Verfügbarkeit: Fuel cells | Technische Universität München

Fuel cells: principles design and analysis

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteiligte Personen:	Revankar, Shripad (VerfasserIn), Majumdar, Pradip 1954- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, Fl. [u.a.] CRC Press 2014
Schriftenreihe:	Mechanical and aerospace engineering
Schlagwörter:	Brennstoffzelle
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018981293&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018981293&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	XXVIII, 721 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781420089684

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface................................................................................................................... xxi Acknowledgments .............................................................................................xxv Authors ..............................................................................................................xxvii 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1 1.1 Primary Energy Sources — Fossil Fuel ...............................................1 1.1.1 Coal ............................................................................................2 1.1.2 Liquid or Gaseous Hydrocarbons .........................................2 1.1.3 World Oil Reserve ....................................................................4 1.1.4 Shale Oil ....................................................................................4 1.1.5 Gaseous Hydrocarbons ...........................................................5 1.1.6 Shale Gas ...................................................................................5 1.1.7 Biofuel ........................................................................................5 1.1.7.1 Challenges of Ethanol — Biofuel .............................5 1.2 Renewable Energy Resources and Alternative Energy Systems.... 6 1.2.1 Solar Energy .............................................................................7 1.2.2 Tidal Energy .............................................................................7 1.2.3 Geothermal Energy .................................................................7 1.2.4 Wind Energy .............................................................................7 1.2.5 Renewable Energy for Hydrogen Production ......................7 1.2.6 Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Fuel Cell ..................8 1.3 Electrochemical Device — Basic Components and Operation ........8 1.3.1 Electrolyzer .............................................................................10 1.3.2 Battery .....................................................................................10 1.3.2.1 Battery Technology ................................................14 1.3.3 Fuel Cell ...................................................................................15 1.4 Basic Components and Operation of a Fuel Cell ............................15 1.5 Classification and Types of Fuel Cell ...............................................17 1.5.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell ..................................................................19 1.5.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell ...............................20 1.5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell ....................................................21 1.5.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell ..................................................21 1.5.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell .............................................................22 1.5.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ....................................................23 1.5.7 Micro Fuel Cells .....................................................................23 1.5.8 Biological Fuel Cells ...............................................................24 1.5.8.1 Microbial Biofuel Cells ..........................................25 1.5.8.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell ..........................................26 ix Contents 1.6 Applications of Fuel Cell ....................................................................28 1.6.1 Transportation ........................................................................28 1.6.2 Stationary Power Generation ...............................................29 1.6.3 Portable Power ........................................................................30 References .......................................................................................................30 2. Review of Electrochemistry .......................................................................33 2.1 Electrochemical and Electrolysis Cell ..............................................36 2.2 Oxidation and Reduction Processes .................................................40 2.3 Faraday s Laws ....................................................................................42 2.3.1 Faraday s First Law of Electrolysis ......................................43 2.3.2 Faraday s Second Law of Electrolysis .................................43 2.4 Ideal Polarized Electrode ...................................................................45 2.5 Polarization and Overpotential ........................................................46 2.6 Conductivity and Ohm s Law ...........................................................47 2.7 Mass Transport and Nernst-Planck Equation ................................49 2.8 Standard Hydrogen and Other Reference Electrodes ...................51 2.8.1 Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Potentials ...................51 2.8.2 Reference Electrodes .............................................................54 2.9 Cyclic Voltammetry ............................................................................54 References.. .....................................................................................................58 3. Reviews of Thermodynamics ....................................................................59 3.1 State, Phase, and Properties ...............................................................59 3.2 Thermodynamic Process and Cycle .................................................60 3.3 Ideal Gas Equation of State ................................................................61 3.4 Energy and Energy Transfer .............................................................62 3.4.1 Heat and Work .......................................................................63 3.4.1.1 Heat Energy .............................................................63 3.4.1.2 Work .........................................................................63 3.5 The Conservation of Mass .................................................................64 3.5.1 System ......................................................................................64 3.5.2 Control Volume ......................................................................65 3.