Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej: miasto i jego przestrzeń
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Wydawn. Tow. Naukowego Societas Vistulana
2007
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017737887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 264, [1] s., [3] k. tabl. Ill., Kt. 30 cm 3 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788361033042 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Wydawn. Tow. Naukowego Societas Vistulana |c 2007 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 223-[245]. Indeks | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1866-1914 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMMARY
ι
book presents the results of author s research assembled for the first time in his doctor s thesis entitled
Między Krakowem
a Lwowem, Architektura i rozwój przestrzenny Jasia w okresie
autonomu
galicyjskiej
{Between Krakow and Lvov. The
Architecture and Spatial Development ofjaslo in the Period of Galician Autonomy) supervised by Professor
Jacek Purchla
at the
History of Art Institute of the Jagiellonian University, and completed in
2005.
Otherwise than the doctor s thesis, the book focuses only
on historical and urban questions, because the matter of town architecture and its creators is supposed to be the subject of a separate
publication.
The subject of this research is the town of
Jasło,
situated approximately halfway between Krakow and Lvov, situated at the foothills,
in the valley between three rivers, and having a little above ten thousand inhabitants at the close of the Galician autonomy At the end
of
1944
and the beginning of
1945,
after its inhabitants had been previously expelled, the town practically ceased to exist, destroyed
and burned by special units of the German army Restored after the war, it is now one of the largest towns in the southern part of the
Podkarpacie
voivodship.
In the course of research there were identified many unknown cartographic materials (dating back even to the
18і1
century), as
well as vast stores of historical iconography, and a number of original plans and designs. Archival materials concerning the town
have been thoroughly explored, both in Polish and foreign archives. The existing literature on the subject has been exploited, both in
reference to
Jasło
and in comparative research on other Galician towns. All this allowed a new look at the history ofjaslo, giving the
real story of the town s struggle, in the Galician autonomy period
(1866-1914),
out of the deep, several centuries long decline, and
of the process of taking up its key and indisputable position among other neighbouring towns. On the base of historical research, and
using various sources, there has been made an analysis of processes occurring in the town within the range of its legislation and its
urban space.
Jasło,
located according to the mediaeval Magdeburg city law in the second half of the 14th century, had its best moments in history
at the close of the Middle Ages. After Poland had lost its independence, the fire-ridden
Jasło
still remained in stagnation, which had
fallen to his lot in modern times. This situation was caused, among other things, by various disasters befalling the town, and particu¬
larly by the great fire in
1785,
which consumed the Carmelite estate and hindered mass pilgrimages, very important for the economic
situation of the town. The significant change came in
1790,
along with the transference of main district town from
Dukla
to
Jasło,
for at
that time a large group of officials and military units came into town and the first Jews settled there. The inhabitants of the town were
engaged mostly in farming and gardening, and the town itself was famous for its clean streets, neatly sprinkled with stone chippings.
Paradoxically, the favourable event for the development of
Jasło
seems to be the fire in
1826,
which ravaged the majority of buildings in
the centre of the town. A special committee came to
Jasło
after the fire and drew up guidelines that had a positive effect on the further
development of the town. Owing to them, wooden buildings became consistently supplanted by brick ones, and the street network be¬
gan to assume some hallmarks of regularity. During the successive decades after the fire there appeared the first significant buildings
in town, such as the offices of the district authorities, military barracks and the graveyard chapel.
In
I860,
quite unexpectedly,
Jasło
ceased to be the main town of a district and remained only an ordinary county town. As a result,
it entered the period of autonomy with its rank considerably impaired, deprived of distinct town-creating impetus. This impetus soon
appeared in the form of fundamental system changes consisting in the revival of municipal self-government and consolidation of
district self-government. On the strength of this foundation the town continued to build strenuously through subsequent decades its
strong position in the region. New town-creating factors proved to be more durable than those from the turn of the 19th century. At the
very beginning the first grammar school in the region of
Podkarpacie
was established in
Jasło,
and then there came, among other in¬
stitutions, the local branch of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, District Mining Office, the District Court, Agency of the National
Drainage Bureau and the District School Council. At the same time, local societies and social organisations began to play a significant
part in the proper
supraregional
structures.
. , t.„„tha
The announcement of profound changes was including the town in the all-Galician railway network
(1884),
and grant ng the
station in
Jasio
the role of an important regional railway junction
(1890).
One of the most distinct results of the town
s
comprehenstve
251
SUMMARY
development was the dynamic increase in the number of its inhabitants, which more than trebled in
1880-1910.
Jasio
could have also
boasted the highest positive migration balance in the region of
Podkarpacie,
which occurred in spite of the intensive emigration to the
United States of America, placing the
Jasło
district at the first place within the region of
Galicia.
