Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Hochschulschrift/Dissertation Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Katowice
Wydawn. Uniw. Śląskiego
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 2. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach
2859 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018667289&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018667289&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. franz. Sprache u.d.T.: A portrait of the gentry in the reign of Stanislaw August Poniatowski, the epoch of crisis, restoration and fall of the Republic in Polish diaries |
| Umfang: | 615 S. 24 cm. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819289503204900864 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Dariusz
Robik
A Portrait of the Gentry in the Reign of
Stanislaw
August Poniatowski,
the Epoch of Crisis, Restoration
and Fall of the Republic in Polish Diaries
Summary
There is a strong belief among Polish historiographers, that the Republic fell admit¬
tedly because of vices and faults of its citizens, but also at the very moment its national
revival commenced. Different interpretations of the statement as there were, their most
important element was a citizen
-
nobleman who saw the necessity of reforms aiming to
increase the prestige, authority and power of the state. This area included also the whole
spectrum of issues
formely
unsolved in the Polish state. In this context, it is important to
look at the gentry as close as possible. It might help us understand why it changed its
attitude towards the state and other related social and ideological issues. An attempt to
present or build up such a collective portrait of the Polish nobility under
Stanisław
Au¬
gust Poniatowski on the basis of diaries can be a step in this direction.
Such a dynamic presentation of the nobility arises from the inner chronological par¬
titioning of the research material. It has been divided into three groups. The first group
of diaries covers reports written before the fall of the First Republic, that is until
1795.
The second one involves
memoires
of the people, acting in various areas of everyday
life, after the fall of the Polish state but also politically active i.e. mature in the times of
Stanisław
August Poniatowski. The third group of diaries contains descriptions of the
past produced by the people born between
1780
and
1795.
All in all, the study is based
on about
300
diaries.
The present dissertation is divided into four chapters covering all of the most impor¬
tant spheres of the noblemen s activity. Chapter I The Nobility in the Circle of Family
and Household-for Peace, Stability and Strength of the House presents the noblemen in
their natural environment, namely depicts their attitude to family and possessions. Also
the values considered to be the most important to the nobility in everyday life as well as
the features they felt proud of and those disapproved of in others are discussed. Such
a catalogue of features and values of the Polish nobility positions religiousness next to
debauchery, fear next to courage, hospitality and goodness
-
also with respect to lower
social classes
-
next to selfishness. Chapter II Citizens towards the State -for the pre¬
serving and well being of the Republic
-
the Native Country, presents a stereotypical
portrait of the nobility in those times, all visible vices and virtues of an average noble¬
man included. The leitmotif of this Chapter are the recurring
dilemas
between a private
39
-Portret...
_____ 610 ________________________________________________________
interest
and that of the state. Here, the attitude of the middle nobility to
Stanisław
August
was described, both to his rule and person, as well as to the mighty elites of the nobility
and to the curves of history that the Republic got through in
Stanisław
August times. It
also presents the hierarchy of values the citizens followed in the case of choice, what the
love of their own country and freedom meant to them, what their ideal, faultless state
was to be, if and to what extent their understanding of nation changed, to what degree
their attachment to it depended on the community of interests and aims, culture and
language. Chapters III and IV expand and complete the area of observation thus allowing
to verify certain fragments of the portrait. They show the citizens of the Republi in sol-
diercraft and in priesthood . The portrait of the nobility as a whole, created mostly by
the nobility itself, reflects its stereotypical images, functioning at that time.
A portrait of the nobility in its homely environment, with its visibly outlined vices
and virtues, reinforced, at least in the sphere of theory and ideology, by the norms of
behaviour strengthened by the functioning tradition, is very positive. It is humane and
natural with each group of diarists, the emphasis being put on the first one though. Here
the lack of willingness to create or confabulate a certain reality is painfully direct, from
the criticism of dishonourable behaviour towards their mates, though sometimes not
perceived as such, to explicit protection to obtain financial benefits. The second group of
diarists, on the other hand, has the tendency to create a portrait of the gentry interested in
the effectiveness of their enterprise to build up the power of their house which suggests
their endeavour to realize Arcadia s myth in their homes. That very trend remained un¬
changed with the third group of diaries.
