Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market: A Biography of the Innovation Process
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market |b A Biography of the Innovation Process |c Elke Bruns ; Dörte Ohlhorst ; Bernd Wenzel ; Johann Köppel |
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| adam_text | Titel: Renewable Energies in Germany s Electricity Market
Autor: Bruns, Elke
Jahr: 2010
Contents
1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1
2 Introduction to the Methodology............................................................. 7
2.1 Research Questions and Objectives................................................... 7
2.2 Procedure........................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 A Note on Style...................................................................... 9
2.3 Methodology Used in the Constellation Analysis............................. 9
2.3.1 Constellation Analysis........................................................... 9
2.3.2 Constellation Elements.......................................................... 10
2.3.3 Relations................................................................................ 10
2.3.4 Context................................................................................... 11
2.3.5 The Concept of a Biography of Innovation............................ 11
2.4 Governing Political and Social Processes.......................................... 12
References................................................................................................... 13
3 Cross-sectoral Interventions, Events and Processes.............................. 15
3.1 Crises as Triggers for Social Rethinking Processes........................... 15
3.1.1 Environmental and Climate Crises......................................... 16
3.1.2 Oil Price Crises...................................................................... 18
3.1.3 Nuclear Energy Crisis............................................................ 19
3.1.4 Energy Supply Crises and Electricity Gap Debate................ 20
3.1.5 Food Crisis............................................................................. 22
3.2 International Climate Protection Research and Politics..................... 22
3.2.1 International Climate Protection Process............................... 23
3.2.2 Establishment of the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA)....................................................... 31
3.3 Incentives for Energy Policy at EU level........................................... 32
3.3.1 Liberalization of the Energy Markets.................................... 33
3.3.2 Renewables and Climate Protection Policy at EU Level....... 35
3.3.3 European Emissions Trading (Cap and Trade)...................... 40
3.4 Emergence of National Problem Awareness and Process
of Institutionalization......................................................................... 41
3.4.1 Institutionalization of Environmental Protection................... 42
viii Contents
3.4.2 Climate Protection in Politics and Administration................ 42
3.4.3 Institutionalization of Renewable Energy Policy................... 46
3.4.4 Establishment of Associations............................................... 47
3.5 Energy and Climate Policy Strategies and Objectives
at National Level................................................................................ 49
3.5.1 Guidelines on Energy Policy Issued
by the Federal Government in 1991....................................... 49
3.5.2 Change of Government to Red-Green in 1998...................... 49
3.5.3 National Climate Protection Programs.................................. 49
3.5.4 Nuclear Phaseout Resolution of 2001.................................... 50
3.5.5 Sustainability Strategy 2002.................................................. 51
3.6 Government Aid for Renewable Energy............................................ 51
3.6.1 Market Incentive Program...................................................... 52
3.6.2 Federal Research Funding...................................................... 52
3.6.3 Funding on State Level.......................................................... 57
3.7 StrEG and EEG as Key Policy Measures........................................... 57
3.7.1 The Electricity Feed-In Act (StrEG)...................................... 58
3.7.2 The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG).......................... 61
3.7.3 Integrated Energy and Climate Program
of the Federal Government.................................................... 64
3.8 Environmental and Planning Law for Renewable
Energy Projects.................................................................................. 66
3.8.1 Amendment of Regional Planning Law................................. 66
3.8.2 Zoning Law/Planning Permission Law.................................. 67
3.8.3 Legal Basis for Grid Connection and Grid Expansion.......... 69
3.9 Overall Parameters of the Electricity Sector...................................... 70
3.9.1 Integration of the Electricity Industry
in Europe - Actors and Influencing Factors.......................... 70
3.9.2 Structure of the German Electricity Supply Sector................ 72
3.9.3 Liberalization of the Energy Market - The German
Energy Industry Act............................................................... 73
3.9.4 Current Courses Set in the Energy Sector.............................. 76
References................................................................................................... 80