This was influenced mainly by the
inflow of intellectuals (who found employment in new institutions), workers from the nearby refinery, students of the local grammar
school, and, above all, the Jews who constituted over twenty percent of the town population in 19IO.
The development of
Jasło
was supported by the initially favourable economic situation of the community, deriving profits mostly
from the law giving them licence to sell alcohol. The local budget, which at first registered some surplus income, had revealed deficit in
1880s, which was brought by the intense investment activity of the authorities. This active investment policy, run on credit, worked well
until
1910
when the abolishment of alcohol licence caused the decrease of communal income, which had been already insufficient.
The nature of the town, traditionally agricultural, began to change gradually during the autonomy period. In
Jasło,
an important
part had been played by trade based on farming, which in time was overrun in many fields by the Jews who came to settle in the town.
The similar situation was with some branches of handicraft taken over almost entirely by the Jews. Beside these traditional fields
of activity, industry turned up in the vicinity of the town
-
on the large scale in the Galician realities
-
above all the oil industry, in
which the companies with foreign capital were involved. The most important enterprise was the oil refinery in nearby
Niegłowice,
built in
1888-1895,
which presently became one of the largest factories of this kind in the
Habsburg
Monarchy, employing several
hundred workers. The height of the oil output in the district of
Jasło
fell in
1904;
then the hegemony in this regard was taken over by
the Drohobycz district. Generally, the number of oil wells within the immediate vicinity of
Jasło
was relatively small; yet the asset of
the town was its central location relative to rich oil-bearing areas near
Krosno
(to the East) and
Gorlice
(to the West). Apart from the
oil businessmen there was a group of other business people, quite large, although their factories were usually small, employing a few,
maybe a dozen workers.
An important sphere of activity, which the authorities in
Jasło
took particular care of, was education. Characteristic for the studied
period was also an increase in the social activity of inhabitants of
Jasło,
with its agitated artistic life and intense cultural performan¬
ces, and still growing political initiatives. The Church also played a significant part in the development of the town, consisting in the
revival of monastic life in the town, activities of numerous Catholic organisations, and connections with personages important in the
Church circles. Moreover, the improving standard of education and degree of the inhabitants wealth was in keeping with technologi¬
cal progress. The town s comprehensive development did not go unnoticed, which came to express itself in the visits of celebrities, in
the conventions, meetings and exhibitions organised here, and in the establishment of the head office of the General Staff during the
extensive military manoeuvres attended by Emperor Francis Joseph himself in I900.
The development of the town, clearly noticeable in so many fields had also its correlation with the spatial development of Jasto in
the described period, and many occurrences in this regard were parallel to general trends in this development. It should be clearly
admitted that several significant enterprises from the period of the autonomy found favourable conditions prepared in the previous
times. Among such preparatory actions there could be counted, first of all, the building of high roads to
Dukla
and
Biecz,
ignoring
the previous road network (this resulted in the cross-cut of the Market Square surface and in re-orienting the main axis of the town
from the East-West to the North-South direction); parcelling out the Carmelite grange situated in the south-west direction from the
strict centre of the town; and giving orders to rearrange the town after the fire of
1826.
Those activities were accompanied by a number
of other, less significant events, such as the establishment of new enclaves of buildings (at
Targowica),
the gradual reconstruction of
buildings at the Market Square decimated by the fire, beginnings of the expansion of housing area to the south, and changes in the
course of the rivers.
Jasto entered the autonomy period as a commune of quite cohesive territory, the surface of which had remained unaltered until
the end of the autonomy period, and it was comparable with the surface area of Krakow (excluding
Błonia)
in
19OO
(sic!)
.
Attempts
at the extension of boundaries ended in failure, although the areas of neighbouring communities situated northward clearly leaned
towards
Jasło,
becoming its unofficial suburbs. This situation, however, was beneficial to the town
-
the large reserve of areas without
buildings and a good network of main roads created convenient terms for further development.
In the spatial development of
Jasło
during the period of autonomy, we can distinguish several stages enclosed in conventional time
limits: the phase of stagnation (until
1871);
the phase of benefits drawn from opportunities
(1871-1900);
years of the investment
boom and creative continuation (19OO-I912); and after 1912 the phase of diminishing prosperity.