In Chapter II the portrait of the nobility is more diversified in all three groups of dia¬
ries. In the first type of diaries the nobility is fairly neutral, distanced from the politics,
though taking part in it, treating the advantage of Moscow as a natural phenomenon but
at the same time considering it the reason of evil observed in the country. The diaristst of
the second group thought a bit different though they do not deny the fact of Moscow s
advantage over the Republic. They claim that the whole evil derives from the magnates
advantage who were first to control their poorer mates and, with their eyes fixed on their
own interests, fought with one another, ignoring the Republic. It spoilt the former tradi¬
tions and principles. They stopped thinking about their country; it became the matter of
secondary importance. Imaginary needs of the magnates led to betrayal and as a result
the whole nation suffered. Yet such radical and severe images of the citizens in the reign
of
Stanisław
August Poniatowski do not predominate in diary descriptions. There were
many more causes that brought about the fall of the Republic the nobility was not ac¬
cused of. On the one hand, recording the events, diarists often presented the gentry in the
situations revealing their weaknesses. On the other hand, having in view the nobility s
good they tried to understand and, at times, excuse their negative behaviour by other
virtues. What predominates is the authenticity and good nature of a citizen.
A nobleman in its military role complements some aspects of the portrait. It proves
his inclination to stabilisation. Depending on the the financial status in the society, the
soldiercraft was a path to settle or make a career. It is accepted by all diary writers who
underline its difficulty though it is the third group of diarists which points to its honesty.
It was a turn towards bringing knighthood back to favour in the noble society. In terms
of characterological features a soldier did not differ much from a nobleman-landholder
nor from a citizen-politician. It was only the financial status that made the gentry take on
_________________________________________________________ 611 _____
the inclinations of the poorer nobility that is why the issues connected with everyday
existence determined to a large extent their behaviour.
Irrespective of the time they were written the diaries present cleric nobility as re¬
sembling the general features shown in the portrait. The diaries written by clergymen,
originating from the nobility, do not differ much from those written by the nobility. The
difference lies in a milder look at the figures of the epoch, a kindness of their authors,
a greater distance to what is earthly. In a way, it justifies the attitude of neutrality of
clergymen in the critical moments of the Republic s history, which was sometimes ex¬
plained by Divine Providence. What links lay and cleric authors are mainly the issues of
an economic nature and those connected with professional career and religiousness.
The image of the clergy is quite decent due to the religiousness declared by diary
writers of the three groups and showed by them. The evil is condensed in a few figures
commonly referred to as unworthy of being called Polishmen. All diary writers follow
the same pattern. Rich clergymen who, in the majority of cases, derive from rich fami¬
lies, are evaluated negatively. The ones evaluated more positively in terms of morality,
ethics and politics are priests or monks, less frequently noticed and lower-ranked in the
social hierarchy. They are characterologically similar to the noblemen
-
citizens.
The portrait of the nobility in the reign of
Stanisław
August Poniatowski in Polish
diaries was dominated by political issues where the year
1795
is a kind of ceasura. At
that time, it was a decisive moment. Their world changed rapidly: botn in their fathers
homes, woken up in a foreign state, they changed their attitude to the future. And so did
change the portrait of the gentry of
Stanisław
August Poniatowski times. Although clear
symptoms of changes in the way of thinking about reality surrounding them were visible
as early as the time of Great
Sejm,
it was only after the fall of the Polish state that
a different perspective concerning the times of
Stanisław
August and their citizens con¬
solidated. What became significant was the attachment to tradition, old Polish customs
and religiousnes. They comprise such indicators as own country, widely understood
citizen liberties and devotion to family.
The canon of features ascribed to the nobility was stable and did not undergo diver¬
sification in all kinds of diaries. They all pointed out courage in the defence of the
world created by the nobility and in the defence of the nation. It is connected with the
other features such as love of their own country, hospitality and openness. These, espe¬
cially in descriptions written by the second and third group of diary writers, are pre¬
sented on the basis of the projection of dreams in defence of such a positive image of the
nobility. Optimistically speaking, one could assume that schematically drawn heroic
nobleman-citizen, devoted to his country and family is an unchanging model. It is an
ideal model based on the images of diary writers, not on the observation of reality and
other sources.
