztof Marcin Zalewski |
| title_short | Naród, religia, rasa |
| title_sort | narod religia rasa muzulmanskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w poludniowo wschodniej europie przyklad sandzaka nowopazarskiego w xx wieku |
| title_sub | muzułmańskie ideologie i ruchy narodowe pogranicza w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie : przykład Sandżaka nowopazarskiego w XX wieku |
| topic | Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Muslim Sandschak Novi Pazar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020797426&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020797426&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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