4 Innovation Framework for Generating Biogas
and Electricity from Biogas...................................................................... 89
4.1 Preliminary Remarks......................................................................... 90
4.2 Phase-Based Analysis of the Innovation Process.............................. 90
4.2.1 Historical Retrospective......................................................... 90
4.2.2 Phase 1: Pioneering Phase, 1970-1990................................. 91
4.2.3 Phase 2: First Phase of Emergence From
1990 to 1999.......................................................................... 100
4.2.4 Phase 3: Intensified Emergence Between 2000
and Mid-2004......................................................................... 110
4.23 Phase 4: Take-off from Mid-2004 to the End of 2006........... 121
Contents ix
4.2.6 Phase 5: Setback in Development 2007/2008........................ 138
4.2.7 Consolidation from Mid-2008 Onward
and Future Prospects.............................................................. 148
References................................................................................................... 155
5 Innovation Conditions in the Case of Solar
Power Generation..................................................................................... 161
5.1 Preliminary Remarks......................................................................... 161
5.2 Phase-Specific Analysis of the Innovation Process........................... 162
5.2.1 A Historical Overview........................................................... 162
5.2.2 Phase 1: Pioneering Phase, 1970-1985................................. 163
5.2.3 Phase 2: Stagnation of Industry Engagement,
R D, 1986-1991................................................................... 168
5.2.4 Phase 3: Large-scale Testing from 1991 to 1994................... 178
5.2.5 Phase 4: Uncertainty and Slowdown, 1994-1998.................. 184
5.2.6 Phase 5: Breakthrough, 1999-2003....................................... 193
5.2.7 Phase 6: Development Boom from 2004............................... 206
References................................................................................................... 224
6 Conditions for Innovation in Geothermal Power Generation.............. 229
6.1 Preliminary Remarks......................................................................... 229
6.2 Phase-specific Analysis of the Innovation Process............................ 232
6.2.1 Use of Geothermal Heat in the Former GDR........................ 232
6.2.2 Phase 1:1985-2003, Research and Development,
Preliminary Projects to Generate Electricity.......................... 233
6.2.3 Phase 2: Formation of Prospective Structures
from 2004............................................................................... 241
6.2.4 Outlook.................................................................................. 257
References................................................................................................... 259
7 Innovation Framework for Generating Electricity
from Wind Power...................................................................................... 261
7.1 Preliminary Remarks......................................................................... 261
7.2 Phase-Based Analysis of the Innovation Process.............................. 262
7.2.1 Phase 1: Pioneering Phase - Mid-1970s Until 1986.............. 263
7.2.2 Phase 2: Inception - Changing Context of Energy
Policy Between 1986 and 1990.............................................. 268
7.2.3 Phase 3: Breakthrough 1991-1995........................................ 273
7.2.4 Phase 4: Development Dip in the Mid-1990s........................ 283
7.2.5 Phase 5: Wind Power Boom and Reorganization
1997/98 to 2002..................................................................... 289
7.2.6 Phase 6: Consolidation and Divergence
of the Pathway from 2002 Onward........................................ 298
References................................................................................................... 326
x Contents
8 Innovation Framework for Generating Electricity
from Hydropower..................................................................................... 333
8.1 Preliminary Remarks......................................................................... 333
8.2 Hydropower in the Pioneering Phase (Before 1930)......................... 334
8.2.1 Turbine Technology............................................................... 335
8.2.2 Hydropower Plants................................................................. 337
8.3 Phase-Based Analysis of the Course of Innovation........................... 337
8.3.1 Phase 1: Hydropower Maturation Phase (1930-1990).......... 337
8.3.2 Phase 2: Revitalization of Small Hydropower,
1990-1999.............................................................................. 347
8.3.3 Phase 3: Modernization Under Environmental
Constraints, 2000 to the Present............................................. 354
8.3.4 Prospects................................................................................ 363
References................................................................................................... 364
9 Cross-Sectional Comparison.................................................................... 367
9.1 Key Driving Forces in the Innovation Biographies............................ 368
9.1.1 Civic Activities, Creative Environment
