Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv.: tekst, perevod, kommentarij
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| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
"Vostočnaja Literatura" RAN
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Drevnejšie istočniki po istorii Vostočnoj Evropy
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020540462&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020540462&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Irina G. Konovalova, Eastern Europe in the works of Arab geographers of the 13th - 14th centuries |
| Umfang: | 220 S. |
| ISBN: | 9785020364202 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819305188493623296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие
.................................................................................................................. 5
ИБН СА ИД АЛ-МАГРИБИ
Биографические сведения об Ибн Са иде
............................................................ 7
«География» Ибн Са ида
....................................................................................... 7
История изучения сочинения Ибн Са ида и его данных
о Восточной Европе
......................................................................................... 8
Состав сочинения Ибн Са ида и его информация о Восточной Европе
............ 9
Текст
.............................................................................................................................. 19
Перевод
......................................................................................................................... 26
Комментарий
............................................................................................................... 35
АБУ-Л-ФИДА
Биографические сведения об Абу-л-Фиде
........................................................... 76
Географический труд Абу-л-Фиды «Таквим ал-булдан»
.................................... 76
История изучения сочинения Абу-л-Фиды и его данных
о Восточной Европе
......................................................................................... 77
Состав сочинения Абу-л-Фиды и его информация о Восточной Европе
.......... 81
Современность и «древние времена» в представлении Абу-л-Фиды
................ 84
О характере преемственности географических сочинений ал-Идриси,
Ибн Са ида ал-Магриби и Абу-л-Фиды
................................................................ 86
Текст
.............................................................................................................................. 92
Перевод
......................................................................................................................... 108
Комментарий
............................................................................................................... 129
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
Таблица
1.
Гидронимы и оронимы Восточной Европы
по данным ал-Идриси, Ибн Са ида и Абу-л-Фиды
....................................... 167
Таблица
2.
Населенные пункты Восточной Европы
по данным ал-Идриси, Ибн Са ида и Абу-л-Фиды
....................................... 170
Таблица
3.
Этнополитические наименования Восточной Европы
поданным ал-Идриси, Ибн Са ида и Абу-л-Фиды
....................................... 174
Таблица
4.
Восточноевропейские топонимы ал-Идриси,
Ибн Са ида и Абу-л-Фиды, восходящие к традиции Птолемея
......................... 176
Таблица
5.
Антропонимы в составе известий о Восточной Европе
ал-Идриси, Ибн Са ида и Абу-л-Фиды
.......................................................... 177
Таблица
6.
Сравнительная таблица координат восточноевропейских
топонимов Ибн Са ида и Абу-л-Фиды
........................................................... 178
Список сокращений
...................................................................................................... 180
Библиография
................................................................................................................ 182
Источники
............................................................................................................... 182
Литература
.............................................................................................................. 185
Кратко аннотированный указатель имен
.................................................................... 197
Указатель географических названий
........................................................................... 204
Указатель этнических названий
................................................................................... 215
Summary
......................................................................................................................... 217
Список книг серии «Древнейшие источники по истории Восточной Европы»
(до
1993
г.
—
«Древнейшие источники по истории народов СССР»)
............... 222
Irina
G. Konovalova
Eastern Europe in the Works of Arab Geographers
of the 13th—14th Centuries:
Text, Translation, Comments
( The Most Ancient Sources for the History of Eastern Europe )
SUMMARY
The book is a part of the serial edition
—
the Corpus The Most Ancient Sources
for the History of Eastern Europe carried out by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The present volume of the Corpus includes fragments of two geographical works:
Kitãb al-jughrãflyã
( The Book of Geography ) written in the second half of the
ІЗ 1
century by the Arab-Spanish historian, geographer, poet and traveller Ibn
Sa ïd
al-Maghribï
(1214-1274
or
1286)
and
Kitãb
taqwïm
al-buldãn
( Distribution of the
Countries ) composed in the first half of the 14th century by the Syrian emir, histo¬
rian and geographer
Abu
al-Fidã
(1273-1331).
We selected for publication those
fragments of both treatises that contain any mentions of toponyms and ethnonyms
bearing on Eastern Europe.
The volume has the traditional structure of the Corpus The Most
Ancien
Sources for the History of Eastern Europe : an Introduction dedicated to the history
of the making of the geographical works of Ibn
Sa ïd al-Maghribï
and
Abu
al-Fidã ,
the review of manuscripts and editions of their treatises, the evaluation and discus¬
sion of the results of studies devoted to the geographical works of both Arabic au¬
thors; the Fragments of original texts; their Translation into Russian; Comments;
Bibliography; Indices.