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics ..................................................65 3.6.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a System ..............65 3.6.1.1 Additional Thermodynamic Properties .............66 3.6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume .....................................................................................67 3.6.2.1 Special Cases ...........................................................67 3.6.2.2 Steady-State Steady-Flow Process ........................68 3.6.2.3 Uniform-Flow Uniform-State Process .................68 3.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics .............................................69 3.7.1 Carnot Cycle ...........................................................................71 3.8 Thermodynamic Relations ................................................................73 3.9 Specific Heat .......................................................................................... 74 Contents xi 3.10 Estimation of Change in Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Function for Ideal Gases ....................................................................74 3.10.1 Case I: Constant Specific Heat .............................................75 3.10.2 Case II: Temperature-Dependent Specific Heat Values ..............................................................................75 3.10.3 Caselli .....................................................................................75 3.10.4 Entropy Change in Process ..................................................76 3.10.5 Special Cases ..........................................................................76 3.10.5.1 Case I: Constant Specific Heat Values .................76 3.10.5.2 Case II: Temperature-Dependent Specific Heat Values ..............................................................76 3.10.5.3 Caselli .....................................................................77 3.10.6 Change of Gibbs Function ....................................................77 3.11 Mixture of Gases .................................................................................79 3.11.1 Basic Mixture Parameters .....................................................79 3.11.1.1 Mass Fraction and Concentration ........................80 3.11.1.2 Mole Fraction and Concentration ........................80 3.11.2 Ideal Gas Mixture Properties ...............................................81 3.11.3 Transport Properties of Gas Mixture ..................................84 3.11.3.1 Viscosity of Gas Mixture .......................................84 3.11.3.2 Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixture ...............85 3.12 Combustion Process ...........................................................................86 3.13 Enthalpy of Formation (h?) .............................................................. 90 3.14 First Law for Reacting Systems .........................................................91 3.15 Enthalpy of Combustion (hRP) ...........................................................92 3.16 Temperature of Product of Combustion ..........................................93 3.17 Absolute Entropy (śf°) .......................................................................97 3.18 Gibbs Function of Formation (gf )....................................................98 References .....................................................................................................102 Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells ................................................................103 4.1 Conventional Power Generation — Heat Engine ...........................103 4.2 Energy Conversion in Fuel Cells ....................................................107 4.2.1 Electrical Work in Fuel Cells ..............................................112 4.2.2 Reversible Cell Voltage ........................................................113 4.2.3 Cell Power .............................................................................114 4.3 Changes in Gibbs Free Energy ........................................................115 4.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on Reversible Voltage ................121 4.4.1 Effect of Variation of Temperature ....................................122 4.4.2 Effect of Pressure on Gibbs Function and Reversible Voltage ...................................................................................122 4.4.3 Effect of Gas Concentration — The Nernst Equation .......124 4.4.3.1 Effect of Hydrogen Partial Pressure ..................128 4.4.3.2 Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure ......................129 Xli Contents 4.5 Fuel Cell Efficiency ...........................................................................133 4.5.1 Thermodynamic Efficiency ................................................134 4.5.2 Voltage Efficiency .................................................................136 4.5.3 Current or Fuel Utilization Efficiency ...............................137 4.5.4 Overall Efficiency .................................................................138 4.6 Fuel Consumption and Supply Rates .............................................138 4.6.1 Oxygen Consumption and Supply Rates .........................138 4.6.1.1 Direct Oxygen Consumption .............................139 4.6.1.2 Oxygen Consumption as Air ..............................140 4.6.2 Hydrogen Consumption and Supply Rates .....................141 4.7 Water Production Rate .....................................................................142 4.8 Heat Generation in a Fuel Cell ........................................................143 4.8.1 Heat Generation owing to Electrochemical Reaction .....144 