and Pioneers........................................................................... 368
9.1.2 Advocacy Coalitions.............................................................. 369
9.1.3 Political Window.................................................................... 371
9.1.4 Political Strategies and Lead Principles................................. 371
9.1.5 Institutionalization and Market Incentives............................. 372
9.1.6 Multi-Level Policy as the Driver............................................ 375
9.1.7 Technology-Bound Driving Forces........................................ 376
9.2 Inhibitory Influences in the Innovation Biographies......................... 378
9.2.1 Investment Costs and Limited Resources.............................. 378
9.2.2 Inhibitory Advocacy Coalitions............................................. 378
9.2.3 Insufficient and Incompatible Infrastructure.......................... 379
9.2.4 Loss of Acceptance................................................................ 380
9.3 Comparison of Innovation Processes: Characteristic
Phases and Different Processes.......................................................... 381
9.3.1 Pioneering Phase or Early Phase Including
Pilot Applications................................................................... 382
9.3.2 Inception................................................................................ 383
9.3.3 Breakthrough.......................................................................... 383
9.3.4 Expansion and Boom Phases................................................. 384
9.3.5 Phases of Instability and Crisis.............................................. 385
9.3.6 Phases of Stabilization and Consolidation............................. 386
10 Insights into the Drivers of Innovation................................................. 387
10.1 Phase-Specific Adjustment of Policies.......................................... 388
10.1.1 Identifying and Strengthening Innovation
Processes in the Early Phase............................................ 388
Contents xi
10.1.2 On the Path to a Breakthrough - Stimulating
the Process in its Inception Phase.................................... 390
10.1.3 In the Expansion Phase: Easing Integration
into the System and Avoiding Acceptance Problems...... 390
10.1.4 Sustaining Innovation Processes by Corrective
Controls............................................................................ 392
10.1.5 Driving Innovation During Unstable Phases.................... 392
10.2 Recognizing and Limiting Unintended Outcomes
in a Timely Manner........................................................................ 394
10.3 Integrating Levels of Action and Actors........................................ 395
10.3.1 Coordination and Integration of Policy Levels................ 395
10.3.2 Integrating the Goals of Government Portfolios.............. 396
10.3.3 Integrating Sub-Constellations......................................... 396
10.3.4 Planning Policies.............................................................. 396
10.4 Synchronization-Based Policy....................................................... 397
10.4.1 Temporal Synchronization............................................... 397
10.4.2 Accumulation of Policy Action....................................... 397
10.4.3 Synchronizing Heterogeneous Innovation Processes...... 398
10.5 Coherent Policies in Complex Constellations................................ 398
10.6 Future Challenges Facing Governance.......................................... 399
10.6.1 From Integration to Transformation
in the Electricity Sector - a Complex Policy Task........... 399
10.6.2 Compatibility of Power Generation Systems................... 399
10.6.3 Optimizing the Power Line Infrastructure....................... 400
10.6.4 Prospects for System Transformation
in the Electricity Sector.................................................... 401
Authors Biographies...................................................................................... 403
Annex............................................................................................................... 405
Index of Legal Sources...................................................................... 405
Energy Law........................................................................................ 405
Environmental and Building Law............................................................... 406
EU Directives and Court Rulings................................................................ 407
List of Figures
Fig. 2.1 Constellation elements (ace. to Schon et al. 2007)........................ 10
Fig. 2.2 Relations (ace. to Schon et al. 2007)............................................. 11
Fig. 4.1 Phases of the development of biogas use in Germany.................. 90
Fig. 4.2 Constellation phase 1: pioneering phase 1970-1990.................... 92
Fig. 4.3 Constellation phase 2: first phase of emergence between
1990 and 1999............................................................................... 101
Fig. 4.4 Total capacity and plant numbers of biogas utilization in
Germany until 1999....................................................................... 106
Fig. 4.5 Constellation phase 3: intensified emergence between 2000 and
mid-2004....................................................................................... 111
Fig. 4.6 Total capacity and plant numbers of biogas utilization in
Germany until 2004....................................................................... 116
