Halycʹka Armija: 1918 - 1920
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Rivne
Zenʹ
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ukraïnsʹki vijsʹkovi formuvannja XX stolittja
Biblioteka žurnalu "Odnostrij" |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017634070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 79 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789662096194 |
Internformat
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| 490 | 0 | |a Ukraïnsʹki vijsʹkovi formuvannja XX stolittja | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Biblioteka žurnalu "Odnostrij" | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819331243728175104 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Summary
Galicia
(Halychyna in Ukrainian) is a name of Ukrai¬
nian lands, situated North of Carpathian Mountains in
the basins of rivers Dnister, Western Bug and Sian.
Galicia
had been part of Austria-Hungary since
1772.
The defeat of the Central Powers in
1918
led to the break
up of that Empire, however, and on the
1st
November
1918
Ukrainian National Council in
Galicia
formed the
Zakhidno
-Ukrainska
Narodnia Republyka or
Z
UNR
(Western Ukrainian People s Republic). Two month later
-
on 22nd January
1919 -
ZUNR was united with
Ukrainska
Narodnia
Republika
or UNR (Ukrainian
People s Republic; created in ex-Russian Empire part of
Ukrainian lands) and officially become its Zakhidna
Oblast
(Western District) UNR or ZO UNR. In fact this
union was pretty much only on paper, so two states (and
two armies) continued to exist side by side.
The Polish population of
Galicia
immediately rebelled
and called for help from the newly-created Polish gov¬
ernment in Warsaw. As
Galicia
had been Polish territory
before it became part of Austria, Poles claimed the
province again and sent troops to help their fellows.
The ZUNR s army was known as the Halytska Armiia
or HA (Galician Army), and from November
1919 -
as
Ukrainska
Halytska Armiia or
UHA
(Ukrainian Galician
Army). Its nucleus was provided by the Ukrainians from
various
Austro-
Hungarian units, including Regiment of
Ukrainian
Sich
Rifles (the only Ukrainian national unit
in the Austro-Hungarian army during WW I). There
were also a number of detachments formed from local
peasants. The basic unit was the battalion-sized kurin ,
two to five of which formed a Group, though there was
little uniformity of either organization or equipment in
practice.
Universal conscription was decreed in November
1918,
and a territorial organization adopted (the three
military districts were Lviv, Ternopil and Stanyslaviv).
The new army was organized along Austro-Hungarian
lines, though there serious attempts to modify old struc¬
tures. There was a shortage of officers (especially Staff)
and the ex-Russian UNR Army had to provide two of
the Army s commanders. There were also many non-
Ukrainian officers from Austro-Hungarian army, who
served in HA. In December
1918
the Groups were placed
under a central command, and in February
1919
they
began to be combined into three Corps. Each had four
brigades (formed in January
1919;
each had two to five
battalions (though one brigade (8th) had as many, as
19
battalions, and one brigade
(1st
USS) had
2
regiments
of
3
battalions), an artillery regiment
(2-6
batteries of
2-
6
guns each), a cavalry detachment and an engineer unit
plus service units. The battalion usually had four rifle
companies and a MG company. The artillery arm was
relatively powerful, being equipped with Austrian and
Russian field guns and howitzers. There were also few
mountain and trench guns. On the other hand, cavalry
and technical troops were weak.
The
1st
Corps had the 5th Sokal, 6th Rava
Ruska,
9th Ternopil and 10th Yaniv Brigades; the
2nd
Corps had
the
1st
Ukrainian
Sich
Rifles,
2nd
Kolomyia,
3rd
Berezhany and 4th Zolochiv Brigades; the
3rd
Corps the
7th Stryi (later Lviv), 8th
Sambir,
11th Stryi, and
1st
Mountain Brigades. In April
1919
the
2nd
Corps brigades
were reorganized into two regiments of three battalions
each, and in June new 4th and 5th Corps and many new
brigades were organized, though these were quickly dis¬
banded again because of a shortage of manpower (only
18th and 21st brigades existed for some time).