4.8.2 Heat Generation owing to Non-Electrochemical Reaction .................................................................................147 4.8.3 Total Heat Generation in a Fuel Cell .................................148 4.9 Summary ............................................................................................152 References .....................................................................................................154 5. Electrochemical Kinetics ...........................................................................155 5.1 Electrical Double Layer ....................................................................155 5.2 Electrode Kinetics .............................................................................162 5.3 Single- and Multistep Electrode Reactions ...................................166 5.4 Electrode Reaction in Equilibrium — Exchange Current Density ................................................................................................173 5.5 Equation for Current Density — The Butler-Volmer Equation ..................................................................................176 5.6 Activation Overpotential and Controlling Factors ......................178 5.7 Tafel Equation — Simplified Activation Kinetics ...........................180 5.S Relationship of Activation Overpotential with Current Density— Tafel Plots ..........................................................................186 5.9 Fuel Cell Kinetics ..............................................................................188 5.10 Fuel Cell Irreversibilities — Voltage Losses ....................................191 5.10.1 Activation Losses .................................................................194 5.10.2 Ohmic Losses .......................................................................196 5.10.3 Mass Transport Loss ............................................................199 5.10.4 Reactant Crossover and Internal Currents .......................205 5.11 Fuel Cell Polarization Curve ...........................................................209 5.12 Summary ............................................................................................213 References .....................................................................................................214 6. Heat and Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells ....................................................215 6.1 Fluid Flow ..........................................................................................215 6.1.1 External Flow ........................................................................216 6.1.2 Internal Flows .......................................................................218 Contents xiii 6.1.3 Gas Flow Channels..............................................................220 6.1.3.1 Conservation of Mass ..........................................220 6.1.3.2 Conservation of Momentum ..............................221 6.1.4 Fluid Flow in Porous Electrodes ........................................222 6.1.4.1 Mass Continuity in Porous Media .....................222 6.1.4.2 Momentum Equation in Porous Media ............223 6.1.5 Inlet and Boundary Conditions .........................................225 6.1.5.1 Inlet Conditions ....................................................225 6.1.5.2 Boundary Conditions ..........................................226 6.2 Heat Transfer in Fuel Cells ..............................................................226 6.2.1 Heat Transfer Modes and Rate Equations ........................228 6.2.1.1 Conduction Heat Transfer ...................................228 6.2.1.2 Convection Heat Transfer ...................................229 6.2.2 Convection Modes and Heat Transfer Coefficient ..........231 6.2.2.1 Fully Developed Correlations ............................233 6.2.2.2 Thermal Entry Length .........................................233 6.2.2.3 Combined Entry Length .....................................233 6.2.3 Conservation of Energy and Heat Equation ....................234 6.2.3.1 Gas Flow Channel ................................................234 6.2.3.2 Electrode-Gas Diffusion Layer ..........................235 6.2.3.3 Electrolyte Membrane .........................................235 6.2.4 Inlet and Boundary Conditions .........................................235 6.2.4.1 Boundary Conditions ..........................................235 6.2.4.2 Channel Inlet Conditions ....................................236 6.3 Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells .............................................................237 6.3.1 Basic Modes and Transport Rate Equation ......................238 6.3.1.1 Diffusion Mass Transfer ......................................238 6.3.1.2 Convection Mass Transfer ...................................241 6.3.1.3 Combined Diffusion and Convection Mass Transport ...............................................................243 6.3.2 Mass Species Transport in Fuel Cells ...............................244 6.3.2.1 Mass Species Transport Equation in Gas Flow Channels ......................................................244 6.3.2.2 Mass Species Transport Equation in Electrodes ..............................................................245 6.3.2.3 Boundary Conditions for Concentration ..........247 6.3.2.4 Channel Inlet Conditions ....................................247 6.3.3 Convection Mass Transfer Coefficient ..............................249 6.3.3.1 Mass Transfer Resistances ..................................253 6.3.3.2 Concentration Distribution in the Active Reaction Layer ......................................................257 6.4 Diffusion Coefficient ........................................................................257 6.4.1 Diffusion Coefficient for Binary Gas Mixture .................257 6.4.2 Diffusion in Liquids ............................................................264 6.4.3 Diffusion in Porous Solids ..................................................266 xiv Contents 6.5 Mass Transfer Resistance in Fuel Cells.......................................... 