Fig. 4.7 Constellation Phase 4: take-off between mid-2004 and 2006....... 121
Fig. 4.8 The increase in the area of land in Germany used for cultivating
renewable resources...................................................................... 124
Fig. 4.9 Area under corn cultivation in thousands of hectare as of
May 2009 (Dt. Maiskomitee; authors illustration)........................ 136
Fig. 4.10 Constellation phase 5: setback in development 2007/2008........... 139
Fig. 4.11 Total capacity and number of plants utilizing biogas in
Germany up to 2008...................................................................... 144
Fig. 5.1 Phases of the development of photovoltaics in Germany.............. 162
Fig. 5.2 Constellation phase 1: pioneering phase, 1970-1985................... 164
Fig. 5 J Federal project grants for photovoltaics since 1974
(BMU 2009a, 16).......................................................................... 165
Fig. 5.4 Constellation phase 2: stagnation of industrial engagement,
R D, 1986-1991.......................................................................... 169
Fig. 5.5 Industry development of thin-film solar cells
(Prognos et al. 2007b, 410)........................................................... 174
Fig. 5.6 Constellation phase 3: Large-scale testing from 1991 to 1994..... 178
Fig. 5.7 Constellation phase 4: uncertainty and slowdown from
1994 to 1998.................................................................................. 185
xiv List of Figures
Fig. 5.8 Constellation phase 5: breakthrough, 1999-2003......................... 194
Fig. 5.9 Developments of selected companies in the field of silicon solar
cells from 1990 to 2006 (author s own diagram based on
information from Prognos et al. 2007b, 408)................................ 203
Fig. 5.10 Constellation phase 6: development boom, from 2004................. 206
Fig. 5.11 Developments in the price of turnkey photovoltaic rooftop
systems of between 2 and 5 kW (Oppermann 2004,48;
Photon (several issues); IfnE calculations)................................... 214
Fig. 5.12 Annual expansion of installed capacity compared with
cell production in Germany (BSW 2009; BMU 2007;
author s own diagram)................................................................... 216
Fig. 6.1 Development phases of geothermal power generation
in Germany.................................................................................... 231
Fig. 6.2 Constellation phase 1: Research and development phase,
1985-2003..................................................................................... 233
Fig. 63 Federal project funding for renewable energy since 1974
BMU 2009b, 42)........................................................................... 235
Fig. 6.4 Constellation phase 2: Formation of prospective structures
from 2004...................................................................................... 242
Fig. 7.1 Phases of the development of wind power use in Germany.......... 262
Fig. 7.2 Constellation phase 1: pioneering phase - mid-1970s
until 1986...................................................................................... 263
Fig. 73 Constellation phase 2: inception - changes in the context of
energy policy between 1986 and 1990.......................................... 268
Fig. 7.4 Constellation phase 3: breakthrough 1991 to 1995....................... 274
Fig. 7.5 Constellation phase 4: development dip in the mid-1990s............ 284
Fig. 7.6 Constellation phase 5: wind power boom and reorganization
1997/98 to 2002............................................................................. 290
Fig. 7.7 Constellation phase 6: consolidation and divergence of
the development trajectory from 2002.......................................... 298
Fig. 7.8 Number of wind turbines in Germany, cumulative and
annual expansion (BWE 2009)..................................................... 302
Fig. 7.9 Predicted German power generation from wind until 2020.......... 325
Fig. 8.1 Phases of the development of hydropower use in Germany.......... 334
Fig. 8.2 Constellation of Phase 1: Maturation phase 1930-1990............... 338
Fig. S3 Constellation of Phase 2: Revitalization of small hydropower
1990-1999..................................................................................... 347
Fig. 8.4 Constellation of Phase 3: Modernization under
environmental constraints............................................................. 355
Fig. 9.1 Phases in the innovation process of renewable energies............... 382
Fig. 93. Key to phase types......................................................................... 382
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Key milestones in the international climate protection
process (Coenen 1997,162; supplemented)................................. 31
Table 4.1 Remuneration for electricity derived from biogas according
to § 8 EEG 2000........................................................................... 114
Table 4.2 Tariffs for electricity produced from biogas according to
§ 8 EEG 2004 (cents/kWh).......................................................... 126
Table 43 Tariffs for electricity and gas according to § 27 and Annex 2
EEG 2009 (Cent/kWh)................................................................. 150
Table 5.1 Photovoltaics: installed capacity in Germany from
1990 to 1994 (BMU 2009b)......................................................... 182
Table 5.2 Photovoltaics: installed capacity in Germany from
1990 to 1998 (BMU 2009b)......................................................... 188