The main battles were for possession of Lviv and the
other towns. The more urbanized Poles managed to hold
on to these, and in May
1919
the attack of Haller s
French-equipped so called «Blue Army» finally broke
Ukrainian front. HA counterattacked the Poles in June
(so called «Chortkiv offensive»), but they recovered in
July and forced Ukrainian army out of
Galicia
and into
UNR territory. The HA s Mountain Brigade had already
been cut off by the
Haller
offensive and forced to retreat
into Czechoslovakia.
Meanwhile, the main body of the HA crossed into the
ex-Russian Ukraine and joined the UNR forces there.
However, soon HA found itself fighting both Red and
White Russian forces, while very short of supplies and
terribly affected by the typhus epidemic of the Autumn
of
1919.
So Galicians went over to Denikin s forces in
November
1919
(the White Russians had no claim on
Galicia).
Unfortunately Denikin s Whites were in full
retreat by this period and can be of no help, so
UHA
had
to change sides once again and in January
1920
it went
over to the Reds.
In March
1920
this «Red
UHA»
was reorganized to
form three brigades (each of three regiments of three bat¬
talions each, one artillery regiment, one heavy artillery
battery and one cavalry regiment). The old
2nd
Corps
became the
1st
Red Ukrainian
Sich
Rifles Brigade, the
1st
Corps
-
the
2nd
Brigade and the
3rd
Corps
-
the
3rd
Brigade. These formations formed part of the Red army
which confronted the joint Polish-Ukrainian forces at
the start of the latter s Ukraine campaign in April
1920.
The
2nd
and
3rd
Brigades promptly changed sides again
78
while the
1st
Brigade surrendered after being surrounded.
Soldiers of the early ZUNR forces wore a mixture of
Austro-Hungarian uniforms and civilian dress, supple¬
mented with blue-yellow national ribbons and breast
badges with St. Michael and Galician Lion (often worn
as a cap badge). To distinguish themselves from the enemy
HA forces often used white headbands. There were se¬
vere shortages of uniform and equipment. Supplies of ex-
Russian uniform items from UNR helped to partially
solve the problem, but often led to creation of
«multiform» of uniform pieces from different counties.
For a long time military leadership of ZUNR paid
little attention to the question of new uniform and
insignia, so there were several local attempts to solve this
question somehow.
Only at the end of the January
1919
there was a deci¬
sion to create new uniform and insignia, and the whole
process took almost three months.
Uniform and insignia were promulgated by the De¬
cree No
46
(Rozporiad
XLVI)
of the War Ministry from
22nd April
1919.
Originally it included the Mazepynka
kappi with arm-of-service piping. The tunic had visible
buttons and four patch pockets and was worn with
breeches and either field boots, leather gaiters or put¬
tees. Winter dress was double-breasted greatcoat with
arm-of-service colour patches.
New insignia were designed quite unlike
Austro-Hungarian ones. They took the form of horizontal
cuff stripes (though old Austrian rank insignia were worn
-
both before and after the promulgation of the decree).
A Generalny
Sotnyk (General) had a broad band of silver
lace ending in a gold rosette flanked by gold crossed
maces, plus two narrower and slightly shorter flanking
stripes;
Generalny Poruchnyk
(Lieutenant General) one
such stripe below the broad band;
Generalny
Chetar^
(Ma¬
jor General) the broad band only; Polkovnyk (Colonel)
three medium plaited gold bands ending in rosettes;
Pidpolkovnyk (Lieutenant Colonel) two such bands;
Otaman (Major) one; Sotnyk (Captain) three flat gold
lace bands ending in rosettes; Poruchnyk
(1st
Lieutenant)
two;
Chetar
(2nd
Lieutenant) one; and Khorunzhyi
(Ensign) a very narrow green one. A Bulavnyi Desiatnyk
(Sergeant Major) had one broad and one narrow band of
silver lace, pointed at the forward end but without
rosettes; Starshyi Desiatnyk (Staff Sergeant) and
Pidkhorunzhyi (Officer candidate) one broad band;
Desiatnyk (Sergeant) three narrow bands; Vistun
(Corporal) two; and Starshyi Strilets
(1st
Class Private)
one. A Strilets (Private) wore no insignia.