268 6.5.1 Estimation of Limiting Current Density ..........................269 6.5.2 Mass Transfer or Concentration Loss ...............................270 6.5.3 Effect of Concentration on Activation Loss .....................272 6.6 Summary ............................................................................................273 Further Reading ...........................................................................................274 7. Charge and Water Transport in Fuel Cells ............................................277 7.1 Charge Transport ..............................................................................277 7.1.1 Charge Transport Modes and Rate Equations ................278 7.1.1.1 Charge Transport by Diffusion ..........................278 7.1.1.2 Charge Transport by Convection .......................278 7.1.13 Charge Transport by Electrical Potential Gradient .................................................................279 7.1.1.4 Nernst-Planck s Equation ...................................280 7.1.1.5 Schlogl s Equation ................................................281 7.1.1 Charge Transport and Electrical Potential Equation ......281 7.1.2.1 Charge Transport Equations ...............................285 7.1.2.2 Boundary Conditions for Electrical Potential ...287 7.1.3 Agglomerate Model for the Active Catalyst Layer ..........288 7.2 Solid-State Diffusion .........................................................................291 7.3 Charge Conductivity ........................................................................293 7.3.1 Ionic Conductivity (σ^ .........................................................294 7.3.1.1 Ionic Conductivity in Solid Electrolytes ...........296 7.3.1.2 Ionic Conductivity in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane .............................................................296 7.3.1.3 Ionic Conductivity in Ceramic Electrolyte Membrane .............................................................297 7.3.1.4 Ionic Conductivity in Liquid Electrolyte ..........299 7.3.2 Electronic Conductivity (ae) ................................................300 7.4 Ohmic Loss in Fuel Cells .................................................................301 7.5 Water Transport Rate Equation .......................................................305 7.5.1 Water Transport in Electrolyte Membranes .....................306 7.5.2 Water Transport Equation ..................................................310 7.6 Summary ............................................................................................311 Further Reading ...........................................................................................312 8. Fuel Cell Characterization ........................................................................315 8.1 Characterization of Fuel Cells and Fuel Cell Components .........315 8.2 Electrochemical Characterization Techniques .............................317 8.2.1 Current-Voltage Measurement ..........................................317 8.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy .......................320 8.2.2.1 Equivalent Circuit Models ..................................323 8.2.2.2 Constant Phase Element ......................................324 Contents xv 8.2.2.3 Polarization Resistance........................................324 8.2.2.4 Charge Transfer Resistance................................325 8.2.2.5 Warburg Impedance ............................................325 8.2.2.6 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit Modeling .............329 8.2.2.7 Time and Frequency Domains ...........................330 8.2.3 Current Interrupt Measurement ........................................331 8.2.4 Cyclic Voltammetry .............................................................333 8.3 Characterization of Electrodes and Electrocatalysts ...................334 8.4 Characterization of Membrane Electrode Assembly ...................339 8.5 Characterization of Bipolar Plates ..................................................343 8.6 Characterization of Porous Structures of Electrodes and Membranes .........................................................................................345 8.7 Fuel Cell Test Facility ........................................................................348 8.8 Summary ............................................................................................350 References .....................................................................................................351 Fuel Cell Components and Design .........................................................353 9.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell .............................................................................353 9.1.1 AFC Basic Principles and Operations ...............................354 9.1.2 AFC Components and Configurations .............................355 9.1.3 AFC Electrolyte, Electrode, and Catalyst .........................358 9.1.3.1 Electrolyte ..............................................................359 9.1.3.2 Electrodes and Catalysts .....................................360 9.1.3.3 Stack Configuration .............................................361 9.1.4 AFC Recent Advances .........................................................361 9.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell ...............................................................362 9.2.1 PAFC Basic Principles and Operations .............................362 9.2.2 PAFC Components and Configurations ...........................364 9.2.3 PAFC Electrolyte, Electrode, and Catalyst .......................365 9.2.3.1 Electrolyte ..............................................................366 9.2.3.2 Electrodes and Catalysts .....................................367 9.2.3.3 Stack .......................................................................367 9.2.4 PAFC Recent Advances .......................................................368 9.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell ......................................369 9.3.1 PEMFC Operation and Design ..........................................369 9.3.1.1 Electrode Material and Structure ......................370 9.3.1.2 Catalyst Layer .......................................................371 9.3.1.3 Gas Diffusion Layer .............................................374 9.3.1.4 Electrolyte Membrane .........................................375 9.3.1.5 Nafion Membrane Construction ........................376 9.3.1.6 Major Characteristics of Nafion-117 Membrane .............................................................377 9.3.1.7 Water Content in Nafion— РЕМ .........................378 9.3.1.8 Proton Conductivity in Nafion ...........................380 xvi Contents 9.3.1.9 Membrane Ionic Resistance and Ohmic Loss ..................................................................382 9.3.1.10 Water Diffusivity in Nafion ................................383 9.3.1.11 Electro-Osmotic Drag Coefficient ......................384 9.