Table 53 Minimum compensation payment for solar electricity in
StrEG and EEG 2000................................................................... 198
Table 5.4 Development of costs for systems of 3-4 kW (in EUR/kW)
(as per Oppermann 2004, 48)....................................................... 201
Table 5.5 Development of costs for systems of up to 10 kW (in EUR/kW)
according to component over the course of the 100,000 Roofs
Program (as per Oppermann 2004,48)........................................ 202
Table 5.6 Photovoltaics: installed capacity in Germany, 1990-2003
(BMU 2009b)............................................................................... 202
Table 5.7 Compensation for PV rooftop systems up to 30 kW as
stipulated in the StrEG and the EEG............................................ 208
Table 5.8 Photovoltaics: installed capacity in Germany, 1990-2008
(BMU 2009b)............................................................................... 209
Table 5.9 Thin cell production in Germany 2007/2008............................... 219
Table 6.1 EEG 2004/2009 compensation rates for geothermal energy........ 244
Table 6.2 Geothermal power generation in Germany (or projects with
German participation)................................................................... 250
List of Tables
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 73
Table 7.4
Table 7.5
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 83
Table 8.4
Development of turbine numbers and installed capacity in
Germany 1991-1995 (Molly 2009, 9).......................................... 279
Development of numbers in wind turbines and installed
capacity in Germany 1994-1998 (Molly 2009, 9)....................... 286
Development of turbine numbers and installed capacity in
Germany 1997-2002 (Molly 2009,9).......................................... 294
Overview of approved offshore wind farm projects in the
EEZ as of November 2009........................................................... 316
Approved grid connections in the North Sea, as of
November 2009............................................................................ 318
Installed capacity at small hydropower plants, 1988-1994.......... 343
Compensation rules under StrEG 1991-1998.............................. 350
Installed capacity and generation of electricity from
hydropower, 1990-1999............................................................... 352
Overview of compensation rates for hydropower under
EEG 2000, 2004 and 2009........................................................... 358
|
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| author | Bruns, Elke Ohlhorst, Dörte Wenzel, Bernd |
| author_facet | Bruns, Elke Ohlhorst, Dörte Wenzel, Bernd |
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| author_sort | Bruns, Elke |
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| geographic | Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland |
| id | DE-604.BV036724850 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:40:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789048199044 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020642643 |
| oclc_num | 705909719 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-1028 DE-1043 |
| owner_facet | DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-1028 DE-1043 |
| physical | XX,408 S. 6 schw.-w. Ill., 38 farb. Ill., 17 schw.-w. Tab., 4 farb. Tab. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Springer Netherland |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Bruns, Elke Ohlhorst, Dörte Wenzel, Bernd Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd Innovation (DE-588)4027089-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4328181-3 (DE-588)4068598-6 (DE-588)4027089-0 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process |
| title_auth | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process |
| title_exact_search | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process |
| title_full | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process Elke Bruns ; Dörte Ohlhorst ; Bernd Wenzel ; Johann Köppel |
| title_fullStr | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process Elke Bruns ; Dörte Ohlhorst ; Bernd Wenzel ; Johann Köppel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market A Biography of the Innovation Process Elke Bruns ; Dörte Ohlhorst ; Bernd Wenzel ; Johann Köppel |
| title_short | Renewable Energies in Germany's Electricity Market |
| title_sort | renewable energies in germany s electricity market a biography of the innovation process |
| title_sub | A Biography of the Innovation Process |
| topic | Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd Innovation (DE-588)4027089-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektrizitätsmarkt Erneuerbare Energien Innovation Deutschland |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500844&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020642643&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brunselke renewableenergiesingermanyselectricitymarketabiographyoftheinnovationprocess AT ohlhorstdorte renewableenergiesingermanyselectricitymarketabiographyoftheinnovationprocess AT wenzelbernd renewableenergiesingermanyselectricitymarketabiographyoftheinnovationprocess |
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Paper/Kapitel scannen lassen
Paper/Kapitel scannen lassen
Teilbibliothek Straubing
| Signatur: |
1302 ERG 020f 2010 A 9822 Lageplan |
|---|---|
| Exemplar 1 | Ausleihbar Am Standort |