The zubchatka or collar patch had a distinctive zig-zag
edging and varied according to rank and branch. Generals
had a silver zubchatka on a rectangular gold base, field
officers one in arm-of-service colour on the same base,
junior officers an arm-of-service colour one edged with
gold lace, and NCOs and men a plain one.
Arm-of-service colours were: General Staff, Artillery
Staff, Engineering Staff crimson velvet; Infantry dark
blue; Cavalry yellow; Artillery cherry red; Technical
troops (including Aviation) ash grey; Train dark green;
Doctors, Hospital attendants black; Engineer officers,
Fortress officers dark yellow; Veterinary coffee ;
Chaplains violet; Legal officers steel ; Supply officers
bordeaux-red velvet; Finance officers light green; Food
officers light blue; Military officials light bronze.
Specialist badges in the form of initials, such as «Cc»
(=Ss
-
means skorostrilets or machine gunner) were to
be worn over the left elbow, but few actually wore them.
During the Chortkiv offensive there were orders to
ensure, that HA will wear new insignia, and simplified
versions of insignia were established as temporary solu¬
tion. At the same time uniform problem remained mostly
unsolved and special unit insignia were introduced to dis¬
tinguish soldiers of various units as well as use of white
headbands was officially re-established (this order will
be repeated again in August).
After HA crossed into the ex-Russian Ukraine they
tried to keep existing uniform as much, as possible,
though some changes were made by Rozporiad LXXIV
from 18th August
1919.
For example, Mazepynka kappi
was replaced by round peaked cap with an arm-of-ser¬
vice colour band, some new insignia were introduced and
some arm-of-service colours were changed.
During the short-lived alliance with White Russian
forces there were no changes in
UHA
uniform, but
creations of the «Red
UHA»
led to radical «sovetization»
of uniform and insignia. Attempts to unite Soviet and
Ukrainian symbols (like red ribbon under Ukrainian
cockade with Trident) were crushed and according to the
orders from
28
February and
2
March
1920
only Soviet
badges had to be worn. Rank insignia were abolished.
This led to widespread discontent and was among the
reasons, why ChUHA changed sides during Polish-
Ukrainian offensive in
1920.
This short description dispels a myth that HA was
unique among other Ukrainian formations
ofthat
period
in wearing uniforms strictly to the regulation. Both pho¬
tos and documents clearly state, that HA was certainly
not better, than other Ukrainian formations.
79
|
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| author | Čmyr, Mykola Vasylʹovyč 1979- Pinak, Jevhen Romanovyč 1977- Muzyčuk, Serhij M. 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)143657739 (DE-588)143657895 (DE-588)134049160 |
| author_facet | Čmyr, Mykola Vasylʹovyč 1979- Pinak, Jevhen Romanovyč 1977- Muzyčuk, Serhij M. 1966- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Čmyr, Mykola Vasylʹovyč 1979- |
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| id | DE-604.BV035578619 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:38:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789662096194 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017634070 |
| oclc_num | 645287471 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 79 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Zenʹ |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Ukraïnsʹki vijsʹkovi formuvannja XX stolittja Biblioteka žurnalu "Odnostrij" |
| spellingShingle | Čmyr, Mykola Vasylʹovyč 1979- Pinak, Jevhen Romanovyč 1977- Muzyčuk, Serhij M. 1966- Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 Ukrainian Galician Army (DE-588)4499134-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4499134-4 |
| title | Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 |
| title_auth | Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 |
| title_exact_search | Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 |
| title_full | Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 Mykola Čmyr ; Jevhen Pinak ; Serhij Muzyčuk |
| title_fullStr | Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 Mykola Čmyr ; Jevhen Pinak ; Serhij Muzyčuk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Halycʹka Armija 1918 - 1920 Mykola Čmyr ; Jevhen Pinak ; Serhij Muzyčuk |
| title_short | Halycʹka Armija |
| title_sort | halycʹka armija 1918 1920 |
| title_sub | 1918 - 1920 |
| topic | Ukrainian Galician Army (DE-588)4499134-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ukrainian Galician Army |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017634070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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