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell .............................................................386 9.4.1 MCFC Basic Principles and Operations ............................386 9.4.2 MCFC Components and Configurations ..........................389 9.4.2.1 Fuels and Fuel Processing ...................................389 9.4.2.2 Combustor .............................................................390 9.4.2.3 Cell and Stack Design ..........................................390 9.4.3 MCFC Electrolyte, Electrode, and Catalyst ......................390 9.4.3.1 Electrolyte ..............................................................390 9.4.3.2 Cathode ..................................................................392 9.4.3.3 Anode .....................................................................392 9.4.4 MCFC Recent Advances ......................................................393 9.4.4.1 Material Development .........................................393 9.4.4.2 Fuel and Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems ..............393 9.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ........................................................................394 9.5.1 Basic Principles and Operation ..........................................395 9.5.1.1 SOFC Cell Designs ...............................................396 9.5.1.2 Planar Design ........................................................397 9.5.2 Components of SOFC ..........................................................399 9.5.2.1 SOFC Electrolyte ...................................................400 9.5.2.2 Zirconia Electrolyte ..............................................401 9.5.2.3 Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia (ScSZ) ....................403 9.5.2.4 Ceria Electrolyte ...................................................403 9.5.2.5 Gadolinia-Doped Ceria (GDC or GdCeO) ........403 9.5.2.6 Samaria-Doped Ceria (SmCeO) .........................404 9.5.2.7 Yttria-Doped Ceria (YDC) ...................................404 9.5.2.8 SOFC Anode Electrode ........................................404 9.5.2.9 SOFC Cathode Electrode .....................................405 9.5.2.10 SOFC Interconnect ...............................................406 9.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ................................................................406 9.6.1 Gas Diffusion Layer .............................................................408 9.6.2 Catalyst in DMFC ................................................................408 References .....................................................................................................409 10. Fuel Cell Stack, Bipolar Plate, and Gas Flow Channel .......................411 10.1 Fuel Cell Stack Design ......................................................................411 10.2 Fuel Cell Stack and Power System ..................................................415 10.3 Water Removal and Management ..................................................423 10.4 Cooling/Heating System for Fuel Cells .........................................424 10.5 Bipolar Plate Design ..........................................................................428 10.5.1 Major Design Considerations .............................................428 10.5.2 Bipolar Plate Materials ........................................................430 Contents xvii 10.5.2.1 Metallic Bipolar Plates .........................................430 10.5.2.2 Graphite Bipolar Plate.......................................... 432 10.5.2.3 Composite Bipolar Plate ......................................432 10.5.3 Material Selection ................................................................433 10.6 Gas Flow-Field ...................................................................................434 10.6.1 Gas Flow Channel Design..................................................435 10.6.2 Flow-Field Channel Layout Configurations ....................437 10.6.2.1 Straight Parallel Channels..................................437 10.6.2.2 Serpentine Flow Channel Design......................440 10.6.2.3 Multiple Parallel Serpentine Channels with Square Bends ........................................................441 10.6.2.4 Pin-Array Flow-Field ...........................................441 10.6.2.5 Interdigitated Flow-Field .....................................442 10.6.3 Simulation Analysis of Flow-Field ....................................442 10.6.3.1 Gas Channel ..........................................................443 10.6.3.2 Flow in Parallel Straight Channels ....................445 10.6.3.3 Single Serpentine Channel .................................447 10.6.3.4 Single Serpentine Channel with Square Bends ......................................................................448 10.6.3.5 Multiple Parallel Serpentine Channels with Square Bends ........................................................450 Further Reading ...........................................................................................453 11. Simulation Model for Analysis and Design of Fuel Cells .................457 11.1 Zero-Order Fuel Cell Analysis Model ...........................................457 11.1.1 Activation Loss: nact ..............................................................458 11.1.2 Simplified Butler-Volmer Equation: Very Small r\|act .......459 11.1.3 Simplified Butler-Volmer Equation: Very Large r aci .......459 11.1.4 Simplified Butler-Volmer Equation with Identical Charge Transfer Coefficient ................................................460 11.1.5 Ohmic Loss: лоћт ..................................................................461 11.1.6 Concentration Loss: η^^ .....................................................462 11.2 One-Dimensional Fuel Cell Analysis Model ................................465 11.2.1 Anode Gas Channel ............................................................466 11.2.2 Anode Electrode ...................................................................467 11.2.3 Cathode Gas Channel .........................................................468 11.2.4 Cathode Electrode ................................................................469 11.3 One-Dimensional Water Transport Model ....................................469 11.3.1 Anode Gas Channel ............................................................471 11.3.2 Anode Electrode ...................................................................472 11.3.3 Cathode Gas Channel .........................................................473 11.3.4 Cathode Electrode ................................................................473 11.3.5 Electrolyte Membrane .........................................................474 11.3.5.1 SOFC Electrolyte Membrane ..............................474 11.3.5.2 РЕМ Electrolyte Membrane ................................475 XVIII Contents 11.4 One-Dimensional Electrochemical Model ....................................478 11.4.1 Activation Loss: T]act ..............................................................478 11.4.2 Ohmic Loss: r ohm ..................................................................480 11.4.3 Ohmic Loss nohm in Polymer Membrane ..........................480 11.4.4 Water Content in Nafion-PEM ...........................................481 11.4.5 Mass Concentration Loss: Лсопс ...........................................481 11.5 One-Dimensional Fuel Cell Thermal Analysis Model ................494 11.5.1 A Simplified One-Dimensional Heat Transfer Model.... 497 11.6 Multi-Dimensional Model ...............................................................503 11.6.1 Two-Dimensional Model ....................................................504 11.6.2 Three-Dimensional Model .................................................505 11.6.2.1 Gas Channel ..........................................................506 11.6.2.2 Flow in Porous Electrodes ..................................508 11.6.2.3 Mass Transport .....................................................508 11.6.2.4 Heat Transport Equation .....................................509 11.6.2.5 Electrolyte Membrane .........................................510 11.6.2.6 Boundary Conditions ..........................................511 Further Reading ...........................................................................................514 12. Dynamic Simulation and Fuel Cell Control System ...........................517 12.1 Dynamic Simulation Model for Fuel Cell Systems ......................517 12.1.1 System Dynamics .................................................................518 12.1.2 Block and Information Flow Diagram ..............................519 12.1.3 Solution Methodology for Dynamic Simulation .............522 12.2 Simulation of the Fuel Cell-Powered Vehicle ...............................524 12.2.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Simulation ..............................................524 12.2.2 Simulation Model for PEMFC System ..............................527 12.2.3 Dynamic Simulation Model of the PEMFC Cell .............530 12.3 Dynamic Simulation of Integrated Fuel Cell Systems .................532 12.3.1 Regenerative РЕМ Fuel Cell System ..................................532 12.3.2 Photovoltaic System .............................................................533 12.3.2.1 Solarceli ................................................................533 12.3.2.2 Simulink Model of PV System ............................536 12.3.2.3 Fuel Cell Subsystem .............................................537 12.3.2.4 Simulink Model and Results ..............................541 12.3.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System Model ......................545 12.3.3.1 Geometry ...............................................................547 12.3.3.2 Mass Balance .........................................................547 12.3.3.3 Reaction Rates .......................................................549 12.3.3.4 Energy Balance .....................................................551 12.3.3.5 Performance ..........................................................552 12.3.4 MATLAB/Simulink Simulation of MCFC ........................554 12.3.4.1 Steady-State Analysis ...........................................554 12.3.4.2 Transient Simulation ............................................555 12.4 Control System ..................................................................................556 Contents xix 12.4.1 Fuel Cell System Control ....................................................556 12.4.2 Control Techniques ..............................................................558 12.4.2.1 Control Problem Formulation ............................558 12.4.2.2 Control Configuration .........................................559 12.4.3 PID, Fuzzy Logic, and Neural Networks-Based Control Systems ...................................................................562 12.4.3.1 The PID Controller ...............................................562 12.4.3.2 Fuzzy Logic Control ............................................564 12.4.3.3 Input and Output Variables ................................565 12.4.3.4 Membership Functions ........................................565 12.4.3.5 Design of Fuzzy Control Rules ..........................566 12.4.3.6 Inference ................................................................567 12.4.3.7 Denazification .....................................................568 12.4.3.8 Neural Networks ..................................................569 References .....................................................................................................572 13. Fuel Cell Power Generation Systems .....................................................575 13.1 Fuel Cell Subsystems ........................................................................575 13.1.1 Fuel Processing .....................................................................575 13.1.2 Fuel Cell Auxiliary ..............................................................577 13.1.3 Power Electronics and Power Conditioning ....................577 13.1.4 Thermal and Water Management ......................................580 13.1.5 System Efficiency .................................................................580 13.1.6 System Integration ...............................................................582 13.2 Fuels and Fuel Processing ................................................................583 13.2.1 Basic Fuels and Processes ...................................................583 13.2.2 Desulfurization ....................................................................586 13.2.3 Steam Reforming .................................................................587 13.2.4 Partial Oxidation Reforming ..............................................589 13.2.5 Autothermal Reforming .....................................................591 13.2.6 Water Shift Reaction ............................................................591 13.2.7 Coal Gasification ..................................................................592 13.2.8 Carbon Monoxide Removal ................................................593 13.3 Hydrogen as Energy Carrier ...........................................................594 13.3.1 Hydrogen Generation Methods .........................................595 13.3Л.1 Fossil Fuels and Biomass .....................................595 13.3.1.2 Electrolysis ............................................................596 13.3.1.3 Thermochemicał Water Splitting .......................598 13.3.1.4 Photocatalysis .......................................................599 13.3.1.5 Biohydrogen ..........................................................601 13.3.1.6 By-Product of Chemical Production Processes .............................................................603 13.3.2 Hydrogen Storage ................................................................603 13.3.2.1 Physical Storage ....................................................605 13.3.2.2 Chemical Storage ..................................................607 xx Contents 13.3.3 Transportation and Distribution.......................................608 13.3.4 Hydrogen Safety.................................................................. 609 13.4 Summary ............................................................................................610 References .....................................................................................................611 14. Fuel Cell Application, Codes and Standards, and Environmental Effects ...............................................................................613 14.1 Fuel Cell Applications ......................................................................614 14.1.1 Stationary Power ..................................................................614 14.1.2 Transportation Power ..........................................................615 14.1.3 Portable Applications ..........................................................616 14.1.4 Military Applications ..........................................................616 14.1.5 Landfills and Other Applications ......................................617 14.2 Fuel Cell Codes and Standards .......................................................618 14.2.1 Stationary and Portable Fuel Cell Commercial Systems... 619 14.2.2 Hydrogen Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards ..............................................................................621 14.2.3 Scope of Key Codes and Standards ...................................625 14.3 Environmental Effects ......................................................................632 14.3.1 Fuel Cell Emissions ..............................................................632 14.3.2 Fuel Cell Life Cycle Assessment ........................................635 14.4 Summary ............................................................................................640 References .....................................................................................................641 Nomenclature .....................................................................................................643 Appendix A: Constants and Conversion Units ...........................................657 Appendix B: Useful Equations for Fuel Cell Calculations .......................659 Appendix C: Chemical and Thermodynamic Data ....................................671 Index .....................................................................................................................683 Fuel Cells: Principles, Design, and Analysis considers the latest ad¬ vances in fuel celt system development and deployment and was written with engineering and science students in mind. This book provides readers with the fundamentals of fuel cell operation and design and incorporates techniques and methods designed to analyze different fuel cell systems. It builds on three mam themes: basic principles, analysis, and design. The section on basic principles contains background information on fuel cells, including fundamental principles such as electrochemistry, thermo¬ dynamics, and kinetics of fuel cell reactions as well as mass and heat transfer in fuel cells. The section on design explores important characteris¬ tics associated with various fuel cell components, electrodes, electrocata- lysts, and electrolytes, while the section on analysis examines phenomena characterization and modeling both at the component and system levels. • Includes objectives and a summary in each chapter • Presents examples and problems demonstrating theory/principle applications • Provides case studies on fuel cell analysis • Contains mathematical methods including numerical methods and MATLAB Simutink techniques • Offers references and material for further reading Fuel Cells: Principies, Design, and Analysis presents the basic prin¬ ciples, examples, and models essential in the design and optimization of fuel ceil systems. Based on more than ten years of the authors teaching experience, this text is an idea! resource for junior- to senior-level under¬ graduate students and for graduate students pursuing advanced fuel cell research and study.
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spellingShingle	Revankar, Shripad Majumdar, Pradip 1954- Fuel cells principles design and analysis Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4008195-3
title	Fuel cells principles design and analysis
title_auth	Fuel cells principles design and analysis
title_exact_search	Fuel cells principles design and analysis
title_full	Fuel cells principles design and analysis Shripad Revankar ; Pradip Majumdar
title_fullStr	Fuel cells principles design and analysis Shripad Revankar ; Pradip Majumdar
title_full_unstemmed	Fuel cells principles design and analysis Shripad Revankar ; Pradip Majumdar
title_short	Fuel cells
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title_sub	principles design and analysis
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