39*
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
............................... 7
Rozdział pierwszy
Szlachta w kręgu rodziny i gospodarstwa
-
o spokój, trwałość
i potęgę rodu
.......................... 51
Domowe i rodzinne zacisze
-
o miłości rodzicielskiej i postrzeganiu „świata ze¬
wnętrznego
.......................... 52
Zgiełk gospodarstwa
-
o podejściu do rodowego majątku, pieniędzy, zysku i po¬
myślności ekonomicznej
..................... 71
Poddani i partnerzy
-
o dobroci i zdrowym rozsądku
............ 81
W sąsiedzkim kręgu
-
o przyjaźni, gościnności i kłótliwości
......... 117
Cień przeszłości i tradycji
-
o dobrym wychowaniu i naukach
......... 139
Blask i blichtr stolicy i zagranicy
-
o pozytywnych i złych wzorcach edukacji
. . 168
Rozdział drugi
Obywatele wobec państwa i w życiu publicznym
-
o trwanie
i dobro Rzeczypospolitej-Ojczyzny
...............192
W kręgu dobrego obywatela
-
między rodziną a państwem
.......... 193
W drodze po zaszczyty i urzędy
-
między służbą Ojczyźnie a prywatą
..... 200
W polityce i życiu publicznym
-
między egoizmem, obojętnością, strachem i od¬
wagą
............................. 211
W trosce o Ojczyznę
-
między wolnością osobistą a obowiązkiem wobec państwa
. 268
W kontaktach z sąsiadami-zaborcami
-
między uległością, pragmatyzmem a mi¬
łością Ojczyzny
......................... 330
Marzenia obywatela o państwie i Ojczyźnie
-
między imaginacją a rzeczywistością
387
Rozdział trzeci
Stan wojskowy w Rzeczypospolitej
-
szlachcic zarobkujący czy
obywatel w służbie Ojczyzny
.................. 432
W państwie
-
o akceptację i szacunek
.................. 432
W wojsku
-
o żołd i rangę
....................... 452
W Ojczyźnie
-
o honor i uznanie
.................... 466
Rozdział czwarty
Duchowni w państwie szlacheckim
-
szlachcic w sutannie i habi¬
cie, czyli między Rzeczypospolitą a „niebieską ojczyzną
.... 479
W kościele i państwie -między bogactwem, ubóstwem a posługą kapłańską
. . . 479
W Rzeczypospolitej
-
między polityką, karierą i Kościołem
......... 494
W kręgu obowiązków-między „niebieską a ziemską Ojczyzną
........ 520
Zakończenie
............................ 540
Bibliografia
............................ 550
Indeks osobowy
.......................... 591
Summary
.............................. 609
Resume
........ ... 612
|
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| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Śląskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach |
| series2 | Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach |
| spellingShingle | Rolnik, Dariusz 19XX- Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000464-8 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 (DE-588)4058900-6 |
| title | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich |
| title_auth | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich |
| title_exact_search | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich |
| title_full | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich Dariusz Rolnik |
| title_fullStr | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich Dariusz Rolnik |
| title_full_unstemmed | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich Dariusz Rolnik |
| title_short | Portret szlachty czasów stanisławowskich, epoki kryzysu, odrodzenia i upadku Rzeczypospolitej w pamiętnikach polskich |
| title_sort | portret szlachty czasow stanislawowskich epoki kryzysu odrodzenia i upadku rzeczypospolitej w pamietnikach polskich |
| topic | Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Adel Polen Hochschulschrift Tagebuch 1750-1800 stanislaw august po |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018667289&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018667289&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021463076 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rolnikdariusz portretszlachtyczasowstanisławowskichepokikryzysuodrodzeniaiupadkurzeczypospolitejwpamietnikachpolskich |