Themost important phenomena characterising spatial development ofjasto in
1866-1914
were: the transformation of the southern
part of the town brought by the appearance of railway; creation of the new centre of the town in this area; considerable condensation of
buildings
m
the centre (connected with partial obliteration of historical spatial arrangements), along with giving it new functions; the
concentration of buildings along main traffic routes; gradual expulsion of the agricultural pattern based on still unoccupied spacious
suburbs; the implementation and execution of the local town-planning regulation; the creation of several enclaves of residential ho¬
using.areas
airi
industrial zones; and concentration of school buildings at the south-west from the strict centre of the town. For all the
abundance of the even* mentioned above, the decisive matter for the town s appearance was the shaping of numerous green areas of
diversified characters. At the same time, not all of the activities so much important as intended for the spatial development ofjasto had
252
SUMMARY
succeeded, and part of them had remained unnoticed or not taken upon. Among them, there could be mentioned the fact of making
very insufficient use of rivers flowing through the town, the lack of conclusion of the efforts to carry out new railway connections, and
the building of the bridge upon the
Wisłoka
River; also the lack of investment activities aiming at taking advantage of the qualities of
Górka Klasztorna
(The Monastery Hill); the complete eradication of the former Carmelitan Monastery complex, as well as ineffective
actions which were intended to establish a new cemetery, an open-air playground and a modern hospital.
During the key period
(1871-1900)
a railway line was drawn through the southern part of the city, and while cutting across one of
the two main roads leading southward, it rendered as well that the chief investment endeavours were directed to this part of the town.
First of all, halfway between the centre and the railway station there arose the giant building of the District Court, connected with a pri¬
son. This investment was connected with the enterprising conception of creating the municipal park beside the court, and surround it
with some private building structures, as well as public buildings. This idea had been realised from the moment of the establishment
of the court edifice in the second half of 1880s until the end of the period of autonomy The supplement of this new structure became
numerous new streets situated across main routes and the layout of fields, or in places of former field roads.
An analysis carried out here has proved that one of distinctive features of
Jasło,
as opposed to other Galician towns, was the exe¬
cution of the building law established top-down and locally The most important legal act concerning the housing construction in the
period of the autonomy was the building act for
29
large towns and cities, passed in
1882,
and amended in
1907.
As the archival rese¬
arch has proved, its decisions were executed in
Jasło
with meticulous care, and this contributed in large measure to the harmonious
development of the town. In
1884
local authorities established building areas in the town, depending on the constructive substance that
could have been used there. This was the important step to protect the town against the imminence of fires, which
-
at the introduction
of some additional preventive measures
-
had been almost completely eliminated in
Jasło.
The fundamental legal deed for the deve¬
lopment of
Jasło
was also the regulation plan, worked out in
1902,
and ratified four years later. This plan determined the direction and
form of the town buildings expansion within both the existing and newly depicted network of streets, becoming for immediate decades
the fundamental document which regulated these issues. The observance of the rules, as well as the investment activity, resulted in
Jasło
in the good condition of the roads and high standards of cleanliness, which was willingly emphasised by the contemporaries.
Towards the close of the autonomy period
Jasło,
while being the seat of many institutions having either local or
supraregional
significance, transformed from the town where agriculture played the dominant part to the multifunctional place without a clear ad¬
vantage of any of the functions. This model is acknowledged by research workers as the most favourable for the development of towns,
which seems to be confirmed by the example of
Jasło.
The rank of achievements that happened to befall
Jasło
during the period of autonomy had influenced for many years the signifi¬
cant position of the town within the region. At the same time
Jasło
had preserved, practically until the end of World War II, when it was
destroyed,
ite
special character and range shaped in the discussed time. Its urban structure was formed during the
internar
period,
according to the rule of conscious continuation, preferring the low-rise, mostly residential buildings.
translated by
Ewa
Howdy ska
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Laskowski, Andrzej 1973- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)104689885X |
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| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Laskowski, Andrzej 1973- |
| author_variant | a l al |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035683668 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 223-[245]. Indeks |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)233493021 (DE-599)BVBBV035683668 |
| era | Geschichte 1866-1914 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1866-1914 |
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| id | DE-604.BV035683668 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:40:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788361033042 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017737887 |
| oclc_num | 233493021 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-255 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-255 |
| physical | 264, [1] s., [3] k. tabl. Ill., Kt. 30 cm 3 Kt.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Tow. Naukowego Societas Vistulana |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Laskowski, Andrzej 1973- Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Bibliogr. s. 223-[245]. Indeks Urbanistyka / Polska / Jasło / 1870-1914 jhpk Urbanistyka - Polska - Jasło - 1870-1914 jhpk |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4489390-5 |
| title | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń |
| title_auth | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń |
| title_exact_search | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń |
| title_full | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Andrzej Laskowski |
| title_fullStr | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Andrzej Laskowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Andrzej Laskowski |
| title_short | Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej |
| title_sort | jaslo w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzen |
| title_sub | miasto i jego przestrzeń |
| topic | Urbanistyka / Polska / Jasło / 1870-1914 jhpk Urbanistyka - Polska - Jasło - 1870-1914 jhpk |
| topic_facet | Urbanistyka / Polska / Jasło / 1870-1914 Urbanistyka - Polska - Jasło - 1870-1914 Jasło (Polska) / 1870-1914 Jasło (Polska) - 1870-1914 Jasło |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017737887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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