The Arabic text of Ibn
Sa ïd al-Maghribï
is published according to the edition:
Ibn
Sa
id al-Magribi.
Libro de
la extension
de la tierra en longitud y latitud I
Edición critica y notas
del Dr. J.
Vemet Gines. Tetuan,
1958
(some readings are
according to: Kitab al-jughrafiya: Ibn Sa id s Geography I Ed. I.
Arabi.
Beirut,
1970).
Arabic text of Abu
al-Fidã
is published according to the edition:
Géographie
d Aboulféda: Texte arabe publié d après les manuscrits de Paris et de Leyde aux
frais de la Société Asiatique par M. Reinaud et Mac Guckin de
Slane.
Paris,
1840.
As
for the comments, the main attention is given to East European realities
while the information on contiguous regions is explained only to make the text un¬
derstandable. The commentary reflects the main achievements of modern historians
as well as the author s own findings.
Within the limits of Eastern Europe, Ibn
Sa ïd
and
Abü
al-Fidã
describe the
Northern Black Sea coast (including the Azov Sea region), the Eastern Black Sea
coast, the Northern Caucasus, the Middle and Lower Volga Region and the
Rus
lands. Their information about Eastern Europe is of two kinds: modern data, on the
one hand, and facts borrowed from Muslim geographical tradition of the 9Ih-12th
centuries, on the other hand.
217
Both authors had access to contemporary data connected with diplomatic, eco¬
nomic and religious contacts between the Muslim world and the Golden Horde.
Owing to the information coming from the Golden Horde, Ibn
Sa ïd
was able to cite
the Turkic form of the name of the Crimean city of Sudak
(Südáq)
instead of its
Italian form
Sulţăţîya
known to the famous Arab geographer of the mid-
12
century
al-Idrïsï;
to note the Islamization of Sudak and Saksin; to collect the data on the
rivers and fortresses of the Northern Caucasus, which he gave in connection with
the story of the war between
Berke
and Hulagu. Abu
al-Fidã
in his turn could
compose original descriptions of the Black Sea and the rivers flowing into it from
the north and to give detailed characteristics of the Golden Horde s cities of the
Northen Black Sea coast and of the Lower and Middle Volga Region.
The analysis of the actual information in the texts of Arab geographers of the
13th_14th centurjes brings us to a conclusion that there was a shift of the main cen¬
tres of information about Eastern Europe in the period under review. While in the
9th
—
early
13*
centuries the greatest part of information about Eastern Europe
reached the Caliphate through
Bulgar
on the Volga, by the time of Ibn
Sa
id this
intermediary role of
Bulgar
had already passed to the political and economic centres
of the Golden Horde, first of all to the northern Black Sea ports engaged in the in¬
ternational trade and to the capital of the Golden Horde, the city of Saray, and—to a
lesser extent
—
to Saksin.
At the same time, in Ibn Sa Id s description of Eastern Europe there are many
traces of information going back to the works by Muslim geographers of the
9 -
12th centuries. For example, some of Ibn Sa Td s data on orography and hydrogra¬
phy of Eastern Europe has many parallels to the information of Arabic mathemati¬
cal geographers of the 9lh-10th centuries
(al-Khwãrazmí, Suhrãb, al-Battãní)
and of
al-Idrîsï
who depended on them. The description of the river AM and of the peoples
of the Atil Basin as well as the information on Khazar cities were compiled by Ibn
Sa ïd on
the basis of the work by
al-Idrîsï.
Comparative analysis of the material on Eastern Europe in the works of Ibn
Sa ïd
and Abu
al-Fidã
and in the treatises of Arab geographers of the 9th—
12
cen¬
turies allows us to mark a complex of general basic data passing on from one work
to another. These data go back to the information of the most ancient Arab geogra¬
phers, who leaned in their turn on Ptolemaic tradition, and apply to the elements of
ого-
and hydrography of the region (in some cases the cartographical basis of this
information can also be traced). The elements of relief and
—
to a lesser degree
—
of
hydrography serve as bearing points that helped the geographer to arrange the data
on settlements in the map space or to structure the space of those, mostly northern,
areas information on which was limited or insignificant.
Only for a few regions of Eastern Europe Ibn
Sa ïd
and
Abü
al-Fidã
had suffi¬
cient data that by itself allowed them to compose a detailed description of a number
of objects. Such material could be found in the Black Sea portolanos or in contem¬
porary reports on the cities of the Lower and Middle Volga. But in most cases con¬
temporary data had a fragmentary character and geographers placed them into tradi¬
tional context that imparted coherence and integrity to the scarce modern informa¬
tion.
218
The methods used by Ibn Sa id and Abu al-Fida to combine modern and tradi¬
tional data were different. If Abu
al-Fidã
s
story about the lands and peoples of the
Far North is based upon vast quotations from the work of Ibn
Sa ïd,
the latter, while
making use of the bookish information, not only avoids direct citing from the works
of his predecessors but remakes their reports thoroughly. For all that, the volume of
borrowed information in the work of Ibn
Sa ïd
is very modest as compared to the
possibilities given to him, for example, by the treatise of
al-Idrïsï:
Ibn
Sa ïd
abso¬
lutely ignored
al-Idrîsï s
detailed accounts about the settlements of the Lower Da¬
nube region, the basins of the Dnieper and Dniester and the Northern Black Sea
coast while he compiled his description of these territories.
The comparison of the materials of
al-Idrîsï,
Ibn
Sa ïd
and
Abü
al-Fidã
about
Eastern Europe shows that, in spite of the obvious connection and even succession
of their treatises, the correlation of these works should not be discussed
—
as it is
usually done in historiography
—
from the point of view of the progress in geo¬
graphical knowledge. Ibn
Sa ïd
did not intend to increase knowledge about Eastern
Europe surpassing the data of
al-Idrïsï;
the same applies to Abu
al-Fidã
who did
not aim to extend Ibn
Sa ïd s
notions of this region. Each author mastered East
European space anew neglecting a lot of information of his predesessors. It is no
mere chance that the ethno-political picture of Eastern Europe in the work by Ibn
Sa M and
Abu al-Fidä
was in fact limited to the Golden Horde s territory in spite
of the existence of a great amount of information about
Rus
and Baltic lands in the
work of
al-Idrîsï.
The interest to one or another report of
al-Idrïsï on
the part of Ibn
Sa ïd
or to the materials of the latter on the part of
Abü
al-Fidã
was dictated mainly
by the aims of their own treatises as well as by the nature of information on Eastern
Europe that reached the Muslim world by contemporary channels which in the sec¬
ond half of the 13th and the first half of the 14th century were almost exclusively
connected with the Golden Horde.
The combination of astronomical and descriptive data in the work of Ibn
Sa ïd
(which is usually considered to be his addition to the textual information of
al-
Idrîsï)
is in fact purely mechanical. In those cases where it is possible to compare
the textual information on the location of some objects and their coordinates given
by Ibn
Sa ïd
they contradict one another. It applies equally to the reports of Abu
al-
Fidã
who took no effort to verify the authenticity of the coordinates data and very
often gave without any comment several versions of astronomical location of an
object taken by him from different sources. An attempt to transfer to the map the
toponyms according to their longitude and latitude indicated by Ibn
Sa ïd
and Abu
al-Fidã
shows that, if we use the coordinates supplied by Arab geographers, it is
impossible to draw a map which could plausibly fit a real area: nearly all settle¬
ments of the Northern Caucasus would be found to the south of Trabzon; on the
contrary, the city of
Sarïr
(located in the mountainous part of Dagestan) would be
placed to the north, nearly at the latitude of
Taman ;
and Saksin (which is supposed
to lie in the Lower Volga region) would be located at the latitude of
Bulgar
on the
Middle Volga.
Though the treatises of Ibn
Sa ïd
and Abu
al-Fidã
are geographical works, they
are usually analysed as geographical texts only by historians of Muslim (or wider.
medieval) geography and cartography. In special orientalistic studies devoted to Ibn
219
Sa íd and
Abu
al-Fidã ,
their data are usually analysed without paying attention to
the fact that information of medieval authors about different countries and peoples
is permeated with specific spacial ideas. That is why the distinctive character of the
present investigation consists in analysing the works of Ibn
Sa
id and
Abu al-Fidä
as geographical texts reflecting subjective ideas of Arab scientists about surround¬
ing space. Such point of view allows us not only to reconstruct their notion of East¬
ern Europe but also to reveal the main features of the peculiar mental construc¬
tion
—
the space of the medieval geographer.
The principal element of Ibn Sa Td s and Abu al-Fida s description are various
geographical objects. All of them were taken by geographers as real ones, while in
fact a considerable part of physical-geographical objects described in analysed
works is imaginary. In the sections of the works of Ibn
Sa îd
and Abu
al-Fidã
de¬
voted to Eastern Europe there are several geographical names that could not be
identified with any real geographical object, which is only to be expected.
In the first place, it applies to the greatest of the East-European rivers
—
the Atil
which only partly coincides with the real Volga (it begins in the Far East, runs into
the Caspian sea and at the same time has a branch flowing into the Black Sea) and
the
Ţanăbris
which reflects some data that Ibn
Sa ïd
had at his disposal about the
real Dnieper and Volga. Also, the lake
Turnă
could not be identified with any real
lake of Eastern Europe: its description by Ibn
Sa ïd
and
Abu
al-Fidã
is a complex
combination of
al-Khwarazmï
and
al-Battãni
material on the Sea of Azov, the re¬
ports of merchants and travellers on Northern
Rus
lakes and perhaps some data
from Arabic literary sources on miracles ( adia ib). Among the East European
mountains, no exact correspondence could be found to the mountain
Quqãyã
be¬
cause this oronym reflects the general idea of remote, inaccessible and uninhabited
northern regions of the Earth.
The origin of such toponyms is connected with inevitable peculiarity of subjec¬
tive spatial perception
—
with the fact that large-scale natural objects (seas, rivers,
mountains) in the mind of a concrete person have no clear boundaries and are not
realized by observers as integral hydrographical or orographical systems. That is
why the medieval geographer, when he leaned on the reports of his informants
about such objects, operated with fragmentary data which he had to systematize in
some way. The forming of such toponyms may be caused not only by the lack of
concrete information but also by the fact that the audience which the geographer s
work was addressed to had no need of detailed descriptions of faraway objects. Ap¬
parently the consumers of such toponymy valued first of all a certain geographical
idea personified by a toponym but not its detailing.
There is a crucial difference between a modern geographical name that strictly
corresponds to a certain object and medieval geographical nomenclature which may
also include authors speculative constructions reflecting first of all their own ideas
of physical and ethnopolitical geography of the region. Consequently, such
toponyms do not correspond to any real geographical objects and therefore should
not be directly transferred to a modern map. They designate imaginary objects that
should be searched not in the real physical space but in the mental map of the Arab
geographer. The acknowledgement of this vital difference between modern
toponyms and some geographical names in medieval sources enables us to give up
220
the idea that every toponym mentioned by Ibn
Sa îd
and Abu
al-Fidã
designates a
concrete geographical object.
Side by side with geographical objects, another element of space of the medie¬
val geographer is represented by anthroponyms
—
names of famous persons, whose
images are closely connected with definite geographical context. The few historic
personages that populate the geographical space of Ibn
Sa îd
and Abu
al-Fidã
are
all symbolic figures for the Muslim world. It is Khosrow I who, according to Mus¬
lim tradition, was considered to be the founder of nearly all fortresses in the Cauca¬
sus (Ibn
Sa îd
and
Abu al-Fidä
mention his name just in this context); the khans
Berke
and Uzbek who made a decisive contribution to the islamization of the
Golden Horde (their names are an organic part of
Abfl al-Fidã
s
information on the
settlements of the Northern Black Sea coast and the Lower and Middle Volga re¬
gion); the conqueror of Baghdad Hulagu, who waged persistent and long-term wars
against Berke-khan for the possession of Azarbaijan (thanks to the story about one
of the episodes of this rivalry, Ibn
Sa îd
tells us new details on the physical geogra¬
phy of the Northern Caucasus).
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Konovalova, Irina Gennadʹevna 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1015091962 |
| author_facet | Konovalova, Irina Gennadʹevna 1954- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Konovalova, Irina Gennadʹevna 1954- |
| author_variant | i g k ig igk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036620433 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705739204 (DE-599)BVBBV036620433 |
| era | Geschichte gnd Geschichte 1200-1400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte Geschichte 1200-1400 |
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| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd Arabien (DE-588)4002529-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa Arabien |
| id | DE-604.BV036620433 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:38:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785020364202 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020540462 |
| oclc_num | 705739204 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 220 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | "Vostočnaja Literatura" RAN |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Drevnejšie istočniki po istorii Vostočnoj Evropy |
| spellingShingle | Konovalova, Irina Gennadʹevna 1954- Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd Geograf (DE-588)4020214-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135952-5 (DE-588)4020214-8 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4002529-9 |
| title | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij |
| title_auth | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij |
| title_exact_search | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij |
| title_full | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij I. G. Konovalova |
| title_fullStr | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij I. G. Konovalova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. tekst, perevod, kommentarij I. G. Konovalova |
| title_short | Vostočnaja Evropa v sočinenijach arabskich geografov XIII - XIV vv. |
| title_sort | vostocnaja evropa v socinenijach arabskich geografov xiii xiv vv tekst perevod kommentarij |
| title_sub | tekst, perevod, kommentarij |
| topic | Quelle (DE-588)4135952-5 gnd Geograf (DE-588)4020214-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Quelle Geograf Osteuropa Arabien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020540462&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020540462&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konovalovairinagennadʹevna vostocnajaevropavsocinenijacharabskichgeografovxiiixivvvtekstperevodkommentarij |